Presentation on theme 1 crusade. Presentation on theme: "The Crusades. to the East to liberate

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Speech by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont (1095) To all who go there, in case of their death on a dry path or at sea, or in battle with the filthy, from now on let there be absolution of sins ... Let them oppose the infidels in battle ... The land that you inhabit, squeezed from everywhere by the sea and mountain ranges with riches, it is not abundant ... That land flows with honey and milk. Jerusalem is the most fruitful pearl of the earth, the second paradise of comfort ... "

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The Crusades are a series of military campaigns by Western European knights directed against the "infidels" (Muslims, pagans, Orthodox states and various heretical movements). "

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The goal is the liberation of Palestine from the Seljuk Turks; the conversion to Christianity of the pagans of the Baltics; suppression of heretical movements in Europe (Cathars, Hussites, etc.). "

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Departing for Palestine, the participants sewed red crosses on their chests, returning, they sewed it on their backs; hence the name "crusaders". "

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The goals of the participants of campaigns Clergy - to expand the spheres of influence, the seizure of lands Landless knights - the seizure of lands. Children - find a home, because. most of them were homeless. Peasants - land grab for Agriculture Knights - glory, money and removal of sins. Violators of the law - shelter from punishment. "

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Peasant Crusade (1096) In mid-March 1096, crowds of peasants (about 60-70 thousand people), led by the ascetic preacher Peter the Hermit, set off on a campaign without waiting for the knights to gather. They passed along the valleys of the Rhine and Danube, crossed Hungary and in the summer of 1096 reached the limits of the Byzantine Empire; their path was marked by robberies and violence against local population and Jewish pogroms. "

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In July, the significantly thinned (almost halved) militia of the crusader peasants approached Constantinople. The Byzantines hastily transported him across the Bosporus to the town of Tsibotus. Against the advice of Peter the Hermit, peasant detachments moved to Nicaea, the capital of the Seljuk state. On October 21, they fell into an ambush set up by Sultan Kylych-Arslan I, and were utterly defeated; most of the crusader peasants died (about 25 thousand people). "

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1st Crusade (1097-1099) The 1st Crusade, led by Duke Gottfried of Bouillon, Count Raymond of Toulouse, Duke Bohemond of Tarentum and his nephew Tancred, Duke Robert of Normandy and Count Robert of Flanders, was the most successful and ended with the conquest of Palestine and the liberation of Jerusalem from the Muslims. "

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2nd Crusade (1147-1149) The 2nd Crusade, led by the French King Louis VII and the German King Conrad III, was organized after the conquest of Edessa by the Selduks. It ended in a terrible defeat of the crusaders, who lost tens of thousands of dead and died of disease and hunger. "

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3rd Crusade (1189-1192) The 3rd Crusade began after the Egyptian sultan Salah ad-din (Saladin) conquered Jerusalem. The campaign was led by the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the French king Philip II and the English king Richard I the Lionheart. The victories of Richard the Lionheart extended the existence of crusader states in Palestine, but Jerusalem could not be liberated. "

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4th crusade (1199-1204) The 4th crusade was organized to attack Egypt - the basis of Arab power. A victory in Egypt could rid the Holy Land of the Muslim threat. However, Venice took advantage of the situation to send the crusaders not to Egypt, but to Byzantium, the hatred of which in Europe had long been equal to the hatred of the Saracens. In 1202, the crusaders took Constantinople, and the European territories of the Byzantine Empire were divided among the European feudal lords. In its place, the Latin Empire arose, which lasted until 1261, when the Greeks regained Constantinople. "

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"Children's Crusade" 1212 Thousands of French and German children decided to liberate Jerusalem on their own. Almost all of them disappeared, died or were sold into slavery to Muslims by their own fellow believers. "

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5th Crusade (1217-1221) The 5th Crusade was aimed at attacking Egypt. It was preceded by the "Children's Crusade". The Austrian Duke Leopold VI and King Andras II of Hungary took part in the campaign. The Muslims were alarmed by the preparations of the crusaders and entered into negotiations, offering to give up Jerusalem. But their very lucrative offers were rejected. Soon the crusaders became victims of the ambitions of their leaders and the waters of the Nile, which overflowed its banks and flooded their camp. The campaign ended in failure. "

