Arts and crafts and the basics of woodcarving. material (grade 7) on the topic. Types of fine arts. Decorative and applied art Decorative and applied wood carving

31.10.2021

Arts and Crafts(from lat. decoro - I decorate) - a section of decorative art, covering the creation of artistic products that have a utilitarian purpose.

Works of arts and crafts meet several requirements: they have an aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; serve for decoration of everyday life and interior. Such works are: clothes, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, faience, jewelry and other art products. Since the second half of the 19th century, the scientific literature has established a classification of branches of decorative and applied arts according to material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), execution technique (carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.) and according to the functional features of the use of the object (furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.

Batik, hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions. On the fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetic fabric - the paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixer is used, called a reserve. There are several types, such as hungry and hot.

Tapestry, a lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, woven by hand with a cross-weave of threads.

"Offer of the Heart" Arras. OK. 1410. Cluny Museum

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Thread graphics(name options: isolate, thread image, thread design), a technique for obtaining an image with threads on cardboard or other solid base.

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Artistic carving:

by stone:

Acrolith is a mixed technique used in ancient sculpture, in which the naked parts of the statue were made of marble, and the clothes were made of painted or gilded wood. The body (the main hidden frame of the statue) could also be made of wood.

Glyptic is the art of carving on colored and precious stones, gems. One of the most ancient arts. Also apply to jewelry.

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Artistic carving:
on wood:

One of the oldest and most common types of artistic processing of wood, in which a pattern is applied to a product using an ax, knife, chisels, chisels, chisels and other similar tools. With the improvement of technology, wood turning and milling appeared, which greatly simplified the work of the carver. Carving is used in home decor, when decorating household utensils and furniture, for making small wooden plastic and toys.

The through thread is subdivided into the through thread itself and the consignment note, it has two subspecies:

slotted thread- (through sections are cut with chisels and chisels). Saw thread (actually the same, but such sections are cut with a saw or jigsaw). A slot or saw thread with a relief ornament is called openwork.

Flat serrated thread carving is characterized by the fact that its basis is a flat background, and the carving elements go deep into it, that is, the lower level of the carved elements lies below the background level. There are several subspecies of such a thread:

contour thread- the simplest, its only element is a groove. Such grooves-grooves create a pattern on a flat background. Depending on the chosen chisel, the groove can be semicircular or triangular.

FROM cob (nail) carving- the main element is a bracket (outwardly it looks like a trace left by a fingernail when pressed on any soft material, hence the name nail-like) - a semicircular notch on a flat background. A set of such brackets of different sizes and directions creates a picture or its individual elements.

G geometric (trihedral, trihedral) thread- has two main elements: a peg and a pyramid (a three-sided pyramid buried inside). Carving is carried out in two stages: tattooing and trimming. First, they prick (mark) the sectors that need to be cut with a cutter, and then cut them. The repeated use of pyramids and a peg at different distances and at different angles gives a great variety of geometric shapes, among which there are: rhombuses, viteiki, honeycombs, chains, lights, etc.

Black varnish carving- the background is a flat surface covered with black varnish or paint. How grooves are cut in the contour carving on the background, from which the drawing is built. The different depths of the grooves and their different profiles give an interesting play of chiaroscuro and contrast between the black background and light cut grooves.

relief carving characterized by the fact that the elements of the thread are above the background or on the same level with it. As a rule, all carved panels are made in this technique. There are several subspecies of such a thread:

relief carving with a pillow background - can be compared with contour carving, but all the edges of the grooves oval, and sometimes with varying degrees of steepness (more sharply from the side of the picture, gradually, gently sloping from the side of the background). Due to such oval contours, the background seems to be made of pillows, hence the name. The background is on the same level as the drawing.

relief carving with selected background - the same carving, but only the background is selected with chisels one level lower. The contours of the picture are also oval.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya (Kudrinskaya)- originated in the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow, in the village of Kudrino. Vasily Vornoskov is considered the author. The carving is distinguished by a characteristic "curly" ornament - curly garlands of petals and flowers. The same characteristic images of birds and animals are often used. As well as flat-relief, it happens with a pillow and a selected background.

Carving "Tatyanka"- this type of carving appeared in the 90s of the XX century. The author (Shamil Sasykov) named this emerging style after his wife and patented it. As a rule, such a carving contains a floral ornament. A characteristic feature is the absence of a background as such - one carved element gradually passes into another or is superimposed on it, thus filling the entire space.

Artistic carving:
by bone:

Netsuke is a miniature sculpture, a work of Japanese DPI, which is a small carved keychain.

Ceramics, clay products made under the influence of high temperature with subsequent cooling.

Embroidery, the well-known and widespread needlework art of decorating all kinds of fabrics and materials with a variety of patterns, can be satin stitch, cross, old Russian facial sewing.

Knitting, the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crocheting hook, knitting needles, needle) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting).

Macrame, knot weaving technique.

Jewelry Art.

(from German Juwel or Dutch juweel - precious stone), the manufacture of artistic products (personal jewelry, household items, worship, weapons, etc.) mainly from precious ones (gold, silver, platinum), as well as some precious non-ferrous metals, often in combination with precious and ornamental stones, pearls, glass, amber, mother-of-pearl, bone, etc. In jewelry, forging, casting, artistic chasing and shotting are used (giving the surface of the metal graininess and haze with the help of a chasing in the form of a blunt awl or tube ), embossing, carving or engraving, armor (a technique in which the background around the pattern is cut out), filigree, granulation, niello, enamels (finift), inlay, etching, polishing, etc., mechanical processing methods - stamping, rolling, etc. .

Artistic processing of leather.

Leatherworking techniques.

Embossing. There are several types of embossing. In industrial production, various stamping methods are used, when the pattern on the skin is squeezed out using molds. In the manufacture of artistic products, stamping is also used, but typesetting stamps and stamps are used. Another way is embossing with filling - cutting out elements of the future relief from cardboard (lignin) or pieces of blinders and placing a layer of pre-moistened yuft under the layer, which is then crimped along the contour of the relief. Small details are squeezed out without lining due to the thickness of the skin itself. When it dries, it hardens and "remembers" the relief decor. Thermal embossing is the extrusion of decor on the surface of the skin with the help of heated metal stamps.

Perforation or die-cutting is one of the oldest techniques. Actually, it boils down to the fact that with the help of punches of various shapes, holes are cut in the skin arranged in the form of an ornament.

Weaving is one of the processing methods, which consists in connecting several strips of leather using a special technique. In jewelry, macrame elements are often used, made from a “cylindrical” cord. In combination with perforation, weaving is used for braiding the edges of products (used for finishing clothes, shoes, bags).

