Coal fuel has been used by humans since ancient times. Its flammability and heat dissipation, the duration of heat retention in the hearth became the salvation of people in cold periods, which cyclically replaced each other on our planet. Coal is actively used even today; in the fuel and energy complex, it is in the top three raw materials along with oil and gas.
How were coal deposits formed?
Coal deposits were formed in the places of huge green areas. This is an ancient organic matter that remained after the death of tree plantations. In order for the dead plants to become coal, certain conditions are necessary: the wood residues must not rot under the influence of bacteria. This is possible only when they get under the swamp water, and then underground, where oxygen does not enter. Coal is considered a mineral extracted from rock layers at various depths.
How are coal deposits found and developed?
Places where there is coal have long been explored on the planet. Its reserves in different countries are huge, they will be enough for the needs of heating and industry for almost three centuries. But according to geologists, there may be more, since not all parts of the world carried out deep geological prospecting for the presence of coal fuel. The development of coal deposits is relevant and brings tangible income to the states that are engaged in the extraction of this solid black gold. The process of developing deposits is carried out depending on the terrain and the depth of the coal seams.
The range of its use is very wide. Coal is used to generate electricity, as an industrial raw material (coke), for the production of graphite, for the production of liquid fuels by hydrogenation.
Russia has vast reserves of coal deposits and coal basins.
A coal basin is an area (often over 10 thousand square kilometers) of coal-bearing deposits, formed under certain conditions over a certain period of time. The coal deposit has a smaller area and is a separate tectonic structure.
On the territory of Russia there are platform, folded and transitional basins.
The largest amount of coal deposits was found on the territory of Western and Eastern Siberia.
60% of Russian coal reserves are humic coals, including coking coal (Karaganda, South Yakutsk, Kuznetsk basin). There are also brown coals (Urals, Eastern Siberia, Moscow region).
Coal reserves are dispersed over 25 coal basins and 650 individual deposits.
Coal mining is carried out in a closed or open way. Closed mining is carried out in mines, open - in quarries (sections).
The life of the mine is on average 40 - 50 years. Each layer of coal is removed from the mine for about 10 years, followed by the development of a deeper layer through reconstruction. Reconstruction of the mine horizons is a prerequisite for preserving the environment and ensuring the safety of workers.
In the cuts, the extraction of coal is carried out in successive strips.
For the period of 2010, coal in Russia was mined in 91 mines and 137 cuts. The total annual capacity was 380 million tons.
After coal is mined in mines or cuts, it goes directly to the consumer or is sent to coal enrichment enterprises.
At special factories, pieces of coal are sorted by size and then enriched.
The enrichment process is the purification of fuel from waste rock and impurities.
Today, coal in Russia is mined mainly in the territory and 10 main basins. The largest deposit of hard and coking coal is the Kuznetsk basin (Kemerovo region), brown coal is mined in the Kansk-Achinsk basin (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Eastern Siberia), Anthracites - in the Gorlovsky basin and in the Donbass.
The coal in these basins is of the highest quality.
Other well-known coal basins in Russia include the Pechora basin (Arctic), the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin in the Irkutsk region, and the South Yakutsk basin in the Far East.
The Taimyr, Lena and Tunguska basins are being actively developed in Eastern Siberia, as well as deposits in the Trans-Baikal Territory, Primorye, Novosibirsk Region.
The largest branch (in terms of the number of workers and the cost of production fixed assets) of the fuel industry is coal mining in Russia.
The coal industry extracts, processes (enriches) coal, lignite and anthracites.
How and how much coal is produced in the Russian Federation
This mineral is mined depending on the depth of location: open (in cuts) and underground (in mines) methods.
Between 2000 and 2015, underground production increased from 90.9 to 103.7 million tons, while open-pit production increased by more than 100 million tons from 167.5 to 269.7 million tons. The amount of the mineral mined in the country during this period, broken down by production methods, see fig. one.
Rice. 1: Coal production in the Russian Federation from 2000 to 2015 by production method, in million tons
According to the Fuel and Energy Complex (FEC), in the Russian Federation in 2016, 385 million tons of black minerals were mined, which is 3.2% higher than the previous year. This allows us to draw a conclusion about the positive dynamics of the growth of the industry in recent years and about the prospects, despite the crisis.
