Nickel oxides. Chemistry of nickel Nio which oxide is acidic or basic

19.05.2020

Other names: Nickel oxide, nickel oxide.

Nickel(II) oxide- inorganic binary compound of divalent nickel with oxygen. Chemical formula NiO.

Physical properties:

Nickel(II) oxide is a crystalline substance, depending on the method of preparation and heat treatment, it has a color from light to dark green or black. It has two crystal modifications:

α-NiO up to T<252 °C, антиферромагнетик, тригональная сингония, параметры элементарной ячейки a= 0.29549 nm, c= 0.7228 nm, d= 6.67 g/cm³;
β-NiO at Т>252 °C, cubic system, space group F m3m, a= 0.41768 nm, Z = 4, NaCl type structure, d= 7.45g/cm³.

Receipt:

In nature, nickel oxide occurs in the form of the mineral bunsenite - octahedral crystals, color from dark green to brownish black, depending on impurities. Chemical composition non-stoichiometric NiO x, where x= ~1 with Bi, Co, As impurities. Very rare, found in Johangeorgenstadt, in Saxony.

Nickel oxide can be synthesized directly from the elements by oxidation of Ni when heated in air or oxygen:

Nickel(II) oxide can be obtained by thermal decomposition into nickel(II) hydroxide or some divalent nickel salts (carbonate, nitrate, etc.):

Chemical properties:

Thermally nickel oxide is very stable. Only at temperatures above 1230 °C does its reversible dissociation become noticeable:

It exhibits amphoteric properties (the main ones predominate), it is practically insoluble in water: p PR = 15.77

Reacts with acids:

During sintering, it interacts with alkalis and oxides of typical metals:

Forms amino complexes with concentrated ammonia solution:

Reduced with hydrogen or other reducing agents (C, Mg, Al) to metal:

When fused with acidic oxides, it forms salts:

Application:

The main application of nickel oxide is an intermediate product in the preparation of nickel(II) salts, nickel-containing catalysts, and ferrites. NiO is used as a green pigment for glass, glazes and ceramics. Nickel oxide production volume is about 4000 tons/year.

Safety

Like all nickel compounds, its oxide is also poisonous. MPC in the air for the working area is 0.005 mg/m³ (in terms of Ni).

Physical Properties

Chemical properties and preparation methods

List of used literature

Volkov, A.I., Zharsky, I.M. Big chemical reference book / A.I. Volkov, I.M. Zharsky. - Minsk: Modern school, 2005. - 608 with ISBN 985-6751-04-7.

Long before the discovery of nickel, Saxon miners knew a mineral that looked like copper ore and was used in glassmaking to color glass green. All attempts to obtain copper from it were unsuccessful, and therefore it was called "kupfernikel", which approximately means "Copper Devil" (cf. German Nickel - mischievous). This mineral (red nickel pyrite NiAs) was studied in 1751 by the Swedish mineralogist and chemist Kronstedt. He managed to obtain a green oxide and, by reducing the latter, a new metal called nickel.

Being in nature, getting:

Nickel is quite common in nature - its content in the earth's crust is 0.01% (wt.). In iron meteorites (up to 8%). In plants, on average, 5 * 10 -5 weight percent, in marine animals - 1.6 * 10 -4, in terrestrial animals - 1 * 10 -6, in the human body - 1 ... 2 * 10 -6
The bulk of nickel is obtained from garnierite and magnetic pyrites in several ways:
1. Silicate ore is reduced with coal dust in rotary tube furnaces to iron-nickel pellets (5-8% Ni), which are then purified from sulfur, calcined and treated with an ammonia solution. After the solution is acidified, a metal is obtained electrolytically from it.
2. Carbonyl method (Mond method). First, copper-nickel matte is obtained from sulfide ore, over which CO is passed under high pressure. Easily volatile tetracarbonylnickel is formed by thermal decomposition, which isolates a particularly pure metal.
3. Aluminothermic method. Recovery of nickel from oxide ore with aluminum: 3NiO + 2Al = 3Ni + Al 2 O 3.

Physical properties:

Nickel metal has a silvery color with a yellowish tint, is very hard, ductile and malleable, polishes well, and is attracted by a magnet. Density of a simple substance at n.o. 8.902 g/cm3, Tm.=1726K, Tboil.=3005K.