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6th Crusade (1228-1229) The 6th Crusade was led by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen. Frederick achieved his goal not by war, but by diplomacy: he managed to negotiate with the Muslims and conclude an agreement under which they gave him Jerusalem, because they did not want to fight the crusaders in the face of a new formidable enemy - the Tatar-Mongols. Success was relative: in 1244, the Muslims again captured Jerusalem. "

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7th Crusade (1248-1254) The 7th Crusade was organized and led by King Louis IX of France (1215-1270). The situation in the Holy Land was critical, the crusader states in Palestine hung in the balance. In August 1248, he went to Egypt at the head of a fleet of hundreds of ships with 35,000 troops. His goal was simple: to land in Egypt, capture the main cities of the country and then exchange their Muslim territories in the Holy Land. Initially, he was successful. Capturing the fortified port city of Damietta, he launched an offensive against Cairo. "

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The months-long siege of the fortress ended in disaster. The Muslims defeated the crusaders, burned the fleet that supplied them with food, in addition, an epidemic of pestilence began in the crusader camp, as the waters of the Nile carried past thousands of bloated corpses. The case perished, and Louis, himself infected with the disease, had to retreat to Damietta, but was captured along with the miserable remnants of his army, for the release of which he had to pay a huge ransom. "

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8th Crusade (1270) The 8th Crusade was also organized by Louis IX. In early July, the crusaders landed in Sardinia. There, under pressure from the king's brother Charles, they decided to go to Tunisia, with whose emir he was at enmity. On July 18, the crusaders landed in Africa and fought their way to ancient Carthage. But due to delays, the chance to win was missed. Due to the large crowding in the camp, a pestilence began, the son of the king died, and soon Louis himself fell ill. On August 25, he died, after which the crusaders returned to Europe. The era of the Crusades is over. "

"Golden Horde" - Duties and duties for the nomadic and settled population. And where was Kernek, the hometown of the unconquered princes. Material culture of the Golden Horde. Map of the offensive of the Tatar-Mongolian troops. Consequences of 1236. Are they from a royal family? However, the population of the Middle Volga region did not immediately submit to the Mongol-Tatars.

"Battle of Kulikovo lesson" - 2. Russia and the Horde. All R. 14th c. In the Horde, strife began. In 20 years, 25 khans were replaced. Lesson plan: 1. Rise of Moscow. Question: Can the Battle of Kulikovo be called the end of the Horde yoke? 1382 campaign of Tokhtamysh against Moscow. Mamai began to collect a new army of up to 150 thousand. The study of the history of the struggle of the Russian people against the Mongol-Tatar yoke in the 14th century.

"Invasion from the East" - Battle of the Kalka. State of Genghis Khan. Captured: Kolomna, Moscow, Suzdal. February 3-7, 1238 - the defense of Vladimir. History lesson Grade 6 Teacher Bokova E.B. Bottom line: the Russian army is defeated, the Mongols turned to the northeast. Traditions about Evpatiy Kolovrat. Storm of Ryazan. Invasion of the Ryazan land. The defeat of the Vladimir principality.

"The Crusaders and Russia" - the Battle of the Neva in 1240, Noyon. Knights. The Mongolian tax collector was called Baskak. 3. Ice battle. The history of homeland. 1. The beginning of knightly raids. "Pig". Weather. Author: history teacher Reshetnikova Svetlana Nikolaevna. 1239-40 The battle on the Kalka River took place in ... "The struggle of Russia with the crusaders."

"History of the battle on the ice" - The results of the victory on Lake Peipsi. The German wedge was caught in pincers. Russia: Liberation of Pskov from the Crusaders; Defense of Novgorod from the Crusaders. Battle on the Ice. At dawn on April 5, 1242, the knights lined up in a "wedge" or "pig". Novgorodians did not celebrate the victory "on the bones", as was customary before.

"Battle of Kulikovo in Moscow" - We have already talked about Sarayah in Russia above. Thus, next to the Kulikovo field was Red Hill. So, the river DON FLOWS THROUGH MOSCOW. Remember the steep descent to the high-rise building at the Yauza Gate. Moscow river. Apparently, the Moskva River itself was previously called DON. Remember, for example, "grassroots regiments (troops)".