The types of this mineral, mined in our country, are divided into power and coking coals.
In the total volume for the period from 2010 to 2015, the share of energy production increased from 197.4 to 284.4 million tons. 2.
2: The structure of coal production in the Russian Federation by types for 2010-2015, in million tons.
How many black minerals are in the country and where is it mined
According to Rosstat, the Russian Federation (157 bln.
tons) ranks second after the United States (237.3 billion tons) in the world in terms of coal reserves. The Russian Federation accounts for about 18% of all world reserves. See figure 3.
Rice. 3: World reserves by leading countries
Information from Rosstat for 2010-2015 suggests that mining in the country is carried out in 25 subjects of the Federation in 7 Federal Districts.
There are 192 coal enterprises. Among them are 71 mines, and 121 coal mines. Their combined production capacity is 408 million tons. More than 80% of it is mined in Siberia. Coal mining in Russia by region is shown in Table 1.
In 2016, 227,400 thousand
tons mined in the Kemerovo region (such cities with one industry affiliation are called single-industry towns), of which about 125,000 thousand tons were exported.
Kuzbass accounts for about 60% of domestic coal production, there are about 120 mines and cuts.
At the beginning of February 2017, a new open-pit mine was launched in the Kemerovo region - Trudarmeisky Yuzhny with a design capacity of 2,500 thousand tons.
In 2017, it is planned to produce 1,500 thousand tons of minerals at the open pit, and, according to forecasts, the open pit will reach its design capacity in 2018. Also in 2017, three new enterprises are planned to be launched in Kuzbass.
The largest deposits
On the territory of the Russian Federation there are 22 coal basins (according to Rosstat for 2014) and 129 individual deposits.
More than 2/3 of the reserves of those that have already been explored are concentrated in the Kansk-Achinsk (79.3 billion tons) and Kuznetsk (53.4 billion tons) basins. They are located on the territory of the Kemerovo region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Also among the largest basins are: Irkutsk, Pechora, Donetsk, South Yakutsk, Minusinsk, and others.
Figure 4 shows the structure of explored reserves for the main basins.
Rice. 4: Explored reserves in the main basins in Russia, billion tons
Import Export
The Russian Federation is one of the three largest exporters of coal after Australia (export volume is 390 million tons).
tons) and Indonesia (330 million tons) in 2015. The share of Russia in 2015 - 156 million tons of black fossil went for export. This indicator for the country has grown by 40 million tons in five years. In addition to the Russian Federation, Australia and Indonesia, the top six countries include the United States of America, Colombia and South Africa.
The structure of world exports is shown in fig. 5.
Rice. 5: Structure of world exports (largest exporting countries).
The Central Dispatching Office of the Fuel and Energy Complex reports that in 2016, the total volume of exports from the country increased, while imports decreased.
Data on export-import in 2016 are presented in table 2.
Head of the Information and Analytical Department of the Department of Coal and Peat Industry of the Ministry of Energy of the country V.
Grishin predicts an increase in exports by 6% in 2017, its volume may reach 175 million tons, that is, increase by 10 million tons.
Which companies are the largest producers
Russia's major oil companies are on everyone's lips, and the largest coal producing companies in the country in 2016 are: OJSC SUEK (105.47), Kuzbassrazrezugol (44.5), SDS-ugol (28.6 ), Vostsibugol (13.1), Yuzhny Kuzbass (9), Yuzhkuzbassugol (11.2), Yakutugol (9.9), Raspadskaya OJSC (10.5), indicated in brackets amount of coal produced in million tons, cf.
Rice. 6. The largest manufacturers in the Russian Federation in 2016, in mln.
The companies OJSC SUEK, Kuzbassrazrezugol and SDS-ugol have been leaders in production over the past years.
The largest manufacturers for 2014-2015 are shown in Fig.
7. Among them, in addition to the above two industry leaders, there are also processing enterprises: Kuzbass Fuel Company, Sibuglement Holding, Vostsibugol, Russian Coal, EVRAZ (one of the largest private companies in the country), Mechel Mining, SDS-coal.
