How to legally increase the cost of repairing public housing, on the basis of unaccounted for work according to the estimate, without which it is impossible to continue repairs. Performance by the contractor of works not included in the estimate: analysis of the specifics of legal consequences on the example of page

20.01.2022

Hello.

in order Part 3 Art. 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation .

paragraph 3

Hello.

I assume that your question is about a construction contract. In this case:

in order Part 3 Art. 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the contractor, who discovered during the construction works not taken into account in the technical documentation and, therefore, the need for additional work and an increase in the estimated cost of construction, must notify the customer.

If the customer does not receive a response to his message within ten days, unless the law or the building contract provides for a different period for this, the contractor is obliged to suspend the relevant work with the attribution of losses caused by downtime to the customer's account. The customer is exempted from compensation for these losses if he proves that there is no need for additional work.

4. The contractor who has not fulfilled the obligations establishedparagraph 3 of this article, is deprived of the right to demand from the customer payment for additional work performed by him and compensation for the losses caused by this, unless he proves the need for immediate action in the interests of the customer, in particular due to the fact that the suspension of work could lead to the death or damage to the construction object.

In short, if you have not complied with the specified requirements of the law and continue to insist that the customer pay for work not provided for in the estimate, and the customer refuses, get ready for a long confrontation in the arbitration court with the appointment of a forensic construction examination about your need immediate action in the interests of the customer, in particular due to the fact that the suspension of work could lead to the death or damage to the construction site. If the forensic construction expertise confirms the existence of these immediate actions, then this will be the basis for the customer to pay for the work performed by you in excess of the estimate.

"Chief Accountant". Appendix "Accounting in construction", N 1, 2005

Before starting construction or repair work, they must make an estimate. But it happens that after that the customer decides to expand the list of works provided for in it. Or the contractor may find that some important expenses have been left out of the estimate. How to be in such a case? Is it possible to revise the cost estimate? What if the customer refuses to include additional costs in it? We will talk about this in our article.

Is it possible to make changes to the estimate in the course of work?

The customer can make changes to the technical documentation only if the cost of new work does not exceed 10 percent of the total construction cost indicated in the estimate (clause 1, article 744 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Otherwise, you will have to agree on an additional estimate (clause 2 of article 744 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

But it happens that the contractor is the initiator of the change in the estimate. For example, then, when already during the construction it turns out that it is necessary to carry out some work that was not originally envisaged. The contractor is obliged to inform the customer about this. If the contractor does not respond to the contractor's message within 10 days (unless the work contract establishes another period), then he is obliged to suspend the relevant work with the attribution of losses caused by downtime to the customer's account. True, the customer may be exempted from compensation for these losses if he proves that it was not at all necessary to carry out additional work (clause 3 of article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

If the contractor does not notify the customer in advance of the need to perform additional work, then he will not be able to demand payment from him for these works. So it is established in clause 4 of article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Moreover, this also applies to those cases when such work was included in the acceptance certificate signed by the customer's representative (clause 10 of the Appendix to the Information Letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated January 24, 2000 N 51 "Overview of the practice of resolving disputes under a construction contract ").

Moreover, in such cases, the contractor sometimes has to compensate the customer for the losses incurred in connection with this. Moreover, according to the rules of clause 2, article 15 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to compensate not only real damage, but also lost profits.

True, there is one exception here: the customer will be obliged to pay for such work if the contractor proves the need for immediate action in the interests of the customer. For example, due to the fact that the suspension of work could lead to the death or damage to the entire facility (clause 4 of article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

The contractor also has the right to demand a revision of the estimate if, for reasons beyond his control, the cost of the work exceeded the estimate by at least 10 percent.

Accounting for costs not included in the estimate

If the contractor is the initiator of the revision of the estimate, then in this case two scenarios are possible:

the estimate will be revised and increased by the cost of additional work;
the estimate will not be revised, and the cost of additional work (if any) will not be paid by the customer.

Let's consider each of these options.

If the customer agreed to revise the estimate

Then the cost accounting for additional work, which was not originally provided for in the estimate, but was included in it in agreement with the customer, is carried out in the usual manner.

Example 1. OOO "Stroitel" (contractor) performs construction of an office building for CJSC "Rubicon" (customer). In accordance with the terms of the contract, the cost of these works is 4,720,000 rubles. (including VAT - 720,000 rubles). However, during the construction, additional work had to be performed with the involvement of a subcontractor, the cost of whose services amounted to 35,400 rubles. (including VAT - 5400 rubles). LLC "Stroitel" notified CJSC "Rubicon" about this and within 10 days received consent to carry out additional work. The actual expenses of Stroitel LLC for the work provided for by the initial estimate (cost of building materials, depreciation of equipment, wages of builders with deductions, etc.) amounted to 3,600,000 rubles. (including VAT - 400,000 rubles).

In the accounting of Stroitel LLC, the accountant will reflect this operation with the following entries (this organization determines revenue for the purpose of calculating VAT "by shipment"):

Debit 19 Credit 60

Debit 20 Credit 60

30 000 rub. (35 400 - 5400) - reflects the cost of additional work agreed with the customer;

Debit 19 Credit 60

5400 rub. - reflected VAT on the cost of additional work;

Debit 60 Credit 51

RUB 405,400 (400,000 + 5400) - submitted for VAT deduction from the budget (subject to payment for work);

RUB 4,755,400 (4,720,000 + 35,400) - revenue from construction work is reflected (taking into account the revision of the estimated cost of work);

RUB 725,400 (720,000 + 5400) - VAT charged on the cost of work performed;

RUB 3,230,000 (3,200,000 + 30,000) - expenses for the performance of work were written off;

RUB 800,000 (4,755,400 - 725,400 - 3,230,000) - income from the performance of work is reflected;

Debit 51 Credit 62

RUB 4,755,400 - received payment from the customer.

If the customer refused to revise the estimate

In this case, the costs associated with the implementation of additional work will not be compensated to the contractor. Therefore, we recommend reflecting them on account 91 "Other income and expenses" (sub-account "Other expenses") or on a separate sub-account to account 20 "Main production", for example, on the sub-account "Expenses not provided for in the estimate". It will be more convenient for the accountant, because these expenses cannot be taken into account for profit tax purposes. This follows from the requirements of paragraph 1 of Article 252 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, according to which one of the conditions for the recognition of expenses for tax purposes is that they must be made to carry out activities aimed at generating income.

"Input" VAT on such works cannot be deducted from the budget. This follows from paragraph 1 of paragraph 2 of Article 171 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, because if these works are not included in the estimate (or are not paid by the customer as a separate service), they do not participate in the formation of the cost of works and services subject to VAT.

Example 2. Let's use the conditions of example 1, assuming that Stroitel LLC performed additional work without warning the customer about this, who, of course, refused to pay for them.

In this situation, the accountant of Stroitel LLC needs to make the following entries in accounting:

Debit 20 Credit 02 (10, 26, 60, 69, 70...)

RUB 3,200,000 (3,600,000 - 400,000) - expenses of Stroitel LLC for the performance of work in accordance with the initial estimate are reflected;

Debit 19 Credit 60

400 000 rub. - reflected VAT on the cost of materials and work used in construction in accordance with the estimate;

Debit 68 subaccount "Calculations for VAT" Credit 19

400 000 rub. - presented for VAT deduction from the budget (subject to payment for the received valuables, works, services);

Debit 91 sub-account "Other expenses" Credit 60

35 400 rub. - reflects the costs of additional work not agreed with the customer (including VAT);

Debit 60 Credit 51

35 400 rub. - paid for additional work performed by the subcontractor;

Debit 62 Credit 90 subaccount "Revenue"

RUB 4,720,000 - reflects the proceeds from the implementation of construction works (based on the approved estimate);

Debit 90 subaccount "Value added tax" Credit 68 subaccount "VAT calculations"

RUB 720,000 - VAT charged on the cost of work performed;

Debit 90 subaccount "Cost of sales" Credit 20

RUB 3,200,000 - expenses for the performance of work were written off (according to the estimate);

Debit 90 subaccount "Profit / loss on sales" Credit 99

RUB 800,000 (4,720,000 - 720,000 - 3,200,000) - profit from the performance of work is reflected;

Debit 99 Credit 91 sub-account "Balance of other income and expenses"

35 400 rub. - written off the actual costs of additional work not agreed with the customer.

So, the accounting profit in this case will be 764,600 rubles. (800,000 - 35,400). However, for income tax purposes, all 800,000 rubles are taken into account. (provided that the amount of expenses in accounting and tax accounting is the same). Therefore, if Stroitel LLC applies the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Income Tax Calculations" (PBU 18/02), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 19, 2002 N 114n, the accountant needs to accrue income tax as follows:

Debit 99 subaccount "Conditional income tax expense" Credit 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax"

RUB 183,504 (764,600 rubles x 24%) - a conditional income tax expense has been accrued;

Debit 99 subaccount "Permanent tax liability" Credit 68 subaccount "Calculations for income tax"

8496 rub. (35,400 rubles x 24%) - a permanent tax liability has been accrued from the amount of expenses for the implementation of additional work not included in the estimate.

