Joint activity. Development of criteria for the analysis of joint activities In the process of joint activities and

15.12.2020

in accordance with civil law, joint activities without the creation of a legal entity for this purpose are carried out on the basis of an agreement between its participants. Under an SA agreement, the parties (participants) undertake to act jointly by combining property and efforts to achieve a common economic or other goal that does not contradict the legislative acts of the Russian Federation. property created or acquired as a result of their S.d. are their common shared property. Party to the agreement on S.d. is not entitled to dispose of a share in the common property without the consent of the other parties to the agreement, with the exception of that part of the products and income from this activity, which is at the disposal of each participant. The participant who is entrusted with the conduct of common affairs acts on the basis of a power of attorney issued by the other parties to the agreement contracts. The data of a separate (separate) balance sheet shall not be included in the balance sheet of a participating enterprise conducting common business. Distribution of profits, losses and other results of S.D. between the parties to the agreement on S.D. carried out in the manner prescribed by the contract. Each participant includes his share of the profit received as a result of S.d. in the composition of non-operating income when forming financial results. See also. SIMPLE PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT.

In accordance with Article 1043 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, accounting of common property may be entrusted to one of the legal entities participating in a simple partnership agreement. When reflecting in accounting and financial statements operations related to participation in joint activities (simple partnership agreement), the partner organization is guided by clauses 13 of this Regulation, and the partner conducting common affairs in accordance with a simple partnership agreement is guided by clauses 17 of this Provisions.

13. Assets contributed to the account of a contribution under a joint activity agreement are included by the partner organization in the composition of financial investments at the cost at which they are reflected in the balance sheet as of the date the agreement enters into force.

14. When forming the financial result, each partner organization includes in the composition of other income or expenses the profit or loss on joint activities to be received or distributed among the partners.

15. The property to be received by each partner organization as a result of the division in accordance with Article 1050 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation upon termination of joint activities is reflected as the repayment of deposits accounted for as financial investments. If there is a difference between the value of the contribution accounted for as financial investments and the value of the assets received after the termination of the joint activity, it is included in other income or expenses when forming the financial result. Assets received by a partner organization after the termination of a joint activity are accepted for accounting in the valuation recorded in a separate balance sheet as of the date of the decision to terminate the joint activity.

(see text in previous edition)

For depreciable property accepted for accounting after the termination of joint activities, depreciation is charged during the newly established useful life in accordance with the rules determined by the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for Fixed Assets" PBU 6/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated March 30 2001 N 26n (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 28, 2001, registration N 2689).

16. The financial statements of a partner organization shall be submitted in accordance with the procedure established for legal entities, taking into account the financial results obtained under a joint activity agreement. In the balance sheet of the partner organization, the contribution to the joint activity is reflected in the composition of financial investments, and in case of materiality, it is shown as a separate item. In the income statement, the profit or loss due to the partner organization according to the results of the section is included in other income or expenses when forming the financial result.

(see text in previous edition)

The explanatory notes to the balance sheet and income statement as part of the reporting segment disclosure of joint ventures by a partner entity show:

share of participation (contribution) in joint activities;

share in total contractual obligations;

share of jointly incurred costs;

share in jointly received income.

17. When organizing accounting, a partner conducting common business in accordance with a joint activity agreement ensures separate accounting of operations (on a separate balance sheet) for joint activities and operations related to the performance of its ordinary activities.

The indicators of a separate balance sheet are not included in the balance sheet of a partner conducting common business.

Reflection of business transactions under a joint activity agreement, including accounting for expenses and income, as well as calculation and accounting of financial results on a separate balance sheet, are carried out in accordance with the generally established procedure.

18. The property contributed by the participants of the agreement on joint activities as a contribution is accounted for by the partner who, in accordance with the agreement, is entrusted with the conduct of common affairs, separately (on a separate balance sheet).

Contributions made by participants in joint activities are accounted for by the partner conducting common business on the account for recording the contributions of partners in the assessment provided for by the agreement.

In accounting, property acquired or created in the course of the implementation of a joint activity agreement is reflected in the amount of actual costs for its acquisition, manufacture, etc. Accounting for the acquisition or creation of new fixed assets, intangible assets and other investments in non-current assets is carried out in accordance with the generally established procedure.

Depreciation on depreciable property within the framework of a separate balance sheet is carried out in accordance with the generally established procedure, regardless of the actual period of their use and the previously used methods of depreciation before the conclusion of a joint activity agreement.

19. At the end of the reporting period, the resulting financial result - undistributed profit (uncovered loss) is distributed among the participants in the agreement on joint activities in the manner prescribed by the agreement. At the same time, within the framework of a separate balance sheet, as of the date of the decision on the distribution of retained earnings (uncovered loss), accounts payable to partners are reflected in the amount of their share of retained earnings due to them, or receivables to partners in the amount of their share of uncovered loss due for repayment.