7. The largest producers in the Russian Federation for 2014-2015, in million tons
In November 2016, the brigade of Evgeny Kosmin of section No. 1 of the mine named after V.D.
Yalevskoy JSC SUEK-Kuzbass set a new Russian production record for the year from one stope - 4,810 thousand tons.
Results and conclusions
- The coal complex of Russia is actively developing.
- Imports have declined slightly in recent years, while exports and production have increased.
- In terms of exports, the Russian Federation is one of the three leading countries after Australia and Indonesia.
- In the coming years, it is planned to open new mining and processing enterprises.
- The top three include companies from the Siberian region, which accounts for more than 80% of the total production in the country.
Lyudmila Poberezhnykh, 2017-03-29
Questions and answers on the topic
No questions have been asked for the material yet, you have the opportunity to be the first to do so
Related reference materials
Russian coal basins
The role of this or that coal basin in the territorial division of labor depends on the quality of the coal, the size of the reserves, the technical and economic indicators of extraction, the degree of preparedness of the reserves for industrial exploitation, the size of the extraction, and the peculiarities of the transport and geographical position.
Together, these conditions stand out sharply interdistrict coal bases- Kuznetsk and Kansko-Achinsk basins, which together account for 70% of coal production in Russia, as well as the Pechora, Donetsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo and South Yakutsk basins.
The most important coal producer in Russia is the Kuznetsk Coal Basin.
Kuznetsk basin
The balance reserves of coal in Kuzbass category A + B + C1 are estimated at 57 billion tons, which is 58.8% of Russia's coal.
At the same time, coking coal reserves amount to 30.1 billion tons, or 73% of the country's total reserves.
Almost the entire range of grades of hard coal is mined in Kuzbass. The subsoil of Kuzbass is rich in other minerals - these are manganese, iron, phosphorite, nepheline ores, oil shale and other minerals.
Kuznetsk coals are of high quality: ash content is 8-22%, sulfur content is 0.3-0.6%, specific heat of combustion is 6000-8500 kcal/kg.
The average depth of underground mining reaches 315m.
About 40% of the mined coal is consumed in the Kemerovo region itself and 60% is exported to other regions of Russia and for export.
In the structure of coal exports from Russia, Kuzbass accounts for over 70% of its physical volume.
High quality coal, including coking coal, is deposited here. Almost 12% of mining is carried out by open pit mining.
Belovsky district is one of the oldest coal mining areas in Kuzbass.
The balance reserves of coal in the Belovsky district are more than 10 billion tons.
tons.
The development of the Kuznetsk coal basin began in 1851 with more or less regular extraction of fuel from the Bachat mine for the Guryev metallurgical plant. The Bachat mine was located six versts northeast of the village of Bachaty. Now at this place are the Chertinskaya-Koksovaya, Novaya-2 mines and the Novobochatsky open-pit mine.
The Pioneer mine is considered the firstborn of the Belovo coal industry. Here the first ton of coal was mined.
At present, the Belovsky district is the largest coal mining area in Kuzbass.
The Belovsky district is the geographical center of the Kemerovo region.
The main centers are Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Prokopievsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Belovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsky.
The Kansk-Achinsk basin is located in the south of Eastern Siberia in the Krasnoyarsk Territory along the Trans-Siberian Railway and provides 12% of coal production in Russia.
The lignite of this basin is the cheapest in the country, since it is mined in an open pit. Due to the low quality of coal, it is not very transportable, and therefore powerful thermal power plants operate on the basis of the largest mines (Irsha-Borodinsky, Nazarovsky, Berezovsky).
The Pechora basin is the largest in the European part and provides 4% of the country's coal production.
It is remote from the most important industrial centers and is located in the Arctic; mining is carried out only by the mine method. Coking coal is mined in the northern part of the basin (Vorkuta, Vorgashorskoye deposits), while in the southern part (Intinskoye deposit), mainly energy coal is mined.
The main consumers of Pechora coal are the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, enterprises of the North-West, the Center and the Central Chernozem Region.
The Donets Basin in Rostov Oblast is the eastern part of the coal basin located in Ukraine.
This is one of the oldest coal mining areas. The mining method of extraction led to the high cost of coal. Coal production is declining every year and in 2007 the basin produced only 2.4% of the total Russian production.
The Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin in the Irkutsk region provides a low cost of coal, since mining is carried out in an open way and provides 3.4% of the coal in the country.
Due to the great distance from large consumers, it is used at local power plants.
The South Yakutsk basin (3.9% of the total Russian production) is located in the Far East. It has significant reserves of energy and process fuels, and all mining is carried out by an open method.
The promising coal basins include the Lensky, Tungussky and Taimyrsky, located beyond the Yenisei to the north of the 60th parallel.
They occupy vast areas in the poorly developed and sparsely populated areas of Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
In parallel with the creation of coal bases of inter-district significance, there was a wide development of local coal basins, which made it possible to bring coal production closer to the areas of its consumption. At the same time, in the western regions of Russia, coal production is declining (the Moscow Basin), and in the eastern regions it is sharply increasing (deposits of the Novosibirsk Region, the Trans-Baikal Territory, Primorye.
The coal mining industry is the largest segment of the fuel industry. Worldwide, it outnumbers any other in terms of the number of workers and the amount of equipment.
What is the coal industry
The coal mining industry involves the extraction of coal and its subsequent processing. Work is carried out both on the surface and underground.
If the deposits are located at a depth of no more than 100 meters, the work is carried out in a quarry way. Mines are used to develop deposits at great depths.
Classic coal mining methods
Working in coal mines and underground are the main methods of mining. Most of the work in Russia and in the world is carried out in an open way. This is due to financial benefits and high production rates.
The process is as follows:
- With the help of special equipment, the upper layer of the earth covering the deposit is removed. A few years ago, the depth of open works was limited to 30 meters, the latest technology has made it possible to increase it by 3 times. If the top layer is soft and small, it is removed with an excavator. A thick and dense layer of earth is pre-crushed.
- Coal deposits are beaten off and taken away with the help of special equipment to the enterprise for further processing.
- Workers are restoring the natural relief in order to avoid harm to the environment.
The disadvantage of this method is that coal deposits located at a shallow depth contain impurities of dirt and other rocks.
Coal mined underground is considered cleaner and of better quality.
The main task of this method is to transport coal from great depths to the surface. For this, passages are created: an adit (horizontal) and a shaft (inclined or vertical).
In the tunnels, coal seams are cut by special combines and loaded onto a conveyor that lifts them to the surface.
The underground method allows you to extract a large amount of minerals, but it has significant drawbacks: high cost and increased danger to workers.
Unconventional methods of coal mining
These methods are effective, but do not have mass distribution - at the moment there are no technologies that allow you to clearly establish the process:
- Hydraulic. Mining is carried out in a mine at great depths. The coal seam is crushed and brought to the surface under strong water pressure.
- The energy of compressed air. It acts as both a destructive and lifting force, compressed air is under strong pressure.
- Vibroimpulse. The formations are destroyed under the influence of powerful vibrations generated by the equipment.
These methods were used in the Soviet Union, but did not become popular due to the need for large financial investments. Only a few coal mining companies continue to use unconventional methods.
Their main advantage is the absence of workers in potentially life-threatening areas.
Leading countries in coal mining
According to the statistics of world energy, a ranking of countries that occupy leading positions in coal production in the world has been compiled:
- India.
- Australia.
- Indonesia.
- Russia.
- Germany.
- Poland.
- Kazakhstan.
For many years, China has been the leader in terms of coal production. In China, only 1/7 of the available deposits are being developed, this is due to the fact that coal is not exported outside the country, and the existing reserves will last at least 70 years.
On the territory of the United States, the deposits are evenly scattered throughout the country. They will provide the country with their reserves for at least 300 years.
Coal deposits in India are very rich, but almost all of the coal produced is used in the energy industry, since the available reserves are of very low quality. Despite the fact that India occupies one of the leading positions, artisanal methods of coal mining are progressing in this country.
Australia's coal reserves will last approximately 240 years. The mined coal has the highest quality rating, a significant part of it is intended for export.
In Indonesia, the level of coal production is growing every year. A few years ago, most of the produced was exported to other countries, now the country is gradually phasing out the use of oil, in connection with which the demand for coal for domestic consumption is growing.
