Since ancient times, people have been using wood in everyday life. From it they built ships, built houses and temples, made furniture, dishes and toys. Artistic woodcarving was distinguished by special warmth and comfort. The works of masters in this area still fascinate with beauty.

What is woodcarving?

The arts and crafts of woodworking, in which an aesthetic object is created, is called woodcarving. The most common type is artistic wood carving, in which the pattern is made with an ax, chisel, knife or other tools. In the old days, household items, furniture, dishes were made in this way. Products made of wood are still found in everyday life. From wood you can find both whole houses and toys.

History of woodcarving

The use of wood has been mentioned since primitive times among different nationalities in almost all parts of the Earth. The origins of woodcarving originate from the moment of using the methods of processing this material and the birth of wooden architecture. The first find made of wood is an idol discovered on the territory of present-day Yekaterinburg. The approximate date of its creation is attributed to the 8th century BC. It has been established that the body of the idol is covered with geometric wood carvings, and the idol itself symbolizes the connection between the underworld and the heavenly worlds.

As human society developed, the use of wood in rituals lost its meaning, new techniques for working with wood appeared, and tools improved. People began to use wood to decorate household items. Since the 16th century, hand-carved wood has become a common craft, the first workshops appear. Skillful craftsmen decorate temples, royal palaces, houses of wealthy people with skillful original carvings.

Our ancestors were very closely connected with nature and considered wood to be a conductor between the sun and people, and wooden products were a symbol of health, prosperity and longevity. They also knew the valuable qualities of wood, such as water resistance, thermal insulation, a variety of wood textures and patterns, ease of processing and harvesting. The tree was used in all spheres of life: in the construction of defensive fortifications and houses, in the manufacture of dishes and tools.

Types of woodcarving

Modern woodworking techniques do not have a clear classification. Several types of wood carving can be combined in one product. Artistic processing of wood can conditionally be divided into the following types:

1. Flat serrated thread, where the background is a flat surface, and the pattern is created from recesses of various shapes.
2. relief carving, where the pattern is created by sampling the background.
3. relief carving, where there are no flat surfaces, there is a deep drawing of the background and a detailed selection of elements.
4. slotted thread, characterized by the absence of a background. The pattern is openwork, lace.
5. sculptural carving, featuring a three-dimensional image. This technique is used to make toys, figurines of people and animals, wooden columns in architecture, and so on.

Flat wood carving

In this type of wood processing, the background is a flat surface of the product, and the pattern is created by recesses of various shapes. Decorative woodcarving in flat-notched technique, depending on the nature of the notches, can be contour and geometric:

1. contour thread on wood or vegetable is similar to engraving on metal, but is performed with other tools, and the lines are wider and deeper. This technique is easy to perform and can be done on plywood.
2. Geometric carving has such a name due to the ornament, which is depicted using this technique. Basically, these are geometric elements: rhombuses, triangles, circles.

Flat-relief woodcarving

This technique of decorative wood processing is one of the most common. Manual processing of wood in this case consists in background sampling around the pattern, and as a result, the pattern is uniform in depth for the entire composition. This technique depicts animals, people, floral ornaments. It is used in applied art and architecture.

Relief carving

Expressive and pictorial technique. It is distinguished by an abundance of chiaroscuro and a three-dimensional image, the details of the elements are worked out to sculptural. Depending on the height of the elevation of the picture above the background, there are:

1. Bas-relief carving when the pattern rises to half the thickness of the entire composition.
2. High relief carving when the pattern protrudes more than halfway.

As a plot for relief carving, geometric figures, images of plants and animals, symbols can be used. The expressiveness of the product depends on the material of the wood. Beech, birch and oak are most suitable for this technique. Openwork woodcarving (or, in other words, slotted carving) in combination with contour, geometric and relief techniques gives extraordinary lightness and tenderness to the product.

Slotted wood carving

In this type of woodworking, the background is completely removed from the canvas with a saw or chisel. In another way, this type is referred to as through woodcarving. It is mainly used in the furniture industry. Large-scale products are used to decorate the facades of buildings: in the decoration of balconies, architraves, cornices and are referred to as "house carvings". For slotted equipment, pine, alder, birch, or aspen wood is used, usually 1-2 mm thick. Nowadays, this carving technique is used to decorate arbors and country houses.

Sculptural woodcarving

This technique for manufacturing products differs from all those listed by processing the workpiece from all or several sides. A variety of tools can be used, but the main ones are joint knives and chisels. This type of wood carving is used in architecture (when creating columns, balusters, carved pillars of balconies), in the manufacture of expensive furniture legs. It is very beautiful and realistic in this technique - sculptural woodcarving turns out figures of animals and people.

Workplace for woodcarving

Creating wood products is a laborious, painstaking, wasteful and noisy process that requires sufficient space to accommodate blanks, tools and finished canvases. Here are the basic requirements for the place of work of a woodcarver:

1. room. To work with wood, it is desirable to equip a separate dry, bright room.
2. Lighting. The place to work should be adequately lit. The light source should be on the left and in front. Sunlight is excluded.
3. Desktop. To work with small details (souvenirs, spoons, small sculptures), you can use a simple table. To work with large parts, for example, in the technique of house carving, you need a table-workbench.
4. Tools and devices should be located as close as possible to the workplace and at the same time not interfere with work. It is advisable to fix chisels and other tools in special holders. For lathe work, you will need a wood carving machine. With a slotted technique, you will also need a jigsaw and a sawing machine.

Wood carving tools

Devices for artistic woodworking can be conditionally divided into the following categories: basic (knives, chisels), additional (axes, planers, saws), auxiliary (power tools, airbrush). The modern market presents a wide range of carving tools. You can purchase them separately as needed, or you can buy a wood carving kit, where the necessary tools are professionally selected.

Let us dwell on the main types of tools in more detail. For wood carving, knives for various purposes and designs are distinguished:

1. The knife-cutter is the main tool of any carver. The length of the handle and blade may vary, but the main angle of the cutting part should be 35º.
2. The knife-jamb is used in the technique of slotted and flat-relief carving.
3. For sculptural carving, the Bogorodsk knife is used.

To create various samples, chisels are used, among which are common:

1. semicircular. The main type of chisel used for any woodworking.
2. Direct. Used for auxiliary work.
3. Cranberries. They have two 120º bends. Necessary when harvesting round bends and deep depressions of the relief.
4. Corner or thickness gauges. Designed for contour cutting and creating a V-shaped groove.
5. oblique. With their help, longitudinal grooves are created and initial work is carried out with the workpiece. The blade of these chisels is beveled at an angle of 45º.

Wood carving - products

For centuries, people and trees have been inextricably linked. Wooden products carry warmth, comfort and harmony. Currently, artistic or figured woodcarving is popular. Notable examples of products include:

Arts and Crafts(from lat. deco - decorate) - a wide section of art that covers various branches of creative activity aimed at creating art products with utilitarian and artistic functions. The collective term conditionally unites two broad kinds of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic enjoyment and belonging to pure art, numerous manifestations of arts and crafts can have practical use in everyday life.

Works of arts and crafts meet several characteristics: they have an aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; serve for decoration of everyday life and interior. Such works are: clothes, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, faience, jewelry and other art products. In academic literature from the second half of the 19th century, it was established classification of branches of arts and crafts by material(metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), according to the execution technique(carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia (paintings from different types of wood), etc.) and by functional signs of using the object(furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.

Types of arts and crafts

Tapestry -(fr. gobelin), or trellis, - one of the types of arts and crafts, a one-sided lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, woven by hand with a cross weave of threads. The weaver passes the weft thread through the warp, creating both the image and the fabric itself. In the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, a tapestry is defined as “a hand-woven carpet on which a picture and a specially prepared cardboard of a more or less famous artist are reproduced with multi-colored wool and partly silk.”

BATIK - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.

On the fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetics - the paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixer is used, called a reserve (reserving composition based on paraffin, gasoline, water-based - depending on the chosen technique, fabric and paints).

Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the 20th century.

PRINT -(stuffing) - a type of arts and crafts; obtaining a pattern, monochrome and color drawings on the fabric by hand using forms with a relief pattern, as well as a fabric with a pattern (printed fabric) obtained by this method.

