What is peat - properties, characteristics and applications. Peat resources Milling peat extraction

Tolkacheva Elizaveta Sergeevna 9 "G" class

MOU "Secondary School No. 58"

Relevance of the topic

Many foreign countries have a developed economy, thanks to a powerful mineral base. The main feature of these countries is the fact that they use all kinds of resources that are available on their territory. At the same time, they economically and rationally use fuel resources: coal, oil, gas; replacing them with the cheapest type of fuel - peat.

Peat extraction and processing play an important role in these countries. It is known that in the 90s Germany exported 1700 thousand tons of agricultural peat, the Baltic countries - 1150 thousand tons, Russia - only 40 thousand tons, having reserves of 200.7 billion tons of peat, which is 66% of the world stocks.

A significant amount of peat is imported by developed countries, where it is used not only as a fuel and for the needs of agriculture, but also for the production of wax, medicines, perfume industry products, technical paper, acids, alcohol and many other types of products.

The importance of peat in agriculture is enormous. The largest peat reserves in Russia are concentrated in Western Siberia. With a thorough study of peatlands in Western Siberia, it is easy to create a rich mineral base for the production of fertilizers precisely in those areas where the quality of peat is higher.

Geological studies show that, in addition to peat, Western Siberia is rich in sapropel, marsh marl, and peat vivianite, which form numerous deposits with large reserves. Such deposits can be put into operation in a short time without large capital investments by farms or agronomic associations.

Thanks to the work of geologists, geographers, and other researchers, today it is possible to easily revive the peat industry, which will allow exporting peat as a valuable organo-mineral raw material to those regions of the country where this type of resource is not enough.

Modern mineral fertilizers, which are used in Russia in agriculture, are of foreign origin and are very expensive. The export of peat and peat products would to some extent help to stabilize the economy not only of Western Siberia, but of the country as a whole, and would provide the consumer with a guarantee of a quick and good harvest.

In addition, the development of the peat industry both in our region (region) and in the country will solve a number of many acute problems:

1. The problem of fuel and economic.

The cost of sod peat is 2.5 times lower than coal, and its combustion does not cause environmental pollution. Over the past century, Russia has saved 400 million tons of hard coal by burning peat. The share of peat in the country's fuel balance in 1928 was 41.4%. The creation of a peat-based fuel base today would also solve the issue of the country's energy supply, because after the revolution our country was in ruins for a long time and the GOELRO plan, based on the construction of peat-burning power plants, it was he who gave impetus to the development of the economy.

2. The problem of unemployment.

The development of the peat processing industry in the country (region) would give work not only to the people involved in it, but would also involve a number of machine-building enterprises that would provide this type of industry with the necessary machines and equipment; would involve a number of chemical enterprises that would carry out complex processing of peat, obtaining valuable chemical products from it.

Thus, analyzing peat as a valuable natural raw material, we can conclude that the revival of the peat industry leads to the successful development and overall growth of the country's economy.

The object of study of this work are:

Peat resources of Russia;

Peat deposits in the south of the West Siberian Plain.

The subject are:

Geography of peat deposits;

Possibilities of using peat as a valuable natural raw material for branches of the economic sector.

The main objectives of the work:

Assessment of peat reserves in Russia, Western Siberia, Omsk region.

Development of additions to the lessons on the topic "Natural Resources of Russia" at the rate of 8th and 9th grades.

Main goals:

Determine the value of this type of resource;

Describe the physical and chemical properties of peat;

To identify the features of the placement of peat deposits on the territory of Western Siberia;

Assess the peat reserves of the Omsk region;

Determine the problems and prospects for the development of the peat industry in the country, region, region.

Part 1. The concept of peat. Peat-forming plants

Peat, coal and brown coal, as well as other minerals, were known to man in the Stone Age.

For the first time, under the name "anthracos" (coal), fossil coals were described by Theophrastus (III - IV century BC).

The first book on peat (Treatise on Peat) by Martin Schock was published in Latin in 1658 in Germany. In the practice of using peat, the book was of great importance, but in matters of origin it contained a number of incorrect conclusions.

The vegetable origin of peat was irrefutably proved in 1729 by Degner, who used a microscope to study it. “Peat,” he wrote, “is in fact a cluster of countless, blooming, green and growing marsh plants in stagnant water.”

Peat is a combustible mineral formed in conditions of waterlogging and without air access as a result of the incomplete decay of marsh plants. Its chemical composition is very complex: 50-60% carbon, 30-40% oxygen, 3-5% hydrogen, 1-3% nitrogen and about 1% sulfur.

Peat is formed due to the mechanical destruction of plant residues and the chemical change in the organic and organo-mineral compounds that make up plants.

Peatation of plant residues occurs in the most superficial layers of deposits, where oxygen freely penetrates and where the vigorous work of microorganisms takes place. This upper layer is called the peat-forming or peat-producing layer. It lies directly under the living turf of plants, and its thickness does not exceed 30-50 cm from the surface of the swamp. The deeper we penetrate into the deposit, the less air there, the fewer microorganisms and the weaker the processes of decomposition of plant residues proceed.

Thus, peat is formed on the surface of the swamp, and later, when new layers of vegetation grow over it, it sinks, becomes denser, but remains at the same degree of decomposition.

The main process that occurs in plant residues is the decomposition of plant compounds: fiber and lignin. Cellulose decomposes quickly, turning into end products of decomposition: carbon dioxide and water. Lignin is richer in carbon than fiber. Decaying, these main parts of plants form carbon, and the stronger their decomposition, the more carbon in peat, i.e. peat, the most decomposed, is also distinguished by higher fuel qualities.

In addition to fiber and lignin, the composition of plants includes resins, waxes and fats. These substances are highly persistent and accumulate in deposits in significant quantities. The accumulation of these substances increases the value of peat.

