Technological innovation. Innovation and innovation activities of the Improved new technological process of practical activities

(innovation) is final result creative activity embodied in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, or a new or improved technological process used in practice.
Note [O.P.2]: Is it always new idea is an innovation?
In other words, innovation is the result of the implementation of new ideas and knowledge for the purpose of their practical use to meet certain consumer needs.
This means that if, for example, a new idea is developed, reflected in diagrams, drawings or thoroughly described, but it is not used in any industry or area, and it cannot find a consumer on the market, then this new idea, this knowledge, represents result creative work, is not an innovation.
It follows that the main properties (criteria) of innovation are:
scientific and technical novelty;
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practical implementation (industrial applicability), i.e. use e.g. in industry, agriculture, healthcare, education or other areas of activity;
- commercial feasibility, which means that the innovation is “accepted” by the market, i.e. marketable; which, in turn, means the ability to satisfy certain consumer needs.
Thus, a new idea in itself, no matter how thoroughly it is described, formalized and presented in diagrams and drawings, is not an innovation (innovation) if this idea is not embodied in products, services or processes used in practice. Only new ideas implemented in new products or processes are called innovations. That is, the indispensable properties, criteria for innovation are the novelty of the idea and its implementation, implementation in practice, in new products or processes.
Since a new idea is embodied in real objects or processes, it turns out to be focused on meeting the practical needs of people. Thus, in a market economy, such an integral criterion of innovation as the practical implementation of a new idea turns out to be closely related to the criterion of its commercial feasibility through the appearance of a new idea on the market.