Chemical properties:

At ordinary temperatures, nickel is characterized by high corrosion resistance - it is stable in air, in water, in alkalis, and in a number of acids. Reacts with nitric acid to form nickel(II) nitrate Ni(NO 3) 2 and the corresponding nitric oxide.
When heated, nickel interacts with many non-metals: halogens, sulfur, phosphorus, carbon. With atmospheric oxygen at 800°C, nickel forms oxide NiO.
Nickel is capable of absorbing large volumes of hydrogen, resulting in the formation of solid solutions of hydrogen in nickel.
With carbon monoxide(II) nickel easily forms a volatile and highly toxic carbonyl Ni(CO) 4 .

The most important connections:

In compounds, cobalt exhibits an oxidation state of +3, +2, 0.
Nickel(II) oxide, NiO- solid substance from light to dark green or black. Basic properties prevail, hydrogen and other reducing agents are reduced to metal.
Nickel(II) hydroxide, Ni(OH) 2- green, slightly soluble in water and alkalis, good in many acids, basic properties prevail. When heated, it decomposes to form NiO.
Nickel(II) salts- usually obtained by the interaction of NiO or Ni(OH) 2 with various acids. Water-soluble nickel salts usually form crystalline hydrates, for example, NiSO 4 *7H 2 O, Ni(NO 3) 2 *6H 2 O. Insoluble nickel compounds include Ni 3 (PO 4) 2 phosphate and Ni 2 SiO 4 silicate. Crystalline hydrates and solutions are usually colored green, and anhydrous salts are yellow or brown-yellow.
Nickel(II) complex compounds very numerous (c.n. = 6). Their formation is explained, for example, by the dissolution of nickel oxide in an ammonia solution. Nickel dimethylglyoximate Ni(C 4 H 6 N 2 O 2) 2 , which gives a clear red color in an acid medium, is used as a qualitative reaction for nickel (II) ions.
Nickel(III) compounds are less typical. Known for example oxide Ni 2 O 3 *H 2 O, a black substance, is obtained by oxidation of nickel (II) hydroxide in an alkaline environment with hypochlorite or halogens:
2Ni(OH) 2 + 2NaOH + Br 2 = Ni 2 O 3 *H 2 O + 2NaBr + H 2 O
Strong oxidizer.
There are also nickel(III) complex compounds, for example, K 3 .
Nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO) 4. Diamagnetic colorless liquid, highly volatile and toxic. It hardens at -23°C, when heated to 180-200°C, it decomposes into metallic nickel and carbon monoxide (II). Ni(CO) 4 is slightly soluble in water, good in organic solvents, does not react with dilute acids and alkalis.

Application:

Nickel is a component of many alloys - heat-resistant, resistance alloys (nichrome: 60% Ni + 40% Cr), jewelry (white gold, cupronickel), coins.
Nickel is also used for nickel plating - creating a corrosion-resistant coating on the surface of another metal. They are also used for the production of batteries, winding the strings of musical instruments ...
Nickel is one of the trace elements necessary for the normal development of living organisms. It is known that it takes part in enzymatic reactions in animals and plants.
Nickel can cause allergies (contact dermatitis) to metals that come into contact with the skin (jewelry, watches, jeans studs). In the European Union, the nickel content in products that come into contact with human skin is limited.

Rudagina Olga
KhF Tyumen State University, 581 gr., 2011

Sources: Wikipedia: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni and others,
Popular library of chemical elements. Nickel. http://n-t.ru/ri/ps/pb028.htm
Website of the Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Chemical Technical University named after DI. Mendeleev. Table D.I. Mendeleev: Nickel

Monoxide (the mineral bunsenite) is non-stoichiometric. crystalline conn. NiO x, where x ~ 1; depending on the method of preparation and the state of the oxide, the color of the crystals can vary from light to dark green and further to black; up to 252 °C stable a-NiO [antiferromagnet; From 0 p > 44.3 J/(molXQ); S 0 298 38.0 J/(molXQ); see also table]; above 252°C-b-NiO; m.p. 1682 °C, however, already above 1230 °C, NiO begins to dissociate into metallic. Ni and O 2 . Possesses weakly basic St. you; not soluble in water; is reduced (H 2 , C, Mg, Al, etc.) to metal. With oxides of other metals gives double oxides, for example. spinel type BaNiO 2 .

PROPERTIES OF NICKEL OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES

*For freshly precipitated DH 0 arr - 531.7 kJ/mol, DG 0 arr - 477.32 kJ / mol.