In the process of peat removal of plant residues, part of the plant fiber is converted into water and carbon dioxide and is eliminated from the composition of peat. Mineral salts remain completely in peat.

Despite the fact that a very large number of various plants are found in the swamps, the number of peat formers is very small (appendix fig. 1, pp. 15, 16).

A significant part in the formation of peat is taken by: reed, reed, horsetail, sedge, cotton grass, scheuchzeria, black alder, fluffy birch, pine.

But mosses take an especially large part in the construction of the peat mass: sphagnums and hypnums.

General geographical distribution of peatlands in Western Siberia

Despite the incomplete data on the swamps and especially on the peatlands of Western Siberia, it has long been known that its peat content is twice as high as that of the European part of Russia. (appendix fig.2, p.17)

On the territory of Western Siberia (Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen and Kemerovo regions), according to data for 1964, 11.5% of its total area is subject to peat. In the European part of Russia, peatlands account for 5.7% of its total area (Katz, Neishtadt, 1963). Western Siberia is a peat region, where more than 60% of the world's peat reserves are concentrated.

The distribution of peat deposits across the territory of Western Siberia is uneven (App. Table 1, p. 18). The first place is occupied by the Tyumen region, both in terms of the number of swamps and their total area, and in terms of peat reserves. In general, peat deposits of low-lying type prevail in the region (57.5%). They are developed mainly in the south of the region. On the territory of the Tyumen region, deposits of vivianite peat are known: Sogra I, Pavlovskoye, _ysovoe; a very large peat vivianite deposit - Borovoe. In a number of districts of the region, deposits and manifestations of phosphorus-containing peat were identified: Krutoye, Klyukvennoe deposits, Tobolskaya Sogra, Nikolaevskoye, Yazevochnoye, Rastes, Pereyma.

Upland and transitional peatlands predominate in the Tomsk region. To date, large peat deposits have been discovered here: over 80% of the area of ​​the explored peat fund are deposits with an area of ​​more than 10,000 hectares. High-moor peat deposits account for 61.9% of the total reserves, the rest of the reserves are associated with low-lying deposits. The Arkadyevsky peat vivianite deposit and the Pozdnyakovskoye vivianite peat deposit were discovered here. There is information about the presence of phosphorus in peat deposits in the Kargasok and Kalpashevsky districts of the Tomsk region.

The identified and explored geological reserves of peat in the Russian Federation are about 155 billion tons. There are 18,594 peat bogs on the territory of the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions. Peat resources are located in 13801 peat deposits and are estimated at 4.7 billion tons (Table 1). 4793 objects were excluded from the balance, including 2931 depleted deposits, 123 flooded, 3 built-up, 6 burnt deposits, 1368 peat swamps and 344 deposits with organo-mineral deposits. magmatism apatite ore peat

Table 1. Peat resources of the Center of Russia (as of January 1, 2000)

The explored peat reserves account for 3.9 billion tons, including 3.4 billion tons (72%) in category A+B+C1. Inferred resources are 0.8 billion tons. This indicates a high level of knowledge of peat reserves.

The Tver region has the most significant peat reserves of all regions of the Central Economic Region. The share of peat deposits in the region is 20.5%. The share of the area of ​​peat deposits in the industrial boundary of the deposit (Fp) already accounts for 37.5%. The share of peat reserves is even more significant - 2 billion tons (with a moisture content of 40%), which is 43.5% of all reserves of the Central Economic Region.

The swampiness of the territory of the Tver region averages 10% with fluctuations from 1.0% (Zubtsovsky, Rzhevsky districts) to 29% (Zharkovsky and Kalininsky districts).

Peat-bog zoning

The most recognized for the Tver region is the peat-bog zoning of the Tver region, carried out by specialists of the PGO "Torfgeologiya" (Fig. 1).

Based on the complex of natural factors, the characteristics of peat deposits and the conditions for their location, 8 groups of regions are distinguished.

Peat-bog areas have different geomorphological conditions of occurrence and a different ratio of deposit types (Table 2).

Table 2. The ratio of types of peat deposits of different groups of districts of the Tver region

The Vyshnevolotsk and Upper Volga groups of regions are located within the boundaries of the last glaciation. The geological structure and nature of the terrain favored the formation and development of peat deposits with a deposit of various types and an upland type deposit (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2.

A high concentration of peat reserves, the predominant distribution of deposits of high-moor and mixed types is characteristic of the Kalinin group (Fig. 3), the high-moor type is characteristic of the Zapadnodvinskaya group of regions.

The high degree of drainage of the territory has led to the predominant development of peat deposits with deposits of lowland and transitional types in the Mologskaya and Krasnokholmskaya and Rzhevskaya groups of regions (Fig. 4). In the Likhoslavl central group of regions, along the valleys of the Medveditsa and Tvertsa rivers, there are small peat deposits with deposits of predominantly lowland type. In the south-east of this group of regions, within the Upper Volga lowland, large deposits with a raised-type deposit are developed.

Rice. 3.

Rice. four.

The geographical features of the location of peat reserves allow us to conclude that the conditions in the Tver region are favorable for the integrated industrial and agricultural use of peat resources.

Formation of peat funds.

The priority of the formation of trust funds is reflected in the sequence: protected > fund of depleted, built-up and flooded deposits > reclamation > developed. Peat bogs can be classified as specially protected natural areas (SPNA). In addition, by decision of the Administration of the region, peat deposits are excluded from the plans for economic use with their preservation in their natural state. The justification for conservation is mainly water protection and resource significance. Peat bogs, which are multi-purpose objects, are usually assigned the status of a natural monument.