The volume and complexity of construction work under a contract give rise to a number of ambiguous actual situations, the resolution of which depends on compliance with legal formalities.

In particular, of particular interest are cases where the contractor performs work not included in the estimate, especially if such work is necessary to complete the technological process. An analysis of legal regulation allows us to conclude that in such cases, the interests of the customer are the priority, since the contractor undertakes to build a certain facility or perform other construction work on the instructions of the customer within the time period established by the contract. Let us illustrate this by analyzing the legal norms and judicial practice related to the application of the provisions on construction contracts and contracts for public needs, for which we will sequentially consider a number of issues:

obligations of the contractor in the event that during construction it is necessary to carry out additional work not taken into account in the estimate (the article draws a general conclusion on the application of the provisions of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) to contract work for state needs, taking into account the features established by the special Therefore, despite the logic of the presentation of the material (a consistent discussion of the procedure for applying Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, and then the specifics of state contracts), the conclusions are illustrated by such examples from judicial practice that are equally applicable to both ordinary construction contracts and contract work for state needs - ed.);

the influence of the specifics of contracts for state needs on the content of the specified obligation and the consequences of its (non)fulfillment;

whether there is unjust enrichment on the part of the customer in the event of acceptance of additional work unpaid by him, performed without agreement with him.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CONTRACTOR IN THE EVENT OF DETECTION DURING CONSTRUCTION OF THE NECESSITY TO PERFORM ADDITIONAL WORKS NOT COVERED IN THE ESTIMATE

The contractor is obliged to carry out construction work in accordance with the technical documentation that determines the scope and content of the work, and with the estimate that determines the price of the work (paragraph one of clause 1 of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). As follows from paragraph 3 of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, if during construction it is found that it is necessary to carry out additional work not taken into account in the technical documentation, the implementation of which requires an increase in the estimate, the contractor is obliged to inform the customer about this. If the customer does not receive a response to his message within the prescribed period, the contractor is obliged to suspend the relevant work with the attribution of losses caused by downtime to the customer's account, unless the latter proves that there is no need to carry out additional work. By virtue of the direct prescription of the law, the contractor who has not fulfilled the above obligations to notify the customer of the need for additional work that entails an increase in the estimate, and, accordingly, to suspend work in case of non-response, is deprived of the right to demand from the customer payment for additional work performed by him and compensation for the caused these losses, unless it proves the need for immediate action in the interests of the customer, in particular, due to the fact that the suspension of work could lead to the death or damage to the construction site (paragraph 4 of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The procedure for formalizing contractual relations determines the following specifics of obtaining the contractor's consent from the customer for the implementation of additional work not included in the estimate. The contractor is obliged to carry out only those works that are reflected in the technical documentation and, as a result, in the estimate, which are an integral part of the contract. Therefore, formally, by virtue of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the contractor receives the right to carry out additional work no earlier than the corresponding changes are made to the technical documentation and estimates by drawing up an additional agreement to the contract or at least making additions to the relevant annexes to the contract that clarify the technical documentation and estimates. For example, the court of cassation satisfied the requirement to pay for additional work, since, despite the absence of an additional agreement, the work was agreed by the parties in the revised version of the annex to the contract, and their cost was in the consolidated estimate (Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North-Western District dated June 22, 2011 on case N A56-85961/2009). Thus, taking into account the requirements of reasonableness and good faith, as well as the importance of ensuring a balance of interests of the parties within the framework of the contractual process, from a procedural point of view, in order to process the relevant changes, it is advisable to indicate at least a list of such works, their volume and price in the notice of the need for work. Otherwise, the notice becomes meaningless and cannot have legal value in principle. In addition, in written consent, the customer must specifically and unambiguously express the will to be willing to accept and pay for certain types of additional work at the specified price, as well as the will to be ready to make appropriate changes to the contract directly or in its annexes, that is, to clarify the terms of reference. Without making appropriate changes to the design and estimate documentation on the basis of such written consent, there is a risk of recognizing that the customer did not express his consent to carry out additional work, and the contractor, who started their implementation before making changes to the design and estimate documentation, acted on his own risk. (However, an analysis of the judicial practice of the North-Western District allows us to conclude that at present such risks are at least not significant. For example, by the Decree of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North-Western District dated 03.10.2011 in case N A05-14502/2010 payment for additional work was satisfied, because, despite the absence of an additional agreement signed by the parties on additional work, the latter were carried out by the contractor with the consent of the customer. from the moment the customer's consent to accept and pay for the work is considered expressed and of legal significance, as well as to complete the process of formalizing the agreements reached. The only exception to the above rules of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is the case when additional work is caused by an emergency, that is, a situation in which the suspension of work would lead to the death or damage to the results already obtained. The question of whether such an emergency situation occurred is a matter of fact, which can only be decided by the court, having assessed all the circumstances of a particular case. In this case, the burden of proving the existence of this situation in accordance with paragraph 4 of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation rests with the contractor. And here it is important to take into account the fact that the contractor is a professional who must predict in advance the nature and volume of work to be performed. In our opinion, this means the following. Even if the Contractor can prove that there are circumstances indicating the possibility of loss and damage to the result in the event of a suspension of work, the Employer may defeat this rule if it justifies that such a danger arose due to the professional negligence of the Contractor, who should have and could have identified the need for additional work on the stage when the suspension of the entire cycle of contracting activities could not create such a threat. The general approach to the application of the provisions of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation will not change, even if the additional work actually performed, not taken into account in the design and estimate documentation, was included in the acceptance certificate, that is, when the customer, who did not express consent to additional work, nevertheless accepted them . From the meaning of paragraph 1 of Article 753 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, it follows that, according to the acceptance certificate, the customer is obliged to accept the result that corresponds to the technical documentation, that is, the customer's assignment. Consequently, the signing of the acceptance certificate is a consequence of the execution of the work contract on previously agreed terms. Therefore, the acceptance certificate cannot be considered as a document by virtue of which the customer automatically agrees to any additional work not provided for in the technical documentation and estimates, and, accordingly, cannot be the basis for amending the contract. In other words, such an act confirms only the availability of work, but not consent to their implementation and payment. This is all the more true when additional work performed by the contractor without the consent of the customer is inextricably linked with the work that complies with the terms of the contract. Obviously, under such conditions, the customer, who is obliged to accept the works ordered by him, is forced to accept additional works, since it is practically impossible otherwise. The conclusions drawn regarding the procedure for applying Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation when additional work is included in the acceptance certificate are confirmed by extensive judicial practice (see, for example, the Resolutions of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North-Western District dated January 27, 2005 in case N A21-273 / 04-C2, Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Central District dated 07/14/2011 in case N A09-3816 / 2009, FAS of the Volga District dated 07/05/2011 in case N A65-449 / 2010 and dated 07/26/2011 in case N A57-3611 / 2010, FAS of the Volga-Vyatka District dated 05.07. 2011 in case N A79-7128 / 2009, etc.), which has long been established taking into account the information letter of the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation) dated January 24, 2000 N 51 "Overview of the practice of resolving disputes under a construction contract" (hereinafter referred to as information letter No. 51). In particular, in paragraph 10 of the information letter N 51, the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation pointed out the following:

"The contractor, who did not inform the customer about the need to perform additional work not included in the technical documentation, is not entitled to demand payment for these works even if such work was included in the acceptance certificate signed by the customer's representative.<...>

According to Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a contractor who discovers during construction works not taken into account in the technical documentation and, therefore, the need for additional work and an increase in the estimated cost of construction, is obliged to inform the customer about this. If the customer does not receive a response to his message within the prescribed period, the contractor is obliged to suspend additional work. If this obligation is not fulfilled, the contractor is deprived of the right to demand payment from the customer for additional work performed by him and compensation for the losses caused by this. The contractor did not inform the customer about the need to perform additional work not included in the technical documentation, but performed them without the consent of the latter and included them in the work acceptance certificate along with the work performed in accordance with the contract. The customer did not give his consent to these works and subsequently. Since the contractor violated the obligation stipulated by paragraph 3 of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, he is not entitled to demand payment from the customer for additional work even if the certificate of acceptance of construction and installation works is signed by the representative of the customer, since this act only confirms the fact that the contractor has performed work, and not the consent of the customer to pay for additional work.