NiO is obtained by heating the Ni(II) salt at 1000-1100°C or by oxidizing Ni with heating. in air or in an O 2 environment. It is used to obtain Ni(II) salts and nickel-containing catalysts and ferrites, as a pigment for glass, glazes and ceramics. MPC in the air of the working area is 0.005 mg/m 3 (in terms of Ni).

From aqueous solutions of Ni (II) salts, when adding p-rimmed metal hydroxides in water, Ni (OH) 2 precipitates in the form of a bulk green gel, which crystallizes upon standing. Ni(OH) 2 crystals; dense 4.1 g/cm 3 ; S 0 298 80.0 J/(mol K); product of solution in water solution 2X10 -16; easily sol. in NH 3 with the formation of amino complexes; non-amphoteric; at 230-250 °C it decomposes to NiO. At the electrochem. oxidation of Ni(OH) 2 in alkaline solution, the use of Ni hydroxides in alkaline iron-nickel or cadmium-nickel batteries is based.

The existence of higher oxides of Ni cannot be considered firmly established, although there are reports of the production of N. o. composition NiO l,33-2.0 by oxidation of NiO, NiCl 2, Ni (OH) 2 with oxygen at 200-400 ° C or Ni (II) salts with bromine in an alkaline solution. However, the individuality of the isolated phases as chemical. conn. composition has not been proven. It is assumed that the mechanism of formation of such phases is reduced to the diffusion of Ni atoms from the bulk to the surface and their binding by oxygen into disordered phases of NiO x(x > 1.0). There are reports of the release of Ni(OH) 3 hydroxide during the oxidation of Ni(OH) 2 with chlorine or bromine in an alkaline solution. However, the individuality of Ni(OH) 3 cannot be considered proven, since the isolated Comm. Ni(III) from alkaline solution were identified either as MNiO 2 double oxides or NiO(OH) hydroxide.

Hydroxy and oxi d n and k l I (III) NiO (OH) - black crystals; exists in two modifications g and b- The first is obtained by oxidizing Ni with a mixture of Na 2 O 2 with NaOH, the second is by treating the alkaline solution of Ni (NO 3) 2 with bromine or by electrolysis of this solution. During the aging of the NiO(OH) precipitate, a mixed hydroxide of the composition Ni 3 O 2 (OH) 4 is formed. NiO(OH) is used to purify nickel electrolyte from Co.

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"NICKEL OXIDE" in books

Soldering contacts made of stainless steel, chrome, nickel and others

From the book Former Citizen in the Village. The best recipes for country living author Kashkarov Andrey

Soldering contacts from of stainless steel, chromium, nickel and others All of the listed metals are classified as difficult to solder. Of course, "at any cost" you can solder everything to everything. The only question is how to do it. If the wire cannot be soldered,

oxides

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (OK) of the author TSB

Three tons of nickel stolen

From the book Everything for the Front? [How victory was actually forged] author Zefirov Mikhail Vadimovich

Three tons of nickel were stolen However, theft and embezzlement took place at many enterprises of the military industry. So, in the order of the People's Commissariat for Armaments dated February 25, 1940, sent to the directors of all factories, the following facts were cited: “Only for November 1940 from factory No. 6

BREAKING ACCORDING TO CHUBAIS' STATUTE (the brilliance and poverty of Norilsk Nickel) Nikolai Mikhailov

From the book Newspaper Tomorrow 192 (31 1997) author Tomorrow Newspaper

BREAKING ACCORDING TO THE CHUBAIS CHARTER (the brilliance and poverty of Norilsk Nickel) Nikolai Mikhailov On the way to Norilsk from the local airport, you can see a unique monument in the tundra. Monument-locomotive. Sixty-one years ago, on the permafrost between the lakes Lama and Pyasino,

7.1. Alloys of copper and nickel

From the book Jewelry Materials author Kumanin Vladimir Igorevich

7.1. Alloys of copper and nickel Copper and nickel are infinitely soluble in both liquid and solid state. The state diagram of Si – Ni is shown in fig. 7.1. The structure of all double copper-nickel alloys is a solid solution of these elements. Crystal cell -

REPUBLICATION (November 1991) with Changes N 1, 2, 3, 4, approved in August 1980, March 1983, July 1985, June 1990 (IUS 10-80, 7-83, 10 -85, 9-90)

This standard applies to powdered nickel oxide used in enterprises manufacturing enameled products.

NiO formula.