The fund of depleted peat deposits is formed according to the criterion of complete depletion of recoverable peat reserves. The assignment of built-up peat deposits to the fund of depleted deposits was carried out on a logical basis. We are talking about completely built-up peat deposits that have turned into residential lands located within the boundaries of settlements. Such deposits, due to their proximity to cities, have a deep "drawdown" of peat deposits and a loss of stability as natural ecosystems.

The composition of the reclamation (land) fund is determined by the criteria for classifying peat reserves as off-balance (small contour, shallow fallow, ash content). Peat deposits of the ameliorative fund are a reserve for the expansion of agricultural land, and in some cases forest areas. The use of a peat deposit unsuitable for the industrial development of peat deposits is associated with the regulation of the water regime, the implementation of technical and chemical reclamation.

The developed fund of peat deposits includes massifs with balance reserves of peat. The exploited part of the fund consists of deposits that are currently being developed, as well as mothballed massifs, where peat was previously mined. With regard to the exploited part, the selection criterion is the depletion of peat reserves.

Peat is a natural fuel, a rock of biological origin that has been deposited for centuries at the bottom of swamps or stagnant reservoirs. Outwardly, it is a brown, earthy loose mass, in the structure of which one can notice the remains of plants, small animals and other layers deposited in the silt at the bottom of the marshes.

The process of formation of peat deposits

The conditions for the formation of the material have their own specifics: complete decomposition of the components that make up the complex structure of peat does not occur, only death and partial decomposition take place under conditions of a small amount of oxygen. As a result of such transformations, a material with a high content of carbon, shale gas and other additional elements is formed.

It is classified as a combustible mineral because the main industrial use of peat is as a fuel, but it is a specific fertilizer used in agriculture.

Peat extraction is a developed industry, Russia has large reserves of rock and is second only to Canada in terms of explored deposits.

Peat deposits by country of the world

The reserves of peat in the world are quite large. It occupies approximately 3% of the land area. The further north, the richer the peat deposits of the territory of various countries. This is due to the increase in fresh water reserves with distance from the equator, and in the northern regions there are the most favorable conditions for the formation of large peat deposits.

Today, the world's mineral reserves are estimated at 500 billion tons. Russia ranks second in the world in terms of explored reserves, which are about 188 billion tons, yielding in this matter to Canada, whose share is about 200 billion tons. In addition, the peat industry is widely developed in :

• Germany;
• Sweden;
• Finland;
• Latvia;
• Ireland.

Finland is the leader in terms of peat production, where peat is widely used for heating housing or centralized heating and hot water supply. Mining is concentrated in the northern region of Europe, where up to 80% of the total world production is mined.

How is peat mined?

The peat industry has two main extraction methods:

• Career.
• Surface.

Career. The rock is cut in large parts, divided into briquettes of a certain size (lump peat) and sent for further processing. Excavators or similar baggers are used, which make it possible to mechanize the process and obtain high productivity.

The disadvantage of this method is the need for subsequent drying and processing of the material, which forces the transport of raw material, creates an unproductive burden on transport. Mining is concentrated in one place.

Surface. The rock is cut off from the soil surface with a thin layer of 2-3 cm, it is first loosened and dried. In fact, peat already prepared for use is collected.

Varieties of mined rock

In accordance with the mining technology, the types of rock are distinguished:

• milling;
• hydro scraper;
• lump;
• bagerny;
• carved.

Milling. It is mined by loosening a thin surface layer (2–3 cm), aged for some time to dry, for which it is turned over for better moisture removal using a tedder mounted on a tractor, and packed into windrows.

All work is carried out right at the place of extraction, the rock is almost ready for further use. The method is very successful, but it depends entirely on the weather, since all operations are carried out in the open.

It is taken out by means of a ladle of scraper winches. The resulting rock was called hydropeat.

Lump. It is taken out by excavators, the fraction size is not less than 500 g.

Bagerny. The mining method is a kind of excavation mining, when special bucket frames - baggers are used. The method is highly mechanized, but requires a surface free from stumps or other woody obstructions. In open areas without mechanical obstacles, the technique demonstrates good results.

Produced in small businesses. Works are carried out manually, with conventional shovels, or with the use of small-scale mechanization. The share of this mining method is currently small, since the productivity of the technique is extremely low.

What is peat

Peat is a rock that forms in wetlands, so it always contains a lot of water. Most of the material reserves are in regions with a large number of swamps, ponds with stagnant water or small rivers with a weak current. The exception is the reclaimed areas, from where the water was diverted quite a long time ago and the soil surface had time to dry well, making it possible to carry out industrial development of peat.

If we consider the origin and subsequent morphism of the rock, this is a transitional stage in the formation of brown coal. The longer the process of occurrence, the less organic remains in the composition of the rock and the higher the density of the material. According to the level of occurrence, they distinguish:

• Horse peat.
• Lowland peat.

horse peat. Arises from the decomposition of moss, cotton grass or pine. It has a small amount of calcium and, accordingly, high acidity, as a result of which it is not used as a fertilizer.

lowland peat. It is formed from the decay of alder, sedge or moss. Contains a high percentage of calcium, the acidity of the material is reduced. This species is highly valued and used in agriculture as a fertilizer. It has three degrees of decomposition of organic matter: weak, medium and strong, which is valued above all.

The names of both materials arose in connection with the places of their extraction - higher areas or lowlands, floodplains, swampy wastelands. Woody peat is isolated, containing a large number of remains of bark, wood and leaves of various tree species growing along the banks or in the swamp area. It is these regions that are famous for their peat deposits, which can occupy very large areas - 1000 hectares or more.

Where is peat used?