In total there are 14 presentations in the topic

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The Crusades A presentation on the history of the Crusades was prepared by students of the 11th "A" class of the Pähklimäe Gymnasium Zhukov Igor and Shershnev Kirill

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Plan Causes of the Crusades Clermont Cathedral Peasants' Crusade First Crusade Crusader States Knights' Orders Second Crusade Third Crusade Fourth Crusade Latin Empire Children's Crusade Fifth Crusade Sixth Crusade Seventh and Eighth Crusades Results of the Crusades

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Causes of the Crusades High demographic growth, lack of land The emergence of a surplus of population (younger sons of feudal lords, impoverished knights, small and landless peasantry) The desire of Italian city-republics to establish themselves on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and control trade routes to Mesopotamia, Arabia and India. The desire of the popes to expand their sphere of influence and obtain new sources of income. Incessant feudal wars and civil strife within Europe. Pilgrimage to the Holy Land is becoming very dangerous Byzantium asks for help from Western Europe in the fight against the Seljuk Turks

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Clermont Cathedral and the beginning of the First Crusade On November 27, 1095, at the Clermont Cathedral, Pope Urban II delivered a sermon to the nobility and clergy, urging Europeans to stop internecine strife and go on a crusade to Palestine, promising its participants absolution, eternal salvation, the abolition of their debts and caring for families. Right there, in Clermont, those who wished to take solemn oaths and, as a sign of a vow, sewed crosses on their clothes from strips of red fabric. Hence the name "Crusaders" and the name of their mission - "Crusade".

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Peasant crusade Already in the winter from 1095 to 1096, large masses of poorly or almost completely unarmed crusaders from the poorest classes gathered. They were headed by Peter Hermit and Walter Golyak. Part of this crowd reached Constantinople, but many died earlier. The Greeks transported the crusaders to Asia, where they were almost all exterminated by the Seljuks. Somewhat later, the real First Crusade began.

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The first crusade (1096-1099) In the autumn of 1096, a knightly militia set off from different parts of Europe, its leaders were Gottfried of Bouillon, Raymond of Toulouse and others. By the end of 1096 - the beginning of 1097 they gathered in Constantinople, in the spring of 1097 they crossed to Asia Minor, where Together with the Byzantine troops, they began the siege of Nicaea, took it on June 19 and handed it over to the Byzantines. Further, the path of the crusaders lay in Syria and Palestine. On February 6, 1098, Edessa was taken, on the night of June 3 - Antioch, a year later, on June 7, 1099, they besieged Jerusalem, and on July 15 they captured it, having committed a cruel massacre in the city. Gottfried of Bouillon Departure of the crusaders from Europe

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Crusader states At the end of the 1st Crusade, four Christian states were founded in the Levant. 1.) County of Edessa (1098 - 1145) - the first state founded by the crusaders in the East. 2.) Principality of Antioch (1098 -1268) 3.) Kingdom of Jerusalem (1098 - 1291) 4.) County of Tripoli (1105 - 1289)

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Second Crusade (1147-1148) After the Turks conquered Edessa in 1144, on December 1, 1145, the Second Crusade (1147-1148) was declared, led by King Louis VII of France and German King Conrad III and turned out to be inconclusive. In 1171, Salah ad-Din seized power in Egypt, who annexed Syria to Egypt and in the spring of 1187 began a war against Christians. On July 4, in a battle that lasted 7 hours near the village of Hittin, the Christian army was defeated, in the second half of July the siege of Jerusalem began, and on October 2 the city surrendered to the mercy of the winner. By 1189, several fortresses and two cities remained in the hands of the crusaders - Tire and Tripoli. Salah al-Din

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The Third Crusade (1189-1192) The campaign began after the Egyptian Sultan Salah ad-Din (Saladin) conquered Jerusalem. The campaign was led by the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the French king Philip II and the English king Richard I the Lionheart. On June 10, 1190, the elderly Frederick Barbarossa fell off his horse while crossing the river and choked. His death became a harbinger (and possibly the cause) of future defeat. The victories of Richard the Lionheart extended the existence of crusader states in Palestine, but Jerusalem could not be liberated. Richard the Lionheart

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The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) In 1198 a new, Fourth Crusade was announced, which took place much later (1202-1204). It was supposed to strike at Egypt, which belonged to Palestine. Since the crusaders did not have enough money to pay for the ships for the sea expedition, Venice prompted the crusaders to move on Byzantium, Venice's main commercial rival, under the pretext of intervening in dynastic feuds in Constantinople and uniting the Orthodox and Catholic churches under the auspices of the papacy

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Capture of Constantinople April 13, 1204 Constantinople was taken and brutally plundered. Part of the territories conquered from Byzantium went to Venice, on the other part the so-called. Latin Empire. In 1261, the Orthodox emperors, with the help of the Turks and Venice's rival, Genoa, occupied Constantinople again.