PECULIARITIES OF IMPLEMENTATION BY THE CONTRACTOR OF ADDITIONAL WORKS NOT INCLUDED IN THE ESTIMATE WHEN PERFORMING A CONTRACT FOR STATE NEEDS

The basics for regulating contract work for state needs are established by paragraph 5 of Chapter 37 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In particular, in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 763 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, contract construction work intended to meet state needs is carried out on the basis of an appropriate state contract. The law on contracts for state or municipal needs applies to relations under these contracts to the extent not regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Thus, the procedure for the implementation of contract construction work for state needs is primarily regulated by the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and can be clarified by special legislation. In other words, the nature and content of the duties assigned to the contractor, as well as the procedure for their implementation and the consequences of non-fulfillment, are determined taking into account the provisions of paragraphs 5 and 3 of Chapter 37 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as Federal Law No. goods, performance of work, provision of services for state and municipal needs" (hereinafter - Law N 94-FZ). The latter, in the absence of a special law on contracts for state needs, is subject to application to all state contracts (the conclusion is also confirmed by part 2 of article 9 of Law N 94-FZ). Based on the foregoing, among the features of the legal regulation of the state contract for the performance of construction work, affecting the performance of the contractor's work, the following can be attributed. Firstly, in a general way, the obligation of the contractor associated with the discovery of the need for additional work not taken into account in the estimate is governed by the provisions of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Secondly, any change in the terms of a state contract unilaterally or by agreement of the parties is allowed only in cases provided for by law (paragraph 2 of Article 767 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Thirdly, according to part 4.1 (as well as part 7.2) of article 9 of Law N 94-FZ, the price of the contract is fixed and cannot be changed during its execution, except for the cases established by parts 4.2, 6, 6.2 - 6.4 of article 9 of the said law (in particular, we are talking about government contracts worth 500 million rubles or more, about cases of changes in prices for services of natural monopoly entities). In other words, the law restricts the freedom of expression of will of the parties regarding the change in the price of the state contract (and, as a result, its subject matter), significantly narrowing the legal possibilities of the contractor to receive payment for additional work. Summing up the above, it can be noted that the relations of the parties under the state contract for the performance of contract construction work are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the specifics established by Law N 94-FZ. This means that the question of the contractor's actions in cases where it is found necessary to carry out additional work not included in the estimate should be determined on the basis of the provisions of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, but adjusted for the specifics of pricing in the state contract. This specificity is expressed in the fact that the estimate is recognized as firm and can be changed only in cases expressly specified in Law N 94-FZ. In fact, this means that the contractor can count on obtaining the consent of the customer to carry out additional work that entails an increase in the estimate in extremely limited cases. Without going into the question of how justified this approach to the regulation of public contracts, it should be recognized that it is often legally impossible to change a public contract even by agreement of the parties in the form of additional work and, as a result, an increase in the cost of the estimate. Theoretically, such a situation can be considered as a special risk for the contractor when carrying out entrepreneurial activities if he is a party to a government contract. A special legal remedy to minimize this risk is the possibility of suspending work. True, it should be noted that in the conditions of the impossibility of changing the price of a state contract, the situation becomes a dead end, since the contractor will still not be able to count on payment for additional work, unless the parties conclude a new contract (taking into account the specifics of concluding state contracts, this seems unlikely or at least requiring a significant amount of time - ed.) or they will not review the scope of the ordered works in order to identify unnecessary works that can be replaced by additional ones. In general, the analysis of judicial practice allows us to confirm the conclusions drawn. For example, the court of cassation dismissed a claim for debt collection under a state contract for repair work, since additional work was not provided for by local estimates and was not agreed with the administration. In support of its conclusions, the court emphasized the following. Under a construction contract, the contractor undertakes, within the time period established by the contract, to build a certain facility on the instructions of the customer or perform other construction work, and the customer undertakes to create the necessary conditions for the contractor to perform the work, accept their result and pay the stipulated price (paragraph 1 of Article 740 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). As established by paragraph 1 of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the contractor is obliged to carry out construction and related work in accordance with the technical documentation that determines the scope, content of work and other requirements for them, and with an estimate that determines the price of work. Unless otherwise specified in the construction contract, it is assumed that the contractor is obliged to perform all the work specified in the technical documentation and in the estimate. Article 9 (part 4.1) of Law N 94-FZ determines that the price of a state or municipal contract is fixed and cannot be changed during its execution, except in cases where a contract is concluded on the basis of paragraph 2.1 of part 2 of article 55 of this Law, as well as cases where established by parts 4.2, 6, 6.2 - 6.4 of the named article. The price of a state or municipal contract may be reduced by agreement of the parties without changing the quantity of goods, scope of work, services and other conditions for the execution of the state or municipal contract stipulated by the contract. As seen from the case file, the plaintiff, without the consent of the defendant, changed the list of works under the contract. From the correspondence of the parties presented in the case file, it follows that the work performed to repair the heating system and install the ventilation system does not correspond to local estimates Nos. 1 and 4. Reducing the cost of work with a simultaneous change in their type, aimed, in the opinion of society, at saving, contradicts the requirements of the current legislation (Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North-Western District of August 31, 2010 in case N A56-76086 / 2009).

CONSEQUENCES OF PERFORMING ADDITIONAL WORK WITHOUT OBTAINING THE CONSENT OF THE CUSTOMER

By virtue of the direct indication of paragraph 4 of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the contractor is deprived of the right to pay for additional work actually performed, albeit included in the acceptance certificate, if they are performed without the consent of the customer. Even if we do not consider the above consequences in the form of deprivation of the right to pay for work as a civil sanction for violation by the contractor of the obligation to obtain the consent of the customer, in such situations, the occurrence of unjust enrichment on the side of the customer is also excluded in cases where additional work not taken into account in the estimate, being an integral part of the main works included in the subject of the contract, were accepted according to the acceptance certificate. Thus, according to paragraph 1 of Article 1102 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the obligation to return unjust enrichment arises only in cases where a person, without legal grounds, has acquired or saved property at the expense of another person. However, in the case of a construction contract, there is a corresponding legal basis. By virtue of the law, they are the indication of paragraph 4 of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation that the contractor is deprived of the right to pay for work. It should be noted that this conclusion is confirmed in judicial practice. In particular, reference may be made to the following judgments. The court of cassation, refusing to recover unjust enrichment, pointed out the following. Based on the meaning of paragraph 1 of Article 1102 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, obligations from unjust enrichment arise when three conditions are simultaneously present: the fact of acquiring or saving property, that is, increasing the value of the acquirer’s own property, adding new values to it, or preserving that property that, for all legal reasons, inevitably had to go out of his property; the acquisition or saving of property at the expense of another person, as well as the absence of legal grounds for the acquisition or saving of property by one person at the expense of another. In filing a claim, the plaintiff referred to the fact that the Moscow Government unjustly enriched itself at the expense of the plaintiff, who performed work at the facility to a greater extent than was stipulated by the state contract. Paragraph 3 of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the contractor, who discovered during the construction work not taken into account in the technical documentation and, therefore, the need for additional work and an increase in the estimated cost of construction, is obliged to inform the customer about this. If the customer does not receive a response to his message within ten days, unless the law or the construction contract provides for a different period for this, the contractor is obliged to suspend the relevant work with the attribution of losses caused by downtime to the customer's account. The customer is exempted from compensation for these losses if he proves that there is no need for additional work. The plaintiff did not provide evidence of the need to perform the work, for the recovery of the cost of which claims were made in this case, and evidence of the coordination of their implementation (Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Moscow District of 02.09.2011 in case No. A40-62571 / 08-22-543). The claim for the recovery of unjust enrichment was denied, since additional work not agreed with the customer is considered to be performed by the contractor under the municipal contract. The court made such a conclusion by establishing that the contractor under the municipal contract revealed inconsistencies in the auction documentation regarding the finished foundations and the heating system, which led to an increase in the volume of construction and installation work and their cost, but did not notify the customer about the increase in the volume and cost of construction and installation work ( Decree of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the West Siberian District of August 23, 2011 in case N A27-1404 / 2011). The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation refused to review the judicial acts in the case of recovery of unjust enrichment in the order of supervision due to the fact that the disputed work was not provided for by the terms of the state contracts concluded between the plaintiff and the defendant for the performance of work on the overhaul of the defendant's premises (Determination of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated 03.23.2012 No BAC-2954/12). Summing up all the above, we can note the following. By virtue of a direct prescription of the law, a contractor who has not fulfilled the obligations specified in clause 3 of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation to notify the customer of the need for additional work that entails an increase in the estimate, and, accordingly, to suspend work in the event of non-response, is deprived of the right to demand payment from the customer for the work performed by him additional work and compensation for the losses caused by this, which is confirmed by judicial practice. Formally, by virtue of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the contractor receives the right to carry out additional work no earlier than the corresponding changes are made to the technical documentation and estimates by drawing up an additional agreement to the contract or amending the relevant annexes to it. An analysis of judicial practice suggests that the risk of challenging the legality of additional work on a purely formal basis (corresponding changes have not been made to the contract or annexes to it) exists, although it is not significant. Nevertheless, in order to avoid disputable situations, it is necessary initially in the contract to pay special attention to the procedure for obtaining and issuing approvals for the performance of additional work, as well as to bring the process of fixing the agreements reached to the end. The attribution to the contractor of all costs for the performance of additional work without the consent of the customer can be considered as a kind of civil sanction for improper performance by the contractor of duties and, in fact, violation of the will of the parties. The relations of the parties under the state contract for the performance of contract construction work are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the specifics established by Law N 94-FZ. The specificity of the legal regulation of state contracts of this kind is expressed in the fact that the price is recognized as fixed and cannot be changed without a corresponding indication of the law. This means that the contractor can count on the legal registration of the customer's consent to carry out additional work that entails an increase in the estimate, only in exceptional cases. Under the current legal regulation, this circumstance can theoretically be considered as a special entrepreneurial risk of a contractor performing work under a state contract. Deprivation of the right to pay for work not included in the estimate and performed without the consent of the customer is expressly provided for by law (paragraph 4 of Article 743 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Even without taking into account the specifics of the price change in the state contract, it is impossible to talk about the occurrence of unjust enrichment on the customer's side if additional work is accepted by him under the acceptance certificate, since the customer receives the results of such work without payment is directly provided for by law. In such cases, it is presumed that the amount of work performed does not exceed the amount of work originally agreed in the contract.