The use of the breed in various activities is quite wide. It is applied in the following areas:

• Energy. It is used as an inexpensive and quite efficient fuel.
• Agriculture. The rock is a good fertilizer that changes and regulates the composition of soils.
• Livestock. It serves as a bedding for livestock, which allows you to organize high-quality and inexpensive keeping of animals.
• In construction, peat is used as an insulating material.
• In medicine, it serves as a material for mud baths.
• Whiskey is made using peat.
• In ecology, peat is used as a good sorbent.

Such a widespread use of the rock and the relative cheapness of its extraction make the rock a very profitable and successful mineral for many areas of production activity, give reason to classify peat as an important and necessary resource.

Experts note the high environmental friendliness of the use of such fuel, since peat ash is much easier to dispose of and does not pollute the atmosphere with harmful emissions. The content of oxides or nitrogen in slags is much lower and can be almost completely removed without any consequences for the environment.

The introduction of peat into the composition of arable soils allows you to update the content of essential minerals in them, to balance the presence of all the components necessary for the growth of crops. The use of peat in agriculture, which fell to critical levels in the late 90s of the last century, is gradually recovering, displacing chemicalization that is harmful to the soil.

Prospects for the peat industry

The use of peat for medicinal purposes is effective. Peat therapy, more effective than mud treatment, allows you to treat various diseases - arthritis, rheumatic conditions, cardiovascular disorders and many other ailments. The procedures are much milder and easier to tolerate by patients.

The prospects and possibilities of the material are underestimated, they need more intensive use and development. Mineral reserves, ease of extraction and processing make peat a profitable, effective material for various fields of activity or industry.

Peat— natural organic material, combustible minerals; formed by the remnant of a cluster of plants that have undergone incomplete decomposition in swamp conditions. Contains 50 - 60% carbon. Calorific value (maximum) 24 MJ/kg. It is used in complex as fuel, fertilizer, heat-insulating material, etc.

Peat reserves in Russia amount to over 186 billion tons.

The problems of intensifying and increasing the efficiency of production in the extractive industries are being solved, which have a special form of manifestation here, associated with the presence of such an important factor of production as land, with its mineral reserves.

This also applies to such a mineral as peat, which, in addition to its traditional use as an energy and household fuel, the basis for organic-mineral fertilizers, etc.

The importance of the peat industry in Russia is due to the view that peat is one of the types of local fuel.

In addition to fuel purposes, there is increasing attention to peat as a component of organic fertilizers. Peat can be used as a bedding for livestock, greenhouse soils, a good antiseptic agent for storing fruits and vegetables, for the manufacture of heat and sound insulating boards, as a raw material for the production of physiologically active substances; the high qualities of peat as a filtering material are known.

For the first time in Russia, peat extraction for fuel purposes was started in St. Petersburg in 1789, and in 1893 in St.

it was already widely developed in the Smolensk province. The period of the most active use of peat as a fuel on an industrial scale is considered to be the pre-war period. By 1940

all power plants of the Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Kirov and Kalinin regions operated on peat fuel. In addition, peat fuel has reached 20-40% in the fuel balances of the power systems of Mosenergo and Lenenergo.

Due to progress in the exploration and development of natural gas and oil, the share of peat in the country's fuel balance is decreasing (Fig.). However, this does not mean a decrease in the absolute size of the extraction of peat as a fuel.

Our country has large reserves of peat, which make up more than 60% of the world's resources.

Studies show that in a number of regions peat as a fuel successfully competes not only with brown, but also with coal.

The development of the peat industry is carried out in two main directions:

1. extraction and use of peat for fuel and energy purposes and in agriculture;
2. production of new types of peat products through energy-technological, chemical and biochemical processing of peat.

It should be noted that as peat resources are developed in a number of regions of the European part of Russia, peat deposits in the North-West and Western Siberia will be involved in production - in economic regions that are characterized mainly by the worst natural and climatic conditions for peat extraction.

This should be considered as a factor in the extensive development of the industry, which, nevertheless, should be accompanied by the intensification of the peat extraction process.

The unsurpassed benefits of peat and peat products are:

1. cleanliness and sterility, completely absent pathogenic microflora, pathogens, man-made pollution and weed seeds;
2. moisture capacity and air capacity (friability and flowability of the material) with a high ion-exchange ability allows you to adsorb and maintain the optimal moisture-air ratio, gradually give the plants elements of mineral nutrition);
3. the content in the composition of natural natural humic acids, which have a stimulating effect on the development of plants and beneficial microflora.

Peat deposits: Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Leningrad, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Tver regions.

In total, there are 7 large peat bases in Russia with operational reserves of 45 billion tons.

The term "peat" is applied to a mineral that has combustible qualities, and is formed during the decomposition of mosses in swamps. It is used as fuel or fertilizer. A huge number of peat pots are made from it, used for growing seedlings. They even make wax, dyes, ethyl alcohol, fodder yeast from it.

In this article we will talk about how peat is mined.

Peat extraction

Peat is mined by the following methods:

• hydraulic
• milling
• excavator (lump)
• carved.