20. A partner conducting common affairs shall compile and submit to the parties to the agreement on joint activities, in the manner and within the time limits established by the agreement, the information they need for the formation of reporting, tax and other documentation. At the same time, the submission by a partner conducting common affairs of information included in the financial statements of partners is carried out within the time limits specified by the agreement, but no later than the deadlines established by Federal Law No. 129-FZ of November 21, 1996 "On Accounting" (Collection of Legislation Russian Federation, 1996, N 48, item 5369; 1998, N 30, item 3619; 2002, N 13, item 1179; 2003, N 1, item 2, 6; N 2, item 160; N 27 (Part I), Art. 2700).

21. The liquidation balance sheet is drawn up by a partner conducting common business on the date of termination of the agreement on joint activities. At the same time, the property due to each partner following the results of the division is accounted for as the repayment of his share of participation (contribution) in the joint activity.

Signs of joint activity (JA) are usually understood as its distinctive features as a holistic and relatively independent phenomenon. The main features of joint activity include the presence of:

a single purpose for the participants included in the activity;

general motivation;

unification, combination or conjugation of individual activities (and the individual), understood as the formation of a single whole;

division of a single process of activity into separate functionally related operations and their distribution among participants;

coordination of individual activities of participants, which provides for a strict sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined program. Such coordination is usually carried out taking into account the numerous characteristics of the activity: spatial, temporal (theme, intensity, rhythm), etc. It is achieved through management;

management - the most important feature and attribute of SD;

a single end result (cumulative product);

a single space and the simultaneity of the performance of individual activities by different people.

The psychological structure of SD includes a number of components: common goals, motives, actions and results. The overall goal of a joint activity is a central component of its structure. The goal is understood as an ideally presented common result, to which the community of individuals (group subject) strives. The overall goal can be broken down into more specific and specific tasks, the stage-by-stage solution of which brings the collective subject closer to the goal. An obligatory component of the psychological structure of SD is a common motive that encourages the community of individuals to work together (i.e., direct motivating force). The next component of joint activity is joint action, i.e. such elements of it that are aimed at fulfilling the current (operational and fairly simple) tasks of the SD. The structure of joint activities is completed by the overall result obtained by its participants.

A.N.Leontiev singles out individual (special) activities in the "general flow of activity" according to the criterion of the motives that motivate them. Next comes the level of actions - processes that obey conscious goals. Finally, this is the level of operations that directly depend on the conditions for achieving a specific goal.

The target or object-directed interaction between individuals (and, therefore, between individual activities) can, in the first approximation, be taken as a "unit" of psychological analysis of SD, which reveals its qualitative specifics (similar to how an objective action constitutes the specifics of an individual).

In joint activities, as a rule, several of the most typical strategies for the behavior of its participants in relation to partners are used:

a) assistance as effective assistance to others, active contribution to the achievement of the overall goals of the SD;

b) opposition to the achievement of goals by other participants in the SD, the commission of actions that are inconsistent with them, going against the desires, opinions, behavior of partners in interaction;

c) avoidance of interaction, i.e. active care, avoidance of interaction with partners, even in cases where the situation and circumstances not only facilitate, but also require the interaction of participants in the SD to achieve common goals.

Researchers look at a number of socio-psychological types of interaction. Let's list them.

1. Collaboration: both partners in the interaction actively help each other, actively contribute to the achievement of the individual goals of each_and the grievances of the goals of the SD.

Confrontation: Both partners oppose each other and hinder the achievement of each individual's goals.

Avoidance of interaction, i.e. both partners try to avoid active cooperation.

4. Unidirectional assistance, when one of the participants in the SD contributes to the achievement of the individual goals of the other, and the second evades interaction with him.

Unidirectional counteraction, i.e. one of the partners hinders the achievement of the goals of the other, and the second evades interaction with the first.

Contrasting interaction: one of the participants tries to assist the other, and the second resorts to a strategy of active opposition to the first (in such situations, such opposition may be masked in one form or another).

Compromise interaction, when both partners show separate elements of both assistance and opposition.

The main features of joint activities and properties of the SD subject are closely interconnected. Among the main characteristics of the subject of joint activity, it is necessary to single out purposefulness, motivation, the level of integrity (integrated™), structuredness, consistency, organization (controllability), performance (productivity), spatial and temporal features of living conditions.

The purposefulness of the group subject of activity represents the desire for the main goal.

Motivation as a property of a group subject of activity characterizes an active, interested and effective attitude (motivation) to joint activities.

The integrity (or integration) of a collective subject of activity is understood as the internal unity of its constituent elements. Integrity is evaluated by a set of the following parameters: the density of functional connections between its members, the indicators of which are the frequency and intensity of contacts between them; level of functional interconnectedness; the ratio of the number of jointly performed functions to their total number; type of integrity of the collective subject, manifested in the nature of the dominant links between members of the team. An important property of a group subject of activity is its structuring, which means the clarity and rigor of the mutual distribution of functions, tasks, rights, duties and responsibilities between members of the team, the certainty of its structure. Empirical indicators of structuredness can be the dominant ways of distributing functions (mutual complementation, safety net, duplication), ways of taking responsibility for the performance of functions in a team (concentration, distribution, diffusion of responsibility), characteristics of business mutual influence, etc.