Pyrography (burning) is a new technique, but with an ancient pedigree. Apparently, initially, leather burning was a side effect of thermal embossing, but then it was widely used as an independent technique. With the help of pyrography, very thin and complex patterns can be applied to the skin. It is often used in combination with engraving, painting, embossing when creating panels, jewelry, making souvenirs.

Engraving (carving) is used when working with heavy, dense leather. A pattern is applied to the front surface of the soaked skin with a cutter. Then, with any oblong-shaped metal object, the slots are expanded and filled with acrylic paint. When dried, the contour drawing retains its clarity, and the lines remain thick.

Application in leather business - gluing or sewing pieces of leather on the product. Depending on which product is decorated, the methods of application are somewhat different.

Intarsia is essentially the same as inlay and mosaic: image fragments are mounted “butt-to-butt”. Intarsia is performed on a textile or wooden base. Depending on this, leather varieties are chosen. To achieve the proper quality, according to a preliminary sketch, exact patterns of all fragments of the composition are made. Then, according to these patterns, elements are cut out from pre-dyed leathers and glued onto the base using bone glue or PVA emulsion. The intarsia technique is mainly used to create wall panels, but in combination with other techniques it can be used in the manufacture of bottles, souvenirs, and furniture decoration.

In addition, the skin can be painted, it can be molded, giving any shape and relief (by soaking, gluing, filling).

Artistic metal processing:

Work in the Filigree technique

Casting. Gold, silver, bronze have high fusibility and are easily poured into molds. Castings follow the model well. Before casting, the master makes a wax model. Those parts of the object that must be especially durable, such as vessel handles, handles or latches, as well as ornaments and figures, are cast in sand molds. Complex pieces require several models to be made, as the different parts are cast separately and then connected by soldering or screwing.

Artistic forging- one of the oldest methods of metal processing. It is carried out by hammer blows on the workpiece. Under its blows, the workpiece is deformed and takes the desired shape, but such deformation without breaks and cracks is mainly characteristic only of precious metals, which have sufficient ductility, toughness, and malleability.

Chasing is a very original, most artistic and at the same time labor-intensive production technique. Precious metals can be rolled into a thin sheet, then the shape of the object takes on its shape in a cold state with the help of accelerating hammers. Often an artistic product is processed on a base (lead or resin pad), which is selected depending on the degree of malleability of the metal. With short and frequent hammer blows with constant pressure and rotation, the metal is tapped until the desired shape is obtained. Then they move on to chasing (knocking out decor). The decor is knocked out with the help of chasers (steel rods of a certain profile). Products forged from a single piece of workpiece are the highest works of art. It is easier to work with two or more pieces of workpiece, which are then soldered to each other.

1. Chasing from a sheet.
2. Chasing by casting or defense.
In the first case, a new work of art is created from a sheet blank by means of chasing, in the second, they only reveal and complete an art form that has already been cast in metal (or cut out of metal using the defensive technique).

Metal-plastic. Works of art made in this technique resemble chasing from a sheet in appearance, but in essence they differ significantly, primarily in the thickness of the sheet metal.
Sheets with a thickness of 0.5 mm or more are used for embossing, and foil up to 0.5 mm is used for metal-plastic. However, the main difference between metal-plastics is in the technological process itself and the set of tools. In embossing, the shape is formed by hitting the embossing with a hammer, and in metal-plastic, the shape is molded by smooth deformations carried out by special tools that resemble sculptural stacks.

Engraving is one of the oldest types of artistic metal processing. Its essence is the application of a linear pattern or relief on the material using a cutter. In the technology of artistic engraving, one can distinguish between:
– flat engraving(two-dimensional), which processes
surface only; Its purpose is to decorate the surface of the product by applying a contour drawing or pattern, complex portrait, multi-figure or landscape tone compositions, as well as the execution of various inscriptions and type works. Engraving is used to decorate both flat and three-dimensional products.
Plane engraving, also called gloss engraving or engraving for appearance, also includes niello engraving, which technologically differs from ordinary engraving only in that it is done a little deeper, and then the selected pattern is filled with niello.
—armor engraving(three-dimensional).
Engraving engraving is a method in which a relief or even a three-dimensional metal sculpture is created. There are two options in frontal engraving: convex (positive) engraving, when the relief pattern is higher than the background (the background is deepened, removed), in-depth (negative) engraving, when the pattern or relief is cut inside.

Etching. This is another technique related to graphics. As in etching, the object was covered with resin or wax, and then the decor was scratched onto it. When the product was immersed in acid or alkali, the scratched places were etched, and the surface around them, often damaged by the intervention of the tool, became dull. So there was a very shallow and gently emerging relief.

Filigree is a kind of artistic metal processing that has occupied an important place in jewelry since ancient times.
The term "filigree" is more ancient, it comes from two Latin words: "phylum" - thread and "granum" - grain. The term "scani" is of Russian origin. It originates from the Old Slavic verb "skati" - to twist, twist. Both terms reflect the technological essence of this art. The term "filigree" combines the names of the two main primary elements from which the typical filigree production is produced, namely, that the wire used in this art form is twisted, twisted into cords.
The thinner the wire and the tighter, steeper it is twisted, the more beautiful the product, especially if this pattern is complemented by granulation (tiny balls).

Enameling. Enamel is a vitreous solidified mass of inorganic, mainly oxide composition, formed by partial or complete melting, sometimes with metal additives, deposited on a metal base.

Decorative processing
The description of the decorative finish of the product should contain information about the location, individual dimensions, quantity, and characteristics of the elements of artistic processing. Typical elements included in the general description are given below.
1. Matting.
2. Blackening.
3. Oxidation.
Matting
A matted, or textured, surface of products is considered a surface that differs from polished, bearing a decorative load.
The texture of the surface can be small-pitted, small-hatched, matte. The effect of combined texture processing with gloss is most often used. Textured surface areas are obtained using the casting crust of products, a polished surface (having previously sandblasted the working surface of the stamp), using etching in various acid compositions, mechanical matting (with a burr, ground pumice, brushing).
blackening
Niello (a fusible alloy of composition: silver, copper, lead, sulfur) is applied to a product prepared for niello, that is, with recesses with an engraved pattern. The depth of the pattern within 0.2-0.3 mm depends on the size of the product. The surface of the product, not covered with black, must be polished, without scratches, scratches and other defects.
Oxidation
Products made of silver and silver-plated are oxidized (treated) both chemically and electrochemically. The processes of chemical and electrochemical colorless oxidation are carried out in solutions and electrolytes, the main component of which is potassium dichromate. In the process of color oxidation, products are dyed with a variety of shades: blue, black, gray, dark brown, etc. Oxidized products are brushed with soft brass brushes to give the films a beautiful shine. The oxidized surface must be evenly matt, without any difference in color shades.
Electroplating
In the jewelry industry, gold, silver, and rhodium are used as electroplating coatings. On electroplated coatings there may be slight traces of contact points with conductive devices that do not disturb the coating layer and do not worsen the appearance of the product.