Mining method nameDescription

Fresopeat	Fresopeat (milling method of peat extraction) is the most common method of peat extraction, but also the most sensitive to changes in weather conditions. With the milling method, peat is loosened to a depth of 2 cm using a tractor with attachments installed on it. Such equipment is a milling drum or a knife milling cutter. Rotating around their own axis and deepening into deposits, the cutters remove a thin layer, turning it into a crumb. Peat loosened in this way dries in the sun. During drying, the peat is turned over 1-3 times using a tedder, which is also mounted on the tractor. After the milled peat reaches the right moisture content, it is collected into windrows right on the field. Milling, stirring and swathing form the so-called "collection cycle". Immediately after swathing, a new process of milling the surface of the swamp begins. Peat collected in rolls absorbs moisture worse and therefore remains dry. After 4-6 collection cycles, peat is loaded onto trailers using a belt conveyor and delivered to a special site for subsequent storage in heaps. Milled peat can be dried only in dry sunny weather, therefore its extraction is possible only in summer for a fairly short period of time. Milled peat is a loose mixture of small particles of different sizes. The milling process is also used for the production of sod fuel peat. In this case, the peat deposit is first loosened (to a depth of up to 500 mm) and reworked, and then formed into pieces of the required size.
Hydropeat	The hydraulic method of peat development, invented in 1914 by engineers R. E. Klasson and V. Kirpichnikov, was widely developed in the 20s and 30s of the XX century and contributed to the creation of large industrial-type peat enterprises at that time.
Lump	The excavator or lump method of extraction with the excavator method produces peat fuel in the form of large pieces weighing 500-1000 g. Sod peat is extracted using a mounted disc with a hydraulic cylinder. The disc lifts the peat to the surface from a depth of about 50 cm. It is pressed under pressure in a cylinder, and then pushed out through rectangular nozzles and laid in waves on the field surface. The result is the so-called wavy sod peat. After a few hours of drying in the sun, the formed lump peat almost does not absorb moisture. Sufficiently well-dried sod peat (as well as milled peat) is collected in rolls, where it is dried. Peat extraction After that, another portion of peat is raised to the surface. In this way, 1-3 layers of peat are rolled, after which it is collected and transported for insertion into piles.

However, the most common methods are milling and carving.

The material obtained by milling is called milled peat. Peat deposits by this method are mined from the surface in thin layers. The technology looks like this:

• first, the upper layer of the peat deposit is milled.

  The layer of the obtained material includes particles with a size of 15 - 25 m

• then you need to stir up the milled layer of peat. This is done in order to enhance the evaporation process.
• then dry peat is collected in rolls with a triangular cross section
• after that, the harvested peat is stacked and, if necessary, isolated.

During one season, from 10 to 50 such cycles can be carried out. This method is used in any fields.

Preparatory measures for this method consist in draining the peat massif, cleaning its surface from large residues. The advantages of this method are low labor intensity and cost.
Sod peat is obtained in this way:

• raw peat is extracted and processed with the formation of bricks from this mass
• bricks are lined on the field
• dried and stacked products.

Peat reserves

A peat deposit is a section of the earth's surface that contains peat deposits.

During the development of the vegetation cover and the growth of peat layers, there is a change in the conditions of water and mineral nutrition. In addition, the formation of peat is influenced by climatic and other factors. It all depends on the geomorphological conditions of occurrence. There are such deposits:

• floodplain
• terraced. They are characterized by the presence of riding and transitional types.

  The average level of deposits is from 2 to 5 meters

• watershed relief. Such areas have upland vegetation. The average level of deposits is from 3 to 6 meters
• mountainous, ravine.

  Such deposits are less common. Their area is small

• valley.

There are in size:

• small, containing no more than 100 hectares
• medium, contain from 100 to 1000 hectares
• large, have a size of more than 1000 hectares.

Today, about 25 million tons of peat are mined in the world. The highest production level was recorded in 1984 and 1985. Then about 380 million tons of peat were mined in one year.

After that, the volume of extracted peat began to decline and in 1992 reached only 29 million tons.
The Russian Federation occupies a leading position in the world in terms of peat reserves. Part of Russia in global deposits reaches 40-60%.

Peat deposits are evenly distributed throughout the state, but due to the huge reserves of oil and gas, the volume of peat production falls annually.

peat, peat extraction, peat deposits

The Soviet Union has the largest peat reserves in the world. More than 60% of the world's peat resources are concentrated on the territory of the USSR. The peat industry of our country has turned into a complex mechanized industry and provides peat extraction for energy, agriculture, domestic and other needs.

Peat deposits are an important natural potential of our country.

They are distributed over a large area - from the Kola Peninsula in the north to Transcaucasia in the south, from the regions of the Baltic and Belarus in the west to Kamchatka and Sakhalin in the east.

To date, more than 60 thousand peat deposits have been explored with a total area of ​​about 50 million hectares (within the boundaries of an industrial deposit), with peat reserves of 162 billion tons.

Peat deposits within the territory of the USSR lie mainly on deposits of the Quaternary period, much less often on deposits of the Neogene and Paleogene, and in some cases, for example in Karelia, often directly on the crystalline rocks of the Baltic Shield.

The largest accumulations of peat reserves are concentrated on the territory of vast alluvial plains.

Peat deposits, representing a significant value for complex use in the biochemical, energy and agrochemical areas, at the same time are an important reserve of potentially fertile lands.

The diversity of peat deposits by types of deposits, types of peat, their genesis and raw material properties necessitates comprehensive knowledge about the origin and natural characteristics of peat.

By the decisions of our party and government, tasks have been set for the further most progressive and comprehensive use of peat resources.

The water-protective and water-regulating role of peat deposits is emphasized.

Thus, peat resources are becoming increasingly important for various sectors of the national economy. In this regard, it is necessary to improve and deepen the study of peat deposits, identifying not only the total reserves of peat, but also subjecting to a thorough analysis of the stratigraphic features of the peat deposit, the nature of peat formers, types of peat, the content of microinclusions, the presence of humic and other acids, their molecular structure, properties and t.

Unlike other geological formations, a peat deposit has its own peculiarity, which determines, on the one hand, the need to study it as a geological body (peat deposit), which can be used for various purposes (production of fuel, fertilizers, chemical products), on the other hand, as a site surface - soil capable of being developed as fertile land for agricultural reclamation and forest reclamation.

The expansion of industrial peat production, the ever-increasing use of peat in agriculture and the comprehensive development of new peat-rich regions of the country require the fastest in-depth exploration of peat deposits.

There was a need to improve the methods and increase the scientific and technical level of exploration and mapping of peat deposits, the wider use of aerial photography materials, mechanization tools and the most rational schemes for performing field work in the exploration of peat deposits and entire peat regions.