Heel molds are made of carved wooden (manners) or type-setting (type-setting copper plates with studs), in which the pattern is typed from copper plates or wire. When stuffing, a form covered with paint is applied to the fabric and hit on it with a special hammer (mallet) (hence the name “heel”, “stuffing”). For multi-color designs, the number of printing plates must match the number of colors.

Making a heel is one of the ancient types of folk arts and crafts, found among many peoples: Western and Central Asia, India, Iran, Europe and others.

Printing is inefficient and almost completely replaced by printing a pattern on fabric on printing machines. It is used only in some handicrafts, as well as for reproducing large patterns, the repeating part of which cannot fit on the shafts of printing machines, and for coloring piece goods (curtains, tablecloths). Characteristic patterns of folk stuffing are used to create modern decorative fabrics.

BEADING - type of arts and crafts, needlework; the creation of jewelry, artistic products from beads, in which, unlike other techniques where it is used (weaving with beads, knitting with beads, weaving from wire with beads - the so-called bead weaving, bead mosaic and bead embroidery), beads are not only a decorative element, but also a constructive and technological one. All other types of needlework and DPI (mosaic, knitting, weaving, embroidery, wire weaving) are possible without beads, but they will lose some of their decorative possibilities, and beading will cease to exist. This is due to the fact that the technology of beading is original.

EMBROIDERY - a well-known and widespread needlework art to decorate all kinds of fabrics and materials with a wide variety of patterns, from the coarsest and densest, such as cloth, canvas, leather, to the finest fabrics - cambric, muslin, gas, tulle, etc. Tools and materials for embroidery: needles, threads, hoops, scissors.

KNITTING - the process of making a fabric or products (usually clothing items) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crocheting hook, knitting needles, needle, fork) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting). Knitting, as a technique, refers to the types of weaving.

Crochet

knitting

MACROME -(fr. Macrame, from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish. - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.

LACE - production of mesh fabric from woven thread patterns (linen, paper, woolen and silk). There are laces sewn with a needle, woven on bobbin, crocheted, tambour and machine.

CARPET WEAVING – the manufacture of artistic textiles, usually with multi-coloured patterns, which serve primarily to decorate and insulate rooms and to ensure noiselessness. The artistic features of the carpet are determined by the texture of the fabric (pile, lint-free, felted), the nature of the material (wool, silk, linen, cotton, felt), the quality of dyes (natural in antiquity and the Middle Ages, chemical from the second half of the 19th century), format, ratio borders and the central field of the carpet, ornamental set and pattern composition, color scheme.

QUILLING - Paper rolling(also quilling English quilling - from the word quill (bird feather)) - the art of making flat or voluminous compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.

The finished spirals are given a different shape and thus quilling elements are obtained, also called modules. Already they are the "building" material in the creation of works - paintings, postcards, albums, photo frames, various figurines, watches, jewelry, hairpins, etc. The art of quilling came to Russia from Korea, but is also developed in a number of European countries.

This technique does not require significant material costs to start its development. However, paper rolling cannot be called simple, since in order to achieve a decent result, it is necessary to show patience, perseverance, dexterity, accuracy and, of course, develop the skills of twisting high-quality modules.

SCRAPBOOKING -(eng. scrapbooking, from eng. scrapbook: scrap - clipping, book - book, lit. "book of clippings") - a type of handicraft art, which consists in the manufacture and design of family or personal photo albums.

This type of creativity is a way of storing personal and family history in the form of photographs, newspaper clippings, drawings, records and other memorabilia, using a peculiar way of preserving and communicating individual stories using special visual and tactile techniques instead of the usual story. The main idea of ​​scrapbooking is to preserve photos and other memorabilia of any events for a long time for future generations.

CERAMICS -(ancient Greek κέραμος - clay) - products made from inorganic materials (for example, clay) and their mixtures with mineral additives, made under the influence of high temperature, followed by cooling.

In a narrow sense, the word ceramics refers to clay that has been fired.

The earliest pottery was used as pottery made of clay or its mixtures with other materials. At present, ceramics is used as a material in industry (engineering, instrumentation, aviation industry, etc.), construction, art, and is widely used in medicine and science. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were created for use in the semiconductor industry and other fields.

MOSAIC -(fr. mosaique, Italian mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work) dedicated tomuses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image by arranging, typing and fixing on the surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.

JEWELRY ART - is a term that refers to the result and process of creativity of jewelry artists, as well as the totality of objects and works of jewelry created by them, intended mainly for the personal adornment of people, and made from precious materials, such as precious metals and precious stones. In order for a piece of jewelry or an object to be unequivocally classified as a jeweler, this piece of jewelry must satisfy three conditions: at least one precious material must be used in this piece of jewelry, this piece of jewelry must have artistic value, and it must be unique - that is, it must not be replicated by the artist-jeweler who makes it.

In the professional jargon of jewelers, as well as by students and students of educational institutions in the specialty "jewelry", the slang version of the word "jeweler" is often used.

Although it is believed that the concept of "jewellery" includes all jewelry made using precious materials, and the concept of "jewellery" includes jewelry made from non-precious materials, but, as we can see, at present the difference between jewelery and costume jewelry is becoming somewhat blurred. , and the assessment of whether to classify a given product as a jeweler or as costume jewelry is each time taken by experts individually in each specific case.

LACQUE MINIATURE - Miniature painting on small objects: boxes, caskets, powder boxes, etc. is a kind of arts and crafts and folk art. Such painting is called lacquer because colored and transparent varnishes serve not only as full-fledged painting materials, but also as the most important means of artistic expression of the work. They add depth and strength to paints and at the same time soften, unite them, as if melting the image into the very flesh of the product.

The birthplace of artistic varnishes is the countries of the Far East and Southeast Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, where they have been known since ancient times. In China, for example, back in the 2nd millennium BC. e. lacquer tree sap was used to cover cups, caskets, vases. Then lacquer painting was born, which reached the highest level in the East.

This type of art came to Europe from India, Iran, the countries of Central Asia, where in the XV-XVII centuries. lacquer miniature, executed with tempera paints on papier-mâché objects, was popular. European craftsmen significantly simplified the technology, began to use oil paints and varnishes.

Artistic varnishes have been known in Russia since 1798, when the merchant P.I. Korobov built a small papier-mâché lacquerware factory in the village of Danilkovo near Moscow (later it merged with the neighboring village of Fedoskin). Under his successors, the Lukutins, Russian masters developed unique methods of Fedoskino painting. They have not been lost to this day.

 Palekh miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is executed in tempera on papier-mâché. Caskets, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie clips, needle cases, etc. are usually painted.

 Fedoskino miniature - a type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting with oil paints on papier-mâché, developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow.

 Kholuy miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Kholui, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is executed in tempera on papier-mâché. Caskets, capsules, needle cases, etc. are usually painted.

Folk carving is one of the oldest art forms. Her memos are known in Ukraine mainly from the 16th - 17th centuries.

Interesting evidence from those times tells of rich carvings on wooden buildings. In the pursuit of beauty, the people used it not only in architecture, but also generously decorated things and tools with carved ornaments. Folk carpenters and carvers created genuine masterpieces, distinguished by originality and originality of art forms.

Quite numerous carved items - furniture, wooden utensils, boards for heel boards, molds for honey gingerbread, yokes, details of carts and sledges of the 17th - 19th centuries. Kiev, Chernihiv, Poltava, Carpathian, Transcarpathian regions.

In the XIX and early XX centuries. The well-known Hutsul carvers Yuriy Shkriblyak (1822 - 1884) and his sons Vasyl Shkriblyak (1856 - 1928) and Mykola Shkriblyak (1858 - 1920) played an important role in the development of folk carving.

Yuri Shkriblyak was known as an outstanding carver not only in the Hutsul region, but also far beyond its borders.

In our time, great changes have taken place in the art of folk carving. Folk craftsmen, along with traditional ornamental carving, create thematic works dedicated to important events in the life of the people, themes of their historical past, outstanding figures, images of heroes in the works of great writers. The desire to create thematic compositions contributed to the development of the bas-relief genre of carving and round sculpture. Often plot compositions are combined with ornamental flat carving and inlay.