Consistency is a harmonious combination of group members, the mutual conditioning of their actions. The consistency parameter is primarily the type or nature of the coordination (correlation) of the actions of the group members, which can be assessed using the following indicators: the dominant ways of resolving disagreements and contradictions, the leading "zone" of coordination of the group members' actions, the level of conflict and the typical ways of behavior of its members in conflict situations. situations, etc.

The organization of a generalized subject of activity means orderliness, composure, subordination to a certain procedure for performing joint activities, the ability to act accurately, in accordance with a predetermined plan (plannedness).

An integral property of a collective subject of activity is its effectiveness, which characterizes the ability to achieve a positive outcome.

Model of regulation of joint activity. Conceptual analysis of field observations and experimental results allows us to construct a relatively hypothetical model for the regulation of joint activity. As you can see, the central block in this system is the "Conditions of activity and interaction" block. The distinction between such concepts as "activity" and "interaction" is not accidental. They act together in joint activities and mutually condition each other. V.E. Smirnov in his work "Psychology of adolescence" noted: "For group members who perform some kind of joint action, there are always two sides: stimulation from the work itself and stimulation coming from others." In joint activities, two aspects can be distinguished: a) the actual substantive activity; b) a set of processes that establish various connections and dependencies between people in the process of this activity or communication.

This opinion confirms the fact of separation of the conditions of activity and interaction. J. Lingard distinguishes two feedbacks: self-feedback about individual activity and social feedback due to the interaction between individuals. Feedback is one of the most important components of the regulation of any biological and social system. If, under the action of a person with a tool and an object of labor, practical activity is unthinkable without feedback, then in the conditions of interaction of a larger number of people, the feedback system becomes more complicated. Depending on this, Kurt Back distinguishes two types of communication (which correspond to certain structures of the language):

a) aimed at relationships, i.e. interactions;

b) aimed at actions and activities.

R. Bales distinguishes the area of emotions and the area of problem solving in joint activities. The area of emotions is characterized by the presence of such forms of speech and behavioral reactions, which are more focused not on the activity itself (problem solving), but on interaction (interpersonal relationships). These reactions have an emotional, subjective coloring, characterize the degree of satisfaction with joint activities. Another thing is the area of problem solving. This phase is associated with hypotheses, their discussion and decision making. The choice of the solution method, in turn, is associated with certain emotional experiences of the participants in group activities. So, we have found out the principle of distinguishing between such concepts as "activity" and "interaction".

It is clear that the effectiveness of the group's activity depends on many factors, as well as on the conditions in which it takes place. This may be a calm business environment, lack of pressure from outside, or stressful conditions when the group works in an extreme situation.

1. One of the most important factors determining the effectiveness of the joint activities of the group is the specificity and complexity of the tasks. This is a non-group factor, it is set from the outside and determines the content of joint activities. The complexity of the task depends not only on what mental processes and functions are involved in the activity (sensory-perceptual, mnemonic, logical), but also on how often actions are performed and skills are developed - the norms of interaction with the tool and the object of labor.

The time of joint work of any other type of interaction, for example, communication of friends, spouses, can be considered from different positions.

With the official organization of people's interaction, time is assessed as a factor of objective necessity for joint activities; the time of interaction in informal relations is determined by the internal needs of each of the participants in communication. The time of working together and living together is not only a condition for testing the strength of relationships, but also, more importantly, a factor in the formation of personal, in particular characterological, features of interacting people. S.L. Rubinshtein writes about this: “In long-term communication, the mutual influence of people on each other often leaves a significant imprint on their character, and in some cases there is a kind of exchange of characterological properties and mutual assimilation: as a result of a long life together, people sometimes acquire common features become in some respects similar to each other.

The quantitative composition of groups in the conditions of official relations (for example, educational activities) is determined from the outside. The quantitative composition is of some importance for the regulation of the effectiveness of group activities. B.F. Lomov wrote: “As the group increases, its efficiency increases, but only to a certain level: when a certain “critical value” is reached, the size of the group ceases to influence the effectiveness of its activity, and then, with its larger increase, the efficiency decreases (too large the number leads to the fact that people begin to interfere with each other)". But at the same time, it is necessary to correlate the specifics of the group's activities, the complexity of the tasks being solved with the actual number.

The ratio of the number of members of the group and the effectiveness of its work has a curvilinear dependence. In the manifestation of this factor, one should distinguish between the threshold values of the size of the group: a) the lower threshold is the number of persons able to cope with a common task; b) the upper threshold is the number of persons who effectively cope with the task, but which can be slightly reduced without visible damage.

Connectivity is one of the main factors influencing group interactions. At the same time, interaction should be understood as such a system of actions of participants, when the actions of one cause certain actions of other people. The degree of interconnectedness is determined by the nature of the interaction between individuals: formal or informal. In a formal organization, the principle of interconnectedness does not depend on the will of the people. Informal interpersonal relationships are not given, they are regulated by the participants in communication.

Little interconnectedness presents great opportunities for independent work. As the mutual connectedness increases, the possibilities of independent action decrease, but at the same time the role of group-wide achievements increases. Moreover, the increase in interconnectedness enhances the importance of the leader.