Sergeev A.P., Doctor of Law, Professor of the Department of Civil Law, Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg State University of Economics.

Tereshchenko T.A., PhD in Law, Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law of the Faculty of Law, St. Petersburg State University of Economics.

The material was published in the journal "Arbitration Disputes" (the official bulletin of the FAS SZO).

According to the concluded contract for capital construction, it became necessary to perform additional work previously not taken into account in the estimate (the enterprise is the customer under the contract). The cost of additional work under the additional estimate exceeds 10% of the main estimate. The price of the contract is fixed (there is no indication in the contract that it is approximate), but the parties draw up an additional agreement for the performance of additional work. At the same time, the contractor applies to the price of work other multiplying coefficients than those applied to the main work, referring to the fact that new coefficients are already in force on the date of additional work. The coefficients are approved by the contractor's internal methodology for determining the cost of construction, installation and repair work. This Methodology was developed in accordance with MDS 81-35.2004. The customer agrees to pay for additional work, but using the same multiplying factor that was applied to the price of the main work. Additional work was not previously taken into account in the primary technical documentation. An additional agreement and estimate by the parties to the work contract have not yet been signed. The contract contains a condition according to which, in the event that in the process of performing work under the contract it is necessary to perform work that was not taken into account when agreeing on the contract or taken into account in smaller volumes, as well as when the customer makes changes to the documentation transferred to the contractor, the contractor accepts additional work on the same conditions as the main work, if they are specialized.
Is the client right in this situation? Can the customer refer to paragraph 6 of Art. 709 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in this case?

1. According to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the performance of the contract is paid at the price established by agreement of the parties. The contract specifies the price of the work to be performed or methods for determining it (the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In the case under consideration, the price of the contract was determined in accordance with the estimated standards in construction established by the Methodology for determining the cost of construction products on the territory of the Russian Federation MDS 81-35.2004, approved by the Decree of the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation dated 05.03.2004 N 15/1. Indices of changes in the estimated cost are developed quarterly by type of construction by the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services (Minstroy of Russia). After drawing up an estimate, to convert the cost of work and costs into the current (market) price, conversion factors to the current price level are applied (see also the Fifteenth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated July 13, 2017 N 15AP-10064/17). In this regard, we believe that the parties to the contract have the opportunity to provide and specify the procedure in which the contractor has the right to apply increasing indices and coefficients to additional contract work.
At the same time, taking into account the basic principle of freedom of contract (the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), the parties may also provide for other legal consequences for the contractor if it becomes necessary to carry out additional contract work. In this case, the parties agreed on the performance of additional work by the contractor on the same terms as the main work. This provision of the contract, in our opinion, excludes the possibility of the contractor to demand the application of increasing coefficients for additional work. However, in any case, the final solution of this issue depends on the specific circumstances and can be achieved only by agreement of the parties, and in its absence - only by the court.
2. The main purpose of a fixed price is to protect the customer from the risks of a possible increase in the cost of construction, associated, in particular, with an increase in the volume of work to be performed. That is, a fixed price, within the meaning of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is payable by the customer for the result of the work as a whole, regardless of how much work the contractor had to perform to achieve this result.
The general provisions on the contract, enshrined in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, by virtue of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are also subject to application to relations arising from a construction contract, unless otherwise established by special norms of the Russian Federation on construction contracts. The conditions for performing and paying for additional work under a construction contract are regulated by the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The legal consequences of performing additional work specified in this article are due to an increase in the price of a construction contract, which is changed in accordance with the rules of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Consequently, the customer’s obligation to pay for additional work arises only if such work by type, volume and price was agreed upon by the customer and the latter agreed to their performance by the contractor and subsequent payment (see also the Arbitration Court of the Volga District of 04/05/2016 N F06-7261 / 16, of the Seventeenth Arbitration Court of Appeal of 09/08/2016 N 17AP-1008/16, of the Arbitration Court of the Moscow District of 03/02/2018 N F05-494/18, of the Arbitration Court of the Moscow District of 05/23/2018 N F05-5122/18 ).

Prepared answer:
Legal Consulting Service Expert GARANT
Ivanov Alexander

Response quality control:
Reviewer of the Legal Consulting Service GARANT
Barseghyan Artem

The material was prepared on the basis of an individual written consultation provided as part of the Legal Consulting service.

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M.: PROMEDIA

Scenarios where the classics talk about the main problems of upbringing and education.

On the contrary, this is only one side of knowledge, it is still only a lower knowledge; higher volume 'yo a world moral

"GENERALIZATION OF EXPERIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF A RATIONAL SCHEME OF ELECTROMECHANIZATION OF FODDER PREPARATION IN THE UCHHOZ TSHA "SHCHAPOVO"" ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

Animal feed must be fed prepared. The methods of their preparation depend on the type and quality of feed, as well as on the type, age and productivity of the animals. Feed preparation accounts for 25-30% of all labor costs produced on farms. Good preparation of feed for feeding on modern large farms without mechanization would require a lot of labor. The mechanization of fodder preparation increases labor productivity, frees up labor, improves the quality of fodder, and makes it possible to prepare new species; fodder and facilitate the work of workers.

mechanized, simple in construction of technological lines, correct aggregation of machines, volume<...>Volume "1. p. l. Typ. TSHA. Order. 847. Tyr.

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ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND SALES OF MILK IN THE REGIONAL PRODUCT SUB-COMPLEX ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the main directions for improving the organization of milk production and the main integration processes, related to its implementation within the dairy subcomplex.

. , " " „Scope and structure of the dissertation.<...>Zones, Indicators > \ Annual volume ; purchases of milk; thousand tons in % of total; :.<...>However, our calculations show.. > that the planned volume of milk replacer production can<...>service, "in which - by the forces of farms carried out daily maintenance (ETO) and the main volume<...>L 92935 22 / X-87 g, "Volume 1 p. "Ch. Order 2961. Circulation 100 Printing house of the Moscow Agricultural Academy.

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The metasomatic nature of the weathering crust is considered and a metasomatic model for the formation and transformation (diagenesis, catagenesis) of the bauxite-bearing lateritic profile of the CMA is proposed. The theoretically possible cases of metasomatic replacement are confirmed in the model. The essence of hypergene metasomatism lies in the work of the boundary phase, in which the transformation of free surface energy into bound energy through the condensation of a new substance and bound into free energy through the elimination of old interfacial surfaces and the formation of new ones is observed. Metasomatism manifests itself both at the macroscopic (rock) level in the formation of zones of primary and secondary zonation, and at the mineral level, where all the paradoxes of metasomatism are most clearly manifested. The proposed model made it possible to significantly concretize and deepen the understanding of the mechanism of formation of bauxite-bearing laterite profiles.

substitution Under the conditions of metasomatism, three cases of substitution of one mineral by another are theoretically possible:<...>Issue. 9 8 in the coordinated work of all 3 functional zones, which leads to the replacement of "volume by volume<...>Issue. 9 10 gibbsite spots in glasses occurs before cohesive contraction, they "keep the volume" of the unconsolidated<...>Higher in the section, the number of spots-points increases, and the volume of pseudocement (ground mass) decreases.