Scheme 1
Innovation -
new idea, new knowledge The result of completed scientific research (fundamental and applied), experimental design, other scientific and technical achievements. New ideas can take the form of discoveries, rationalization proposals, concepts, methods, instructions, etc. Innovation \u003d Innovation (from the English innovation - the introduction of a new one) The result of the introduction of new knowledge, its implementation in a new or improved product sold on the market, or in a new or improved technological process used in practice. Diffusion of innovation The process of spreading an already once mastered, implemented innovation, i.e. the application of innovative products, services, technologies in new places and conditions. The form and speed of this process depend on the structure and power of communication channels, the ability of economic entities to quickly respond to innovations.
Note [O.P.4]: How
correlate scientific and innovative activity?
way (see scheme 1). The first component of the innovation process - innovations, i.e. new ideas, knowledge - is the result of completed scientific research (fundamental and applied), experimental design, and other scientific and technical results. The second component of the innovation process is implementation, the introduction of innovation into practice, i.e. innovation or innovation. The third component of the innovation process is the diffusion of innovations, which means the spread of an already once mastered, implemented innovation, i.e. the application of innovative products, services or technologies in new places and conditions.
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Innovative activity is rooted in ancient times, when science in the modern sense of the word did not exist. But even then, at the heart of the innovative
process lay new ideas, innovations. So, the idea of ​​the wheel originated in the Ancient East about 6 thousand years ago. The birth of the idea of ​​the wheel was the beginning of an innovative process, during which products and technologies were developed that put the idea of ​​the wheel into practice, satisfying the various needs of people. So, the advent of the cart made it possible to move with the help of a wheel, a block - to lift heavy objects, a water wheel - to transfer the energy of water, a foot spinning wheel - to make yarn, etc. These technological processes and products, through which the idea of ​​the wheel was used, were innovations (innovations). Subsequently, knowledge about processes and products using the idea of ​​the wheel spread and applied in new places and conditions - this is the stage of diffusion of innovations.
Questions about how new ideas appear, new knowledge is generated, are mainly analyzed in such a field of research as the methodology of science, in which various models of the formation of scientific theories, their relationship with empirical facts, the development of scientific knowledge, the role of internal and external factors this process, etc. This area requires special consideration and study, which goes beyond innovation management. It is important to emphasize here that the result of scientific research - new knowledge, innovation - gives rise to the innovation process.
Innovation is such a component of the innovation process, which is the result of the implementation of new knowledge in the form of a new or improved product accepted by the market, or a new or improved technological process used in practice.
Being the end result of creative work, realized in the form of a new product or technological process, innovation itself is a commodity. It should be emphasized that, for example, when it comes to the end result of a development implemented in the form of a new product, say, a programmable samovar, then buying this innovation means buying not the samovar itself, that is, an object, a thing, but a body of knowledge, information about it product and its production. In other words, innovation is an intellectual product, which largely determines the nature of the problems of managing innovation processes.
The nature of the third component of the innovation process - the diffusion of innovations - depends on the structure and power of communication channels, the ability of business entities to quickly respond to innovations, etc.
Since diffusion includes everything involved in the process of disseminating, promoting and selling an innovation, it is sometimes mistakenly identified with the marketing of an innovation. However, marketing is that part of the diffusion process over which the enterprise has control, such as advertising, product promotion, pricing. Another part of the diffusion process over which the enterprise has no control is dissemination, the promotion of innovation by users and scientific publications, for example, a consumer telling a friend about the benefits of a product, a potential user inquiring about a new product, or publishing an innovation in scientific work.
Thus, the innovation process is a sequential chain of events from a new idea to its implementation in a specific product, service or technology, and further dissemination of innovation.
Note [O.P.5]: Why is new knowledge sometimes not used in practice for a long time?
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One of the fundamental issues concerning the dynamics of the innovation process is the reduction of the time interval, the lag between the emergence of new knowledge and its use, implementation, i.e. innovation. In other words, there is often a significant time gap between the first two components of the innovation process - innovation and innovation, which slows down the innovation process as a whole.
Here are the most striking examples of the delay practical implementation the results of scientific research, which subsequently had a revolutionary significance for the development of the relevant industries.
So, in 1854, the French professor of chemistry Deville (H.Sainte-Claire Deville) discovered a new chemical element - aluminum. Despite the many useful qualities of the new element (this new metal was light, malleable, less susceptible to corrosion), at that time no practical use was found for aluminum, the potential of which had not been realized for almost 100 years. It was only after the Second World War that it began to be used in the form of alloys for household utensils, masts, window frames, fuselages, aircraft wings, etc.
Another example is a laser. It generated only scientific interest for years before it became an essential component of, for example, such an industry as optical communication. Almost half a century (43 years) passed after Einstein's scientific results in 1917 before the first prototype of a laser device was made.
It should be noted that there are many examples of scientific discoveries, which were largely dictated by a request from potential users, a practical need. But even in these cases, there is a time delay between the acquisition of new knowledge, the emergence of a new scientific idea, innovation, and the corresponding innovation, innovation. For example, the need for the transistor existed long before its invention in 1943. Bell Laboratories has invested heavily in this research. The invention was patented in 1948, but only in 1951 did the actual production of transistors begin. It took 11 years after the invention, until in 1954, Texas Instruments produced the first silicon transistor for widespread use.
One can cite a lot of examples from Russian (Soviet) practice, when scientific results with great potential practical application, for years and decades "gathered dust on the shelves", waiting for implementation. However, we focused on examples from foreign practice in order to emphasize that the problem under consideration is general for the management of innovation processes, and not typical only for a planned economy or for individual countries.
Of course, in the history of innovation there are examples of scientific discoveries that immediately resonated and were used in practice, i.e., the time gap between the first two components of the innovation process was minimal. One such example is X-rays. They were discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895, and by the turn of the 20th century, X-ray tubes were being produced for use in medicine. But such examples, unfortunately, are the exception rather than the rule. More often, the time lag between a scientific discovery, the acquisition of new knowledge and its application in practice is a fairly long period of time, commensurate with the length of the main stages of the innovation process, or even longer.
Why do new ideas, as a rule, take so long to be embodied in specific products, services, technologies, to reach the consumer, the market? Why is such an important resource of innovation processes as time often used inefficiently? What factors influence the time lag between the emergence of new knowledge, innovation and its application, innovation? These issues are currently very important, since the success of the entire innovation process depends significantly on the speed of translating new knowledge into practice. Therefore, effective innovation management involves overcoming barriers that cause delays in the practical implementation of new ideas, obtaining and maintaining competitive advantage as a result of rapid entry into the market with innovative products and services.
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Note [O.P.6]: What are the main drivers of the innovation process?
Why is the development and implementation of innovations, the intensification of innovation processes an integral feature of a market economy? What drives businesses to invest more and more in innovation? In other words, what is the driving force behind scientific and technological progress, innovation processes in the market? What makes and stimulates economic entities of various levels to develop and implement innovations?
The main "driver" of innovation processes in the market is to obtain a competitive advantage. More and more managers in a wide variety of organizations and enterprises are realizing the rapid growth of the importance of innovation in achieving a favorable competitive position.
Thus, one of the most innovative organizations in the world is the Japanese company Sony. This firm has created, developed and marketed many innovative products such as VCRs for home use, Trinitron color television systems, 3-inch floppy disks, hand-held camcorders, hand-held flat-panel TVs, compact discs, etc. One of the company's leaders Akio Morita so wrote in his book "Made in Japan" (Morita Akio "Made in Japan", New York, 1986): “We have launched many products that the market has never seen before ... We usually develop New Product and go to market with it while the industry giants wait to see if it succeeds. Only then, if successful, do they flood the market with that product. This is how things have been for many years. We always had to be ahead."
Thus, in order to gain a competitive advantage, i.e. to outperform its competitors even for a short period of time, Sony is constantly innovating with a pioneering strategy.
It should be noted here that new knowledge, research and development (R&D) alone do not create a successful economy. The key to competitiveness and wealth growth is the successful use of R&D, i.e. innovation. Figuratively speaking, the following analogy with a fairy tale is partly acceptable to the innovation process. New scientific knowledge, innovation is like an introduction: "Once upon a time, a long time ago ...". And innovation, the introduction of this knowledge is associated with the words: "And they lived happily ever after."
Note [O.P.7]: Than
explain the modern acceleration of the pace of innovation processes?
But the duration of this happy life' tends to decrease rapidly. Table 1 shows how dramatically the lifespan of a successful innovative product is reduced. If until the 19th century the unit of measurement of duration life cycle product was a century, then in the XIX - early XX century it began to be measured in decades. In the second half of the 20th century, the average life span of a product was already measured in years, but now the life cycle is often measured in months, and this downward trend continues.
Table 1.
Average] Period Product life expectancy XIII-XIX centuries Century XIX century - 1940 Decades 1940 - present Years Present - near future Months Now the economic battles, the "innovative race" for achieving competitive advantage do not subside. Necessary condition success in the competitive struggle is increasingly becoming the activation of innovative processes. Therefore, many organizations are currently faced with a dilemma: innovate or liquidate.
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Another significant driver of innovation processes in many countries is state regulation. Government policy and legislation can significantly intensify innovation processes, encourage organizations of various forms of ownership in various industries and areas to invest in the development of innovative products, services and technologies. For example, the state can introduce new standards that must be met by industrial emissions into rivers and the atmosphere or transport safety equipment, which will lead to innovations in production technologies, innovative products. Changes in economic policy may also necessitate the search for more efficient innovative technologies, may initiate a search alternative resources, innovative product development, etc.
We can note one more, according to some experts, an important reason, the driving force of innovative processes - these are such fundamental characteristics of human nature as curiosity and laziness. Curiosity (i.e., “What if I do this?” mentality) and laziness (i.e., “How can I find an easier way to do this?” attitude) can be “served by innovation” .