Pyrography, wood burning, leather, fabric, etc.

A stained-glass window is a work of decorative art made of colored glass, designed for through lighting and designed to fill an opening, most often a window, in any architectural structure.

Top half of the Poor Man's Bible Window, Canterbury Cathedral, UK

Currently, there are several different types of stained-glass windows, depending on the manufacturing technique:

Classical (typesetting or mosaic) stained-glass window- formed by transparent pieces of glass held by partitions made of lead, copper, brass. Classical stained glass is divided into lead-soldered (assembled on a lead profile) and stained glass using Tiffany technology (assembled on a copper tape).

Lead-soldered (soldered) stained-glass window- the classic stained glass technique that appeared in the Middle Ages and served as the basis for all other techniques. This is a stained-glass window, assembled from pieces of glass in a lead frame, soldered at the joints. Glasses can be colored and painted with fusible glass and metal oxide paint, which is then fired in specially designed furnaces. The paint is firmly fused into the glass base, forming a single whole with it.

Facet stained-glass window - a stained-glass window made of glass with a chamfer removed along the perimeter of the glass (facet, facet) or volumetric, ground and polished glass with a cut. To get a wide chamfer (this enhances the effect of light refraction), thicker glass is required, which increases the weight of the stained glass. Therefore, finished bevelled parts are assembled into a stronger (brass or copper) frame. It is better to place such a stained-glass window in interior doors, furniture doors, since such a frame is able to withstand the loads of opening / closing, and lead sags in this case. The golden hue of a copper or brass frame gives things a precious look, being visible not only through the light, but also in reflected light, which is especially important for furniture stained-glass windows.

Painted stained glass- a pattern is applied to the surface of the glass with transparent paints.

Combined stained glass- is formed by a combination of various technologies for creating a stained glass window.

Sandblast stained glass created with special equipment

Sintered stained glass window (fusing)- a stained glass technique in which a pattern is created by joint baking of multi-colored pieces of glass or by sintering foreign elements (for example, wire) into the glass.

Etched stained glass- a technique based on the ability of hydrofluoric acid to interact with silicon dioxide (the main component of glass). In this interaction with acid, the glass is destroyed. Protective stencils make it possible to obtain a pattern of any complexity and the required depth.

Cast stained glass - Each module of glass is hand-cast or blown. Glass, whose thickness varies from 5 to 30 mm, is also given a surface texture, which, by refracting light, enhances expressiveness. Cement mortar and metal fittings are used to fasten the glasses.

Type-setting stained-glass window is the simplest type of stained-glass window, usually without painting, which is created on a type-setting table from pieces of immediately cut or pre-cut glass.

Stained glass imitation.

Film stained glass- a lead tape and a multi-colored self-adhesive film (English technology) are glued onto the glass surface.

Contour stained-glass window- a pattern is applied to the surface of the glass with acrylic polymers in two stages: the contour imitates the vein of a classic stained-glass window, in the closed areas formed by applying the contour, colored elements are manually filled (English technology).

Overhead stained glass- obtained by gluing elements to the base.

Mosaic, a work that involves the formation of an image by arranging, setting and fixing on a surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.

The symbol of the soul - a bird - on a Byzantine mosaic of an Orthodox church of the 6th century. Chersonese.

Technique. Styling methods.

With direct dialing mosaic elements are pressed into the ground. When dialing back the mosaic is assembled on cardboard or fabric, then transferred to a primed surface.

Mosaic Laying: The technique is similar to tiling, adhesive and grout for mosaic joints are available at every hardware store.

The base is examined for strength, all defects are identified - cracks, cavities, gravel nests, reinforcement or other foreign objects not included in the project, as well as problem areas, such as oil stains, loose or insufficiently strong base, voids. The substrate must be sound, load-bearing, dry, even and free from adhesion-reducing agents (e.g. additives that reduce adhesion and facilitate the dismantling of formwork), without traces of laitance, dust, dirt, paint residues, worn rubber, etc. • If necessary, clean the substrate mechanically, eg by sandblasting. Before laying the mosaic, the surface must be visually even, without sags, pits and cracks, as well as dry and primed.

Mosaic on paper. Laying begins with applying glue to the prepared surface, after which it is evenly distributed over the entire surface. In most cases, it is recommended to use latex-based adhesives. The mosaic is glued with the back side to the paper. Laying must be neat, so the distance between the sheets must correspond to the distance between the tiles, excessive pressure is unacceptable. At the end of laying, the sheets must be fixed with light blows of the platform with a rubber base. After a day, the paper can be removed - moistened with a damp sponge, it lags behind. Before grouting, the mosaic surface must be cleaned of paper and glue residues, after which grouting can be done with a rubber float. For grouting, it is advisable to use the composition recommended by the mosaic manufacturer. When grouting is complete, you can clean the mosaic and polish the mosaic surface.

Laying a mosaic on a grid. Unlike mosaics on paper sheets, mosaics glued to mesh are glued face up. For the technology of its laying, it is characteristic that after the glue has dried, you can immediately start grouting the joints.

In Arts and Crafts, there are many more different kinds. With each year of discovery of new technologies, there are more and more of them.

More detailed information, with visual material, can be found on the pages of well-known search engines.

Wood processing among the peoples of Dagestan is one of the most ancient types of handicraft production. The wide distribution of forests, a rich variety of wood species (oak, hornbeam, beech, walnut, birch, pine, poplar, etc.), the flexibility of the material itself to processing have long contributed to the use of wooden products in the life of Dagestanis and wooden structures in the architecture of their homes. The art of artistic processing of wood has been organically connected with the daily life of the Dagestanis for several millennia. Various properties of wood were used by folk craftsmen for both technological and decorative purposes.

The beautiful works of Dagestan wood carvers preserved in mosques, houses and museums (pillars, carved doors, windows, chests, dishes) embodied the best traditions of folk arts and crafts, are evidence of the great taste and talent of the people. The form and ornamentation of some monuments reveal a clear connection with the most ancient, pre-Muslim traditions, while others - with the Christian and Muslim periods of the Middle Ages. The development of the art of wood carving is closely connected with the development of the monumental and decorative art of Dagestan as a whole, in particular, stone and piece carving. These three types of applied art had a noticeable mutual influence, enriching each other with technical techniques and ornamental motifs.