J. Lingard tried to determine the levels of mutual dependence, taking into account the complexity and quality of interpersonal relationships:

The 1st level of interconnectedness is characterized by a change in behavior under the influence of the presence of other persons behaving like spectators, and is designated by scientists as a "public effect";

2nd level - interconnectedness, in which behavior is changed under the influence of actively participating other persons in a particular activity. Joint action in this case must be distinguished by the degree of interconnectedness: "... from the emotional and interested joint activity of other persons without direct help ... - to mutual cooperation ... ".

The functional structure of the group can be differentiated into: primary (given by the conditions, as well as the formal characteristics of the organization); secondary (the distribution of role functions in the process of solving problems, for example, depending on the communicative qualities of the participants). Any group activity requires an elementary separation of functions. Without this, the functioning of even such a system as the relationship between two people is impossible. For the optimal regulation of the control system, a rational relationship between the given and arbitrary distribution of functional responsibilities is necessary. The arbitrary (secondary) distribution of functions is determined, on the one hand, by the system of tasks that the group solves, and on the other hand, by the individual-typical, personal and socio-psychological characteristics of the members of the group. In cohesive groups, the leader is more effective than in less cohesive ones. "Group cohesion" and "leadership effectiveness" are interdependent variables. A group can be cohesive only with an optimal distribution of functions between its members, so it is natural that the effectiveness of leadership will be greater; this quality of a cohesive group is a consequence of agreement within the group.

It is also interesting for us that many groups are isolated from the usual social environment (expeditions, crews of ships and spacecraft). The measure of a group's autonomy can be expressed in the nature of its behavior in a conflict situation. With high autonomy of the group, the conflict "closes" to some external object (for example, any person who is not part of the group; a device regarded as an external element). The weak autonomy of the group is expressed in the conflict that closes between its members. Social isolation, perhaps more than physical, affects a person's well-being. But in contrast to individual isolation, the absence of the usual social circle is compensated by an increase in the level of interpersonal relations within the group itself, although to certain limits. The narrowing of the circle and the deepening of communication quickly exhaust the informative value of each of the members of the group, which ultimately leads to individual isolation.

The autonomy of the group acts as a consequence not only of physical conditions, but also of internal and external socio-psychological ones. This is expressed in the fact that a well-working group, included in interactions with other groups, sometimes shows aggressiveness towards members of other groups.

In the activity of any person or group of people, a motive is distinguished. As a motive, it is the source or cause of an action. In the conditions of individual problem solving, the motive is associated with the level of claims of a given person and his capabilities. And in the conditions of joint work of a group of people, the claim of one may not be consistent with the claims of another.

The nature of the motivation of each member of the group and the entire group in goals differs in strength and direction. The internal motivation of each member of the group, the collective is determined primarily by the conditions for solving problems, which can strengthen or weaken it. The strength of motivation depends on the mutual influence of group members on each other. With a high level of positive attitude to work, the motivation of each member and the entire group increases. The orientation of motivation is expressed through the orientation of the individual to personal success (to himself), collectivist (to the group) and business (to the task). Orientation to one's own or group results is directly dependent on the degree of interconnectedness between group members. With greater motivation, the motivation of group members for the overall effectiveness of joint activities increases, or a conflict arises in the group up to the failure to solve the problem.

8. Diverse in structure is a system of additional factors.

The individual psychological characteristics of the members of the group and its homogeneity-heterogeneity in various psychological characteristics are the essence of intra-group factors (there are two of them):

the first factor is the level of individual characteristics of group members. This is an indicator of the capabilities that each participant in joint actions has individually (this can include neurodynamic, psychomotor, intellectual, socio-psychological characteristics of people);

the second factor is the homogeneity-heterogeneity of the group (the degree of similarity between people in the group). For one type of joint activity, closeness, the similarity of group members in some way, is important. For other types of work, contrast and differences are a condition for the successful completion of group tasks. Of particular importance are the age and gender differences of people: their role in regulating interactions (communication, relationships) is extremely large.

The homogeneity-heterogeneity factor of a group has two levels:

The 1st level of homogeneity-heterogeneity of the group (the degree of similarity-contrast of the likely participants in the interaction) is the ratio of their individual (natural), personal and socio-psychological parameters (temperament, intelligence, character, motivation, interests, value orientations, worldview positions). This level is involved in the regulation of the effectiveness of joint activities and interpersonal relationships of people. However, its regulatory function may be little realized by the members of the group. This does not mean at all that partners do not see real similarities or differences between themselves. It's just that it's so obvious that it's taken for granted;

The 2nd level of homogeneity-heterogeneity of the group is the ratio (similarity-difference) of their opinions, assessments, attitudes to themselves, to a partner, to other people, to the objective world. The second level is divided into two sublevels:

primary (or original). This sublevel is the initial data before the interaction of the ratio of opinions, assessments (about the world of objects and about their own kind) and attitudes (to the world of objects and towards their own kind);

the secondary sublevel is the ratio (similarity-difference) of opinions, assessments and relationships as a result of interaction between group members. It is a consequence of the interaction of opinions, assessments and relations of communicating partners and is regulated by such mechanisms of social behavior as imitation, suggestion, conformity. The degree of positive variability of opinions, assessments, positions is one of the main indicators of group cohesion and solidarity. This sublevel is transformed due to variability. Variability depends not only on the initial ratio of the parameters of the primary sublevel of heterogeneity, but also on the first level of heterogeneity of the group, i.e. from the ratio of individual, personal and socio-psychological characteristics of the members of the group. In turn, changing and accepting other opinions, assessments, attitudes is involved in the formation of value orientations, interests, i.e. there is a change in the first level of homogeneity - heterogeneity.