The deeper and more comprehensively the peat resources are studied, the more successfully the tasks of the broad involvement of peat for the needs of the national economy will be carried out.

The enormous wealth of peat was hardly used before the revolution.

In tsarist Russia, peat was consumed in small quantities only for fuel, and the only ways to develop peat massifs were elevator and carved.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the task of restoring and then expanding industry and the national economy as a whole required the creation of a powerful energy base. Compared with 1913, the production of air-dry fuel peat in the USSR has increased by more than 40 times.

The importance of peat as a local fuel was especially revealed during the Great Patriotic War, when large coal and oil basins were temporarily occupied or cut off from the most important vital centers of our Motherland.

Compared to pre-revolutionary times, there has been a huge shift in the field of mechanization of peat extraction: from the heavy manual elevator method, they switched completely to the mechanized - milling method.

The milling chips obtained by this method of extraction are used not only for direct combustion and briquetting, but also in agriculture for the preparation of fertilizers and for chemical processing.

Another type of use of peat is the production of high quality shaped insulation from peat with a low degree of decomposition, greenhouse soils and other products.

Low-decomposed, moisture-intensive high-moor peat is used to make livestock litter, which, after its use, is an excellent fertilizer.

Highly mineralized lowland peat is used as fertilizer.

In medical practice, peat is used for non-resort mud treatment of many diseases.

Scientific research thought continues hard work in studying the possibilities of comprehensive use of peat and further mechanization of its extraction. Peat deposits are studied along with other landscape units in order to establish their causality by natural factors.

The main difference of the peat deposit is the overmoistened layer of peat, which underlies the vegetation cover, consisting of interconnected phytocenoses of moisture-loving vegetation.

At present, there is an important task of a deep and comprehensive study of the causes and conditions for the formation of peat. In the field of knowledge of the genesis of the process of peat formation, especially much has been done in recent decades, and mainly by Soviet chemists and biologists in collaboration with bog scientists.

Basically, its essence boils down to the fact that organic plant and animal residues entering the soil, under conditions of excessive moisture and difficult air access, do not undergo complete decay and mineralization, but are transformed as a result of biochemical and physico-chemical processes into a kind of complex of organic compounds, relatively resistant to further decomposition and mineralization.

Peat- an organic rock containing no more than 50% of mineral substances (from the absolutely dry matter of peat), formed as a result of the death and incomplete decay of marsh plants in conditions of high humidity with a lack of oxygen.

In appearance, peat in its natural state is a more or less homogeneous mass of black or brown in various shades in composition and color. Its natural humidity is 86-95%.

The dry matter of peat mainly consists of: 1) incompletely decomposed plant residues; 2) decomposition products of plant tissues in the form of a dark amorphous substance (humus) that has lost its cellular structure; 3) mineral substances remaining after the combustion of peat in the form of ash.

Vegetation cover on different peat bogs and even on individual sections of the same peat bog is often different, the conditions for its growth and decay (transition into peat) are different.

Type of peat- primary taxonomic unit of peat classification.

It reflects the initial grouping of vegetation and the conditions of its formation, is characterized by a more or less definite botanical composition, ash content, humus content and other properties.

peat deposit- natural vertical layering of peat of certain types from the surface to the mineral bottom of a peat deposit or underlying lake sediments.

Peat deposits of the postglacial period (Holocene) are the youngest geological deposits of the earth's crust; their maximum age is 10-12 thousand years.

Peat deposits differ from other organic deposits of the earth's crust in that the process of peat formation is observed at the present time. By studying this process, it is possible to restore the history of vegetation for individual peat-bog areas in connection with the change in climatic conditions in the Holocene. Since peat requires certain conditions for its formation, the distribution of peat deposits on the earth's surface is uneven.

In particular, the southern part of the USSR has a relatively small percentage of peat. For the middle and northern parts of the Soviet Union, the percentage of peat is much higher.

The main condition for the peat formation process is excess moisture.

The waters feeding the peat deposits differ in the degree of mineralization; atmospheric waters are poor in mineral salts, ground and river waters are rich in them.

Depending on the nature of the feeding waters, the vegetation of the peat deposit is different: on peat bogs of predominantly atmospheric nutrition, plants of the oligotrophic (upper) type grow, which do not require rich mineral nutrition, for example, pine, cotton grass, sphagnum mosses.

On peat bogs of soil and river nutrition - plants of the eutrophic (lowland) type, which need more mineral salts for their growth, for example, birch, alder, sedges, green mosses.

Peats deposited mainly by high-moor vegetation are called high-moor, lowland vegetation - lowland. The same names, upland and lowland, are assigned to the two main types of peat deposits, depending on the predominance of peat of one type or another in them.

Swamp called an excessively moistened area of ​​the earth's surface, covered with a layer of peat at least 30 cm deep in a non-drained form.

Excessively moistened areas of the earth's surface, covered with a layer of peat less than 30 cm thick in a non-drained state or completely devoid of it, are called wetlands.

swampiness- percentage of the total area of ​​all swamps and wetlands to the area of ​​the territory; peatiness- percentage ratio of the swamp area within the boundaries of the industrial deposit to the total area of ​​the territory.

The definition of a swamp and wetlands is based on a production feature and the border between them is very conditional.

The definition of a swamp as a natural unit remains debatable in swamp science, and the boundary between a swamp and a peat bog, a swamp and swampy meadows or forests has not yet been established. As a natural formation, the swamp is characterized by abundant and prolonged moistening of the soil layer with stagnant water, vegetation cover from marsh vegetation and peat accumulation.

Peat deposit- this is a geological formation, consisting of layers of peat species and characterized in its natural boundaries by excessive moisture and specific vegetation cover.