The carvings of Vasily Garbuz are a continuation of the wonderful traditions of flat Poltava carving. In his ashtray miniatures and bird-shaped pencil cases, we encounter the extreme laconicism of forms typical of folk carving.

Rich ideological content and great artistic expressiveness are characteristic of the bas-reliefs "Hero of Socialist Labor Ekaterina Solomakha" and "Pig Farm" by the carver Yakov Usik (1872 - 1960) from the Mirgorod region.

Numerous works by the carver from the Kiev region Peter Verna (1876 - 1966) are diverse in subject matter: "I've already passed thirteen ...", "Perebendia", "Blacksmith Vakula", "Aeneid", "The Sower", "Let's Plant the Roads". He owns works that personify various characters from the works of the classics of Ukrainian and Russian literature.

Petr Verna devoted almost his entire life to creating his favorite image of the great kobzar T. G. Shevchenko and images based on his poetic works of the same name. In other sculptures by Verna, filled with the pathos of modernity, the life and work of people are reflected.

The life of ordinary people of Transcarpathia is displayed in the works of the folk sculptor Vasily Svyda. In the work "On the Polonina" the author depicts the traditional spring exit to the mountains of the Hutsuls, driving cattle to summer pastures. This day is considered a great spring holiday. The author personally participated in such holidays more than once. The knowledge of life helped the carver excitedly and truthfully recreate the images of the new people of Transcarpathia: free, proud.

The talented Transcarpathian carver Ivan Barna in a relatively short period of time created a number of meaningful works of art that convincingly tell about the heroism of the past. Its bas-relief, which reveals the image of the national hero of Ukraine of the 18th century, deserves special attention. Oleksa Dovbush.

The creative growth of modern Hutsul carvers, in the past handicraftsmen, was facilitated by their unification into production and creative teams.

The richness of imagination and poetry are inherent in the works of the carver from the village of Bratky, Lviv region, Stepan Chaika - "Life in the Forest", "Family of Ducks", "Deer", etc. The carver finds the images of his works in the very life of the forest, and the bizarre forms of roots serve as material for it trees, twigs, etc.

Lviv carver Mikhail Tkachev works in an interesting material - poplar bark. His miniatures - cockerels, deer, horses - are made in the spirit of folk sculpture traditions.

State budgetary special (correctional) educational institution for students, pupils with disabilities "Bugulma special (correctional) general education school No. 10VIIIkind"

Decorative and applied arts (project)

"Woodcarving". Product "Casket".

Head: Makhalov Yuri Mikhailovich,

technology teacher

special correctional schoolVIIIkind

2014

Table of contents

1. Selection and justification of the project topic p.3

2. Purpose and objectives of the project p.3

3. Thinking scheme p.4

4. History and modernity of decorative woodworking p.4

5. Basic parameters and limitations p.7

6. Development of idea p.7

7. Work on the shape of the box (options) p.8

8. Jewelry box ornament p.9

9. Requirements for the product p.9

10. Tools and equipment p.10

11. Materials p.10

12. Technological sequence of making the box p.10

13. Quality control p.12

14. Safety precautions when performing work p.12

15. Ecological and economic justification p.12

16. References p.13

Selection and justification of the project topic.

Being engaged in woodcarving at technology lessons,students will be able to make various products with their own hands andmake it aesthetically pleasing,even if it is small. In the school training workshop there is an opportunity to manufacture products for sale. studyingsamples of various products, left hischoice in the manufacture of the box.

This product attracted the fact that people love suchlittle things and material for the box are required. Wooden things create coziness in the house, store the warmth of human hands, and a box with a carved pattern will become an adornment of any room.

In addition, making a casket is anotherstep up the development step, as this product is more complexin manufacturing. It requires great effort, skill, accuracy, accuracy, knowledge. It also makes it possiblestey to show their abilities.

The purpose and objectives of the project

The aim of the project is to make a decorative wood box.

Tasks:

Learn the history of decorative woodworking.

Define the main idea of ​​the project.

Select the object and technology of labor.

Make a box according to technology.

Conduct product quality control.

3. Thinking scheme.

Before you start working on a project, you need toclearly represent all the main aspects of their work.

4. History and modernity of decorative woodworking.

Caskets are a household item, and they appeared in time immemorial. They serve people for storing various small items. The purpose may be different. The boxes contained money, securities, letters, photographs, amulets. There were once dueling pistols in beautiful caskets.

But the boxes were most in demand among women, they kept their jewelry and jewelry, sewing and embroidery accessories in them.

For many centuries, people have made boxes from various materials: clay, wood, stone, metal, glass, in our time - from plastics. They differed in size, design, shape (square, round, multifaceted, oval). Skillful craftsmen made boxes with secrets, locks, inlaid them with precious stones, metals, ivory. But the caskets made of wood were the most diverse, since this material is better processed. Boxes made of valuable species - walnut, beech, acacia, oak, rosewood, boxwood were valued. If there was no valuable wood, the master could decorate a modest box with rich carvings.

In Russia, workers who could make things from wood and decorate them with carvings were very much appreciated. Most people tried to buy such products for decorating their homes.

One of these types was geometric or trihedral pitted carving. In the literature, there are other names for it: wedge-shaped, wedge-shaped, etc.

This is the most accessible type of wood carving in terms of simplicity and manufacturability (after slotted). At its core, geometric carving is wedge-cut recesses repeated in a certain composition, which can vary in size, depth, and geometry of the angles at which the recess is made. Differences can also be in the number of faces of each recess. The most common are two- and three-sided recesses. It was the trihedral notch that received special development, which in many sources is called so - trihedral notch carving. Its attractiveness is that it allows you to get an unlimited number of pattern options. Tetrahedral recesses, square and rectangular, are less often used, but their execution will require more skill, although the technique is no different from the previous ones.

As a subspecies of geometric carving, it is necessary to consider andbracket carving. Its main feature is that trimmings (recesses) are performed not with a straight, but with a semicircular chisel. Each trimming is performed in two steps: first trimming at a right angle, then at an acute angle, the value of which is determined by the nature of the pattern. The main types of wood are the same as in slotted carving. And in general in all types of carving - coniferous, linden, alder, aspen. Hard woods can also be used, but it is necessary to switch to harder wood when the technique of carving on soft wood is well mastered, that is, from simple to more complex.

It consists of a number of alphabetic patterns, the combination of which gives beautiful, expressive compositions (contour carving is sometimes also referred to as a variety of geometric carving if it has rectilinear or circular outlines).

The whole variety of geometric carving patterns practically consists of a combination of elementary elements: from a peg and a triangle, which can be considered in any composition. Any, the most complex geometric pattern can be divided into its constituent elements, and they will turn out to be either with pegs or triangles.

In search of a decorative composition, it is recommended toturn to works of folk art. At the mastersin different regions of the country in the art of geometric carvingtheir preferences are observed, despite the fact that the initial elements of this thread are the same everywhere.

From a combination of triangles and from pegs merginginto derivative patterns (rhombuses, chains, viteiki, etc.), you cancreate an endless variety of juicy, expressivedecorative compositions on a variety of products.

For the execution of geometric threads, you need a reliableknife. This is the so-called oblique, or shoe, knife. He mustbe strong, firmly seated in the hand and very sharply honednym. Good knives from the fragments of wide saws for metal (fromprepared from R-18 steel). Individual craftsmen forgeknives for themselves from wide files, from old automobile springs, from the outer cage of large bearings, they grindon an electric grinder from fragments of cutter disks for metal. horosewing knives are obtained from the scythe web. Everyone uses thosethe opportunities he has. The simplest but most reliablethe knife can be made from an ordinary chisel with a width of 20-30 mm.It is machined on an emery wheel.

For an oblique knife, they make a wooden or plastica pen (or, by attaching strips of leather or foam on both sideson, tightly wrapped with vinyl chloride insulating tape).

When performing geometric carving, the knife is held firmlyin a fist, resting his thumb on the handle of the knife. With the fingers of the other hand, guide the tip of the knife, setdrawing it onto the line of the drawing.