The earliest monument of the art of wood carving is a fragment of a casket or baby cradle from the Dagestan Museum of Fine Arts, found in the Kafirkumukh burial ground (Buinaksky district) and dating back to 2 thousand BC. e. The monument, which is in a state of natural charring, is ornamented with a magnificent geometric grooved-notched ornament, which testifies to the well-developed traditions of wooden carving in Dagestan already in the Bronze Age.

Unfortunately, a tree cannot be stored for as long as a stone, so the bulk of the monuments that have come down to us date back to the Middle Ages. It was during this period that carved wood became especially widespread due to the flourishing of architecture and monumental and decorative art. The art of wood carving reaches a very high level. Tools of labor are being improved, the quality of woodworking is increasing, and the range of products is expanding. Woodworking centers with highly developed traditions arose in the forest regions (in the upper reaches of the Avar and Andi Koisu, in Tabasaran, Kaitag, and other places).

Dagestan wood carving is characterized by features inherent in any folk art: immediacy and artistic integrity, practical purpose and collective creativity, namelessness (as a rule) of masters and exceptional stability of ancient traditions, a certain range of images, the use of simple tools. At the same time, the Dagestan art of wooden carving has its own characteristics, which is associated with the specifics of local conditions and the originality of the artistic thinking of the highlanders.

Wooden products with decorative decoration can be divided into three groups: architectural elements, furniture, vessels and household items. Of greatest interest are the details of the architectural decoration (pillars, sashes of gates, doors and windows, window and door frames, pillars, railings, cornices on loggias, verandas, balconies, etc.). Carved wood was widely used in the design of religious buildings - mosques, minarets, madrasahs. The doors of mosques were richly ornamented (the most famous monument is the doors of the Kalakoreish mosque dating back to the 12th century), minbars (pulpits for a preacher), music stands (stands) for the Koran and other sacred books.

The second group includes bins and chests (fixed and movable types), as well as sofas, benches, stools, chests, cradles, etc. The third group is represented by small household items that are an accessory of every mountain house - measurements, pails, supplies, salt shakers, mortars, troughs for dough, trays with three legs, etc. All these items are usually hung in the house in certain places - on pillars and chest facades.

Of particular interest are the monumental Avar lari-barns for storing grain and bulk products, the so-called. "tsaguri" adjoining the rocky wall of the house and being the most important component of the interior of the mountain house. The height of the tsagura usually reached 2.5 meters, the depth - up to one and a half meters. The basis of it was a frame of massive wooden boards.

Tsagura doors are double-leaf, rotating around the axis. The front part of the chests from the deep Avar regions is completely covered with carved ornament, the elements of which date back to ancient times and have a protective value. Basically, these are swastika spirals, concentric circles, labyrinths, crosses, rhombuses, etc.

An important role in the highlander's house was played by a support pillar, called by the Avars "pillar-root". It had an important functional significance, serving as a support for the matress, supporting the flat earthen roof of the hut. No less important was the spiritual significance of the pillar, which played a guarding, protective role in the house. Not without reason, during the construction of the house, the old pillar, being a witness of the life of more than one generation, was carefully transferred from the old house to the new one. The supporting pillars, especially their upper part (the so-called sub-beam) were richly decorated with deep carvings. In different nations, this carving had a different character. In general, three types of ornament are clearly distinguished in wooden carving. Among the Avars, a large geometric ornament of a monumental nature (Gidatl) prevailed, among the Kubachins - more refined, vegetative, similar to the traditional "markharai", among the Tabasarans - ribbon, the so-called. "network".

Among the Laks, the chest for grain "su" had the shape of a large chest and was also richly decorated with carvings and paintings with natural dyes. Each house also had a sofa for persons of honor, which had characteristic armrests in the form of concave horns. The thread covers the front sides of the backrest and seat slats, the uprights are completed.

In Dagestan, there is a unique type of arts and crafts that combines wood carving and jewelry art - the Untsukul metal notch on wood. This art is relatively young - it appeared in the first half of the 19th century during the Caucasian War. From the reed growing along the banks of the Avar Koisu, the Untsukul people began to make whips for legs, and dogwood - pipes and canes. But since Imam Shamil forbade smoking tobacco in the imamate, the Untsukul people sold most of their products to officers of the Russian army, and also exported them outside Dagestan to Vladikavkaz, Tiflis, and the southern provinces of Russia.

Thus, the Untsukul craft from the very beginning was focused not on the domestic market, but on the external one, and therefore the products of the 19th century. practically not preserved. The earliest items presented in the collections of Dagestan museums date back to the thirties and forties of the 20th century. Items of this period are characterized by the use of bone, horn, and turquoise colored paste along with metal wire.

The very technological process of notching with the finest silver, and later cupronickel wire on hard dogwood or apricot wood is quite complex and laborious. Each tiny element requires four operations: cut a tree, insert a wire, hammer it with a special hammer and cut off the excess. Elements of the Untsukul ornament have their own names - "bird track", "street", etc. The ornament is predominantly geometric, located around the circumference.

Like the Kubachi people, the Untsukul craftsmen made traditional household items: measures for flour, mortars for garlic, salt shakers, ladles, supplies, caskets. The artistic discovery of the Untsukul craft was the production of small decorative panels, usually rectangular in shape, depicting scenes reminiscent of Kubachi stone reliefs - animals, birds, often of a fantastic nature, less often human figures. Since the 1950s, Untsukul craftsmen began to use a lathe, which ensured a more thorough surface treatment of products, expanding the range, but gradually this led to the production of very large, non-functional products that had a purely decorative value.

Arts and Crafts(from lat. deco - decorate) - a wide section of art that covers various branches of creative activity aimed at creating art products with utilitarian and artistic functions. The collective term conditionally unites two broad kinds of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic enjoyment and belonging to pure art, numerous manifestations of arts and crafts can have practical use in everyday life.

Works of arts and crafts meet several characteristics: they have an aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; serve for decoration of everyday life and interior. Such works are: clothes, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, faience, jewelry and other art products. In academic literature from the second half of the 19th century, it was established classification of branches of arts and crafts by material(metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), according to the execution technique(carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia (paintings from different types of wood), etc.) and by functional signs of using the object(furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.

Types of arts and crafts

Tapestry -(fr. gobelin), or trellis, - one of the types of arts and crafts, a one-sided lint-free wall carpet with a plot or ornamental composition, woven by hand with a cross weave of threads. The weaver passes the weft thread through the warp, creating both the image and the fabric itself. In the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, a tapestry is defined as “a hand-woven carpet on which a picture and a specially prepared cardboard of a more or less famous artist are reproduced with multi-colored wool and partly silk.”

BATIK - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.

On the fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetics - the paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixer is used, called a reserve (reserving composition based on paraffin, gasoline, water-based - depending on the chosen technique, fabric and paints).

Batik painting has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the 20th century.