Molecular weight (according to international atomic masses 1971) - 74.709.

1. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1a. Nickel oxide must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to the technological regulations approved in the prescribed manner.

(Introduced additionally, Rev. N 2).

1.1. Nickel oxide must be produced in the form of a powder with a particle size of not more than 0.5 mm.

Table 1


Name of indicator
	Mass fraction of nickel and cobalt (sum), %, not less than
	including cobalt, %, no more
	Mass fraction of iron, %, no more
	Mass fraction of copper, %, no more
	Mass fraction of sulfur, %, no more
	Mass fraction of metal oxides (aluminum, silicon, magnesium),%, not more than
		Withstands the test according to clause 3.11

Note. By agreement with the consumer, it is allowed mass fraction malleable grains of nickel oxide, not more than 0.01%.

(Changed edition, Rev. N 4).

1a. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

1a.1. Nickel oxide dust has a carcinogenic effect, affects hematopoiesis, carbohydrate metabolism; hazard class 1 according to GOST 12.1.007-76; the maximum permissible concentration in the air of the working area of industrial premises (in terms of nickel) is 0.05 mg / m3 according to the standards approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

1a.2. The maximum permissible concentration of nickel in the water of reservoirs for sanitary use is 0.1 mg / dm3 according to the standards approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

1a.3. Nickel oxide is not subject to neutralization and destruction. The spilled product after dry and subsequent wet cleaning is disposed of in technological processes nickel production.

1a.4. Nickel oxide is non-flammable under normal conditions, fire and explosion-proof, in air and Wastewater ax does not form toxic compounds in the presence of other substances.

1a.5. Those working with nickel oxide should be provided with the means personal protection in accordance with GOST 12.4.103-83.

For respiratory protection, depending on the concentration, filtering antiaerosol respirators of the 2nd and 1st degree of protection according to GOST 12.4.011-89, GOST 12.4.034-85 *, GOST 12.4.041-89 * should be used.
______________
GOST 12.4.034-2001;
*8 On site Russian Federation valid GOST 12.4.041-2001

1a.6. Those working with nickel oxide must be provided with household premises equipped with devices for group IIIa of production processes in accordance with the norms and rules approved by the USSR State Construction Committee.

Production and laboratory premises where work with nickel oxide is carried out must be equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation in accordance with GOST 12.4.021-75, ensuring the air condition of the working area in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005-88.

Control over the air condition of the working area is carried out in accordance with GOST 12.1.007-76 and methods approved by the Ministry of Health of the USSR and the corresponding GOST 12.1.016-79.

1a.7. Each person working with nickel oxide must be trained in accordance with GOST 12.0.004-79 *.
________________
*Probably an original error. You should read GOST 12.0.004-90. - Database manufacturer's note.

1a.8. Nickel oxide analysis should be carried out in accordance with GOST 12.3.002-75 and regulatory and technical documents for safe execution works in laboratory conditions, approved in the prescribed manner.

1a.9. When loading and unloading nickel oxide, safety requirements in accordance with GOST 12.3.009-76 must be observed.

Section 1a. (Changed edition, Rev. N 3).

1.2. According to physico-chemical parameters, nickel oxide must comply with the standards specified in Table 1.

2. ACCEPTANCE RULES

2.1. Nickel oxide is accepted in batches. The batch includes a product that is homogeneous in terms of its quality indicators, in an amount not exceeding 10 tons, simultaneously sent to one address and accompanied by one quality document containing:

Product name;

the results of the analyzes carried out;

batch number and date of manufacture;

lot weight gross and net;

the number of packaging units of the lot;

2.2. The combined sample of nickel oxide is taken by weight of at least 1% of the batch. The number of packaging units from which samples must be taken are indicated in Table 2.

It is allowed to take samples directly from the flow at regular intervals during the entire loading and unloading of a batch of the finished product.

table 2


The number of packaging units in the controlled lot		Number of packaging units to be sampled
	1 to 5

(Changed edition, Rev. N 2).

2.3. Upon receipt of unsatisfactory results of the analysis for at least one of the indicators, a repeated analysis of a double number of samples taken from the same batch is carried out. The results of the reanalyses are considered final and apply to the entire lot.

3. METHODS OF ANALYSIS

3.1. A point sample of nickel oxide is taken using a probe consisting of two tubes - external and internal. The outer tube must have a closed end and be provided with a slot-like slot along the entire length of the stylus immersion.