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The Children's Crusade The religious movement, which originated in France and Germany, involved thousands of peasant children who were convinced that their innocence and faith could accomplish what adults could not achieve by force of arms. The pope and the higher clergy opposed the enterprise, but could not stop it. Several thousand French children (perhaps as many as 30,000), led by the shepherdess Etienne, arrived in Marseille, where they were loaded onto ships. Two ships sank during a storm in the Mediterranean, and the remaining five reached Egypt, where the shipowners sold the children into slavery.

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The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) The campaign began with an expedition to the Holy Land, but, having failed there, the crusaders, who did not have a recognized leader, transferred military operations to Egypt in 1218. May 27, 1218 they began the siege of the fortress of Damietta. The Egyptian sultan promised them to lift the siege of Jerusalem, but the crusaders refused, took Damietta on the night of November 4-5, 1219, tried to build on their success and occupy all of Egypt, but the offensive bogged down. On August 30, 1221, peace was concluded with the Egyptians, according to which the soldiers of Christ returned Damietta and left Egypt. Siege of Damietta

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This crusade, sometimes called "diplomatic", was led by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, grandson of Frederick Barbarossa. The king managed to avoid hostilities, through negotiations he received Jerusalem and a strip of land from Jerusalem to Acre. In 1229 Frederick was crowned king in Jerusalem, but in 1244 the city was again conquered by the Muslims. Sixth Crusade (1228–1229)

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Seventh and Eighth Crusades 8th Crusade (1270). Not heeding the warnings of advisers, Louis IX again went to war against the Arabs. This time he aimed at Tunisia in North Africa. The crusaders ended up in Africa at the hottest time of the year and survived the plague that killed the king himself (1270). With his death, this campaign ended, which became the last attempt of Christians to liberate the Holy Land - the 7th Crusade (1248-1250). It was led by the French king Louis IX Saint. The military expedition undertaken against Egypt turned out to be a crushing defeat. The crusaders took Damietta, but on the way to Cairo they were utterly defeated, and Louis himself was captured and was forced to pay a huge ransom for his release.

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Results of the Crusades For Western Europe: Trade Italian cities, especially Genoa, Pisa and Venice, were enriched by the trade monopoly in the Mediterranean countries. Church If the first campaigns helped to strengthen the authority of the pope, who assumed the role of spiritual leader in the holy war against the Muslims, then the 4th crusade discredited the power of the Pope. Feudalism Centralized power and weakened the system of feudal relations. Rice, sesame, watermelons, apricots, cane sugar appeared in Europe, Europeans learned what lemon and pistachio trees are. Works of a highly developed oriental industry were also imported in significant quantities - paper fabrics, chintz, muslin, expensive silk fabrics (satin, velvet), carpets, jewelry, paints.

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The results of the crusades For Byzantium and the countries of the East Byzantine Empire Perhaps the crusades really delayed the Turkish conquest of Byzantium, but they could not prevent the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The destruction of Constantinople by the crusaders in 1204 and the Venetian trade monopoly dealt the empire a mortal blow from which it could not recover even after its revival in 1261. Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean The Crusades were a real disaster for the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean. For decades, the crusaders brought ruin to them, devastated and plundered the cities and villages of Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, earning the greatest hatred and contempt of the peoples of the Near East. The Arab writer Usama ibn Munkiz calls the Franks nothing but "devils", "damned", invoking the punishment of Allah on their heads. And not in vain.

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Used materials http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki http://www.templiers.info/web/crusades.php http://www.excurs.ru/history/Krestpohod.htm http://www.9 -a.ru/krestpoh.html

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3 crusade

The Third Crusade (1189-1192. Three of the most powerful took part in the Crusade: the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the French king Philip II Augustus, and the English king Richard I the Lionheart. The Third Crusade was preceded by the capture of Jerusalem in October 1187.

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Richard I the Lionheart. Frederick I Barbarossa Philip II August,

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Richard the Lionheart

Richard I the Lionheart - April 6, 1199, Chalus, Duchy of Aquitaine - English king from the Plantagenet dynasty. Son of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine. He also had another nickname (not as well known as the Lionheart) - Richard Yes-and-No which meant that he was easily swayed one way or the other.