Each of the carving elements is easily performed after cutting the peg and triangle has been mastered.

Surface with geometric thread can be addednena with various finishes that enhance the decorative expressionthe value of a thing. Finishing a wooden surface with a geometricskay carving can be very different.

A product with a geometric carving can be tinted in gray using watercolor or liquid diluted black ink. After the surface has dried (natural drying for about a day), it is polished to a light wood. Dark gray geometric patterns on a light wood background are very expressive. Gray color can have wide color gradations from gray-ocher to cold gray-blue. After sanding the tinted surface, it is possible to lightly (single-layer) coat it with liquid diluted varnish.

You can make a thread in a negative version: pre-tint the product prepared for carving in a dark color, for example, gray or brown. Let it dry and cut patterns on this background. Light, juicy patterns on a dark background create an expressive decorative effect. At exhibitions of applied art, there are wooden products tinted in light purple (like diluted ink) with subsequent light carving on this background.

It can also be done on a pre-varnished or polished surface. If the product is varnished with the natural color of the wood, then the in-depth patterns are matte and lighter than the shiny surface of the object. If the surface is first tinted, then varnished (or polished), and a pattern is already cut on it, then the decorative expressiveness of the product increases significantly.

The world of carving is tempting and diverse, with all its trends, styles, and techniques. Above all, it is an introduction to nature. Initiation in the sense that the carver is dealing with a tree, a unique material in its diversity, created by nature. The carver also draws themes and plots for embodiment in wood from observations of nature, whose fantasies are inexhaustible.

Anyone who is not indifferent to beauty and perfection, who would like to multiply achievements in this direction, to make their life, the life of their loved ones more beautiful, to pleasantly surprise others can enter this world.

5. Basic parameters and restrictions.

The product must meet the following requirements:

environmentally friendly

beautiful

Safe

Durable

Compliance with the chosen style.

6. Idea development.

Having made the choice of the object of labor, it is necessary to consider the shape of the scaletulks. To do this, they made a detour to shops, markets, looked at samples, studied illustrations in books on carving. Having collectednecessary information, worked out the following scheme:

casket

materials

Tool

you

Finishing technology

Function

The form

Design

Stone

Plastic

Metal

Wood :

Linden

Aspen

Poplar

Birch

Beech

Oak

Ash

Plane,

hacksaw, chisel, cutter, marking tools,

sandpaper

Burnout

wood painting

wood carving

working

decorative

Combined

Round

Rectangular

multifaceted

Turned

glued

With removable cover

As a result, we determined for ourselves not only the object of labor, but also the technology and style of manufacture (carving), chose the material and design of the box. When making sketches of the shape of the box, it was taken into account that it should be beautiful, convenient to use and feasible to manufacture.

7. Work on the shape of the box (options).

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

The final shape of the box

The shape of the sides of the box The shape of the top and bottom sides of the box

8. Jewelry box ornament

9. Requirements for the product.

Product name

casket

Functional purpose

For storing small items

User

Unlimited

Single or mass production

single

Dimensions

small

Material requirements

natural

Manufacturing Method

wood carving

Appearance, style

Folklore (Russian) style

Requirements in terms of safety of use

Smooth, burr-free surface

Environmental Requirements

Environmentally friendly materials - wood

10. Tools and equipment.

For the manufacture of the product you will need: a planer, a hacksaw, a chisel, a cutter, marking tools, sanding paper.

If details with small circles are conceived in the ornament, they are cut out with a semicircular chisel. If there are no semicircular chisels, the circles are cut out with an oblique knife. It should be remembered: the smaller the diameter of the circle, the sharper the blade sharpening angle should be (up to 30 degrees). An oblique knife can be cut in all directions: towards you, away from you, tilting it to the right, to the left, inside the circle, out.

Materials.

Hardwoods are suitable for contour carving: linden, aspen, birch, alder. Coniferous species are practically not used here due to the different hardness of the constituent parts of the annual layer. Wood of the appropriate size without defects must be prepared for carving. For carving on light wood, it is enough to cut it with a planer. If the composition is conceived on a dark background, the board needs to be toned. If a shiny surface is expected, it is necessary to cover it with black varnish, and when it dries, polish it with polish. A dark, evenly toned surface for carving can be prepared in another way: wipe the planed workpiece with a liquid solution of wood glue or PVA glue. After the glue dries, the surface is sanded with fine sandpaper and covered with glue again. After repeated sanding, the surface of the wood is primed enough for the black ink to evenly lie on it. Dried ink is fixed with varnish, which is then polished. A variety of dyes are used for toning: ink, gouache, tempera, watercolor, aniline paints, various stains and mordants, potassium permanganate. The surface can be left matte, but it can also be covered with a light varnish (to fix the paint) and polished.

12. Technological sequence of making the box

the name of the operation

Sketch

Equipment, tools

Mark the walls of the box on the blank

Workbench, pencil, square, ruler

saw through the walls

Hacksaw

Make corner connections

Workbench, hacksaw, chisel

Glue the sides of the box

Glue, vise

Process the top and bottom edges of the frame

Grinding wheel

Glue the bottom and lid

Glue, vise

Remove allowances, process the box in shape

Grinding wheel

Sand the casket

Grinding wheel, sandpaper

Mark the cut point between the lid and the walls

Pencil, ruler, hacksaw

Mark out the ornament

Pencil, ruler, compasses

Cut the ornament on the box

joint knife

Coat the box with varnish

brush, varnish

Cut off the cover and clean the cut

Hacksaw, sandpaper

Fabricate and install hinges

2 pieces

Wire, pliers, wire cutters

Re-varnish the box

brush, varnish

Carry out quality control

13. Quality control.

The finished product must meet the following requirements:

The box is made neatly, in accordance with technologic.

The unity of the compositional solution of the ornament and the shape of the product is observed.

The selected material corresponds to the purpose of the product.

14. Safety precautions when performing work.

1. Reliably fix the workpiece when planing, sawingand carving.

2. Work with a well-functioning, well-established tool.

For processing parts with a grinding wheel, useinstall a special support table.

Keep the cutter in the workbench tray in a protective case.

5. Working with a cutter, hold your free hand with the oppositefalse side of the cutting direction.

Remove dust, shavings, sawdust with a sweeping brush.

Work in a well-lit area.

When varnishing, work in a ventilated area.

With a chisel, cut wood in the direction “away from you”.

10. Keep your hands clean while carving.

15. Ecological and economic justification.

The jewelry box is environmentally friendly, without bringingdangerous consequences to human health by the product, sincemade from pure wood. Manufacturing technology forcompliance with safety regulations and sanitary and hygienicnorms is also safe.

Determining the price of your box, summed up the costsfor materials, electricity (this is the cost),deductions for estimated salary, profit.

c = c + p

The cost price includes:

FROM 1 - the cost of wood;

FROM 2 - the cost of varnish;

Cz is the cost of electricity per machine;

FROM 4- sandpaper cost

FROM 6 - salary deductions;

FROM 7 - cost of plywood;

FROM 8 - the cost of the fabric;

FROM 9 - the cost of material for hinges and a lock;

FROM 10 - the cost of glue.

Let's calculate the cost:FROM 1 = V1200 = 0.0003 m 3 1200 = 0.36 p. FROM 2 =50gx0.08 rub. = 4 p.

FROM 3 =1.5kWx1 hour (60 min)x2.43 p. = 3.64 p.

FROM 4= 25 R

FROM 6 =20hx30 r / h \u003d 600 rubles.

FROM 7 = 0.02m 2 80 \u003d 1.6 p.

FROM 8 = 0.06m 2 x320 \u003d 19.2 p

FROM 9= 35 pX 2 \u003d 70 rubles

FROM 10 = 43 r

C = C 1 + C 2 + C 3 + C 4 + C 6 + C 7 + C 8 = 741 rubles

The cost of the box was 741 rubles. If the box is sold for 950 rubles, then we get a profit that can bebut use to purchase materials:

P \u003d C - C \u003d 950 - 741 \u003d 209 p.