The inner tube must have one or more slots located so that when the tubes rotate in different sides in relation to each other, the slots could open and close. The tubes must freely fit one into the other so that even the largest particles do not interfere with rotation between them.

The probe is inserted into the drum, bag or barrel to the depths of the packaging unit with the slots closed. When the probe reaches the depth of the packaging unit, the slots must be opened so that the probe is filled with powder along the entire length of the slots, after which the slots are closed and its contents are poured into the collection container for the combined sample.

The selected pooled sample is reduced using a divider. In this case, nickel oxide from the filling device is poured evenly into the chambers of the left and right collectors.

The pooled sample is reduced to a weight of at least 0.5 kg. The resulting average laboratory sample is divided into two parts, of which one part is ground to 0.15 mm and sent for chemical analysis, the second part - for a qualitative determination of the content of solid grains of nickel metal.

3.2. Preparation of the analyzed solution for the determination of nickel, cobalt, iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium

3.2.1. Used reagents and solutions:

hydrochloric acid according to GOST 3118-77;

nitric acid according to GOST 4461-77, density 1.38 g/cm;

sulfuric acid according to GOST 4204-77, diluted 1:1;

potassium acid sulfate according to GOST 4223-75;

hydrofluoric acid (hydrofluoric acid) according to GOST 10484-78;

distilled water according to GOST 6709-72;

perchloric acid with a density of 1.60 g/cm.

3.2.2. Chemical treatment of the sample

To determine the mass fraction of nickel and cobalt, separate sample portions are taken, respectively, 1 g each. To determine the mass fraction of iron, copper, aluminum, a total portion of 1 g is taken. dissolved in a glass with a capacity of 200-300 cm in 30 cm of hydrochloric acid when heated for 10-15 minutes. Then pour 10-20 cm of nitric acid and continue heating, closing the glass with a watch glass. After the dissolution of the main mass, the glass is removed and washed with 3-5 cm of water. Carefully add 20 ml of sulfuric acid to the sample and evaporate the solution until the release of sulfuric anhydride vapor begins. Cool, wash the walls of the glass with 3-5 cm of water and evaporate again until the release of sulfuric anhydride vapors. After cooling, add about 50 cm of water. If an insoluble residue remains, it is filtered off through an ashless filter and melted with acidic potassium sulfate. To do this, the residue on the filter is washed with hot water, dried, transferred with the filter into a platinum crucible, the filter is ashed and calcined. The precipitate is moistened with a few drops of water, 2-3 drops of sulfuric acid, 2-3 cm of hydrofluoric acid are added, heated and evaporated to dryness. The dry residue is fused with a small amount of acidic potassium sulfate (0.2-0.3 g). The melt is dissolved in warm water, acidified with sulfuric acid, and added to the main solution - solution A.

When determining iron, copper, aluminum, solution A, obtained from a separate sample, is transferred into a volumetric flask with a capacity of 100 ml and the volume of the solution is adjusted to the mark with water - solution

3.3. The determination of the mass fraction of nickel is carried out according to GOST 13047.1-81 * (section 2). At the same time, solution A is taken for analysis (clause 3.2), transferred to a beaker for electrolysis, 3 g of ammonium sulfate are added and subjected to electrolysis.
______________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST 13047.1-2002 and GOST 13047.2-2002 apply. - Database manufacturer's note.

3.4. Determination of the mass fraction of cobalt is carried out according to GOST 13047.6-81 * (section 4). In this case, solution A is taken for analysis (clause 3.2).
______________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST 13047.4-2002 applies. - Database manufacturer's note.

3.2.1-3.4. (Changed edition, Rev. N 4).

3.5. Determination of the mass fraction of iron is carried out according to GOST 13047.14-81 * (section 3). At the same time, an aliquot of solution B (p. 3.2), equal to 20 cm 3, is taken for analysis, an aliquot containing 10-100 μg of iron is taken for colorimetry.
______________
* GOST 13047.17-2002 is valid on the territory of the Russian Federation. - Database manufacturer's note.

3.6. Determination of the mass fraction of copper is carried out according to GOST 13047.7-81 * (section 2). In this case, an aliquot of solution B (p. 3.2) is taken for analysis, equal to 20 cm3; for colorimetry select an aliquot containing 10-100 μg of copper.
______________
* GOST 13047.10-2002 is valid on the territory of the Russian Federation. - Database manufacturer's note.