The initial, initial ratio of opinions, assessments and attitudes in the group characterizes the unity of views and expresses the similarity-difference of interests, value orientations and personal attitudes. Partners are not only aware of the similarity-difference in their opinions, assessments, relationships, but also feel its real significance for joint activities and interpersonal relationships.

From all of the above, we can conclude that a variety of systems of factors are involved in the regulation of the effectiveness of group activity:

a) non-group (physical and social);

b) intra-group (norms, interpersonal relationships, initial and resulting);

c) impersonal (homogeneity-heterogeneity in terms of individual psychological parameters);

d) intrapersonal (individual psychological characteristics of group members, their condition, initial opinions, assessments and attitudes). "

The factor linking all these systems is the factor of social significance of the joint activity of a group of people.

Team work

(in social psychology) - an organized system of activity of interacting individuals, aimed at the expedient production (reproduction) of objects of material and spiritual culture. Distinctive features of S. d. are:

1) spatial and temporal co-presence of participants, creating the possibility of direct personal contact between them, including the exchange of actions, the exchange of information, as well as mutual perception;

2) the presence of a single goal - the anticipated result of the SD, which meets the general interests and contributes to the realization of the needs of each of the individuals included in the SD,

3) the presence of organs of organization and leadership, to-rye embodied in the person of one of the participants, endowed with special powers, or distributed between them;

4) the division of the process of SD between the participants, due to the nature of the goal, the means and conditions for achieving it, the composition and skill level of the performers. This presupposes the interdependence of individuals, which is manifested either in the final product of SD or in the very process of its production. If in the first case individual operations are carried out in parallel and do not depend on the sequence of actions of others, then in the second they are interdependent (specialized and hierarchized), since they must be implemented simultaneously as functionally different components of a complex operation or in a strict sequence, when the result of one operation serves as a condition for the beginning another. An example of highly specialized social science is collective scientific activity, which implies an extensive system of social roles for its participants (see);

5) occurrence in the process of S. d. interpersonal relationships, formed on the basis of subject-specific functional-role interactions (see) and acquiring a relatively independent character over time.

Being initially conditioned by the content of SD, interpersonal relations, in turn, have an impact on its process and results. AT social psychology SD is considered as the main condition for socio-psychological integration (see) of the individuals included in it. S. d objectively has a multi-purpose character, which is due to its intra- and inter-system connections. The fact that acts of individual activity are a condition for the existence and reproduction of both the individual himself and the processes of group activity as a whole indicates the interpenetration and mutual enrichment of individual and social activity, the interaction of individual motivational and social normative conditions of social activity.

Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: PHOENIX. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .

See what "joint activity" is in other dictionaries:

TEAM WORK- an agreement under which the parties undertake to act together to achieve a common economic goal. Joint economic activity is carried out after the conclusion of an agreement on the establishment of a general partnership. Dictionary of financial ... ... Financial vocabulary

TEAM WORK- in accordance with civil law, joint activities without the creation of a legal entity for this purpose are carried out on the basis of an agreement between its participants. According to the agreement on S.d. the parties (participants) undertake by association ... ... Legal Encyclopedia

TEAM WORK- TEAM WORK. A type of group activity in which the actions of its participants are subordinated to a common goal. The highest form of social activity is collective activity (see collective). From S. d. should be distinguished the activities of individuals, which only ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Team work is an activity that is jointly controlled by two or more parties ... Source: International Financial Reporting Standard (IAS) 28 Investments in associates and joint ventures (enacted in the territory of the Russian ... ... Official terminology

TEAM WORK- see the simple partnership agreement ... Law Dictionary

TEAM WORK- JOINT ACTIVITIES, see the article Simple partnership ... Modern Encyclopedia

TEAM WORK- (simple partnership) an agreement by virtue of which the parties (participants) undertake to act jointly by combining property and efforts to achieve a common economic or other goal that does not contradict legislative acts (without creating ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Team work- noun, number of synonyms: 1 collaboration (6) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Team work- (English joint activity / venture) in the Russian Federation, relations between business entities arising by virtue of a simple partnership agreement ... Encyclopedia of Law

Team work- JOINT ACTIVITIES, see the article Simple partnership. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

Joint activities of adults and children. Basic forms. Manual for teachers (+ CD-ROM) , . The manual is included in the program-methodical complex "Success". The manual reveals the issues of methodology for preparing, organizing and conducting various forms of joint activities of adults and ... Buy for 263 rubles
Joint activities of children of teachers and parents in kindergarten From work experience, Zhestkova L., Barkan S., Luzay N. speech sphere...