1) a new or improved product introduced on the market,

2) a new or improved technological process used in practice,

3) a new approach to social services.

Most Attention deserves the analysis carried out by Urazova N.G. and Gedich T.G., where all definitions of innovation are considered:

As a result;

Like a process;

Like change.

The first approach considers innovation as the end result of creative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, or a new or improved technological process used in practice. AT this approach the concept of innovation is equated with the concept of innovation.

The second approach considers innovation as a process of creating, implementing and disseminating innovations. This approach is also characterized by equating the concept of "innovation" with the concept of innovation.

The third approach, in which innovation is understood as changes in the economic, social, scientific, technical and other areas due to the introduction of this innovation. In this approach, it is no longer appropriate to equate the concept of innovation with the concept of innovation or innovation, since it has a completely different meaning.

Currently, there are two approaches to defining the concept of innovation: broad and narrow.

The broad approach is that innovation is understood as any change, for example, new scheme settlements with suppliers or some fresh design solutions.

The narrow approach is based on the definition of innovations as fundamental changes in the reproductive system that change its main functional feature (first-level innovations).

Innovation results from using the results of research and development to improve the process production activities, economic, legal and social relations in the field of science, culture, education, and in other areas of the society. This term can have different meanings in different contexts, depending on the specific purpose of the measurement or analysis. Innovation- this is the end result of innovative activity, which has been implemented in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice. This definition contained in international standards, recommendations for which were adopted in Oslo (Norway) in 1992, hence the name - "Oslo Guide". They are developed in relation to technological innovations and cover new products and processes, as well as their significant technological change.