IRRIGATION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS BY FLOODING LARGE CHECKS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

NOVOCHERKASSKY ENGINEERING AND RECLAIMING INSTITUTE

1. Choice of rational area of checks. 2. Establishment of optimal costs for checks of various areas. 3. The nature of flooding and distribution of water on the checks of different areas, different configurations, with different tillage and different crops

The total volume of the dissertation is 223 pages of typewritten text and consists of the following sections<...>it was found that the Khvalynsk chocolate clays in the area under consideration have a loose structure (with "vol<...>The largest volume of irrigation water is usually retained in the first meter layer (see Table 3). N-.<...>Polivn. net rate M-Vra Volume reset.<...>Volume " M / i p. l. PK 001.17 Order P649 Circulation 170 copies.

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OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SOME TREE STANDS IN THE NORTH-WEST OF THE EUROPEAN PART OF THE USSR ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

LENINGRAD ORDER OF LENIN FOREST ACADEMY IM. S. M. KIROVA

Investigation of the whole complex of factors determining the absorption of radiant energy in various forest stands

M-27412 Zak. 388 Volume "1 item, l.".. . Circulation^225: -. ! .Paper 60X92".""

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MAIN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD CAPITALIST MARKET OF AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW STATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

MAIN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD CAPITALIST MARKET OF AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD

acquisition of agricultural machinery in Western Europe, as a result of which it surpassed the United States in terms of volume<...>But then a turning point came in the development of the industry: in 1948-1955. physical, physical output did not increase<...>In 1960, the countries of Western Europe, relying on rapidly growing demand, surpassed the United States in terms of production<...>In 1962, the volume of production of agricultural equipment in Germany (761 million dollars) was 35%<...>The export of capital in the postwar years had a significant, and in some cases decisive, impact on the volume of

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MECHANIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL LABOR PROCESSES IS THE MOST IMPORTANT BASIS FOR GROWTH OF ITS PRODUCTIVITY (BY THE MATERIALS OF COLLECTIVE HOUSES OF THE TATAR ASSR) ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES

LENINGRAD ORDER OF LENIN STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER A. A. ZHDANOV

Work goals. In this paper, an attempt is made, on the basis of an analysis of specific materials of the collective farms of the Tatar ASSR, to study and generalize achievements in the field of mechanization, to show the advanced experience of collective farms in the struggle to complete comprehensive mechanization, to identify reserves in increasing the efficient use of the machine and tractor fleet and increasing labor productivity.

The volume of work performed by the machine and tractor fleets of the MTS of the Republic increased over this period (translated<...>In value terms, the volume of these means of labor increased from 1957 to 1965 by more than 9 times.<...>In agriculture, the amount of work done is not directly proportional to the product obtained.

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M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND THE ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER AND THE ORDER OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION STATE UNIVERSITY IM. M. V. LOMONOSOV

PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH. The purpose of this work is to study the genetic basis of cherry resistance to coccomycosis.

. ::. VOLUME AND STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS.<...>The volume of the dissertation is 152 pages of typewritten text; consists of an introduction, a statement of the state of the issue

IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATION AND INCREASING THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF POTATO PRODUCTION IN THE FAR EAST (ON THE EXAMPLE OF FARMS OF THE AMUR REGION) ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND THE ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

Based on the analysis and study of the state of potato growing, to find reserves for a further increase in potato production on collective farms and state farms of the Amur Region, to develop issues of improving the organization and increasing the economic efficiency of the industry in the light of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the further development of agriculture" dated July 3, 1978.

Structure and scope of work.<...>Volume "1 p. l. "Order-1161. Circulation 100 academy. K. A.

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COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF DOWNLOAD AND DOWNLOAD PROCESSING OF PURE FALLOW IN GRAIN FALLOW ROOT OF THE CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF MNR ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

M.: MOSCOW ORDER OF LENIN AND THE ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY NAMED AFTER K. A. TIMIRYAZEV

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF DOWNLOAD AND DOWNLOAD TREATMENT OF PURE FALLOW IN THE GRAIN FALLOW ROOT IN THE CENTRAL AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF MNR

Volumetric, the weight of the soil in a layer of 0-30 cm is about 1.6 g / cm3, the specific gravity of its solid .. phase is 2.70-2.77 g / cm3.<...>of the year. " * "-V "" ""./. ,.:;: . """""," " ; Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" Volume

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MOUSE-LIKE RODENTS OF THE PENZA REGION AND THE MEASURES TO CONTROL THEM IN THE PLACES OF THEIR WINTER CONCENTRATIONS ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

SARATOV AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE

1. To identify the entire species fauna of mouse-like rodents in the Penza region, to determine the habitats and abundance of species in the main habitats. 2. To study the spatial distribution of the most important species throughout the region and identify areas of their increased abundance. 3. Track all changes in the number of mouse-like rodents, determine the causes and patterns of these changes in the conditions of our region.

crops of grain crops, seeded grasses, and natural hayfields and their average yield, we calculated the volume<...>hay and straw that remain on the fields of the Penza region: By means of average ratios of weight to their volume<...>received a total volume of about 30 million cubic meters of hay and straw, which is about 220 thousand stacks

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PRINCIPLES OF CREATING PINE AND OAK CROPS IN THE FOREST-STEPPE OF THE UkrSSR ABSTRACT DIS. ... CANDIDATE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Hence, the relevance of finding out the causes of failures in the creation of mixed pine-oak crops and the development of measures to ensure the cultivation of sustainable and highly productive stands of such a composition is obvious.

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FOREST LITTER, ITS STRUCTURE, FORMATION AND ROLE IN THE BIOLOGICAL CYCLE OF ASH AND NITROGEN IN PINE FORESTS IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE SUBZONE OF BROAD-LEAVED FORESTS ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

ALL-UNION ORDER OF LENIN ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES NAMED AFTER V. I. LENIN

In the dissertation work, materials are presented on the study of the processes of formation, decomposition and structure of forest litter of pine plantations, and their role in the biological cycle of ash nutrition elements and nitrogen is considered.

The total volume of the manuscript is 407 typewritten pages with an appendix of a list of references of 488 titles.<...>Volume, volumetric weight and water properties of forest litter The volumetric weight of the litter is related to the amount and<...>biological cycle, since the breed of an admixture can, by its increased consumption, so increase the volume<...>The assessment of the breed should be given both in terms of speed and volume of circulation.<...>an admixture rock accelerates the biological cycle of an element by a value less than it increases its volume

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PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF LACTATION OF FAT COWS ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTORS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

INSTITUTE OF ECOLOGY OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS OF THE URAL BRANCH OF THE USSR AS

Our studies were carried out on fat-milk and liquid-milk groups of cows, allocated within each breed.

The volume of the dissertation is 443 pages of typescript, 70 tables, 35 drawings.<...>The presence of a well-developed heart in high-fat dairy cows provides a greater systolic blood volume.<...>For each cow, the maximum alveolar volume of the gland (MAO) was determined.<...>MAO - 19 Copyright OJSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" volume I I+ I I I+ IV (pituitrin)<...>Volume 3 p. l. Zach. 700 Regional printing house, Vologda, st. Kalinina, 3.

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DYNAMICS OF FERTILITY OF CHERNOZEM AND CHESTNUT SOILS IN VOLGOGRAD REGION UNDER DIFFERENT FIELD CROPS ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

KHARKIV ORDER OF LABOR RED BANNER AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER V. V. DOKUCHAEV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 1. Under tilled crops, even if they are re-cultivated for 3-4 years, the physical properties of the soil do not noticeably deteriorate, after them atmospheric precipitation is better absorbed, the process of nutrient mobilization proceeds more intensively, with careful care of them, the soil is cleared of weeds . Therefore, where it is economically feasible, repeated crops of corn can be widely used for several years in a row, but fertilizers must be applied. 2. Under annual crops, especially under tilled crops, some of the stems of which should be left for snow retention, the soil does not dry out as much as under grasses. During the agricultural season, under them, not only destruction is observed, but also the restoration of water-resistant aggregates, the dynamics of the structural-aggregate composition is clearly expressed. At the same time, in a pair with a favorable hydrothermal regime, there are more water-stable aggregates in certain periods of observations per season than under perennial grasses of the second year of use. However, the soil structure under fallow is more labile...