Russia has 1/3 of the world's coal reserves, while not all the country's lands have yet been explored.
Germany, Poland and Kazakhstan are gradually reducing coal production due to the non-competitive cost of raw materials. Most of the coal is intended for domestic consumption.
The main places of coal mining in Russia
Let's figure it out. Coal mining in Russia is carried out mainly by open-pit mining. Deposits across the country are scattered unevenly - most of them are located in the eastern region.
The most significant coal deposits in Russia are:
- Kuznetsk (Kuzbass). It is considered the largest not only in Russia, but throughout the world, located in Western Siberia. Coking and hard coal is mined here.
- Kansk-Achinsk. Production is carried out here. The field is located along the Trans-Siberian Railway, occupying part of the territories of the Irkutsk and Kemerovo regions, the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
- Tunguska coal basin. Represented by brown and hard coal. It covers part of the territory of the Republic of Sakha, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
- Pechora coal basin. Mining is carried out at this deposit Works are carried out in mines, which makes it possible to extract high-quality coal. It is located on the territories of the Komi Republic and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
- Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo coal basin. It is located on the territory of the Upper Sayan. Provides coal only to nearby enterprises and settlements.
To date, five more deposits are being developed that can increase the annual volume of coal production in Russia by 70 million tons.
Prospects for the coal mining industry
Most of the coal deposits in the world have already been explored, from an economic point of view, the most promising belong to 70 countries. The level of coal production is growing rapidly: technologies are being improved, equipment is being modernized. This increases the profitability of the industry.
coal called sedimentary rock formed during the decomposition of plant remains (tree ferns, horsetails and club mosses, as well as the first gymnosperms). The main reserves of coal currently mined were formed during the Paleozoic period, about 300-350 million years ago. Coal has been mined for several centuries and is one of the most important minerals. Used as solid fuel.
Coal consists of a mixture of high-molecular aromatic compounds (mainly carbon), as well as water and volatile substances with a small amount of impurities. Depending on the composition of coal, the amount of heat released during its combustion, as well as the amount of ash formed, also changes. The value of coal and its deposits depends on this ratio.
For the formation of a mineral, it was also necessary to fulfill the following condition: rotting plant material had to accumulate faster than its decomposition occurred. That is why coal was formed mainly on ancient peatlands, where carbon compounds accumulated, and there was practically no access to oxygen. The source material for the emergence of coal is, in fact, peat itself, which was also used as a fuel for some time. Coal, on the other hand, was formed if peat layers were under other sediments. At the same time, peat was compressed, losing water as a result of which coal was formed.
Coal occurs when peat layers occur at a considerable depth, usually more than 3 km. At greater depths, anthracite is formed - the highest grade of hard coal. However, this does not mean that all coal deposits are located at great depths. Over time, under the influence of tectonic processes of various directions, some layers experienced uplift, as a result of which they turned out to be closer to the surface.
The method of coal mining also depends on the depth at which coal-bearing deposits are located. If coal lies at a depth of up to 100 meters, then mining is usually carried out in an open way. This is the name of the removal of the top above the deposit, in which the mineral is on the surface. For mining from a great depth, the mine method is used, in which access to is carried out through the creation of special underground passages - mines. The deepest coal mines in Russia are about 1,200 meters below the surface.
The largest coal deposits in Russia
Elga field (Sakha)
This coal deposit, located in the southeast of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), 415 km east of the city of Neryungri, is the most promising for open pit mining. The deposit area is 246 km2. The deposit is a gently sloping asymmetric fold.
The deposits of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous are coal-bearing. The main coal seams are located in the deposits of the Neryungri (6 seams, 0.7-17 m thick) and Undyktan (18 seams, also 0.7-17 m thick) formations.
The coals here are mostly semi-glossy with a very high content of the most valuable component - vitrinite (78-98%), medium and high ash, low sulfur, low phosphorus, good sintering, with a high calorific value. Elga coal can be enriched using a special technology, which will make it possible to obtain a product of a higher quality that meets international standards. Powerful flat coal seams are covered with deposits of small thickness, which is very important for open pit mining.