It should be noted about the existence of the "Frascati leadership", which was adopted in the Italian city of Frascati in 1963. The Frascati Guide is a study by national science and innovation experts from the OECD. It is a recommendation for the collection, processing and analysis of information about science and innovation, but does not give a clear definition of the concept of "innovation".

Thus, many authors agree that the end result of innovation is commercial success. An innovation is considered implemented if it is introduced into the market or in manufacturing process. Accordingly, two types of technological innovations are distinguished: product and process. Product innovation covers the introduction of new or improved products. Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved products, organization of production. The release of such products is not possible using existing equipment or applied production methods.

In other words, innovation is the result of the implementation of new ideas and knowledge for the purpose of their practical use to meet certain consumer needs.

This means that if, for example, a new idea is developed, reflected in diagrams, drawings or thoroughly described, but it is not used in any industry or area, and it cannot find a consumer on the market, then this new idea, this knowledge, represents is the result of creative work, is not an innovation.

It follows that the main properties (criteria) of innovation are:

ü scientific and technical novelty;

ü practical implementation (industrial applicability), i.e. use, for example, in industry, agriculture, health care, education or other areas of activity;

ü commercial feasibility, which means that the innovation is “accepted” by the market, i.e. marketable; which, in turn, means the ability to satisfy certain consumer needs.

Thus, a new idea in itself, no matter how thoroughly it is described, formalized and presented in diagrams and drawings, is not an innovation (innovation) if this idea is not embodied in products, services or processes used in practice. Only new ideas implemented in new products or processes are called innovations, i.e. the indispensable properties, criteria for innovation are the novelty of the idea and its implementation, implementation in practice, in new products or processes.

Since a new idea is embodied in real objects or processes, it turns out to be focused on meeting the practical needs of people.

Thus, in a market economy, such an integral criterion of innovation as the practical implementation of a new idea turns out to be closely related to the criterion of its commercial feasibility through the appearance on the market of new (innovative) products or services.

Innovation itself is a materialized result obtained from capital investment in new equipment or technology, in new forms of organization of labor production, service, management, etc.

AT modern economy the role of innovation has increased significantly. Without the use of innovations, it is almost impossible to create competitive products that have a high degree of science intensity and novelty. Thus, in a market economy, innovation is an effective means of competition, as they lead to the creation of new needs, to a reduction in the cost of production, to an influx of investments, to an increase in the image (rating) of the manufacturer of new products, to the discovery and capture of new markets, including external ones.

Innovation as an economic category reflects the most common properties, characteristics, connections and relations of production and implementation of innovations. The essence of innovation is manifested in its functions. The functions of innovation reflect its purpose in economic system state and its role in the economic process. Innovation plays a special role in increasing the competitiveness of enterprises.

In innovation management, the following functions of innovation are distinguished. The first function of innovation is that almost all innovations are aimed at reducing costs (labor, resources, energy), they create opportunities for involving new productive forces in production, and increase the efficiency of labor and production. The second function of innovation is to improve the quality of manufactured products, which leads to an increase in the level of production and consumption, and improves the quality of life. The third function of innovation is that by improving quality, reducing costs and improving consumption, they contribute to maintaining the proportions between supply and demand, between production and consumption. The fourth function of innovation is that in the process of developing and using innovations, the intellectual potential of a person is actively developed, conditions are created for creative growth, and scientific and technical progress is accelerating.

The incentive mechanism for the development of innovations, first of all, is market competition. In market conditions, producers of products or services are constantly forced to look for ways to reduce production costs and enter new markets. Therefore, entrepreneurial firms that are the first to master effective innovations gain a significant advantage over competitors.

Innovation is a result realized on the market, obtained from capital investment in a new product or operation (technology, process). In this regard, with all the variety of market innovations, an important condition for their practical implementation in business is to attract innovative investments in sufficient volume.

Due to their specific nature, small businesses have to be more active in the market, using their flexibility and ability to quickly reorient. Therefore, it is often small businesses that become the pioneers of new products and new technologies in various industries. Innovative activity helps to increase the company's survival in the competitive struggle, which is especially important for a small business. In addition, when implementing an innovation offered for sale, there is an exchange of "money - innovation". The funds received by the entrepreneur as a result of such an exchange, firstly, cover the costs of creating and selling innovations, secondly, they make a profit from the implementation of innovations, thirdly, they act as an incentive to create new innovations, and fourthly, they are a source of financing new innovation process.