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Today Russia is one of the leaders in the mining industry. Naturally, oil and natural gas take the first place.

In Russia, these main types of production are:

• Natural gas production
• Oil production
• Coal mining
• Uranium mining
• Shale mining
• Peat mining

As you know, mining is a rather complex process in which it is necessary to squeeze out the earth from gaseous, solid or liquid minerals.

Such mining covers the first economic spectrum. The main tasks of the capture are to find the storage of any useful mineral material, and then pull it out of the Earth's gut and then deliver it to the processing site.

However, I would like to draw a lot of attention to the peat industry, which is currently suffering from a shortage.

Collective chemical composition of organic products of various types of peat

Peat industry

Today, peat is used in agriculture, chemical plants, and power plants.

So what is peat? Peat has a characteristic brown color. Long was formed from practically degraded plant remains, especially mosses. Peat areas are swamps and ponds that are almost overgrown. In Russia, forests contain patches of peat.

In fact, peat is made up of 60% carbon, making it the most important biomaterial because it has a fairly high combustion temperature. Peat is also made from various heat-insulating materials, such as plates.

Recall that in 2010 in Russia there was a terrible fire associated with the burning of peat bogs, which caused damage to forests.

After the incident, it became obvious that the peat industry would be recovering for a long time.

Now about 25 million tons of peat is produced all over the world. In 1985, peat extraction reached its peak, which during the year amounted to 380 million tons. Since the 1990s, however, production levels have dropped significantly to 29 million tons.

Development of the peat industry in Russia

Peat industry began to appear in the XII-XIII centuries.

The first countries to acquire and use were Scotland and the Netherlands. And since the 16th century. Peat production began in Germany, France and Sweden. Russia for the first time lagged behind European countries when minerals were mined in 1700, when peat deposits first appeared on the edge of Peter I near Voronezh.

Three years later, landfills were found near Azov. Much later, until the end of the 18th century. peat extraction began near St. Petersburg and the Smolensk region. Almost until the 20th century.

Oil production was carried out in a primitive way, i.e. using the simplest equipment: framing frames, peat grinders and various gripping devices. In general, the peat was excavated and cut. Before processing, the peat carried horses as well as waterways, canals, and rivers. At the time of the landowners, various committees and schools were established in the provinces, where the methods of processing mountain and peat materials were studied.

End of XIX. century. marked the transition to plant mining, which led to minerals getting better equipment.

Strange since the beginning of the 20th century. Russia has surpassed European countries in production technologies and quantities of peat. About 40 peat deposits were created in the Moscow region.

In Russia, in 1913, the world's first power plant was built, which processed peat into fuel. Engineers V. Kirpichnikov and R. Koron developed a scheme for extracting peat by hydraulic means. In 1914, thanks to this method, Russia managed to create industrial enterprises for the processing of peat. Already in the twenties of the last century, excavators began to be used, which greatly simplified the extraction of all minerals.

From the Urals, they began to supply peat to heavy industry, which used peat gas as a process fuel.

In the late 1920s, entire scientific centers and institutes of the peat industry were created. In 1988, peat production exceeded the figures for all previous years. Compared to 1914, it has increased 93 times.

Today, companies specializing in peat processing are grouped. For example, in the Smolensk region, Smolenkstorf produces about 100,000 tons of ore peat, processes it into energy resources, about 280,000 tons of mines for agricultural purposes, etc.

Detailed information on methods and types of peat extraction

As already mentioned, there are more peat deposits on the surface.

Peat is obtained with only two basic schemes:

• from the surface of the earth (cut from the topsoil)
• from quarries (using excavators)

There are only 5 types of peat:

• milling (cutting)
• hidrokrek
• hidrotour
• stocky
• red

grinding peat- one of the most common types. The mine is only 2 cm deep thanks to a tractor that loosens the soil, melts the peat and turns it into fine crumbs.

Then the peat is dried in the sun, it accumulates in rolls, and then the second layer is loosened. After each such process, peat is removed in the same place 5-6 times more. The collected peat is delivered to a special place and collected in separate balls. A suitable season for obtaining such peat is the summer period, when the mineral can be naturalized. The grinding method is also used to produce flat peat.

Pumpen peat obtained through excavations.

Each such piece of peat weighs at least 500 g. This extraction method is practically the same as the previous method, but the only difference is that weather conditions are required.

Pumped peat can be mined at any time of the year. Peat from a depth of 50 cm is extracted using a special disc with a cylinder in which the peat is pressed.

Hydrotorf produced in a hydraulic way, first proposed in 1914, as mentioned earlier.

chopped peat extracted from peat bricks by hand, sometimes by machine design.

As for the transportation of peat from the mining site, it is carried out after the final drying of the peat and exported by narrow gauge railway.

For agricultural purposes, peat is transported by road.

Peat in agriculture

Peat is useful to mankind not only as a fuel, but also on an agricultural scale.

Peat is an excellent fertilizer, and this spherical peat uses one that decomposes by 40%. She pulls her out of the swamp and overgrown ponds. Peat, broken down to only 25%, is great for pet bedding. Before use, peat is usually well ventilated, but not dried to the limit. Sometimes it freezes especially, so it is easier to crush it and divide it into sections to be fertilized.

Since peat contains too little phosphorus and potassium, manure, superphosphate and some potassium chloride should be added.

Peat gives preference to soil fertility and improves its structure.

Since peat contains almost no micro and macro elements, it is rich in beneficial acids that promote growth and development. This is good for any country because it has the advantage of a garter.

Really. Peat can be divided into two types: light and heavy. Light has a decomposition rate of 15% and a weight of 40% or more. In agriculture, turf contributes well to long-term moisture retention as well as oxygen exchange.