3.7. The determination of the mass fraction of sulfur is carried out according to GOST 13047.3-81 * (section 3).
______________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST 13047.7-2002 applies. - Database manufacturer's note.

3.8. Determination of the mass fraction of aluminum is carried out according to GOST 13047.16-81 * (section 2). In this case, an aliquot of solution B (clause 3.2) equal to 10 cm3 is taken for analysis, and electrolysis is carried out with a mercury cathode; for colorimetry select an aliquot containing 10-100 μg of aluminum.
______________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST 13047.19-2002 applies. - Database manufacturer's note.

3.9. Determination of the mass fraction of silicon is carried out according to GOST 13047.4-81 * (section 3). In this case, 1.0000-2.0000 g of the sample is decomposed into 30 ml of hydrochloric acid and 20 ml of perchloric acid. The insoluble residue is fused with 0.3-0.5 g of potassium carbonate-sodium mixture and leached with water. The combined solutions are evaporated until white vapors appear (within 15 minutes).
______________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST 13047.8-2002 applies. - Database manufacturer's note.

Permissible discrepancies between the results of parallel determinations, characterizing the convergence of the method (), and the results of the main and repeated analyzes, characterizing the reproducibility of the method (), should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bgiven in Table 3.

3.10. Determination of the mass fraction of magnesium is carried out according to GOST 13047.17-81 * (section 2). In this case, 1.0000 g of the sample is dissolved by heating in 30 ml of hydrochloric acid. After the termination of the dissolution reaction, 10 ml of nitric acid are added and the dissolution is continued, 5 ml of hydrofluoric acid are added, boiled for 5 minutes, 5 ml of perchloric acid are added and evaporated to abundant vapors.
______________
* GOST 13047.20-2002 is valid on the territory of the Russian Federation. - Database manufacturer's note.

Permissible discrepancies between the results of parallel determinations, characterizing the convergence of the method (), and the results of the main and repeated analyzes, characterizing the reproducibility of the method (), should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bgiven in Table 3.

Table 3


Element name	Mass fraction, %	Permissible discrepancies, %

Aluminum	0.25 to 0.50
	St. 0.50 to 1.00
Silicon	0.50 to 1.00
Magnesium	0.50 to 1.00

3.11. Determination of the mass fraction of malleable grains of nickel oxide

To check the presence of malleable grains of nickel oxide, indicating the presence of solid, fused particles of metallic nickel, take a sample of 15 g from one of the parts of the reduced total sample, place it in a porcelain, agate or metal mortar, grind for 5 minutes and sift through a sieve with mesh N 025K GOST 6613-86. If grains remain on the grid, attracted to the magnet, then the result of the analysis is considered negative.

By agreement with the consumer, malleable grains of nickel oxide are allowed. Their mass fraction () as a percentage is calculated by the formula

where is the mass of grains attracted to the magnet from the grid after sieving, g;

Sample weight, samples, g

3.8-3.11. (Changed edition, Rev. N 4).

3.12. It is allowed to carry out analyzes by other methods that ensure the accuracy of the determination within the limits established by the standard.

In case of disagreement in the evaluation of the results, the analyzes are carried out according to paragraphs 3.3-3.11.

(Introduced additionally, Rev. N 4).
or steel drums, class 9, division 9.2, classification code 923.
______________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation, GOST 14192-96 applies. - Database manufacturer's note.

In addition, the transport container is marked with the following data:

name of the manufacturer and its trademark;

lot number;

designation of this standard.

(Changed edition, Rev. N 2, 3).

4.3. (Deleted, Rev. N 2).

4.4. Nickel oxide is transported by all types of transport in accordance with the rules for the transport of (dangerous) goods in force for this type of transport.

The product packed in specialized containers is transported by railway on open rolling stock; loading and fastening of containers is carried out according to the conditions of loading and fastening of goods, approved by the Ministry of Railways of the USSR.

Nickel oxide packed in barrels and drums must be transported in cargo packages in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods of the Ministry of Railways of the USSR, GOST 26663-85 using pallets in accordance with GOST 9078-84. Means of fastening cargoes in transport packages - in accordance with GOST 21650-76.

(Changed edition, Rev. N 3, 4).

4.5. Nickel oxide must be stored in a packaged form in a dry, closed room in the warehouse of the manufacturer, consumer.

Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
M.: Publishing house of standards, 1992

The natural mixture contains five stable nickel isotopes with mass numbers 58, 60, 61, 63 and 64. The content of nickel in the lithosphere is about 0.02% (wt.). The most important ores are nickel pyrite NiS and arsenic-nickel luster NiAsS.

Physical Properties

Pure nickel is a yellowish-white, ductile, malleable and malleable metal, well polished, ferromagnetic.

Chemical properties

In its compact state, nickel is resistant to air and water, less active than iron, less soluble in dilute acids, and completely insoluble in alkalis. Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid passivate nickel:

2Ni + O 2 → 2NiO

Ni + Cl 2 NiCl 2

Ni + 2HCl (dil.) NiCl 2 + H 2

3Ni + 8HNO 3 (diff.) → 3Ni(NO 3) 2 + 2NO + 4H 2 O

Nickel compounds

Nickel has two oxides - nickel (II) oxide NiO and nickel (III) oxide Ni 2 O 3 and, accordingly, two series of compounds. Nickel(II) compounds are the most stable; nickel (III) compounds exhibit oxidizing properties, they are unstable.

nickel oxide ( II ) NiO- exhibits amphoteric properties, reacts with acids, during sintering with alkalis and oxides of typical metals:

NiO + 2HCl (dil.) → NiCl 2 + H 2 O

NiO + 2NaOH Na 2 NiO 2 + H 2 O

NiO + BaO (BaNi)O 2

Nickel hydroxide ( II ) Ni ( Oh ) 2 - exhibits amphoteric properties, reacts with dilute acids, alkalis during sintering, is a weak reducing agent:

Ni(OH) 2 NiO + H 2 O

Ni(OH) 2 + 2HCl (dil.) → NiCl 2 + 2H 2 O

Ni(OH) 2 tv. + 2NaOH tv. Na 2

Nickel (II) hydroxide Ni (OH) 2 is precipitated by acting with alkalis on salts:

NiSO 4 + 2NaOH → Ni(OH) 2 + Na 2 SO 4

a green precipitate of nickel (II) hydroxide Ni(OH) 2 dissolves in acids.

Nickel (III) hydroxide Ni (OH) 3 is obtained in the form of a black-brown precipitate by the action of oxidizing agents on nickel (II) hydroxide.

Nickel(II) salts are known with practically all common anions. Anhydrous salts, unlike green crystalline hydrates, often have a yellow color with different shades. These are, for example, NiF 2 fluoride, NiCl 2 chloride, NiBr 2 bromide, and nickel cyanide Ni(CN) 2 . Nickel iodide NiI 2 black. Most nickel salts are highly soluble in water. Almost insoluble carbonate NiCO 3 6H 2 O, NiS sulfide and nickel orthophosphate Ni 3 (PO 4) 2 8H 2 O.

Like iron and cobalt, nickel forms complex compounds. For example, by the action of an excess of ammonium hydroxide on nickel (II) sulfate, ammoniates are obtained:

NiSO 4 + 6NH 4 OH → SO 4 + 6H 2 O

This salt is soluble in water and gives the solution an intense blue color.

Biological functions of nickel

The Ni 2+ cation activates the plant enzyme urease. Together with other metal cations, it also activates certain enzymes in animal organisms. The human body contains about 10 mg of Ni 2+ and this content is maintained constant as a result of homeostasis.

The use of nickel and its compounds

The bulk of nickel in industry is spent on the production of alloys for electrical engineering: invar, platinum, nichrome, nickeline. Nickel alloys are also used in the chemical and aviation industries in shipbuilding. As an alloying metal, nickel imparts toughness, mechanical strength, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance to steels. Chrome-nickel steels (1-4% (wt.) nickel and 0.5-2% (wt.) chromium) are used to make armor, armor-piercing shells, and artillery pieces. Nickel is used in alkaline batteries. Nickel has long been known as a catalyst.

Human activity (extraction and processing of ores containing nickel, use of nickel and its compounds in production processes and at home, burning coal and oil, using sewage sludge and some phosphate fertilizers to fertilize fields) leads to a significant intake of nickel into soils. Technogenic pollution strongly influences nickel concentrations in plants.

Nickel and its compounds – strong allergens. They are also able to encourage the occurrence of tumors under the action of organic carcinogens. The most toxic of the nickel compounds is tetracarbonylnickel, which damages the lungs when inhaled. Since nickel compounds in high concentrations pose a serious danger to human health, it is necessary to control their redistribution in the environment.