"Innovation (innovation) is the end result of innovative activity, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice." (terms used in the "Concept of innovation policy Russian Federation for 1998-2000, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 24, 1998 No. 832.)

An indispensable property of innovation is scientific and technical novelty. The "novelty" of innovations is evaluated by technological parameters, as well as from market positions. Today, the description of technological innovations is based on international standards, recommendations for which were adopted in Oslo in 1992. (the so-called "Oslo Guide"). These standards cover new products and new processes as well as their significant technological changes. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish innovation from:

· minor modifications in products and technological processes (changes in color, shape, etc.);

minor technical or external changes to the product, as well as its components;

· Expansion of the range of products by mastering the production of products that were not previously produced at this enterprise, but are already known on the market.

Innovation- a formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development or experimental work in any field of activity to increase its effectiveness. Innovations can take the form of discoveries, inventions, patents, trademarks, rationalization proposals, documentation for a new or improved product (technology, management or production process, organizational, production or other structure), know-how, concepts, scientific approaches or principles, documents (standards, recommendations, methods, instructions, etc.), marketing research results, etc.

innovation(lat. Novation - change, update) is any innovation that did not exist before (synonymous with innovation).

Study- the process of obtaining previously unknown data or the observation of a previously unknown phenomenon of nature or the human environment.

Invention- this is the result of research, implemented in a new device, mechanism, tool, technology, method and other things created by man.

Innovation- replacement of an old object (phenomenon) with a new one. Innovation can be. process or result.

Innovation activity- a process aimed at implementing the results of completed research and development or other scientific and technological achievements in a new or improved product sold on the market, in a new or improved technological process used in practice, as well as additional research and development related to this ;

State innovation policy– definition by authorities state power the Russian Federation and the state authorities of the subjects of the Federation of the goals of the innovation strategy and mechanisms for supporting priority innovative programs and projects;

innovative potential(states, industries, organizations) - a set of various kinds resources (including material, financial, intellectual, scientific and technical, etc.) necessary for the implementation of innovative activities;

Innovation sphere - the area of ​​activity of producers and consumers of innovative products (works, services), including the creation and dissemination of innovations;

Innovation infrastructure- organizations that contribute to the implementation of innovative activities (innovation and technology centers, technology incubators, technology parks, educational and business centers and other specialized organizations);

Innovation program- (federal, interstate, industry) - a set of innovative projects and activities, agreed on resources, executors and deadlines for their implementation and providing effective solution tasks for the development and dissemination of fundamentally new types of products (technology).

Innovation process- the process of creation, implementation and dissemination of innovations (innovations).

See also Frascati's Guide.

Currently, in relation to technological innovations, the concepts established Oslo leadership and reflected in International Standards in Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics. International Standards in Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics - Recommendations international organizations in the field of science and innovation statistics, providing their systematic description in a market economy.

An innovation is an innovation if it meets the following conditions:

1. Implemented, practically used.

2. Brings commercial benefits.

3. Contains a scientific or technical development.

The term "innovation" comes from the Latin word "innovus" (in - in, novus - new, innovare - to make new) and means renewal or improvement.

In scientific and legal literature this term first began to be used in the 30s of the twentieth century, while almost every specialist involved in the study of innovative issues revealed it in different ways. Thus, attempts to define innovations were made by J. Schumpeter, P. Drucker, V. Hippel, V. Kingston and other authors.

In international practice, the variant of the definition of "innovation" given in the international standards "Oslo Manual on Invention Statistics and Collection and Processing of R&D Data" ("Oslo Manual") has become widespread. In accordance with these standards, “innovation” is the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the idea of ​​a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice or in a new approach to social services.

In Order Federal Service state statistics of October 30, 2009 N 237 "On approval statistical toolkit to organize a federal statistical observation behind the activities carried out in the field of science and innovation” contains the following definition of innovation: “Innovation is the end result of innovation, embodied in the form of a new or improved product (good, work, service), production process, new marketing method or organizational method in doing business, organizing jobs, or organizing external relations.”

For a company, innovation is the main means of increasing profits, the ability to create strategic advantages in the most competitive areas, the keys to new markets. For a country, the ability to effectively use innovations means the achievement of such national goals as national security, protection environment, health care, as well as increasing labor productivity, attracting international investment, that is, ultimately, raising the level and improving the quality of life. Governments are betting on innovation when they are trying to overcome a crisis.