The dissertation has a volume of "636 pages, including 175 tables; illustrated by 42 figures

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No. 4 [Anesthesiology and resuscitation, 2014]

Founded in 1956 (under the name "Experimental Surgery and Anesthesiology", since 1977 - "Anesthesiology and Resuscitation"). The editor-in-chief of the journal is Bunyatyan Armen Artavazdovich - academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, professor, head of the department of anesthesiology and resuscitation of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Russian Scientific Center for Surgery named after A.I. Academician B.V. Petrovsky RAMS, head of the department of anesthesiology and resuscitation FPPOV SBEE HPE First Moscow State Medical University. THEM. Sechenov. journal of clinical direction. The journal focuses on the problems of general anesthesia in surgery, intensive care and resuscitation. A significant place on the pages of the journal is occupied by the promotion of advanced methods of anesthesiology and resuscitation in obstetrics, gynecology and pediatrics (including micropediatrics), dentistry, otorhinolaryngology, outpatient practice and much more. , poisoning, infectious diseases). The journal publishes reviews and lectures on topical issues of anesthesiology and resuscitation, discussion articles, (acquaints readers with the methodology and practice of teaching general anesthesiology, intensive care and resuscitation). Related issues of physiology, pharmacology and hematology are covered. The journal widely covers the issues of the use of new anesthetic equipment, means of monitoring monitoring and express diagnostics, and introduces new drugs for anesthesia. Publishes minutes of meetings of the societies of anesthesiologists and resuscitators of Moscow, reports on world congresses, congresses and plenums of the board of the Scientific Society of Anesthesiologists and Resuscitators, information materials and reviews of various publications. For practical anesthesiologists and resuscitators, a special section has been introduced, dedicated to rare or instructive practical observations, errors and complications with their analysis and comments by leading experts.

Adjustment of positive end-expiratory pressure in parenchymal ARF: static pressure-volume loop<...>The volume of infusion therapy after spinal anesthesia did not differ in the groups and included 1300 ±<...>The volume of ingested concentrated UA (according to history) ranged from 25 to 50 ml.<...>alveoli (the volume of lung closure).<...>It was difficult to focus on the expiratory volume due to the presence of leaks, the inspiratory volume was regulated by analogy

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CAUCASIAN BROWN BREED OF CATTLE IN THE ARMENIAN SSR AND WAYS TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF ITS IMPROVEMENT ABSTRACT DIS. ... DOCTOR OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

ALL-UNION SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE ZhIVOT

Purpose and objectives of research. The main goal of the work is to study the productive and breeding qualities of cattle of the Caucasian brown breed in the Armenian SSR and the development of effective methods ...

.̂ -".Volume ;-; of the thesis.^ "Thesis ^cocTOHT.,-H3 ,̂BBeAeHHH îl2i">!v>.u. ^.<...>indicators of the size of the main measurements (width, length, depth, girth), as well as the conditional value and volume<...>Average "Crossbreeds.ethnxSgenotypes more cows with" / Uvannoobrazny" and "bowl-shaped udder, volume and<...>^^:g,":g^>-.""""-"*""^ ; ;>."„:*; It is planned to increase the volume of "use^1 of Swiss bulls:---^*; ."<...>"-" Bring the volume; their use is up to 50 thousand cows" in * the next 7 *" ; term: :V,i7v". 1V~~

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Laboratory workshop on general and inorganic chemistry. Part 1

VSU Publishing House

V is the volume of the substance.<...>Table 4.1 No. of test tube Volume of NaIO3 solution, ml Volume of Na2S2O3 solution, ml Volume of H2O, ml Color appearance time<...>Table 4.2 No. of test tube Volume of Na2S2O3 solution, ml Volume of H2SO4 solution, ml Volume of H2O, ml  – appearance time<...>Table 4.3 No. of test tube Volume of solution Na2S2O3, ml Volume of solution H2SO4, ml Temperature t , oC,  – appearance time<...>Table 6.3 Volume of water in the flask and tube, ml Water temperature t, °C Atmospheric pressure, kPa Volume of collected

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#4 [Practical Marketing, 2006]

The purpose of the magazine "Practical Marketing" is to provide readers with information that can help in making effective strategic and tactical decisions in the field of marketing. The contents of the journal are scientific articles on various issues of marketing, methodological developments, educational materials, review and analysis of markets, examples of marketing research: their goals, opportunities, results.

the basic criteria for the events to be formed should be formulated on the basis of the appropriate scope<...>The sample size is 402 people.

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No. 7 [Geology, geophysics and development of oil and gas fields, 2018]

Methods for a comprehensive assessment of the oil and gas content of territories, calculation of reserves; issues of assessing the influence of geological and physical factors on the indicators of field development.

Elementary representative volume in reservoir physics. Part 2.<...>and to the volume of its solid phase, respectively.<...>However, this method is limited by a number of unaccounted for factors, which leads to some errors.<...>The volume of a standard size sample is  20.9 cm3.<...>The volume of a full-sized core sample with a diameter of 100 mm was  785.4 cm3.

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Equilibrium of liquids and its stability

The book deals with well-known classical and some new problems on the equilibrium of liquid masses under the action of capillary forces, as well as the forces of gravitational, electric and magnetic fields. Almost all cases of equilibrium of liquids and liquid films are investigated for stability. Descriptions and results of simple experiments illustrating the phenomena of equilibrium and stability (instability) of liquid masses are given. A number of theoretical and experimental tasks for self-study have been formulated.

In view of this, the volume of vapor under the droplet will be considered cylindrical, with radius r and height h.<...>Thus, they are evenly distributed over the volume of the carrier fluid and participate in its flow.<...>For one spherical layer, we have 2 1 2 0 dVEdW εε= dV volume of the spherical layer.<...>If the spherical layer is located at a distance r from the center of the ball, then its volume is equal to drrdV 24π= .<...>The volume of a body of revolution is calculated by the formula ∑ = Δπ= 1 2 k k yxV . 1.13.3.

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#4 [Oilfield Engineering, 2018]

Technique and technology of development, production, collection, transportation, treatment of oil and gas, methods of reservoir stimulation and enhanced oil recovery, current equipment overhauls.

It is necessary to correctly distribute the injected volume among the interlayers.<...>The cell volume corresponding to this jump was the volume of the heavy phase.<...>The volume of the light phase was calculated from the difference between the volumes of the mixture and the heavy phase.<...>compressibility and specific volume.<...>An example of a PV isotherm of a mixture in the coordinates "pressure - relative volume" (volume relative to volume at

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No. 1 [School Library, 2014]

Published since 2000. Information and Methodological Journal of the Russian School Library Association. Main topics: state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of education and librarianship; the school library is a cognitive resource of the educational environment; media and information literacy; secure Internet; international and Russian conferences, meetings, seminars; annual all-Russian forums of school librarians "Mikhailovskoe". Articles of the best scientists and librarians of the country about the history, modern problems and prospects for the development of school libraries. Innovative ideas and projects: promotion and assistance in implementation. International projects of RSHBA. Educational and methodological developments of leading universities to help the teacher-librarian. Social protection of school librarians. Tab: Calendar of significant dates. Supplement to the magazine "Exhibition in the school library". The journal is intended for school librarians, fund methodologists, teachers, library and information faculties of universities, advanced training institutes. 10 issues per year.

Naro "Fominsk: Informativeness and accessibility, volume" of material on a topic that is very important and essential<...>Good readers have a large memory capacity and an active creative imagination, have a better command of speech,<...>In terms of volume, the review can be different - from small to very lengthy.

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General theory of legal liability monograph

Moscow: Russian Academy of Justice

The book deals with a wide range of issues of the theory and practice of legal liability: the concept, types, legal regulation, the actions of general legal and special principles of legal liability, the features of procedural activities for the appointment of legal liability measures, their implementation. The grounds for exclusion of legal liability and exemption from legal liability are also highlighted. General theoretical conclusions and generalizations take into account the latest achievements of domestic jurisprudence on these issues and the practice of constitutional and legislative regulation in the context of the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, its contribution to the development of the theory of legal responsibility.

Responsibility primarily reflects the scale, scope, i.e. debt limits.<...>The content (volume) of the concept of "legal responsibility" // Problems of the theory of state and law / Under<...>from each other concepts - "hidden income", "underestimated income", "hidden object of taxation", "unaccounted for<...>liability for concealment or underestimation of income (profit) or the amount of tax, for other hidden or unrecorded<...>the meaning of the content of Art. 331 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR, came to the conclusion that this article provides for a different scope

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#3 [Medical Imaging, 2010]

A scientific and practical publication covering the latest technologies and equipment for obtaining and analyzing medical diagnostic images, methods for the clinical use of the entire arsenal of radiation diagnostic methods; considering medical and technical problems.

control CT is minimally invasive, allows you to establish the structure of the pathological process when the volume<...>The scope of the study - from the level of the spinous process of the VII cervical vertebra. 5.<...>The volume of the contrast agent is 80–100 ml. 10. Holding the breath - at the depth of inspiration. eleven.<...>For "to suspect cholesteatoma in the postoperative cavity, indirect signs were allowed: volumetric character<...>and infiltrative changes in the lung tissue of unknown etiology, tumor formations, cavitary

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The dynamics of provision of the housing stock with centralized water supply has been determined. Share of leaks and unaccounted for water consumption for 2000-2012 in the Astrakhan region increased by 2 times, in the Volgograd region. almost didn't change. A decrease in specific water consumption for household and drinking needs was revealed. The values of the proportion of unsatisfactory samples in terms of sanitary-chemical and microbiological indicators in the reservoirs of the first category are given. It was revealed that the situation with the provision of the population with drinking water that meets safety requirements is improving very slowly.