Elegest deposit (Tuva)
Located in the Republic of Tuva. This field has reserves of about 20 billion tons. Most of the reserves (about 80%) are located in a single layer 6.4 m thick. The development of this deposit is currently ongoing, so coal mining here should reach its maximum capacity around 2012.
Large deposits of coal (the area of which is thousands of km2) are called coal basins. Typically, such deposits are located in some large tectonic structure (for example, a trough). However, not all deposits located close to each other are usually combined into basins, and sometimes they are considered as separate deposits. This usually happens according to historically established ideas (deposits were discovered in different periods).
Minusinsk coal basin is located in the Republic of Khakassia. Coal mining began here in 1904. The largest deposits include Chernogorskoye and Izykhskoye. According to geologists, the coal reserves in this area amount to 2.7 billion tons. Stone long-flame coals with a high calorific value predominate in the basin. The coals are classified as medium ash. The maximum ash content is typical for the coals of the Izykh deposit, the minimum - for the coals of the Beyskoye deposit. Coal mining in the basin is carried out in different ways: there are both cuts and mines.
Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass) one of the largest coal deposits in the world. Kuzbass is located in the south in a shallow basin between the mountain ranges, Mountain Shoria and. This is the territory of the Kemerovo region. The abbreviation "Kuzbass" is the second name of the region. The first deposit in the Kemerovo region was discovered back in 1721, and in 1842 the term "Kuznetsk coal basin" was introduced by the geologist Chikhachev.
Mining here is also carried out in different ways. There are 58 mines and more than 30 cuts on the territory of the basin. In terms of quality, "" coals are diverse and are among the best coals.
The coal-bearing stratum of the Kuznetsk coal basin consists of approximately 260 coal seams of various thicknesses, unevenly distributed along the section. The predominant thickness of coal seams is from 1.3 to 4.0 m, but there are also thicker seams of 9-15 and even 20 m, and in some places up to 30 m.
The maximum depth of coal mines does not exceed 500 m (average depth is about 200 m). The average thickness of the developed coal seams is 2.1 m, but up to 25% of mine coal production falls on seams over 6.5 m.
In practice, the process of coal mining is very costly. Coal itself is a product formed from ancient representatives of the flora located at a considerable depth. In the modern world, it is used in many areas of life and in a significant amount. Therefore, the extraction of combustible stone has been and remains a profitable business option. In recent decades, there has been a clear trend towards increasing the manufacturability of coal mining processes.
At the moment, the leading position in the extraction of minerals belongs to China. The next position belongs to the United States, followed by India, whose mining industry brings up to 15% of the total world production.
Existing methods of coal mining
Fossil coal deposits are located at a considerable depth underground. The product can be located in the upper or lower layers. It depends on the characteristics of the coal formation process. If in some cases production is carried out at a depth of several meters, then in others it is necessary to remove layers to a kilometer depth.
Modern coal mining technology involves two main methods:
- open mining;
- underground mining.
Each of them is characterized by certain features, advantages and disadvantages.
Open Mining Option
In this case, so-called coal cuts are used. Actual coal mining in this way, when the raw material is located in the layers of the earth within a hundred meters from the soil surface.
The necessary equipment is an excavator designed to remove the top layer of the earth. In the future, he loads fossil coal into specialized machines - mining dump trucks. It is they who transport raw materials to dumps.
Dumps are understood as impressive embankments, the height of which in some cases can reach tens of kilometers.
At this stage of coal mining, other machines are used - bulldozers. Their role is reduced to a uniform distribution of the extracted rock within the surface. In addition, their task is to create roads and driveways for dump trucks.
Another important participant in the extraction of combustible stone is watering machines. It is they who knock down the dust formed on the dumps.
The next stage of the technological process is reduced to the work of excavators. They scoop coals, reloading them into dump trucks. The latter transport goods to warehouses for storage and subsequent transportation to destinations.
Underground mining option
Underground mining is carried out in the conditions of coal mines. Here, other coal-mining units are required. The reason is that the mines have existed for many years, so no mechanized means are required for such coal mining.
In this case, it is necessary to equip an adit, which is a tunnel that runs in a horizontal or vertical direction, directly approaching the layers of fossil coal.