Innovation is the end result of innovative activity, which means activities aimed at the use and commercialization of the results of scientific research and development to expand and update the range and improve the quality of products (goods, services), improve their manufacturing technology with subsequent implementation and effective implementation in the domestic and foreign markets, innovative activity involves a whole range of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, which together lead to innovation.

The Order of the Federal State Statistics Service dated October 30, 2009 N 237 “On approval of statistical tools for organizing federal statistical monitoring of activities carried out in the field of science and innovation” gives the following definition of innovation activity: “innovation activity is a type of activity associated with the transformation ideas (usually the results of scientific research and development or other scientific and technical achievements) into technologically new or improved products or services introduced on the market, into new or improved technological processes or methods of production (transfer) of services used in practical activities. Innovative activity involves a whole range of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, which together lead to innovation.

In the Main Directions of Policy and the target program, innovation activity is understood as the performance of work and (or) the provision of services aimed at:

• Creation and organization of production of a fundamentally new or with new consumer properties of products (goods, works, services);
• creation and application of new or modernization of existing methods (technologies) of its production, distribution and use;
• · the use of structural, financial, economic, personnel, information and other innovations (innovations) in the production and marketing of products (goods, works, services) that provide cost savings or create conditions for such savings.
• 1.2 Classification and types of innovations

In the practice of innovation management, various classifiers of innovations are used.

According to the type of novelty for the market, innovations are divided into: new to the industry in the world; new to the industry in the country; new for this enterprise (group of enterprises).

According to the stimulus of appearance (source), we can distinguish:

• innovations caused by the development of science and technology;
• innovations caused by the needs of production;
• innovation driven by market needs.

By place in the system (at the enterprise, in the firm), we can distinguish:

• innovations at the entrance of the enterprise (raw materials, equipment, information, etc.);
• innovations at the output of the enterprise (products, services, technologies, information, etc.);
• · innovations of the system structure of the enterprise (management, production).

Depending on the depth of the changes made, there are:

• radical (basic) innovations that implement major inventions and form new directions in the development of technology;
• · improving innovations that implement small inventions and prevail in the phases of distribution and stable development of the scientific and technical cycle;
• · modification (private) innovations aimed at partial improvement of obsolete generations of equipment and technology.

For the purposes of filling in statistical reporting, several types of innovations are distinguished, each of which is given its own definition and description, and several types of activities are distinguished that are not unambiguously recognized as innovative innovations. Relevant recommendations are contained in the Order of the Federal State Statistics Service of October 30, 2009 N 237 “On approval of statistical tools for organizing federal statistical monitoring of activities carried out in the field of science and innovation”, which contains form No. 4-innovation “Information on innovation activity organizations." This form divides innovations into three main types: technological, which in turn includes product and process innovations; marketing innovations and organizational innovations.

Technological innovation - the activities of the organization associated with the development and implementation of technologically new products and processes, as well as significant technological improvements in products and processes; technologically new or significantly improved services, new or significantly improved methods of production (transfer) of services.

Product innovations are the development and introduction into production of technologically new and significantly technologically improved products.

Process innovation - the development and implementation of technologically new or technologically significantly improved production methods, including methods for transferring products.

Marketing innovations - the implementation of new or significantly improved changes in the design and packaging of products, the use of new methods of sales and presentation of products (services), their presentation and promotion to sales markets, the formation of new pricing strategies.

Organizational innovation - the implementation of a new method in doing business, organizing jobs or organizing external relations.

1.3 Innovation process

The successive chain of events in which an innovation is transformed from an idea into a concrete product, technology or service and distributed with the aim of practical application and commercialization is called the innovation process.

Leakage innovative project driven by innovative infrastructure, which includes:

• relevant legal and legislative framework;
• · formed market of scientific and technical products;
• · a network of organizations involved in the commercialization and capitalization of scientific developments;
• · counseling centers;
• information and intermediary services;
• organizations that carry out export-import operations on innovations;
• a network of organizations that carry out engineering, audit, management, coordination and other paid services;
• · scientific and practical personnel, ready to perceive innovations.

The innovation process includes seven elements, the combination of which into a single sequential chain forms the structure of the innovation process.

These elements include:

• 1. initiation of innovation;
• 2. marketing innovation;
• 3. release (production) of innovation;
• 4. implementation of innovation;
• 5. promotion of innovation;
• 6. evaluation of the economic efficiency of innovation;
• 7. diffusion (distribution) of innovation.