PRINT -(stuffing) - a type of arts and crafts; obtaining a pattern, monochrome and color drawings on the fabric by hand using forms with a relief pattern, as well as a fabric with a pattern (printed fabric) obtained by this method.

Heel molds are made of carved wooden (manners) or type-setting (type-setting copper plates with studs), in which the pattern is typed from copper plates or wire. When stuffing, a form covered with paint is applied to the fabric and hit on it with a special hammer (mallet) (hence the name “heel”, “stuffing”). For multi-color designs, the number of printing plates must match the number of colors.

Making a heel is one of the ancient types of folk arts and crafts, found among many peoples: Western and Central Asia, India, Iran, Europe and others.

Printing is inefficient and almost completely replaced by printing a pattern on fabric on printing machines. It is used only in some handicrafts, as well as for reproducing large patterns, the repeating part of which cannot fit on the shafts of printing machines, and for coloring piece goods (curtains, tablecloths). Characteristic patterns of folk stuffing are used to create modern decorative fabrics.

BEADING - type of arts and crafts, needlework; the creation of jewelry, artistic products from beads, in which, unlike other techniques where it is used (weaving with beads, knitting with beads, weaving from wire with beads - the so-called bead weaving, bead mosaic and bead embroidery), beads are not only a decorative element, but also a constructive and technological one. All other types of needlework and DPI (mosaic, knitting, weaving, embroidery, wire weaving) are possible without beads, but they will lose some of their decorative possibilities, and beading will cease to exist. This is due to the fact that the technology of beading is original.

EMBROIDERY - a well-known and widespread needlework art to decorate all kinds of fabrics and materials with a wide variety of patterns, from the coarsest and densest, such as cloth, canvas, leather, to the finest fabrics - cambric, muslin, gas, tulle, etc. Tools and materials for embroidery: needles, threads, hoops, scissors.

KNITTING - the process of making a fabric or products (usually clothing items) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crocheting hook, knitting needles, needle, fork) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting). Knitting, as a technique, refers to the types of weaving.

Crochet

knitting

MACROME -(fr. Macramé, from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish. - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.

LACE - production of mesh fabric from woven thread patterns (linen, paper, woolen and silk). There are laces sewn with a needle, woven on bobbin, crocheted, tambour and machine.

CARPET WEAVING – the manufacture of artistic textiles, usually with multi-coloured patterns, primarily for the purpose of decorating and insulating rooms and for providing noiselessness. The artistic features of the carpet are determined by the texture of the fabric (pile, lint-free, felted), the nature of the material (wool, silk, linen, cotton, felt), the quality of dyes (natural in antiquity and the Middle Ages, chemical from the second half of the 19th century), format, ratio borders and the central field of the carpet, ornamental set and pattern composition, color scheme.

QUILLING - Paper rolling(also quilling English quilling - from the word quill (bird feather)) - the art of making flat or voluminous compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.

The finished spirals are given a different shape and thus quilling elements are obtained, also called modules. Already they are the "building" material in the creation of works - paintings, postcards, albums, photo frames, various figurines, watches, jewelry, hairpins, etc. The art of quilling came to Russia from Korea, but is also developed in a number of European countries.

This technique does not require significant material costs to start its development. However, paper rolling cannot be called simple, since in order to achieve a decent result, it is necessary to show patience, perseverance, dexterity, accuracy and, of course, develop the skills of twisting high-quality modules.

SCRAPBOOKING -(English scrapbooking, from English scrapbook: scrap - clipping, book - book, lit. "book of scraps") - a type of handicraft art, which consists in the manufacture and design of family or personal photo albums.

This type of creativity is a way of storing personal and family history in the form of photographs, newspaper clippings, drawings, records and other memorabilia, using a peculiar way of preserving and communicating individual stories using special visual and tactile techniques instead of the usual story. The main idea of scrapbooking is to preserve photos and other memorabilia of any events for a long time for future generations.

CERAMICS -(ancient Greek κέραμος - clay) - products made from inorganic materials (for example, clay) and their mixtures with mineral additives, made under the influence of high temperature, followed by cooling.

In a narrow sense, the word ceramics refers to clay that has been fired.

The earliest pottery was used as pottery made of clay or its mixtures with other materials. At present, ceramics is used as a material in industry (engineering, instrumentation, aviation industry, etc.), construction, art, and is widely used in medicine and science. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were created for use in the semiconductor industry and other fields.

MOSAIC -(fr. mosaique, Italian mosaico from lat. (opus) musivum - (work) dedicated tomuses) - decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, the works of which involve the formation of an image by arranging, typing and fixing on the surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.

JEWELRY ART - is a term that refers to the result and process of creativity of jewelry artists, as well as the totality of objects and works of jewelry created by them, intended mainly for the personal adornment of people, and made from precious materials, such as precious metals and precious stones. In order for a piece of jewelry or an object to be unequivocally classified as a jeweler, this piece of jewelry must satisfy three conditions: at least one precious material must be used in this piece of jewelry, this piece of jewelry must have artistic value, and it must be unique - that is, it must not be replicated by the artist-jeweler who makes it.

In the professional jargon of jewelers, as well as students and students of educational institutions in the specialty "jewelry", the slang version of the word "jeweler" is often used.

Although it is believed that the concept of "jewellery" includes all jewelry made using precious materials, and the concept of "jewellery" includes jewelry made from non-precious materials, but, as we can see, at present the difference between jewelery and costume jewelry is becoming somewhat blurred. , and the assessment of whether to classify a given product as a jeweler or as costume jewelry is each time taken by experts individually in each specific case.

LACQUE MINIATURE - Miniature painting on small objects: boxes, caskets, powder boxes, etc. is a kind of arts and crafts and folk art. Such painting is called lacquer because colored and transparent varnishes serve not only as full-fledged painting materials, but also as the most important means of artistic expression of the work. They add depth and strength to paints and at the same time soften, unite them, as if melting the image into the very flesh of the product.

The birthplace of artistic varnishes is the countries of the Far East and Southeast Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, where they have been known since ancient times. In China, for example, back in the 2nd millennium BC. e. lacquer tree sap was used to cover cups, caskets, vases. Then lacquer painting was born, which reached the highest level in the East.

This type of art came to Europe from India, Iran, the countries of Central Asia, where in the XV-XVII centuries. lacquer miniature, executed with tempera paints on papier-mâché objects, was popular. European craftsmen significantly simplified the technology, began to use oil paints and varnishes.

Artistic varnishes have been known in Russia since 1798, when the merchant P.I. Korobov built a small papier-mâché lacquerware factory in the village of Danilkovo near Moscow (later it merged with the neighboring village of Fedoskin). Under his successors, the Lukutins, Russian masters developed unique methods of Fedoskino painting. They have not been lost to this day.