After conducting economic calculations, it was concluded that abouteven justifies itself.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education

"Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University"

Faculty of Technology and Entrepreneurship

Department of Pedagogy and Psychology of Vocational Education

Course work

according to the methodology of training and education

"Formation of students' knowledge, skills and abilities in the circle of artistic woodcarving"

Completed by: 4th year student

41 FTP groups

Patylitsin A.V.

Leader: Art. Lecturer of the Department of PiPPO M.V. Leonov

Novosibirsk 2013

Introduction..……………………………………………………………………….. 3

Section I. ……………………………………………………………………….... 5

The organization of the circle and the basic principles of its work…………………....... 5

The student as an object and subject of the learning process.…………………………..... 9

Age-related psychological characteristics of a student as an object of technology training.

Historical overview on the topic: "Artistic woodcarving"………. 12

Types of woodcarving…………………………………………………………... 15

Section II ..………………………………………………………………………. eighteen

"Artistic processing of wood" …...…………………………….. 18

Conclusion………………………………………………………………….. 27

Bibliographic list……………………………..………………………………………….. 29

Introduction

A feature of this work is the combination of traditional wood carving techniques with modern types of graphic images used as an activation of students' individual creative activity.

Relevance - term paper - "Formation of students' knowledge, skills and abilities in a wood carving circle" - to preserve and preserve the best national traditions in creativity, not to let them sink into obscurity - a difficult task, but doable. The program contains an orientation to the knowledge of the diversity of living beings on earth, the properties and structure of wood - the most common natural material, to the disclosure of the needs of children to create and realize their capabilities.

The object of research is the technology of woodcarving. It consists in combining the traditions of the Russian people in the manufacture of decorative and applied wood products and the realization of the creative individuality of each student; The program covers all elements of woodcarving, starting with the formation of an artistic image of an applied product made of natural material and ending with its presentation at exhibitions.

The subject of research is the technology of decorating a product with various types of carving. The preservation of the studied technological methods allowed us to avoid direct copying and create our own composition, corresponding to the mastered technology.

The purpose of the work: to teach the manufacture of planar wood products using the techniques of slotted, geometric, flat-relief carving.

Hypothesis: Wood carving, as one of the most common and accessible forms of folk ornamentation, is a wonderful decoration.

The objectives of this course work:

– acquaintance with the history of artistic woodcarving in Russia,

– visits to local history museums,

– study of the manufacturing technology of the corresponding product,

– study of the experience of master wood carvers,

- studying the literature on the subject,

- to show the existing types of wood carving and highlight in detail the technology of geometric carving, which decorates the product.

The organization of the circle and the basic principles of its work.

The circle is an important link in the system of labor training and education of schoolchildren. This concept refers to various forms of organizing the labor activity of stable groups of students. Labor circles provide a solution to the issues of instilling industriousness, organization, the ability to work in a work collective, obey its regime, and maintain business relations with comrades for a long time. Ample opportunities in choosing the content and organization of the work of the circle allow teachers to solve many issues of in-depth study and development of types of labor. At the same time, the interest and independence of choosing a circle, the voluntariness of work in it, contributes to the formation of consciousness in labor activity.

A student goes to a circle for various reasons: to do some thing, to master certain skills, to work together with comrades, to show his abilities, etc. In all cases, his interest is supported and developed by success in work, a major situation, and the expedient expenditure of time and effort. From this follows the specifics of circle work: they do not use punishment, censure and other methods of stimulating the activities of members of the circle, and, on the contrary, encourage business support, help, and advice. In circle work there are no such specific criteria as in educational work, but originality, independence of work, to a certain extent its spirituality by search, inquisitiveness, and satisfaction with what has been done are of great importance.

The distribution of students according to the studied types of arts and crafts should be voluntary, since teenagers often come to study not alone, but with friends. It is not recommended to distribute them evenly among different groups, creative communication with each other when studying the same type of artistic processing of materials helps them achieve great success, the process of their labor and aesthetic education is more active.

Classes in various types of arts and crafts eliminate one-sidedness in the creative development of students, helps to acquire a wide range of diverse knowledge and skills. It is absolutely not necessary that the members of the circle come out of the hands of ">

The effectiveness of the educational impact on students by means of arts and crafts depends on the correct and timely planning of the work of the children's creative team. The work plan for half a year and for a month is drawn up on the basis of the annual program. This plan should provide for all the main forms of classes, a conversation with a display of the best examples of folk art, practical work on drawing up sketches, visits to museums, workshops of applied artists, factories of applied art.

The outlined plan and program are discussed with schoolchildren at the first lesson of the circle, where self-government bodies are also chosen - the headman and the asset of the circle. Their functions include assistance to the head of the circle in emerging organizational issues. The headman is responsible, in particular, for drawing up a schedule of duty and appointing a duty officer for each lesson. The duty schedule promotes involvement in active self-service work.

Most often, those who "enrolled" in the circle want to start working in the workshops as soon as possible. Therefore, they (especially those who are not strong in drawing) are constantly drawn to some random pictures that they seek to translate into a tree. If you do not pay attention to this and start up a lesson on the principle of "do what you want", their efforts will be wasted in doing such work; students will develop bad taste.

The leader should direct the process of selecting compositions. It is better if the children see the finished work in front of them. And do not be shy to offer the guys to repeat certain images. Such a technique will help them understand what can and cannot be created in one form or another of arts and crafts. Along with professional skills, they will develop artistic taste.

The education of aesthetic taste in arts and crafts circles should go through students' understanding of the artistic and technological capabilities of the materials being processed, which leaves its mark on the solution of the image.

The task of the leader is to orient students to a deep independent study of the images of folk arts and crafts and the creation of their own products on this basis.

In the work on samples at the first stage of training, imitation of the model is inevitably observed to a certain extent. It is necessary to ensure that schoolchildren do not have blind copying, but conscious imitation.

Students come to the circle with the mood to work. Therefore, when the leader starts explaining, introduces them to the rules and methods of work, that is, conducts an introductory briefing, their patience does not last long. They become inattentive, impatient, wanting to get to work as soon as possible. The manager is required to take this into account and conduct the briefing briefly, purposefully, combining various information into a common system. However, although knowledge should be mainly practical in nature, the principle of the decisive role of theoretical studies should be observed in the initial period of training. An average of 20% of study time is allocated for theoretical information. Theoretical information can be transferred to schoolchildren in the form of thematic conversations.

When conducting briefings and conversations, it is necessary to use various options for combining words with a demonstration of visual aids.

A lot depends on the first task that the leader will offer to the circle members. It should be understandable, accessible, interesting in terms of decorative results. It is desirable that the first task was small in volume and could be completed in one or two lessons. When explaining the first task, the teacher focuses the attention of students not only on the final result of the work. It is equally important to clearly and clearly highlight all the stages, as well as the goals and objectives that schoolchildren face in the process of performing the initial methods of artistic processing of materials. This contributes to the development of independence of schoolchildren, when the sequence of stages in the execution of the product from the sketch to the final finishing operations is clear to them, they will wait less for hints from the leader, showing independence in creative activity.

The choice of processed material depends on the age of the circle members. In wood carving, the training tasks of the initial period are better in linden or aspen. If you do not take into account the physical properties of the material and give children the opportunity to work with inappropriate material, their enthusiasm can die out very quickly.

The first task in the circle can be common to all students. The leader must prepare the drawings for him himself.

A distinctive feature of individual creative activity in a circle is that each student has his own pace of work, his own deadlines for the implementation of various stages of performing the same tasks.

For the first lessons, the leader should have the tools prepared. After a few lessons, when students get a taste of the work, you can set aside a day for making the necessary tools yourself.

From the very beginning, members of the circle must be accustomed to independent work. Having received a drawing of the first task from the teacher, the student must independently translate it into the selected material and begin work. The student will master professional techniques, learning the materials being processed when performing each of the tasks, i.e. learning will go in the creative process. After working on the samples, the creative work of students begins.

Schoolchildren of different age groups have certain interests in choosing subjects for decorative work. The plots of books and films form the basis of creative compositions. Often plots for decorative compositions are suggested by the material from which it will be created. When viewing the material, students actively form a visual image, which they subsequently embody in this material.