The beginning of the innovation process is initiation. Initiation is an activity that consists in choosing the goal of innovation, setting the task performed by innovation, searching for the idea of ​​innovation, its feasibility study and materializing the idea. The materialization of an idea means the transformation of an idea into a commodity (property, a new product, etc.).

After the justification of a new product, marketing research proposed innovation, during which the demand for a new product is studied, the volume of product output is determined, consumer properties and product characteristics are determined, which should be given to innovation as a product entering the market. Then the innovation is sold, that is, the appearance on the market of a small batch of innovation, its promotion, evaluation of effectiveness and diffusion.

Innovation promotion is a set of measures aimed at the implementation of innovations (advertising, organization of the trading process, etc.).

The results of the implementation of innovation and the costs of its promotion are subjected to statistical processing and analysis, on the basis of which it is calculated economic efficiency innovation.

The innovation process ends with the diffusion of innovation. Diffusion (lat. diffusio - distribution, spreading) of innovation is the spread of once mastered innovation in new regions, in new markets.

Thus, the innovation process is aimed at creating the products, technologies or services required by the market, and its direction, pace, goals depend on the socio-economic environment in which it develops and functions.

According to the definition given in the "Concept of the Innovation Policy of the Russian Federation for 1998-2000", innovation is the end result of innovation, realized in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice.

Innovation is the end result of an innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or a new approach to social services.

An innovation is considered implemented if it is implemented in the market or in the production process. Accordingly, two types of technological innovations are distinguished: product and process.

Product innovation covers the introduction of new or improved products. Process innovation is the development of new or significantly improved products, organization of production. The release of such products is not possible using existing equipment or applied production methods. It should be noted the differences between the American and Japanese systems of innovation: in the United States, 1/3 of all innovations are related to process, and 2/3 - to product; in Japan it's the opposite.

Innovation is closely related to scientific and technological progress(NTP), speaking as its result. Scientific and technical progress is an essential factor in the production of products, which, by improving the means of production and technologies, based on the discovery by science of new patterns, phenomena and properties of the world around us, increases labor productivity.

There are basic innovations that implement major inventions and become the basis for the formation of new generations and areas of technology; improving innovations, usually implementing small and medium-sized inventions and prevailing in the phases of dissemination and stable development of the scientific and technical cycle; pseudo-innovations (or rationalizing innovations) aimed at partially improving outdated generations of equipment and technologies and usually slowing down the technological process (they either do not give an effect to society or bring a negative effect).

The innovation process is the process of transforming scientific knowledge into innovation, which can be represented as a sequential chain of events during which innovation matures from an idea to a specific product, technology or service and spreads through practical use. Unlike scientific and technological progress, the innovation process does not end with the introduction, that is, the appearance on the market of a new product, service or bringing it to design capacity. new technology. This process is not interrupted even after implementation, because as it spreads (diffusion), the innovation improves, becomes more efficient, and acquires previously unknown consumer properties. This opens up new areas of application and markets for it, and, consequently, new consumers who perceive this product, technology or service as new for themselves. Thus, this process is aimed at creating the products, technologies or services required by the market and is carried out in close unity with the environment: its direction, pace, goals depend on the socio-economic environment in which it functions and develops.

The basis of the innovation process is the process of creating and mastering new equipment (technologies) (PSNT). Technique is a set of material factors of production (means and objects of labor), in which new knowledge and skills of a person are materialized. Technology - a set of techniques and methods for the manufacture and application of technology and the transformation of natural substances into products for industrial and domestic use.

Innovative activity - activity aimed at using and commercializing the results of scientific research and development to expand and update the range and improve the quality of products (goods, services), improve their manufacturing technology with subsequent implementation and effective implementation in domestic and foreign markets. Innovative activity associated with capital investments in innovation is called innovation and investment activity.

Innovative activity involves a whole range of scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial activities, which together lead to innovation.

The main types of innovative activities include:

a) preparation and organization of production, covering the acquisition of production equipment and tools, changes in them, as well as in the procedures, methods and standards of production and quality control necessary to create a new technological process;

b) pre-production developments, including modifications of the product and the technological process, retraining of personnel for the use of new technologies and equipment;

c) marketing of new products / involving activities related to the release of new products to the market, including preliminary market research, product adaptation to various markets, advertising campaign;

d) acquisition of non-embodied technology from outside in the form of patents, licenses, disclosure of know-how, trademarks, designs, models and services of technological content;

e) the acquisition of embodied technology - machinery and equipment, in terms of their technological content associated with the introduction of product or process innovations;

f) production design, including the preparation of plans and drawings to determine production procedures, technical specifications.