The problem of joint activity was formulated differently not only in different periods of its development, but also by different researchers. First of all, such terms as “group activity”, “group activity”, “group interaction”, “collective activity”, “joint activity”, etc. are connected with its formulation. Despite some differences in the formulation of the problem, as well as changes as a result of its natural development, the problem of joint activity still remains the focus of attention of researchers, primarily social psychologists, labor and management psychologists. The hallmarks of joint activity (JA) are usually its distinctive features as a holistic and relatively independent phenomenon. To the main featured joint activities include:

1) a single goal for the participants included in the activity;
2) general motivation;
3) associations, combinations or conjugations of individual activities (and individuals), understood as the formation of a single whole;
4) division of a single process of activity into separate functionally related operations and their distribution among participants;
5) coordination of individual activities of participants, which provides for a strict sequence of operations in accordance with a predetermined program and taking into account the characteristics of the activity;
6) management - the most important feature and attribute of SD;
7) a single end result (total product);
8) a single space and the simultaneity of the performance of individual activities by different people.

Psychological structure of SD includes such components as common goals, motives, actions and results. The overall goal of a joint activity is a central component of its structure. Under purpose is understood as an ideally presented common result, which the community of individuals (a group subject) seeks to achieve. The general goal can be divided into more specific and specific tasks, the gradual solution of which brings the collective subject closer to the goal. An obligatory component of the psychological structure of SD is a common motive that encourages the community of individuals to work together (i.e., direct motivating force). The next component of joint activity is joint action, i.e. such elements of it that are aimed at fulfilling the current (operational and fairly simple) tasks of the SD. The structure of joint activities is completed by the overall result obtained by its participants.

A. N. Leontiev distinguishes different levels in the “general flow of activity”. First, these are separate (special) activities - according to the criterion of the motives that prompt them. Next comes the level of actions - processes that obey conscious goals. Finally, this is the level of operations that directly depend on the conditions for achieving a specific goal.

Targeted or object-directed interaction between individuals (and hence between individual activities) can, in the first approximation, be taken as a “unit” of psychological analysis of SD, which reveals its qualitative specifics (similar to how an objective action makes up the specifics of an individual).

Usually distinguish three forms, or models, of organizing joint activities:

1) each participant does his part of the overall work independently of the other;
2) the common task is performed sequentially by each participant;
3) there is a simultaneous interaction of each participant with all the others. Their real existence depends on the conditions of activity, its goals and content.

In joint activities, control by the participants themselves is noticeably activated (self-control, self-examination, mutual control, mutual examination), which affects the performance part of the activity, including the speed and accuracy of individual and joint actions.

In joint activities, as a rule, several of the most typical behavioral strategies of its participants are used, which determine the main socio-psychological interaction types participants.

1. Cooperation: cooperation partners assist each other, actively contribute to the achievement of the individual goals of each and the common goals of the Board of Directors.
2. Confrontation: partners oppose the achievement of goals by other participants in the SD, perform actions that are inconsistent with them, as opposed to the desires, opinions, and behavior of partners in interaction.
3. Avoiding interaction those. active care, avoidance of interaction with partners, even in cases where the situation and circumstances not only facilitate, but also require the interaction of participants in the SD to achieve common goals.
4. unidirectional promotion, when one of the participants in the SD contributes to the achievement of the individual goals of the other, and the second evades interaction with him.
5. unidirectional countermeasures, those. one of the partners hinders the achievement of goals by others, and the second avoids interaction with the first participant.
6. Contrasting interaction: one of the participants tries to assist the other, and the second resorts to a strategy of active opposition to the first (in such situations, such opposition may be masked in one form or another).
7. compromising interaction, when both partners show separate elements of both assistance and opposition.

The main features of joint activities and subject propertiesSD are closely related. Among the main characteristics of the subject of joint activity, it is necessary to single out purposefulness, motivation, the level of integrity (integration), structuredness, consistency, organization (controllability), performance (productivity), spatial and temporal features of living conditions.

Purposefulness group subject of activity represents the desire for the main goal.

motivation as a property of a group subject of activity, it characterizes an active, interested and effective attitude (motivation) to joint activities.

Under integrity(or integration) of the collective subject of activity is understood as the internal unity of its constituent elements. Integrity is evaluated by a set of parameters:

- the density of functional connections between its members, the indicators of which are the frequency and intensity of contacts between them;
- the level of functional interconnectedness; the ratio of the number of jointly performed functions to their total number;
- the type of integrity of the collective subject, which is manifested in the nature of the dominant relationships between members of the team.

An important property of a group subject of activity is its structuredness, which means the clarity and rigor of the mutual distribution of functions, tasks, rights, duties and responsibilities between members of the team, the certainty of its structure. Empirical indicators of structuredness can be the dominant ways of distributing functions (mutual complementation, safety net, duplication, etc.), ways of taking responsibility for performing functions in a team (concentration, distribution, diffusion of responsibility), characteristics of business mutual influence, etc.

Consistency is a harmonious combination of group members, the mutual conditioning of their actions. The consistency parameter is primarily the type or nature of the coordination (ratio) of the actions of group members, which can be assessed using the following indicators:

- the dominant way of resolving disagreements and contradictions;
- the leading "zone" for coordinating the actions of group members;
- the level of conflict;
- typical ways of behavior of its participants in conflict situations, etc.

organization generalized subject of activity means orderliness, composure, subordination to a certain order of joint activities, the ability to act exactly in accordance with a predetermined plan (plannedness).