One of the peculiarities of wood carving classes is that it takes a long time to complete the task. So that students do not lose interest in working on the same thing, the end result of which is very far away, it is necessary that they, while waiting for tomorrow's perspective, feel the joy and beauty of today's work. In order for children to receive emotional support in the process of working on a long task, it is recommended to sum up the results for each day of work, evaluate the creative activity of children, and note the effectiveness and significance of their work.

An effective result is given by intermediate views of the work performed by students. At the current intermediate reviews, the teacher fixes what has been achieved, sets new tasks. A general intermediate review can also be done when a difficult task is being completed and the supervisor sees that he cannot help students individually, or when many students repeat the same mistake. At the same time, students, participating in the discussion, will be accustomed to self-control. Here you can express signs of approval in cases where there are first successes. This raises the emotional mood of students, will stimulate their further work, and will give a surge of new strength.

At the end of the first year of studies and at the end of the two-year cycle, it is recommended to arrange a final exhibition. The members of the jury who select works for the exhibition are, as a rule, the most authoritative students. The chairman of the jury is the head of the circle.

The skillful organization and holding of an exhibition of students' creative works can become one of the effective forms of moral encouragement and stimulation of children's creative activity. It is also possible to materially reward children for successful labor and creative activities in the process of wood carving, this will not only encourage the student for his success, but also create an emotional upsurge to continue studying not only at school, but also on his own, in his free time.

The student as an object and subject of the learning process.

In the learning process, technologies are directly involved on the one hand - the teacher, on the other - the student. Their roles in this process seem, at least at first glance, quite clear: the teacher organizes, directs and manages the process of teaching technology, and the student must learn, fulfill all the requirements of the teacher.

The main role of a technology teacher in modern conditions is the education of the personality of students, the formation of their need-motivational sphere, the education of their abilities, moral ideals and beliefs. Teaching knowledge, skills and abilities in technology is an integral part of this education and the process in which this education is carried out.

Age-related psychological characteristics of a student as an object of technology training.

The fact that it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics of students is said everywhere, but it is not always indicated what this means, what features should be taken into account and how they should be taken into account. Meanwhile, it must be borne in mind that age characteristics are not something unchanging and eternal that is inherent in students of a certain age. These features themselves change quite dramatically over time. Let us consider some psychological characteristics of a modern student, bearing in mind only those of his characteristics that are important to take into account in the process of teaching technology.

Adolescence is a very difficult period in the life of a student, fraught with the danger of crisis phenomena. During this period, the child's body undergoes dramatic changes. The process of puberty unfolds. Associated with this process is the emergence in the adolescent of a physical sense of his own adulthood. He has an idea of ​​himself no longer as a child, he strives to be and be considered an adult. From here, a teenager has a new life position in relation to himself, to the people around him, to the world. He becomes socially active, receptive to learning the norms of values ​​and behaviors that exist among adults.

Therefore, the period of adolescence is characterized by the fact that the formation of the moral and social attitudes of the student's personality begins here, the general orientation of this personality is outlined.

A teenager strives for active communication with his peers, and through this communication he actively learns himself, masters his behavior, focusing on samples and ideals gleaned from books, films, and television.

A teenager becomes less dependent on adults also because he has such needs that he must satisfy only himself (the need for communication with peers, for friendship, for love). Parents and adults in general, with all their desire, cannot solve the problems that confront adolescents in connection with the emergence of new needs in them, while the satisfaction of all the basic needs of younger students depends mainly on parents. All this often painfully affects the attitude of students to learning. Here is how the famous psychologist N.S. Leites: “Children of 12–13 years old, for the most part, are generally complacent about learning: they don’t bother with unnecessary thought, they only do lessons within the prescribed limits, they often find reasons for entertainment ... The weakening of communication with the teacher, the decrease in his influence, especially make themselves felt know the shortcomings of the behavior of students in the classroom. Now students not only sometimes allow themselves to ignore the comments they receive, but can also actively resist them. In the middle classes, one encounters inventive pranks and the most frivolous behavior."

The overall picture of the work of adolescent students in the classroom is deteriorating compared to the lower grades. Previously exemplary and accurate students allow themselves not to complete assignments. Many students change the emphasis, it becomes illegible and careless. Attempts by the teacher to interest students in the form of presentation or in some other way often do not bring the expected result.

At the same time, these same adolescents are very willing to participate in the work of various circles, where, it would seem, the most difficult adolescents willingly follow all the instructions of the adult leader of the circle, with interest and zeal, master the theoretical knowledge necessary for practical work.

During these years, value-oriented activity acquires special significance for students. The student is trying to make a deep self-assessment of his personality, his abilities. Reflection grows and develops, cognitive interest in philosophical problems, the young man tries to find out the meaning of life; evaluate the observed phenomena from this point of view.

Of particular note is the desire of senior school students for autonomy, for emotional and value independence, for independence, for self-respect, while adolescents are characterized by dependence on their peer group. A teenager is very malleable to the influence of peers. The teacher needs to keep this in mind and take it into account in his work.

Motivation of the learning process.

Above, we established that the student in the process of learning technology from the object of this training gradually becomes its subject. What does it mean? What is the difference between the object and the subject of learning? Indeed, in both cases, the student somehow learns, acquires knowledge, skills, and abilities.

Indeed, when a student is only an object of learning technology, and when he becomes the subject of this process, he completes the tasks of the teacher, solves problems, repeats the studied material, etc., i.e. he is studying. All the differences between the teaching of the student in the role of an object and his own teaching in the role of a subject lie in the reason for which he does it.

Man, the disciple is an active being. He is always doing something, participating in some activity. But the student participates in many different activities, performs different actions. In order for a student to learn effectively, he must perform not any actions, but quite certain ones. The question arises: why does the student perform these actions, and not others, what motivates him to perform these actions, what directs and regulates his activity in the learning process? In other words, what motivates - encourages and directs - the activity of the student.

Only by understanding this, we will be able to understand what are the differences between the object and subject of the learning process. In addition, it is necessary to understand this also because, and perhaps mainly because the teacher must learn to manage the activities of students in the learning process, and for this he must form the necessary motivation in them.

Therefore, the teacher must arouse such a desire in students, which means that he must form the appropriate motivation in them.

What is motivation, how is it formed in a person? Motivation is usually understood as a set of motivations for activity.

However, when the activity has already begun, it has a definite purpose. A goal is what a person consciously wants to achieve as a result of this activity. But there is not always a complete correspondence between the purpose of an activity and its motives. When it is present, the activity is said to make sense; otherwise, when the purpose of the activity and the motives that caused this activity do not correspond to each other, then they say that the activity has no meaning, is devoid of meaning for a given person.

So, the student is always the object of activity in the learning process, and he becomes the subject of this activity when he consciously accepts the objective goals of the activity as his personal goals. Obviously, in the latter case, learning is the most effective, only in this case the teacher can easily and with pleasure fully realize the goals and objectives of learning.

The teacher needs to strive to ensure that each student becomes the subject of activity in the learning process. And for this it is necessary that all aspects of the educational process, its content, organization and methods contribute to such formation, be directly aimed at educating the student - the subject of their activity.

Historical review on the topic: "Artistic wood carving."

Wooden patterns on Russian huts are like frozen beautiful music, like a song about love for one's home, for one's native land. The cornices of the pediments, dormer windows, frieze boards, platbands and shutters of windows, porches, gates, gates were decorated with wooden carvings. She became a constant companion of the architecture of peasant and urban dwellings. And now one can clearly see the predilection of our ancestors for decorating their homes with wooden lace. It made it a valuable architectural monument, which combined the simplicity of forms, naturalness with a variety of techniques for performing various types of carving. And if in the north of Russia the artistic and constructive solution of wooden decoration was distinguished by laconicism and severity, then in the Volga region the flight of imagination of artists was not restrained by anything. Here they boldly and uninhibitedly used all the centuries-old experience of folk art, borrowing from the original architecture. The Russian North and the Volga region are wood carving reserves, a museum and a workshop where anyone can admire and learn from the master the ancient honorable craft - wood carving.