At the heart of innovation is scientific and technical activity (S&T), which is closely related to the creation, development, dissemination and application of scientific and technical knowledge in all areas of science and technology. The concept of scientific and technical documentation was developed by UNESCO and acts as a basic category international standards in statistics of science and technology.

a) research and development;

b) scientific and technical education and training;

c) scientific and technical services.

In the implementation of scientific and technical documentation, the concept of "scale of scientific work" is important, which includes the following:

scientific (scientific and technical) direction - the largest scientific work, which has an independent character and is dedicated to solving an important problem in the development of this branch of science and technology. The decision of one or another scientific direction is possible through the efforts of a number of scientific organizations;

scientific (scientific and technical) problem - part of the scientific (scientific and technical) direction, representing one of the possible ways of its implementation. A scientific problem can be solved in the form of a targeted scientific and technical program, which acts as a complex of work linked by resources, performers, and deadlines. Coordination of these works should be carried out by leading scientific organizations;

scientific topic - part of the problem, which is usually solved within scientific organization and is the main unit thematic plan in financing, planning and accounting of works. The purpose of the topic is an effective solution to a specific problem of researching patent or economic works etc. The topic, depending on its complexity, can be divided into stages and sub-stages.

Innovation is a materialized result obtained from capital investment in new equipment or technology, in new forms of organization of labor production, service, management, etc.

The process of creating, mastering and disseminating innovations is called innovation activity or innovation process.

The result of innovative activity can also be called an innovative product.

State innovation policy - determination by the state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the goals of the innovation strategy and mechanisms for supporting priority innovation programs and projects.

Innovation potential (state, region, industry, organization)" - a set of various types of resources, including material, financial, intellectual, scientific, technical and other resources necessary for the implementation of innovative activities.

Establishing a specific range of aspects that characterize the essence of any concept is the starting point for formulating the goals, structure and scope of further research. Therefore, it is advisable to distinguish between the concepts of "innovation" and "innovation". Innovation is a formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development or experimental work in any field of activity to increase its effectiveness. Innovations can take the form of: discoveries; inventions; patents; trademarks; rationalization proposals; documentation for a new or improved product, technology, management or production; organizational, production or other structure; know-how; concepts; scientific approaches or principles; document (standard, recommendations, methodology, instructions, etc.); marketing research results, etc. Investing in the development of innovation is half the battle. The main thing is to introduce innovation, to turn innovation into a form of innovation, i.e. complete the investment activity and get a positive result, then continue the diffusion of innovation. To develop an innovation, it is necessary to conduct marketing research, R & D, organizational - technological training production, production and formalize the results.

Innovations can be developed both for their own needs (for implementation in own production either for accumulation) or for sale.

In the modern economy, the role of innovation has increased significantly. Without the use of innovations, it is almost impossible to create competitive products that have a high degree of science intensity and novelty. Thus, in a market economy, innovations are an effective means of competition, as they lead to the creation of new needs, to a reduction in the cost of production, to an influx of investments, to an increase in the image (rating) of a manufacturer of new products, to the opening and capture of new markets, including number and external.

All economic processes, like human life, proceed in time, i.e. have a beginning, forward movement and an end. People's needs and attitudes change as they move from one stage of life to the next. In the same way, any goods and services go through a series of stages, which together represent some kind of life cycle.

A cycle means a set of interrelated phenomena, processes, works that form a complete circle of development over a period of time.

The life cycle of an innovation is a specific period of time during which the innovation has an active life force and brings profit or other real benefit to the manufacturer and / or seller.

The concept of the innovation life cycle plays a fundamental role in planning the production of innovations and in organizing the innovation process. This role is as follows:

The concept of the life cycle of innovation forces the economic entity to analyze economic activity both from the position of the present, and from the point of view of the prospects for its development.

The concept of the innovation life cycle justifies the need for systematic work on planning the release of innovations, as well as on the acquisition of innovations.

The concept of the innovation life cycle is the basis for analysis and planning of innovation. When analyzing an innovation, it is possible to establish at what stage of the life cycle this innovation is, what is its immediate prospect, when a sharp decline will begin and when it will end its existence.