Peat industry today

The volume of peat resources is about 400 million.

ha, but only about 300 million hectares have begun to operate. Only 23 countries are involved in peat extraction. The leaders are Russia, where about 150 million hectares are concentrated, in Canada, where peatlands make up 110 million hectares.

ha. Peat is a renewable resource and much more is produced than is consumed. The global peat reserve is concentrated in Russia, since it contains 60% of the resources. But in terms of production, Russia ranks fourth, ahead of Canada, Finland and Ireland.

Only 30% of the world's peat reserves are used for fuel, while the remaining 70% is used for horticulture and agriculture. The top layer of peat has sufficient properties for animal husbandry, floriculture, planting and growing plants in greenhouses.

Peat plays an important role in the world market, in particular peat, which is the most exported.

In the Tver region, the peak of peat is 21%. For this reason, the Tver region is fully equipped with energy and soil fertility. JSC "Tvertorf" produces the largest amount of peat products throughout Russia. In the 1990s, the production of mineral resources declined significantly.

Due to the crisis, equipment has ceased to be modernized, and the capacity of companies specializing in peat has also decreased. Today, production data is trying to continue, but this process requires significant funding and more work.

The main problem of the peat industry is the development of a regulatory framework.

There are some inconsistencies in the legal status of peat deposits, where there is not enough clarity in the use of credits provided by the tax service. There are also shortcomings in the calculation of landings and taxes. Therefore, today the peat industry is rather stalled.

The Russian government has set a goal to increase the level of extraction and processing of peat by 2030 to improve living conditions in the municipal, family, agricultural and agricultural sectors.

The first necessary criterion is to improve the production base, i.e. for the development of new equipment, only then can peat be effectively used in power plants specializing in heat supply.

Peat products

In the future, due to its beneficial properties, peat can be used in medicine. The peat extract is enriched with minerals, and its properties are excellent for the human body, especially the healing effect on the skin and subcutaneous tissue. By 2030, peat will be restored, and remote boilers will be built in boilers and thermoelectric plants, the main source of which will be peat.

One of the important types of natural resources, formed in the process of natural death and incomplete decay of marsh plants in conditions of excessive moisture and difficult air access. It is used as a fertilizer, fuel, raw material for, building material, as well as for medical purposes (the so-called peat therapy).

In terms of reserves and area of ​​peat deposits, the value and variety of their resources is unparalleled in the world. World peat reserves are estimated at about 500 billion tons, of which about 188 billion tons (more than 37%) are in Russia.

The peat resources of our country are distributed extremely unevenly. More than 80% of them are located in Siberia, the rest - in the European part of the country. There are especially many peat deposits in Western Siberia. It takes into account 5004 deposits, the total resources of which are more than 100 billion tons, that is, more than 20% of the world and more than 50% of Russian reserves.

The huge peat resources of Western Siberia (almost 90%) are represented by large deposits with an area of ​​more than 50 thousand hectares, of which deposits located in the Vasyugan swamp of the Tomsk region stand out: Vasyuganskoye (2310.4 thousand hectares), 5 thousand ha), Pasol and Kogot (210.3 thousand ha), Small Vasyuganskoye (141.7 thousand ha), Lebyazhye-Isanskoye (53.3 thousand ha). Other large peat deposits of the Tomsk region are Kulai (72 thousand ha), Andryushkino II (77.7), Aleksandrovskoye (75), Ozernoe Bolshoi (572.4 thousand ha).

The main deposits of peat in the country were formed in the last 7-10 thousand years. The thickness of the peat layer grows annually by 0.2–2.0 mm (that is, on an area of ​​80.5 million hectares, more than 100 million tons of standard peat are formed annually). According to accepted standards, 96% of peat is suitable for compost production and 90% for fuel.

Peat is a natural pantry of humic substances that make up from 20 to 70% of organic mass, as well as nitrogen, the average content of which is: in high-moor peat - 1.5% (from 0.6 to 2.5%), in lowland - 2.6% (from 1.3 to 3.8%).
The following types of peat are distinguished: low-lying, transitional and high-moor. Raised peatlands are located on watersheds; low-lying - on relief depressions, most often in floodplains. Therefore, lowland peat is considered the best for the production of fertilizers; however, due to its lower moisture capacity, it is inferior to riding manure in the production of bedding manure. Especially widely peat is used in the Nonchernozem zone of the country.

Over the past century, about 1 billion tons of peat have been used in Russia for fuel and energy purposes, which is equivalent to 400 million tons of coal. Until recently, the country was the largest consumer of fuel peat. Currently, it ranks only fourth in the world, behind, and, where the contribution of peat to energy production is from 10 to 20%.
The energy potential of Russia's peat resources, estimated at 49.5 billion tons of standard fuel, indicates the insufficiency of its use in the country's energy balance. The reserves of peat only at the developed deposits make it possible to increase the volume of its production to 10–11 million tons per year, which is theoretically equivalent to 7% of the coal consumed annually in Russia.

It should be noted an important circumstance that increases the competitiveness of peat fuel - its environmental safety, ease of disposal of peat ash (compared to coal slag), reduction of harmful emissions, primarily sulfur and nitrogen oxides.

For peat therapy, peat is usually used that meets sanitary and hygienic requirements - a high (more than 60%) degree of decomposition and heated to 42–52 ° C. Peat treatment is more easily tolerated than treatment with silt mud.

The crisis of recent years has especially affected the agricultural use of peat. In the pre-reform years, a period of intensive agriculture, the share of peat in organic fertilizers in Russia reached 12–15%, and in some areas, especially the Non-Black Earth Region, up to 50–60%. Average annual peat application in 1986–1990 amounted to about 92 million tons, in 1994 - 29 million tons, in 1997 - less than 5 million tons. The share of peat used as organic fertilizer has fallen sharply in all economic regions of the country.