The origins of Russian folk art go back to the distant past, revealing obvious pagan roots. In the material monuments of antiquity (and on buildings) there are schematic drawings that are not images of objects of the human environment. They often look like an ornament, but they are symbols with a deep meaning: in the pre-literate era, they recorded important knowledge, concepts, ideas about the world.

Slavic paganism consisted in the glorification of the vital forces of nature, the fertility of the earth, above all.

Over the years and centuries, the symbolic meaning of circles, triangles, crosses was forgotten, and they turned into an ornament that was passed down from generation to generation, illuminated by tradition. You can try today to penetrate into the past, unravel the original meaning of the ornament of the wooden pattern of houses, try to get closer to your ancestors. In modern peasant art, archaic elements as decorative elements have practically lost their incantatory meaning. But the ornament has changed little over the centuries, as before: zoomorphic, anthropomorphic, geometric and floral.

Wood carving is one of the most common and accessible forms and types of folk ornament.

House carving probably began with a note: a notch with an ax or a conventional sign of the owner of the house. Over time, these signs are complicated by the structure of their rows, figures, places where they were placed on the house. Some notes-notches from the very beginning were amulets-symbols of hope for well-being and protection of the hearth from troubles and adversities.

Russian peasant housing combined practicality and extraordinary beauty. Various architectural details carried a certain utilitarian meaning and at the same time played a decorative role, performing a protective function. So, for example, the need to close the gaps that inevitably arise between the log wall of the house and the window frame, caused the appearance of platbands that decorate the house and are a kind of border between it and the outside world. Platbands are both a decoration of the house and its amulet.

Among the elements of folk culture, wooden carved decorations are distinguished by a huge variety in execution technique, plots and compositional arrangement on the house. Russian architectural carving is conditionally divided into: sculptural; flat; relief carving of the Volga region; propyl.

Sculptural carving is characteristic of the northern provinces: Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Pskov, Perm. The ends of the protruding logs and slabs were processed in such a way that they acquired the outlines of animals, birds and other figures. Sculptural carvings decorated the gable roofs of Russian huts with okhlupnik, which was shaped like a horse's head, a deer's head with branched horns, a goose, a swan. Gable roofs often had such a length that one frosting was not enough. On the roofs, two logs were strengthened with rhizomes in opposite directions, and each received a sculptural treatment. One horse looked out into the street, the other into the forest! The sculpture completed the composition of the facade of the hut perfectly. Skates floated above the ground in the distant sky against the background of changeable clouds. The antiquity of the origin of the motif of a paired horse and, in general, a horse, as a talisman, is confirmed by archaeological finds. Over time, ideas about the symbolic meaning of the horse weakened and turned into an element of decor. Horse - okhlupen as an important constructive and artistic element of the roof is preserved to this day. A tribute to tradition and good taste. The water outlets of the house were decorated with sculptural images of animal horns, snake-like heads, etc. In the Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod provinces, images of birds are no less common - a goose, a swan, a duck. They symbolized a good beginning. Their images are especially frequent in window casings. Images of a duck, a peacock rooster, a chicken - a talisman against the evil eye of all those living in the house.

Flat carving is a group of the most common types of woodcarving in the 19th century. She has many names and varieties: crenate, dugout, notched, trihedral-notched. In flat carving, a rhythmic geometric pattern is often combined with a slit, creating real wood lace! Often the drawing repeats the image of a circle with rays diverging from the center, resembling the disk of the sun. We can observe this motif in the decoration of balconies, galleries, porches, architraves. Plots of flat carving of the 18th-19th centuries scientists associate with the ancient pagan beliefs of the Slavs and their magic spells. Circles, sockets, stars, crosses, wheels, rhombuses, squares served in ancient times as symbols of fire and the sun, were the strongest amulets.

The relief carving of the Volga region in the 19th century was especially widely used in the decoration of dwellings in the Upper and Middle Volga regions. Ship (baroque), deaf, chisel - these are also common names for the relief carving of the Volga region. How emphatically accurate are these names! This type of carving is distinguished by high relief, patterns of predominantly floral ornament. The male population of the Volga region has long been engaged in the construction of river vessels - boats, plows. The stern was richly decorated with wood carvings. Gradually, many carvers who decorated the ships began to apply their skills in the construction of houses of fellow villagers, received orders from the townspeople. Therefore, it is not surprising that many ship carving motifs were gradually transferred to the facades of houses.

Ship carving spread throughout the Volga-Oka interfluve. The Kolomna wooden palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, which was built in 1667-1668, was called the "eighth wonder of the world." When decorating it, the wood carvers outdid themselves. They decorated roofs, valances, porches, galleries, passages, window frames with the finest ship carvings. It is a pity that the palace now lives only in drawings and our memories of the past. At all stages of the development of ship carving in the Volga region, frieze (frontal) boards remained the most important detail of home decoration, although the talent of the carver was fully revealed when performing the entire complex of home decor. When decorating architraves, shutters, and valances, craftsmen used various motifs of native nature, but did not neglect the images of mythical, fairy-tale creatures: mermaids, siren birds with a woman's face and a luxurious peacock's tail, lions with a branch in their paws. Sirens - half women, half fish - mythical creatures in carvings are found not only among Russians, but also among Mordovians. In the Chuvash villages, you can even find images of human figures. And all this with a sharp ax and chisel!

By the beginning of the 20th century, the simplest type of wood carving, which does not require modern tools, was widely used - through (saw) carving, which is performed using saws of various configurations according to a pattern applied to the board. With a certain skill, it was possible to complete the decor of the house in a week. With a through carving, the drawing (ornament) became the main defining element of the whole work, like the craftswomen of the world-famous Vologda laces.

Types of woodcarving.

Wood carving has existed for many centuries, new directions, types and subspecies of carving appear, but there is no single classification of carving types. We have summarized the classic and new types of carving.

House carving occupies a special place in the classification of carving types. It practically concentrates all types and subspecies of thread.

house carving

The origins of wood carving can be traced back to ancient times. With the development of the Russian state, the art of woodcarving also develops. Carving decorated palaces, temples, churches, icons, houses, wooden buildings, interior items, furniture, household items, musical instruments, toys, souvenirs, amulets.

The reign of Peter 1 turned out to be favorable for the development of woodcarving in Russia. Under Peter 1, shipbuilding was most developed, since wood in those distant times was the main material for creating the Russian fleet. The bows of the ships were decorated with figures - images of animals and birds - a dragon, an elephant, the head of a lion or a horse. These images symbolized the power, strength and courage of sailors.

The skillfully carved prow figure is not only a worthy decoration of the ship, but also, as it was believed, a symbol of good luck for sailors. Such a carving is called ship or baroque.

"Coming ashore" wood carving has found wide application in wooden architecture, the manufacture of wooden utensils, in home decoration and various decorations.

House (ship) carving was most developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

At the same time, the carving was not of the same type, it was performed using different techniques - which made the decor of the decorated products more figurative, richer and more picturesque.

Saw thread

In the second half of the 20th century, saw carving made with a thin jigsaw file became widespread in wooden buildings in the countryside and in the city.

Of the variety of types of thread - it is the most common and affordable.

Saw thread has several subspecies: through, consignment note, openwork. In all subspecies, the background is cut out or removed.

Flat wash thread and its subspecies

The most common, affordable, not requiring special premises and high material costs is flat-cutting thread and its subspecies.

contour thread

The name itself suggests that in this carving technique a contour, a contour drawing is performed. Contour carving is used to perform not strict geometric shapes, but free patterns, which, as it were, are drawn on the workpiece with a cutting tool. In this case, various lines can be used: straight lines, curves - arbitrary curvature, wavy, spiral, etc. (Fig. 6).

Geometric carving.

Geometric thread - the main subspecies of flat-cut thread, which is based on two components - a plane and a recess made on it. It is called geometric because it is based on all kinds of geometric elements - triangles, polygons, circles, rhombuses, squares, ovals. Combining the simplest geometric shapes, you can get an amazing pattern, where every element, every stroke is accurately drawn.

Complex elements of carving are formed from geometric figures: ladders, windings, beads, snakes, lights, spikes, various combinations of which with each other create geometric carving motifs, and the combination of motifs forms a geometric ornament.