 Palekh miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Palekh, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is executed in tempera on papier-mâché. Caskets, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, tie clips, needle cases, etc. are usually painted.

 Fedoskino miniature - a type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting with oil paints on papier-mâché, developed at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino near Moscow.

 Kholuy miniature - folk craft that developed in the village of Kholui, Ivanovo region. The lacquer miniature is executed in tempera on papier-mâché. Caskets, capsules, needle cases, etc. are usually painted.

Since ancient times, people have been using wood in everyday life. From it they built ships, built houses and temples, made furniture, dishes and toys. Artistic woodcarving was distinguished by special warmth and comfort. The works of masters in this area are still mesmerizing with beauty.

What is woodcarving?

The arts and crafts of woodworking, in which an aesthetic object is created, is called woodcarving. The most common type is artistic wood carving, in which the pattern is made with an ax, chisel, knife or other tools. In the old days, household items, furniture, dishes were made in this way. Products made of wood are still found in everyday life. From wood you can find both whole houses and toys.

History of woodcarving

The use of wood has been mentioned since primitive times among different nationalities in almost all parts of the Earth. The origins of woodcarving originate from the moment of using the methods of processing this material and the birth of wooden architecture. The first find made of wood is an idol discovered on the territory of present-day Yekaterinburg. The approximate date of its creation is attributed to the 8th century BC. It has been established that the body of the idol is covered with geometric wood carvings, and the idol itself symbolizes the connection between the underworld and the heavenly worlds.

As human society developed, the use of wood in rituals lost its meaning, new techniques for working with wood appeared, and tools improved. People began to use wood to decorate household items. Since the 16th century, hand-carved wood has become a common craft, the first workshops appear. Skillful craftsmen decorate temples, royal palaces, houses of wealthy people with skillful original carvings.

Our ancestors were very closely connected with nature and considered wood to be a conductor between the sun and people, and wooden products were a symbol of health, prosperity and longevity. They also knew the valuable qualities of wood, such as water resistance, thermal insulation, a variety of wood textures and patterns, ease of processing and harvesting. The tree was used in all spheres of life: in the construction of defensive fortifications and houses, in the manufacture of dishes and tools.

Types of woodcarving

Modern woodworking techniques do not have a clear classification. Several types of wood carving can be combined in one product. Artistic processing of wood can conditionally be divided into the following types:

Flat serrated thread, where the background is a flat surface, and the pattern is created from recesses of various shapes.
relief carving, where the pattern is created by sampling the background.
relief carving, where there are no flat surfaces, there is a deep drawing of the background and a detailed selection of elements.
slotted thread, characterized by the absence of a background. The pattern is openwork, lace.
sculptural carving, featuring a three-dimensional image. This technique is used to make toys, figurines of people and animals, wooden columns in architecture, and so on.

Flat wood carving

In this type of wood processing, the background is a flat surface of the product, and the pattern is created by recesses of various shapes. Decorative woodcarving in flat-notched technique, depending on the nature of the notches, can be contour and geometric:

contour thread on wood or vegetable is similar to engraving on metal, but is performed with other tools, and the lines are wider and deeper. This technique is easy to perform and can be done on plywood.
Geometric carving has such a name due to the ornament, which is depicted using this technique. Basically, these are geometric elements: rhombuses, triangles, circles.

Flat-relief woodcarving

This technique of decorative wood processing is one of the most common. Manual processing of wood in this case consists in background sampling around the pattern, and as a result, the pattern is uniform in depth for the entire composition. This technique depicts animals, people, floral ornaments. It is used in applied art and architecture.

Relief carving

Expressive and pictorial technique. It is distinguished by an abundance of chiaroscuro and a three-dimensional image, the details of the elements are worked out to sculptural. Depending on the height of the elevation of the picture above the background, there are:

Bas-relief carving when the pattern rises to half the thickness of the entire composition.
High relief carving when the pattern protrudes more than halfway.

As a plot for relief carving, geometric figures, images of plants and animals, symbols can be used. The expressiveness of the product depends on the material of the wood. Beech, birch and oak are most suitable for this technique. Openwork woodcarving (or, in other words, slotted carving) in combination with contour, geometric and relief techniques gives extraordinary lightness and tenderness to the product.

Slotted wood carving

In this type of woodworking, the background is completely removed from the canvas with a saw or chisel. In another way, this type is referred to as through woodcarving. It is mainly used in the furniture industry. Large-scale products are used to decorate the facades of buildings: in the decoration of balconies, architraves, cornices and are referred to as "house carvings". For slotted equipment, pine, alder, birch, or aspen wood is used, usually 1-2 mm thick. Nowadays, this carving technique is used to decorate arbors and country houses.

Sculptural woodcarving

This technique for manufacturing products differs from all those listed by processing the workpiece from all or several sides. A variety of tools can be used, but the main ones are joint knives and chisels. This type of wood carving is used in architecture (when creating columns, balusters, carved pillars of balconies), in the manufacture of expensive furniture legs. It is very beautiful and realistic in this technique - sculptural woodcarving turns out figures of animals and people.

Workplace for woodcarving

Creating wood products is a laborious, painstaking, wasteful and noisy process that requires sufficient space to accommodate blanks, tools and finished canvases. Here are the basic requirements for the place of work of a woodcarver:

room. To work with wood, it is desirable to equip a separate dry, bright room.
Lighting. The place to work should be adequately lit. The light source should be on the left and in front. Sunlight is excluded.
Desktop. To work with small details (souvenirs, spoons, small sculptures), you can use a simple table. To work with large parts, for example, in the technique of house carving, you need a table-workbench.
Tools and devices should be located as close as possible to the workplace and at the same time not interfere with work. It is advisable to fix chisels and other tools in special holders. For lathe work, you will need a wood carving machine. With a slotted technique, you will also need a jigsaw and a sawing machine.

Wood carving tools

Devices for artistic woodworking can be conditionally divided into the following categories: basic (knives, chisels), additional (axes, planers, saws), auxiliary (power tools, airbrush). The modern market presents a wide range of carving tools. You can purchase them separately as needed, or you can buy a wood carving kit, where the necessary tools are professionally selected.

Let us dwell on the main types of tools in more detail. For wood carving, knives for various purposes and designs are distinguished:

The knife-cutter is the main tool of any carver. The length of the handle and blade may vary, but the main angle of the cutting part should be 35º.
The knife-jamb is used in the technique of slotted and flat-relief carving.
For sculptural carving, the Bogorodsk knife is used.