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Philip 2 August

Philip II August August 21, 1165 - July 14, 1223, Mantes) - King of France c1180, son of King Louis VII the Young and his third wife Adele of Champagne. The first king of France, who began to use the actual title "King of France" instead of the title "King of the Franks" and also the first of the Capetians, who transferred power to the heir without crowning him during his lifetime.

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Friedrich barbarossa

Friedrich I of Hohenstaufen - June 10, 1190. King of Germany from 1152, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 1155, Duke of Swabia in 1147-1152 under the name Frederick III. He received the nickname Barbarossa in Italy because of his reddish beard (from Italian barba, “beard”, and rossa, “redhead”)

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Frederick's death

It was an accident: while crossing a mountain river in Asia Minor, Barbarossa drowned, and part of the German troops returned home. English and French knights set out on a campaign only a year later. On the way, the British captured the island of Cyprus, from that time it became a stronghold for the crusaders. But Philip 2 August, having quarreled with the English king, returned to France

(military-colonial movement of Western European feudal lords to the countries

Eastern Mediterranean 1097-1270)

Pope Urban II calls for a campaign.

Miniature of the 15th century.

Pope's calls

On November 27, 1095, thousands of excited knights, peasants, and pilgrims gathered in the open square of the French city of Clermont. Many came from afar specifically to hear the sermon of Pope Urban II. His throne, set on a hill in the middle of the square, riveted the eyes of the crowd. “Let him who desires to save his soul, do not hesitate to enter humbly into the path of the Lord; and if he lacks money, then Divine Mercy will give him enough. Whoever is woeful and poor here will be rich there; whoever is an enemy of God here will become His friend there.”

(from a speech by Pope Urban II)

I crusade

I Crusade (1096-1099)

(knights from France, Germany, Italy)

1097 - the city of Nicaea was liberated;

1098 - captured the city of Edessa;

1099 - Jerusalem is stormed.

The state of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Edessa, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem were created.

Permanent military force, protecting the Holy Land, became the spiritual and knightly orders:

1. Hospitaller Order (Knights of the Maltese Cross)

2. Knights Templar (templars)

3. Order of the Teutonic

II Crusade (1147-1149)

In 1144, the emir of Mosul took Edessa from the crusaders.

The campaign was led by Louis VII of France and

German Emperor Conrad III.

Complete failure of the crusaders.

III Crusade (1189-1192)

The creation by Muslims of a strong state led by the Egyptian Sultan Saladin. He defeated the Crusaders near Lake Tiberias, then drove them out of Jerusalem in 1187.

The purpose of the campaign: to return Jerusalem.

Three sovereigns headed: the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the French king Philip II Augustus and the English king Richard the Lionheart.

The campaign was not successful.

IV Crusade (1202-1204)

Organized by Pope Innocent III.

The brutal sacking of Christian Constantinople.

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire:

Greek states -

Kingdom of Epirus, Nicaea and Trebizond empires.

The Crusaders created the Latin Empire.

Children's campaign (1212)

Thousands of children from the Rhineland in Germany rushed south, crossed the Alps and reached Genoa. From there they dispersed into different sides, some moved to the south of Italy, others went to Marseille. On the way, many died of hunger, heat and thirst. The rest stubbornly went forward to the Mediterranean Sea. They managed to get to the French and Italian ports.

A sad fate awaited the children. The crafty shipbuilders promised to take them to the Holy Land. Some shipbuilders were wrecked, the rest landed on the shores North Africa. Here the surviving participants of the campaign were sold into slavery.

Most tragic trip thousands of children died or were sold into slavery.

VIII Crusade (1270)

The number of campaigns grew, but they collected fewer and fewer participants. And most importantly, the deep spiritual uplift that possessed the first crusaders disappeared almost without a trace. No, there were, of course, those who accepted the cross and sacrificed their lives for the cause of faith. Such, for example, is the leader of the last two campaigns, the French king Louis IX the Saint. But even the knights coolly responded to the calls of the pope. The day came when it was said with disappointment and bitterness: “The hour has come for us - for the army of the army - to leave the Holy Land!” In 1291, the last crusader stronghold in the East fell.

It was the end of the era of the Crusades.

Consequences of the Crusades

The collapse of the Byzantine Empire.

Introduction to Eastern culture - technical inventions (windmills), features of life (hot baths), growing crops (rice, buckwheat, lemons, apricots, watermelons).

Development of trade: strengthening the position of European merchants in the Mediterranean.