Staple carving.

The stapled thread is based on a stapled notch or stapled cutting, shaped like a fingernail. Therefore, bracketed threads are often called nail threads. Staple carving is a kind of flat carving and, in combination with other types of carving, is used to decorate caskets, cutting boards, decorative panels, and household spatulas.

Wrinkled carving.

Wrinkled carving is used for finishing and decorating elements of flat carving. A feature of this carving is the decoration of the surface of the product of the executed motif with wrinkles-rays. Each ray is an acute-angled groove that originates from a center point. From the center, the groove smoothly passes into an extended wrinkle, reaching the greatest width and depth of the outer end of the ray.

There is a way to immortality for wood carving: to keep the skill, experience, carving techniques. Teach the young to carve wood. In villages and cities. After all, they build houses from wood, from logs. This is in the traditions of Russians - to build from wood, cut lace on wood, decorate their houses with carved architraves, porches. Folk art is a true value. Woodcarving is an integral part of it. Russians must not forget how to cut wood. Creating beauty with your own hands is in the blood of our crafty people.

Curriculum of additional education

"Artistic processing of wood"

Explanatory note

At present, the problem of preserving the cultural and historical identity of Russia, national traditions, and the unshakable moral values ​​of the people has become urgent. Decorative and applied art has organically entered modern life and continues to develop, keeping national traditions intact. It contains a huge potential for the development of cultural heritage, as it has conveyed to this day, almost in an undistorted form, the nature of the spiritual and artistic comprehension of the world.

Decorative and applied art is traditional in any country of the world. The subject environment surrounds a person constantly, it affects the subconscious, positively and negatively shaping his feelings and emotions, behavior and communication. This means that arts and crafts also contributes to the spiritual development of a person through creative, aesthetically significant creative activity.

Wood carving is an image, drawing or pattern, performed on wooden products. Wood carving is one of the types of monumental and decorative art and is used to decorate and decorate the interiors of public buildings and architectural structures. Carving is also used to decorate objects of arts and crafts: furniture, musical instruments, weapons.

Woodcarving is a national art form among many peoples of Russia. From time immemorial, the Russian peasant, having finished his hut and finished field work, in endless autumn and winter evenings, took up the art of woodcarving.

Only an introductory section is included in the study of wood carving in school curricula at technology lessons. The program "Artistic Woodworking" is focused not only on expanding the level of literacy of students in the field of arts and crafts, the development of aesthetic taste, but also on creating works that reflect the creative individuality, the spiritual world of children and adolescents.

A feature of this program is the combination of traditional woodcarving techniques with modern types of graphic images used as an activation of students' individual creative activity.

The additional educational program "Artistic Woodworking", being applied, is practice-oriented in nature and is aimed at mastering the basic techniques of wood carving by students. Teaching this program creates favorable conditions for the intellectual and spiritual education of the child's personality, socio-cultural and professional self-determination, development cognitive activity and creative self-realization of students.

The novelty of this program lies in the unification of the traditions of the Russian people in the manufacture of decorative and applied wood products and the realization of the creative individuality of each student; The program covers all elements of woodcarving, starting with the formation of an artistic image of an applied product made of natural material and ending with its presentation at exhibitions.

The purpose of the program: to teach the manufacture of planar wood products using the techniques of slotted, geometric, flat-relief carving.

I. Cognitive.

Educational:

To form a spatial representation, artistically - figurative perception of reality;To teach to recognize and use the beauty and properties of wood to create artistic images and household items;To master the basics of technology and safety precautions for manual wood processing;Learn the technology of working with a jigsaw;Learn to work with various tools, devices;

weaving", "loop weaving".

Educational:

To instill love for folk traditions, for the history of the native land;Arouse interest in Russian folk art and in new, modern areas of folk art;Develop patience, perseverance, diligence;Develop skills to work in a creative team of different ages.Ability to use materials economically.

Developing:

Develop the artistic and creative abilities of students;To develop the ability to work with an instrument, a three-dimensional vision of objects, to develop hands as the most important means of communication between a person and the outside world;Develop fantasy, memory, emotional and aesthetic attitude to objects and phenomena of reality;

II. Methodical:

Use of ICT in the classroom Use of presentations in the classroom: The history of the development of woodcarving; Types of woodcarving; Safety precautions when carving wood. Tools (wood cutter) and accessories (blanks).

III. Organizational:

Acquiring the necessary tools and materials for classes with the help of parents.

Learning Outcomes

Students should know:

Principles of workplace organization and basic safety rules;Basic concepts of graphics, graphic image (drawing, sketch, technical drawing);Physical-mechanical, technological, energy, environmental properties of materials;Ways of marking according to the template and drawing;The principle of selecting carpentry tools - by purpose, by type of activity, by material properties;Have an understanding of design and modeling;Ways of finishing wood - priming, grinding, painting, varnishing, polishing;Basic information about the types of artistic processing of wood in the territory of the native land, their characteristic features;Fundamentals of composition: the basic principles of decorative design of the plane;

Students will learn:

Rationally organize the workplace. Comply with safety regulations;Be able to read and execute drawings, sketches, technical drawings;Determine the type and defects of wood by its appearance;To mark the workpiece according to the template and drawing;Perform simple carpentry operations;To produce finishing of joinery products taking into account the design;Independently develop compositions for sawing, carving and perform them;Save materials; Manufacture:

Kitchen boards, coasters,

Volumetric baskets, shelves,

photo frames,

Stands.

Students will have the opportunity to learn:

Woodworking skills.The ability to independently distinguish the type of wood.Ability to independently understand and draw up product drawings.

Grading system

Based on the results of the training, students receive a credit. Conditions for receiving credit.

Accounting requirement:

Making a sample (kitchen board).Control of theoretical knowledge in the form of answers to questions in writing. Content part.

Educational and thematic plan

Topic 1. Basic information about wood and its properties

Acquaintance with the natural texture of wood (cut in three directions). The value of the location and nature of the location of the wood fibers when creating a thread. Properties of coniferous and deciduous wood in terms of hardness. Disadvantages of wood moisture and dryness.

Topic 2. Tools for woodcarving. Workplace of a woodcarver and his equipment.

Preparation of the workplace of the carver, depending on the nature of the work performed. More about tools Demonstration of tools for woodcarving, Rules for the safe use of tools. Safety rules for working with cutting tools.

Topic 3. Artistic and technical techniques of geometric woodcarving.

Types of artistic wood products, decorated with geometric carvings. Demonstration of examples of folk art. Carving techniques.

Practical work: Basic methods of geometric carving. Techniques for carving parallel lines along the fibers. Mesh threading techniques. Receptions of a carving of "checkers".

Topic 4. Creating simple compositions of geometric carving patterns

The concept of composition (rhythm, symmetry, identification of the center) in the carving of window frames, in decorating household utensils.

About the composition in geometric carving

Practical work: Sketching geometric patterns for the design of the kitchen board. Translation of geometric ornament patterns on the surface of wood products using carbon paper, pencil.

Topic 5. Making geometric carving patterns on wood products.

Creating a geometric ornament to complete the composition.

Practical work: Performing creative work in the technique of geometric carving of ornamental compositions on a kitchen board.

Test: 2 forms theory and practice

Methodical part.

The course is designed for students in grades 5-11, the study period is 36 hours, 1 hour per week.

Forms of organization of training sessions:

Frontal: used when explaining theoretical material.

Individual. Used by students when performing practical tasks.

Teaching methods and techniques:

Verbal. It is used when explaining new material to students.

Visual. It is used by the teacher when showing and explaining on the example of finished products and schemes.

Practical. It is used when making products and consolidating the acquired knowledge.

Forms of conducting training sessions:

Practical work. Used by children when making wood products. Designed for in-depth study of the course.

Lecture. It is used to direct the primary mastery of knowledge about wood carving techniques.

Conversation. It is used to determine the level of knowledge in the course "Artistic woodworking".

Briefing. Used when explaining safety precautions.

Logistics support of the discipline:Study room with desks (20pcs), projector (1pc), projector screen (1pc).Handout with a graphic explanation of theoretical information: drawings, diagrams (kitchen boards).- Presentations