To create various samples, chisels are used, among which are common:

semicircular. The main type of chisel used for any woodworking.
Direct. Used for auxiliary work.
Cranberries. They have two 120º bends. Necessary when harvesting round bends and deep depressions of the relief.
Corner or thickness gauges. Designed for contour cutting and creating a V-shaped groove.
oblique. With their help, longitudinal grooves are created and initial work is carried out with the workpiece. The blade of these chisels is beveled at an angle of 45º.

Wood carving - products

For centuries, people and trees have been inextricably linked. Wooden products carry warmth, comfort and harmony. Currently, artistic or figured woodcarving is popular. Notable examples of products include:

State budgetary special (correctional) educational institution for students, pupils with disabilities "Bugulma special (correctional) general education school No. 10VIIIkind"

Decorative and applied arts (project)

"Woodcarving". Product "Casket".

Head: Makhalov Yuri Mikhailovich,

technology teacher

special correctional schoolVIIIkind

2014

Table of contents

1. Selection and justification of the project topic p.3

2. Purpose and objectives of the project p.3

3. Thinking scheme p.4

4. History and modernity of decorative woodworking p.4

5. Basic parameters and limitations p.7

6. Development of idea p.7

7. Work on the shape of the box (options) p.8

8. Jewelry box ornament p.9

9. Requirements for the product p.9

10. Tools and equipment p.10

11. Materials p.10

12. Technological sequence of making the box p.10

13. Quality control p.12

14. Safety precautions when performing work p.12

15. Ecological and economic justification p.12

16. References p.13

Selection and justification of the project topic.

Being engaged in woodcarving at technology lessons,students will be able to make various products with their own hands andmake it aesthetically pleasing,even if it is small. In the school training workshop there is an opportunity to manufacture products for sale. studyingsamples of various products, left hischoice in the manufacture of the box.

This product attracted the fact that people love suchlittle things and material for the box are required. Wooden things create coziness in the house, store the warmth of human hands, and a box with a carved pattern will become an adornment of any room.

In addition, making a casket is anotherstep up the development step, as this product is more complexin manufacturing. It requires great effort, skill, accuracy, accuracy, knowledge. It also makes it possiblestey to show their abilities.

The purpose and objectives of the project

The aim of the project is to make a decorative wood box.

Tasks:

Learn the history of decorative woodworking.

Define the main idea of the project.

Select the object and technology of labor.

Make a box according to technology.

Conduct product quality control.

3. Thinking scheme.

Before you start working on a project, you need toclearly represent all the main aspects of their work.

4. History and modernity of decorative woodworking.

Caskets are a household item, and they appeared in time immemorial. They serve people for storing various small items. The purpose may be different. The boxes contained money, securities, letters, photographs, amulets. There were once dueling pistols in beautiful caskets.

But the boxes were most in demand among women, they kept their jewelry and jewelry, sewing and embroidery accessories in them.

For many centuries, people have made boxes from various materials: clay, wood, stone, metal, glass, in our time - from plastics. They differed in size, design, shape (square, round, multifaceted, oval). Skillful craftsmen made boxes with secrets, locks, inlaid them with precious stones, metals, ivory. But the caskets made of wood were the most diverse, since this material is better processed. Boxes made of valuable species - walnut, beech, acacia, oak, rosewood, boxwood were valued. If there was no valuable wood, the master could decorate a modest box with rich carvings.

In Russia, workers who could make things from wood and decorate them with carvings were very much appreciated. Most people tried to buy such products for decorating their homes.

One of these types was geometric or trihedral pitted carving. In the literature, there are other names for it: wedge-shaped, wedge-shaped, etc.

This is the most accessible type of wood carving in terms of simplicity and manufacturability (after slotted). At its core, geometric carving is wedge-cut recesses repeated in a certain composition, which can vary in size, depth, and geometry of the angles at which the recess is made. Differences can also be in the number of faces of each recess. The most common are two- and three-sided recesses. It was the trihedral notch that received special development, which in many sources is called so - trihedral notch carving. Its attractiveness is that it allows you to get an unlimited number of pattern options. Tetrahedral recesses, square and rectangular, are less often used, but their execution will require more skill, although the technique is no different from the previous ones.

As a subspecies of geometric carving, it is necessary to consider andbracket carving. Its main feature is that trimmings (recesses) are performed not with a straight, but with a semicircular chisel. Each trimming is performed in two steps: first trimming at a right angle, then at an acute angle, the value of which is determined by the nature of the pattern. The main types of wood are the same as in slotted carving. And in general in all types of carving - coniferous, linden, alder, aspen. Hard woods can also be used, but it is necessary to switch to harder wood when the technique of carving on soft wood is well mastered, that is, from simple to more complex.

It consists of a number of alphabetic patterns, the combination of which gives beautiful, expressive compositions (contour carving is sometimes also referred to as a variety of geometric carving if it has rectilinear or circular outlines).

The whole variety of geometric carving patterns practically consists of a combination of elementary elements: from a peg and a triangle, which can be considered in any composition. Any, the most complex geometric pattern can be divided into its constituent elements, and they will turn out to be either with pegs or triangles.

In search of a decorative composition, it is recommended toturn to works of folk art. At the mastersin different regions of the country in the art of geometric carvingtheir preferences are observed, despite the fact that the initial elements of this thread are the same everywhere.

From a combination of triangles and from pegs merginginto derivative patterns (rhombuses, chains, viteiki, etc.), you cancreate an endless variety of juicy, expressivedecorative compositions on a variety of products.

For the execution of geometric threads, you need a reliableknife. This is the so-called oblique, or shoe, knife. He mustbe strong, firmly seated in the hand and very sharply honednym. Good knives from the fragments of wide saws for metal (fromprepared from R-18 steel). Individual craftsmen forgeknives for themselves from wide files, from old automobile springs, from the outer cage of large bearings, they grindon an electric grinder from fragments of cutter disks for metal. horosewing knives are obtained from the scythe web. Everyone uses thosethe opportunities he has. The simplest but most reliablethe knife can be made from an ordinary chisel with a width of 20-30 mm.It is machined on an emery wheel.

For an oblique knife, they make a wooden or plastica pen (or, by attaching strips of leather or foam on both sideson, tightly wrapped with vinyl chloride insulating tape).

When performing geometric carving, the knife is held firmlyin a fist, resting his thumb on the handle of the knife. With the fingers of the other hand, guide the tip of the knife, setdrawing it onto the line of the drawing.

Each of the carving elements is easily performed after cutting the peg and triangle has been mastered.

Surface with geometric thread can be addednena with various finishes that enhance the decorative expressionthe value of a thing. Finishing a wooden surface with a geometricskay carving can be very different.

A product with a geometric carving can be tinted in gray using watercolor or liquid diluted black ink. After the surface has dried (natural drying for about a day), it is polished to a light wood. Dark gray geometric patterns on a light wood background are very expressive. Gray color can have wide color gradations from gray-ocher to cold gray-blue. After sanding the tinted surface, it is possible to lightly (single-layer) coat it with liquid diluted varnish.