The width of the seams during coal mining can vary widely, from a few meters to tens of kilometers.
Modern enterprises are developing with the use of coal combines. At some stages, relatively small devices - jackhammers - can also be used. Another kind of coal mining process is also possible. It involves cutting the original layers with the help of special devices. They are designed to be supplied under significant water pressure.
The extraction of raw coal and other rocks is a necessary occupation. But it is associated with serious risks, therefore it belongs to the most dangerous category.
Technological processes for cleaning coal
The technology of clearing works represents several processes within the framework of coal mining, which are closely related to each other.
Technologies for cleaning hard coals involve the following steps:
- extraction of raw materials within the stope;
- loading operations;
- transportation;
- ventilation;
- construction and subsequent shifting of the lining;
- rock pressure selection, etc.
As part of the extraction of raw coal, first breaking is carried out, and then its loading.
The separation of the fossil from the main body is the manipulation of breaking. It is done according to the drilling and blasting technique, mechanical and hydraulic. The option is determined by the specific properties of the coal seam, its stability and the availability of working machines.
In practice, in the extraction of combustible stone, breaking is usually carried out according to a mechanical technique. It involves the destruction of the existing layer by means of special devices on the working units. Subsequent excavation is jet and combine.
With the hydraulic version of production, manipulations are divided into several small, small-scale operations. These tasks are implemented without the involvement of a person. This method of extraction has received the widest application in the Kuzbass. The jet of water is supplied with great force.
mechanical way
A mechanical option is also possible. It involves the use of special devices - jackhammers, that is, pneumatic manual machines. The unit is especially relevant for stope in steep seams, when there are difficulties with electricity. Transportation of broken coal is carried out by gravity next to the lava. Scraper type conveyors are used for moving.
Under certain conditions of coal mining, such a set of measures as rock pressure adjustment is practiced. It may involve partial or complete laying of a certain area, hollow collapse, or lowering of the roof.
A single cycle of work is made up of such components as excavation of raw materials, their transportation and fastening, as well as rock pressure control.
Complex mechanization of extraction of combustible stone
Modern mechanized complexes, made up of specialized units and equipment for coal mining, are increasingly used in the coal mining industry. Now, among their components, there are plow installations along with harvesters with a narrow grip, conveyors of a mobile type in place and other mechanisms. The productivity of the stope is within 3 thousand tons daily.
Usually the connection of technological schemes is standard. Mobile support is mounted along the perimeter of the face. It is necessary to prevent possible blockages of the working area with rock, whether it be coal or brown coal. Next is the scraper conveyor, on the frame of which a special harvester is installed. This unit is characterized by a narrow grip along with the ability to move through a special chain.
The mechanized chain is divided into separate supports, each of which is interconnected with the neighboring ones, as well as with the working conveyor.
When excavating, the work of the combine occurs in any direction, while eliminating unnecessary unproductive movements.
Additional technological processes
In addition to the main manipulations, there are several additional ones within the framework of coal mining. First of all, they include pumping water. To a greater or lesser extent, it enters the workings carried out underground. Often, the daily pumping is measured not only in hundreds, but also in several thousand. As a result, the liquid moves to the surface through special pumps.
Another important auxiliary manipulation in coal mining is the provision of lighting and ventilation.
Special attention is paid to the maintenance of the main working mechanisms, which are used both in the mine itself and above it. They keep the mine running.
Applications of the fossil
The main direction in which the extracted material is used is the energy sector. That is, it was and remains one of the most common types of fuel. It operates both heating installations and power plants.
During the processing of the original coal, its technological variants are produced. Thus, coke has found wide application in the metallurgical field.
In addition, it is on the basis of coal that chemical processing is carried out, as well as new products are created, which are subsequently used in various areas of human life.
Coal is mainly used for gasification and coking, as well as for hydrogenation. Coal mining technologies continue to improve. This is necessary to minimize human participation in such a complex and dangerous business.
How to disable ads on Android: remove pop-up ads
The Russian received a term and a million fine for "piracy Negative consequences of the law
Identification of key factors
The criteria for classifying organizations and individual entrepreneurs as small and medium-sized businesses have changed
See what "Royalty" is in other dictionaries Pitfalls of legislation