An integral property of a collective subject of activity is its performance, characterizing the ability to achieve a positive outcome.

Observations of the process of joint activity and his own experimental studies allowed N. N. Obozov to build joint activity regulation model(Fig. 23).

Rice. 23.

The central block in this model is the block "Conditions of activity and interaction". The distinction between such concepts as "activity" and "interaction" is not accidental. They act together in joint activities and mutually condition each other. V. E. Smirnov in his work “Psychology of adolescence” noted: “For group members who perform some kind of joint action, there are always two sides: stimulation from the work itself and stimulation coming from others.”

In joint activities, N. N. Obozov identifies two aspects:

a) the actual subject activity;
b) a set of processes that establish various connections and dependencies between people in the process of this activity or communication.

This opinion confirms the fact of separation of the conditions of activity and interaction. J. Lingard identified two types of feedback: the actual feedback about individual activity and the social feedback due to the interaction between individuals.

Feedback is one of the most important components of the regulation of any biological and social system, and if practical activity is unthinkable without feedback, then in the conditions of interaction of a larger number of people, the feedback system becomes even more complicated. In this regard, Kurt Back distinguishes two types of communication (which correspond to certain structures of the language):

a) aimed at relationships, i.e. interactions;
b) focused on actions and activities.

R. Bales distinguishes between the area of problem solving and the area of emotions in joint activity. The area of emotions is characterized by the presence of such forms of speech and behavioral reactions, which are more focused not on the activity itself (problem solving), but on interaction (interpersonal relationships). These reactions have an emotional, subjective coloring, characterize the degree of satisfaction with joint activities. Another thing is the area of problem solving: it is associated with the advancement of hypotheses, their discussion and decision-making. The choice of the solution method, in turn, is associated with certain emotional experiences of the participants in group activities.

The effectiveness of the group's activity depends on many factors, including the conditions in which it takes place. It can be a calm business environment, lack of pressure from outside, or, conversely, stressful conditions when the group is working with an emotional "anguish" in an extreme situation. Among the conditions affecting the effectiveness of SD, the following should be noted:

1.Specificity and complexity of tasks. This is a non-group factor, it is set from the outside and determines the content of joint activities. The complexity of the task is determined not only by what mental processes and functions are involved in the activity (sensory-perceptual, mnemonic, logical), but also by how often the actions were performed and skills were developed - the norms of interaction with the tool and the object of labor.
2. Collaboration time or any other type of interaction, such as communication between friends, spouses, can be considered from various positions.

With the official organization of people's interaction, time is assessed as a factor of objective necessity for joint activities. The time of interaction in informal relations is determined by the internal needs of each of the participants in communication. The time of working together and living together is not only a condition for testing the strength of relationships, but, more importantly, it is a factor in the formation of personal, in particular characterological, characteristics of interacting people. As S. L. Rubinshtein pointed out on this occasion, with prolonged communication, the mutual influence of people on each other often leaves a significant imprint on their character, and in some cases there is a kind of exchange of characterological properties and mutual assimilation. As a result of a long life together, people sometimes acquire common features, become similar to each other.

3.The quantitative composition of the group in the conditions of official relations (for example, educational activities) is determined from the outside. The quantitative composition is of some importance for the regulation of the effectiveness of group activities. As the group grows, its efficiency increases, but only to a certain level: when a certain “critical value” is reached, the size of the group ceases to affect the effectiveness of its activities, and then, with its larger increase, the efficiency decreases (too large numbers lead to the fact that people begin to interfere with each other), noted B. F. Lomov. But at the same time, it is necessary to correlate the specifics of the group's activities, the complexity of the tasks being solved with the actual number.

The ratio of the number of members of the group and the effectiveness of its work has a curvilinear dependence. In the manifestation of this factor, one should distinguish between the threshold values of the group size: lower threshold- is the number of persons able to cope with a common task; upper threshold- is the number of people who effectively cope with the task, but which can be slightly reduced without visible damage.

4. Interconnection of group members is one of the main conditions affecting their interaction. At the same time, interaction should be understood as such a system of actions of participants, when the actions of one cause certain actions of other people. The degree of interconnectedness is determined by the nature of the interaction between individuals: formal or informal. Informal interpersonal relationships are not given, they are regulated by the members of the group. In a formal organization, interconnectedness is determined by instructions, orders, prescriptions and does not depend on the desire of people.

Little interconnectedness presents great opportunities for independent work. As the mutual connection strengthens, the possibilities of independent action decrease, but at the same time the role of group-wide achievements increases. Moreover, the increase in interconnectedness increases the importance of the leader.