You can make a thread in a negative version: pre-tint the product prepared for carving in a dark color, for example, gray or brown. Let it dry and cut patterns on this background. Light, juicy patterns on a dark background create an expressive decorative effect. At exhibitions of applied art, there are wooden products tinted in light purple (like diluted ink) with subsequent light carving on this background.

It can also be done on a pre-varnished or polished surface. If the product is varnished with the natural color of the wood, then the in-depth patterns are matte and lighter than the shiny surface of the object. If the surface is first tinted, then varnished (or polished), and a pattern is already cut on it, then the decorative expressiveness of the product increases significantly.

The world of carving is tempting and diverse, with all its trends, styles, and techniques. Above all, it is an introduction to nature. Initiation in the sense that the carver is dealing with a tree, a unique material in its diversity, created by nature. The carver also draws themes and plots for embodiment in wood from observations of nature, whose fantasies are inexhaustible.

Anyone who is not indifferent to beauty and perfection, who would like to multiply achievements in this direction, to make their life, the life of their loved ones more beautiful, to pleasantly surprise others can enter this world.

5. Basic parameters and restrictions.

The product must meet the following requirements:

environmentally friendly

beautiful

Safe

Durable

Compliance with the chosen style.

6. Idea development.

Having made the choice of the object of labor, it is necessary to consider the shape of the scaletulks. To do this, they made a detour to shops, markets, looked at samples, studied illustrations in books on carving. Having collectednecessary information, worked out the following scheme:

casket

materials

Tool

you

Finishing technology

Function

The form

Design

Stone

Plastic

Metal

Wood :

Linden

Aspen

Poplar

Birch

Beech

Oak

Ash

Plane,

hacksaw, chisel, cutter, marking tools,

sandpaper

Burnout

wood painting

wood carving

Working

Decorative

Combined

Round

Rectangular

multifaceted

Turned

glued

With removable cover

As a result, we determined for ourselves not only the object of labor, but also the technology and style of manufacture (carving), chose the material and design of the box. When making sketches of the shape of the box, it was taken into account that it should be beautiful, convenient to use and feasible to manufacture.

7. Work on the shape of the box (options).

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

The final shape of the box

The shape of the sides of the box The shape of the top and bottom sides of the box

8. Jewelry box ornament

9. Requirements for the product.

Product name

casket

Functional purpose

For storing small items

User

Unlimited

Single or mass production

single

Dimensions

small

Material requirements

natural

Manufacturing Method

wood carving

Appearance, style

Folklore (Russian) style

Requirements in terms of safety of use

Smooth, burr-free surface

Environmental requirements

Environmentally friendly materials - wood

10. Tools and equipment.

For the manufacture of the product you will need: a planer, a hacksaw, a chisel, a cutter, marking tools, sanding paper.

If details with small circles are conceived in the ornament, they are cut out with a semicircular chisel. If there are no semicircular chisels, the circles are cut out with an oblique knife. It should be remembered: the smaller the diameter of the circle, the sharper the blade sharpening angle should be (up to 30 degrees). An oblique knife can be cut in all directions: towards you, away from you, tilting it to the right, to the left, inside the circle, out.

Materials.

Hardwoods are suitable for contour carving: linden, aspen, birch, alder. Coniferous species are practically not used here due to the different hardness of the constituent parts of the annual layer. Wood of the appropriate size without defects must be prepared for carving. For carving on light wood, it is enough to cut it with a planer. If the composition is conceived on a dark background, the board needs to be toned. If a shiny surface is expected, it is necessary to cover it with black varnish, and when it dries, polish it with polish. A dark, evenly toned surface for carving can be prepared in another way: wipe the planed workpiece with a liquid solution of wood glue or PVA glue. After the glue dries, the surface is sanded with fine sandpaper and covered with glue again. After repeated sanding, the surface of the wood is primed enough for the black ink to evenly lie on it. Dried ink is fixed with varnish, which is then polished. A variety of dyes are used for toning: ink, gouache, tempera, watercolor, aniline paints, various stains and mordants, potassium permanganate. The surface can be left matte, but it can also be covered with a light varnish (to fix the paint) and polished.

12. Technological sequence of making the box

the name of the operation

Sketch

Equipment, tools

Mark the walls of the box on the blank

Workbench, pencil, square, ruler

saw through the walls

Hacksaw

Make corner connections

Workbench, hacksaw, chisel

Glue the sides of the box

Glue, vise

Process the top and bottom edges of the frame

Grinding wheel

Glue the bottom and lid

Glue, vise

Remove allowances, process the box in shape

Grinding wheel

Sand the casket

Grinding wheel, sandpaper

Mark the cut point between the lid and the walls

Pencil, ruler, hacksaw

Mark out the ornament

Pencil, ruler, compasses

Cut the ornament on the box

joint knife

Coat the box with varnish

brush, varnish

Cut off the cover and clean the cut

Hacksaw, sandpaper

Fabricate and install hinges

2 pieces

Wire, pliers, wire cutters

Re-varnish the box

brush, varnish

Carry out quality control

13. Quality control.

The finished product must meet the following requirements:

The box is made neatly, in accordance with technologic.

The unity of the compositional solution of the ornament and the shape of the product is observed.

The selected material corresponds to the purpose of the product.

14. Safety precautions when performing work.

1. Reliably fix the workpiece when planing, sawingand carving.

2. Work with a well-functioning, well-established tool.

For processing parts with a grinding wheel, useinstall a special support table.

Keep the cutter in the workbench tray in a protective case.

5. Working with a cutter, hold your free hand with the oppositefalse side of the cutting direction.

Remove dust, shavings, sawdust with a sweeping brush.

Work in a well-lit area.

When varnishing, work in a ventilated area.

With a chisel, cut wood in the direction “away from you”.

10. Keep your hands clean while carving.

15. Ecological and economic justification.

The jewelry box is environmentally friendly, without bringingdangerous consequences to human health by the product, sincemade from pure wood. Manufacturing technology forcompliance with safety regulations and sanitary and hygienicnorms is also safe.

Determining the price of your box, summed up the costsfor materials, electricity (this is the cost price),deductions for estimated salary, profit.

c = c + p

The cost price includes:

FROM 1 - the cost of wood;

FROM 2 - the cost of varnish;

Cz is the cost of electricity per machine;

FROM 4- sandpaper cost

FROM 6 - salary deductions;

FROM 7 - cost of plywood;

FROM 8 - the cost of the fabric;

FROM 9 - the cost of material for hinges and a lock;

FROM 10 - the cost of glue.