In the Astrakhan region for 12 years of the 21st century. the volume of water used for household and drinking needs has decreased<...>However, according to experts, residents of Russian cities do not consume such a huge amount of water,<...>water in relation to the volume of water supplied to the network.<...>The volume of groundwater use varies considerably by region.<...>According to official data from Rosstat, the share of leaks and unaccounted for water consumption in relation to the volume

For the civilized development of the real estate market, it is necessary to ensure the observance of the rights of all its participants: both professional realtors and builders, and consumers themselves. However, in our country, the law enforcement system is built in such a way that the ability to protect their interests with the consumer is much wider and much easier to implement than the ability to protect the interests of a commercial organization - a real estate company. The interests of the consumer are directly or indirectly guarded by a variety of regulatory authorities, including the tax inspectorate, departments for combating economic crimes, the antimonopoly committee, Rospotrebnadzor and other bodies, which in most cases, in the event of a conflict between the consumer and the real estate company, with great joy and poorly concealed pleasure literally rush to the aid of the consumer, organizing any control checks and issuing prescriptions

Adding to this the damage from unrecorded kickbacks in favor of employees (who, depending on the situation,<...>range from 500 to 10,000 dollars), it is easy to understand that there is a huge “black” unaccounted for<...>the amount of real estate remuneration, which, according to Prostor specialists, can be

COMMERCIAL USE OF THE POPULATION OF BREAM (ABRAMIS BRAMA LINNAEUS, 1758) IN THE VOLGA-CASPIAN REGION [Electronic resource] / Levashina, Ivanov // Bulletin of the Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fisheries.- 2014 .- No. 2 .- P. 38-50 .- Access mode: https://site/efd/504444

The bream is the most numerous type of fishery among the semi-anadromous and river fish of the Volga-Caspian region. Bream catches in the middle of the 20th century. reached about 60 thousand tons and accounted for almost 1/3 of the total catch of semi-anadromous and river fish. Currently, in the Volga-Caspian region, bream catches have decreased to 7.6 thousand tons in 2012, and its share in the catches does not exceed 22–23%. Effort and catch per fishing effort are at a low level. On the basis of long-term statistical data and analysis of natural and anthropogenic factors, the characteristics of bream fishing are presented: areas, timing, methods and fishing gear are considered. The dynamics of catches was analyzed, the value of unaccounted for bream removal was calculated. The intensity and efficiency of fishing since the second half of the 20th century have been studied. It is shown that the Fishing Rules adopted in 2009 are focused on more rational commercial use of the bream population. It has been established that the main reasons for the sharp decline in the number and catches of bream are low recruitment and large-scale unaccounted for removal. The limiting factor in the formation of the number of juvenile bream was the irrational regime of releases of the Volga waters, which sharply reduced the efficiency of its reproduction in spawning grounds and survival in the sea during feeding. At present, the main measures for the reproduction of stocks of bream and other semi-anadromous fish are the provision of optimal fishery water releases in the Lower Volga, the reclamation of spawning grounds and fish passage channels, an increase in the scale of artificial reproduction and a decrease in illegal removal. Their implementation will help restore the bream population and increase its catches in the Volga-Caspian region to the level of 16–18 thousand tons.

The dynamics of catches was analyzed, the value of unaccounted for bream removal was calculated.<...>Important integral indicators are the volume of the Volga runoff and the level of the Caspian Sea, which form<...>18–19 thousand tons with an average value of 15.6 thousand tons, which allowed the bream to firmly hold the first place in terms of volume<...>, with the deterioration of economic ties between fishermen and processing enterprises, the volume of<...>The measures taken made it possible to slightly increase the intensity of fishing in the fore-delta and increase the volume of fishing there.

The article presents recommendations and an algorithm for analyzing the results of a clinical trial obtained during statistical data processing in order to confirm the statistical significance of the effect and identify possible bias errors and confounders.

statistical association Random error First of all, you need to pay attention to the volume<...>It's very simple: the greater the variability, the larger the sample size required to achieve an acceptable<...>allows you to remove the influence of the confounder as much as possible, however, it can give rise to another problem - insufficient volume<...>A strong connection minimizes the possibility of unaccounted for and unknown third-party factors interfering with it.<...>Question N1: How to determine the required sample size?

the article analyzes the main indicators of the standard of living of the population of the Voronezh region. The dynamics of the poverty level for several years has been studied. Proposed options for measures to reduce the volume of shadow income (legislative, organizational)

In accordance with the methodology, the volume of income is correlated with the amount of expenditures of the population by adjusting<...>attention to the fact that a significant part of the income is occupied by the so-called "other" income, i.e. unaccounted for<...>almost coincides with the overall dynamics of income. over 5 years they grew by 72%, while the total volume<...>The amount of unrecorded income based on the data of calculations of personal incomes of the population was calculated by us as the difference<...>Kuznetsov // Management of economic systems Table 5 Comparison of the volume of unrecorded income

Institutional Specialization of Economic Activity in the Markets of Addictive Goods [preprint] The Institutional Specialization of Economic Activity in the Markets of Addictive Goods

VolSU publishing house

The preprint examines the institutional specialization of economic activity in the markets for addictive goods. The periodization of the evolution of social ideas in the national economic history about prohibitions on the production and distribution of addictive goods, a typology of abnormal economic activity, and a classification of indicators of the non-observed economy are presented. It has been established that for the markets of addictive goods, competition is negative both in the official and in the shadow sector, therefore it is recommended to create conditions for their monopoly supply.

Such an economy is considered unaccounted for. According to O.S.<...>for export and import), obtained according to official reporting, allows us to evaluate the shadow market, the volume<...>BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Book-Service" - 30 - According to the Federal State Statistics Service, the volume<...>retail sales of vodka in 2011 exceeded the legal volume of production by 36.5%.<...>According to some estimates, the volume of home-brewing is about 30 million deciliters per year56.56 See: What

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Computer-aided design in the KOMPAS-3D V12 system [tutorial]

Moscow: DMK-Press

The book is a tutorial on one of the best CAD systems in the KOMPAS-3D V12 environment, designed to perform drawing and design documentation, build 3D models, assemblies and sheet parts. According to the results of the All-Russian competition in 2004 (Moscow), the first edition of this book was awarded the prize for winning in the nomination "The best educational and methodological development on the use of KOMPAS-3D". This eighth edition lays out the foundations of heuristic 3D modeling.

Check the part volume, it should be 91516.118813 mm3. 3.2.5.<...>Rice. 3.17 Construction control - by volume, which is equal to V = 52 489.653184 mm3.<...>For "fix the operation with the Create object button.<...>The file size is about 10 MB.<...>Find out the lift force of the balloon and its volume: Service ⇒ MCC model.

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M.: PROMEDIA

An analysis of the housing and communal services of the city of Tyumen was carried out. The composition and methods of managing the housing stock are determined. An assessment of the indicators of the development of the municipal infrastructure of the city is given.

<...> <...> <...>The unaccounted costs of wastewater entering sewage treatment plants remain high,<...>The amount of disbursed funds amounted to 43.477 million rubles.

Using the apparatus of information theory, the results of determining the amount of information contained in each of the components of the criterion for evaluating technical solutions at the initial stages of design are given; establishing relationships between components and groups of components; ratification of the rules for the movement of information flows between the components of the criterion. The practical implementation of the formation of the evaluation criterion according to the principle of completeness is shown.

Moreover, if () 0    , then the information transmitted by unaccounted parameters Z can be considered insignificant<...>The remaining 7% are influenced by unaccounted Z parameters.<...>Provided that () 0.93  and () 0.07R  is the significance factor of unaccounted parameters, having calculated<...>Thus, the information transmitted by the unaccounted Z parameters can be considered insignificant based on<...>structure the process of analyzing information flows within the framework of the object under study, determine the structure and scope

The paper examines the reasons for the revocation of licenses of Russian banks in the period from the 2nd quarter of 2005 to the 4th quarter of 2008. During this period, following the introduction of deposit insurance and a thorough analysis of the state of banks that applied for entry into the insurance system, a significant part of banking licenses were revoked with the phrase "money laundering". Another part of the licenses was revoked due to the unsatisfactory financial condition of the bank. The latter reason is of particular interest to the Russian Deposit Insurance Agency. The paper builds binary choice models and multiple choice models to predict the probability of license revocation for each of the reasons based on macroeconomic indicators and financial indicators of the bank, taken a year before the observation of the status of the bank. The dynamics of the influence of unaccounted variables, including the human factor, on the probability of license revocation is considered.