J. Lingard tried to determine the levels of mutual dependence, taking into account the complexity and quality of interpersonal relationships:

a) the first level of interconnectedness is characterized by a change in behavior under the influence of the presence of other persons behaving like spectators, and is designated by scientists as a "public effect";
b) the second level - interconnectedness, in which behavior changes under the influence of other persons actively participating in a particular activity. Joint action in this case must be distinguished by the degree of interconnectedness: from the emotional and interested joint activity of other persons without direct assistance to mutual cooperation.
5. The functional structure of the group can be differentiated into primary (given by the conditions and formal characteristics of the organization) and secondary (corresponding to the distribution of roles in the process of solving problems). For the optimal regulation of the control system, a rational relationship between the given and arbitrary distribution of functional responsibilities is necessary. The arbitrary (secondary) distribution of functions is determined, on the one hand, by the system of tasks that the group solves, and on the other hand, by the individual-typical, personal and socio-psychological characteristics of the members of the group. In cohesive groups, the leader is more effective than in less cohesive ones. "Group cohesion" and "leadership effectiveness" are interdependent variables. A group can be cohesive only with an optimal distribution of functions between its members, so it is natural that the effectiveness of leadership will be greater; this quality of a cohesive group is a consequence of agreement within it.
6. isolation groups from the usual social environment (expeditions, crews of ships and spaceships) and its autonomy(“shortcut” to some external object, for example, any person who is not part of the group; a device regarded as an external element). The weak autonomy of the group is expressed in the conflict that closes between its members. Social isolation, perhaps more than physical, affects a person's well-being. But in contrast to individual isolation, the absence of the usual social circle is compensated by an increase in the level of interpersonal relations within the group itself, albeit to certain limits. The narrowing of the circle and the deepening of communication quickly exhaust the informative value of each of the members of the group, which ultimately leads to individual isolation.

7. motive as a motive is the source or cause of an action. However, in the conditions of joint work of people in a group, the claims of one may not be consistent with the claims of another.

The nature of the motivation of each member of the group and the entire group as a whole differs in strength and direction. The internal motivation of each member of the group is determined primarily by the conditions for solving problems, which can strengthen or weaken it. The strength of motivation depends on the mutual influence of group members on each other. With a high level of positive attitude to work, there is an increase in the motivation of each member and the entire group as a whole. The orientation of motivation is expressed through the orientation of the individual to personal success (to himself), collectivist (to the group) and business (to the task). Orientation to one's own or group results is directly dependent on the degree of interconnectedness between group members. With greater motivation, the motivation of group members for the overall effectiveness of joint activities increases, or a conflict arises in the group up to the refusal to solve the problem.

8. The system of additional factors, according to N. N. Obozov, it is diverse in structure and includes, on the one hand, the individual psychological characteristics of the members of the group, and on the other, their homogeneity-heterogeneity in various psychological characteristics.

In the first case, two intragroup factors are distinguished. First factor- the level of individual characteristics of group members - acts as an indicator of the capabilities that each participant in joint actions has separately (this can include neurodynamic, psychomotor, intellectual, socio-psychological characteristics of people).

Second factor- homogeneity-heterogeneity of the group (the degree of similarity between people in the group). For one type of joint activity, closeness, the similarity of group members in some respects, is important, for other types of work, contrast and differences are the conditions for the successful completion of group tasks. Of particular importance are the age and sex differences of people; their role in regulating interactions (communication, relationships) is extremely high.

The homogeneity-heterogeneity factor of a group has two levels.

1. First level homogeneity-heterogeneity of the group (the degree of similarity-contrast of probable participants in the interaction) is the ratio of their individual (natural), personal and socio-psychological parameters (temperament, intelligence, character, motivation, interests, value orientations, worldview positions). This level is involved in the regulation of the effectiveness of joint activities and interpersonal relationships of people, but its regulatory function may not be recognized by the members of the group. This does not mean at all that partners do not see real similarities or differences between themselves; it's just so obvious that it's taken for granted.
2. Second level homogeneity-heterogeneity of group members is the ratio (similarity-difference) of their opinions, assessments, attitudes towards themselves, partners, other people, the objective world. The second level includes two sublevels:
- - primary(or initial) sublevel consists of initial data before interaction, ratio of opinions, assessments (about the world of objects and about their own kind) and attitudes (to the world of objects and towards their own kind);
- - secondary the sublevel is the ratio (similarity-difference) of opinions, assessments and relationships, as a result of the interaction between group members. It is a consequence of the interaction of opinions, assessments and relationships of communicating partners; regulated by such mechanisms of social behavior as imitation, suggestion, conformity. The degree of positive variability of opinions, assessments, positions is one of the main indicators of group cohesion and solidarity. Due to variability, this sublevel is transformed. Variability depends not only on the initial ratio of the parameters of the primary sublevel, but also on the first level of heterogeneity of the group, i.e. from the ratio of individual, personal and socio-psychological characteristics of the members of the group. In turn, the change and acceptance of other opinions, assessments, attitudes are involved in the formation of value orientations, interests, i.e. there is a change in the first level of homogeneity-heterogeneity.

All of the above allowed N. N. Obozov to conclude that a variety of systems of factors are involved in the regulation of the effectiveness of group activity:

a) non-group (physical and social);
b) intra-group (norms, interpersonal relationships, initial and resulting);
c) impersonal (homogeneity-heterogeneity according to individual psychological parameters);
d) intrapersonal (individual psychological characteristics of group members, their condition, initial opinions, assessments and attitudes).

The factor connecting all of the above is the factor of social significance of the joint activity of a group of people.