Influence of unaccounted factors1 The paper considers the reasons for the revocation of licenses of Russian banks during<...>The dynamics of the influence of unaccounted variables, including the human factor, on the recall probability is considered.<...>Accordingly, both regulators have accumulated a significant amount of data that is confidential<...>As for the influence of unaccounted factors on the revocation of a license for economic reasons, they are significantly<...>Influence of unaccounted factors on the probability of license revocation 2.3.

Relevance and goals. Strengthening globalization and the international division of labor are factors in the growth of international relations, and in particular export-import relations. In this regard, foreign capital in the form of investments in the economy is considered as an integral part of the financial relations of the economic agents of the country. However, a visual assessment of the dynamics and structure of such revenues is not enough. A careful assessment of the effectiveness of investments is necessary. Materials and methods. In this article, the balance of payments of the Russian Federation was analyzed from 2007 to 2012. In this document, special attention was paid to the item "Net errors and omissions", since the annual dynamics of the balancing item characterizes the change in unrecorded transactions with foreign capital. For a more detailed description of Russia's foreign assets and liabilities, the article uses methods for analyzing the data of the International Investment Position of the Russian Federation from 2007 to 2012. As part of the direct method for assessing the effectiveness of foreign investment, the article calculates the investment multiplier and accelerator indicators, uses regression statistics and analysis of variance tools . Results. The data of the balance of payments of the Russian Federation, the International investment position are analyzed. The influence of changes in the inflow of foreign investment into the country on the volume of Russia's GDP has been studied. Conclusions. The effectiveness of foreign investment in the Russian Federation does not have an unambiguous assessment, which is associated with the priority of investors in obtaining passive income, rather than conducting meaningful activities in our country, therefore, the assessment of foreign capital must be carried out in the context of each type of investment or in the context of a separate investment project.

article "Net errors and omissions", since the annual dynamics of the balancing item characterizes the change in unrecorded<...>The influence of changes in the inflow of foreign investment into the country on the volume of Russia's GDP has been studied. Conclusions.<...>USA, in 2008 their volume decreased to -3051 million dollars.<...>The volume of unaccounted for resources can be significant in countries where illegal capital rushes<...>capital from the country; 2) alienation of financial resources from the economy as reserve assets; 3) unaccounted for

M.: PROMEDIA

About the candidate for mayor of Yekaterinburg E. Roizman.

The main performance indicators of the water supply system are: – volume of produced water;<...>- water consumption for own needs; - the volume of water supplied to the network; – release (sale) of water to consumers<...>; - leakage and unaccounted for water consumption.<...>Causes of a high level of losses in the water supply system, unaccounted for wastewater consumption<...>75662 Effluent received from consumers covered by contractual relations thousand m3 59525 57709.2 57709.2 Volume

Heat balance electric resistance heating furnace method. directions to the lab. work on the discipline "Metallurgical heat engineering"

The description of the principles and tasks of compiling the heat (energy) balance of furnaces is given. The method of experimental determination of the items of consumption and heat input of a laboratory muffle resistance furnace is presented.

oven working chamber: 7 kJ, period K K KQ M c t  (9) where K K KM V  – masonry weight, kg; KV - volume<...>When designing a furnace, unaccounted losses are taken from 50 to 150% of heat losses by thermal conductivity through<...>For an operating furnace, as noted above, it is used to calculate the unaccounted for heat loss Q8.<...>windows (openings) Q5 4 Heat spent on container heating Q6 5 Heat consumption for masonry accumulation Q7 6 Unaccounted for<...>Volume 1.0 p.l. Circulation 100 copies. Order no.

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No. 2 [Annals of Surgical Hepatology, 2009]

The journal is intended for a wide range of surgeons and physicians of related specialties who, by the nature of their activities, are faced with surgical diseases of the liver, pancreas and bile ducts. The journal publishes customized summarizing articles on topical issues of surgical hepatology written by leading experts from the CIS countries and far abroad, review articles, original papers, individual "cases from practice", as well as articles containing data from experimental studies. When selecting articles, the editorial board pays special attention to the unification of the presentation of the material and the applied methods of statistical data processing, which is one of the necessary conditions for modern research. On the pages of the journal, discussions are held on the most unresolved issues of hepatobiliary surgery. During the discussions, many prominent specialists of the CIS countries express their opinion. The editorial board considers the discussions interesting and useful and plans to continue this practice. The journal publishes reports and resolutions of conferences and abstracts of articles from foreign journals. A wide range of issues covered, the depth and clarity of the presentation of the material make the journal attractive both for specialists with experience in hepatobiliary surgery and for beginners.

M.: ALL-RUSSIAN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF INFORMATIZATION OF AGRONOMY AND ECOLOGY

The aim of the work was to study patterns of changes in the nitrogen regime of leached chernozem under the influence of long-term agricultural use and the use of fertilizers, the search for ways to regulate it.

cultures", Moscow, VIUA. 1995; scientific conferences of the Penza Agricultural Institute. 1983, 1995. . structure and volume<...>balance Applied with fertilizers Carried out with the harvest Fixation in the soil Washout with seepage water Unaccounted for<...>Losses Introduced with fertilizers Carried out with the crop Fixed in the soil Washout with infiltration water Unaccounted for<...>In the year of fertilizer application, about 1% is washed out with infiltration waters, and unaccounted for TOTAL: 11 Copyright JSC "Central Design Bureau "BIBCOM" & LLC "Agency Kniga-Service" End of the table 3.2 % pcs. % %

M.: GNU ALL-RUSSIAN SRI OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY NAMED AFTER D.N. PRYANISHNIKOVA

Goals and objectives of research. The purpose of the work is to evaluate the effect of associative biological preparations on the use of various sources of soil nitrogen, fertilizers and atmosphere by plants, depending on soil fertility and the impact on the yield of grain crops. To do this, it was planned to solve the following tasks: 1. Determine the effect of biological preparations on the mass of grain and straw of spring crops in various environmental conditions. 2. Reveal the role of biological products in the accumulation of nitrogen by barley and spring wheat plants. 3. To study the effect of biological products on the use of fertilizer nitrogen by plants (using the stable 15N isotope). 4. Evaluate the role of various sources of nitrogen in the formation of barley and spring wheat crops.

The volume and structure of the dissertation.

M.: PROMEDIA

On whether the budgetary allocations were used correctly to compensate for losses arising from the difference in tariffs for the maintenance and repair of public places, as well as losses of housing and economic facilities due to an increase in the norms of accumulation of solid waste for the population.

In addition, the calculation includes "unaccounted for areas", the area of soil - 228913 sq.m., the area of green spaces<...>"unaccounted territories" - 269699.9 sq.m.<...>According to Appendix No. 1 to the Decree of May 21, 2003 No. 1951, “unaccounted territories” means<...>house territory unreasonably included the cost of maintaining 42.25 units of janitors for cleaning “unrecorded<...>occupied with the cleaning of adjacent territories according to MUP "ZhKh" for 2007" in the final column "time spent on the entire volume Unaccounted for commercial seizure Amateur<...>The volume of material for each year and stretch is given in the tables.<...>Area Volume Large: subgr.<...>Abstract The recommended length of the abstract is 200–250 words.

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All about corruption and countering it terminology. dictionary: a series in 3 volumes. Vol. 2. Everything on Corruption and its Counteraction Terminology Dictionary

Cognition

The dictionary contains a wide range of terms and their definitions arranged in alphabetical order, with explanations, dedicated to various aspects of corruption and combating it. The terms are both scientific, official, used in normative acts, and unofficial, including jargon, common in various spheres of practical life and related to the phenomena under consideration.

CAPACITY (VOLUME) OF CORRUPTION - quantitative parameters of the turnover of corrupt services, expressed in monetary<...>VOLUME (VOLUME) SHADOW ECONOMY - quantitative parameters of the turnover of shadow economic activity<...>trade. Cree Copyright OJSC “Central Design Bureau “BIBCOM” & LLC “Agency Kniga-Service” 10. CRIMINAL TURNOVER - volume<...>VOLUME OF CORRUPTION CRIME - the absolute number of corruption crimes registered<...>SHADOW TURNOVER - the volume of unrecorded sales of goods and shadow services rendered in monetary terms (

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Elements of statistical modeling (dispersion and correlation analysis) studies. allowance

Volgograd state architect.-builds. university

The main issues of statistical modeling, as well as the basic concepts of dispersion, correlation and regression analysis, experiment planning and a number of simulation modeling issues are outlined.

At a significance level of 05.0=α, calculate whether or not the amount of work performed at the construction site per shift depends on<...>the volume of work performed by each of the teams, or, in other words, the absence of the influence of the working team on the volume<...>The term Q3 is the residual sum of squares; characterizes the influence of random and unaccounted for factors.<...>the correlation coefficient r is an estimate of the general correlation coefficient, the more accurate the larger the volume<...>() (,) , 1 () 1 n u i i u i i i u n i i x x x x n ux x x x n − + = + = − − −ρ = − − ∑ ∑ where n is the volume

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