The economy of a country can be open or closed.
The openness of the economy should be understood as the antithesis of autarky, the economy of self-sufficiency, self-reliance in its extreme manifestations. The formation of an open economy is an objective trend in world development. Action in accordance with the principles of an open economy is the recognition of the standards of the world market, action in accordance with its laws.
Benefits of an open economy are:
Deepening the specialization and cooperation of production;
Rational distribution of resources depending on the degree of efficiency;
Dissemination of world experience through the system of international economic relations;
Increasing competition between domestic producers, stimulated by competition in the world market.
An open economy implies the integrity of the economy, a single economic complex integrated into world economy, world market. An open economy is the elimination of the state monopoly of foreign trade (in most positions while maintaining state control), the effective use of the principle of comparative advantages in the international division of labor, the active use of various forms of joint entrepreneurship, the organization of free enterprise zones.
One of the most important criteria for an open economy is a country's favorable investment climate, which stimulates the inflow of capital investments, technologies, and information within the framework determined by economic feasibility and international competitiveness (at the sectoral and macroeconomic levels). An open economy implies a reasonable accessibility of the domestic market for the inflow of foreign capital, goods, technologies, information, labor.
An open economy requires significant state intervention in the formation of a mechanism for its implementation at the level of reasonable sufficiency. There is no absolute openness of the economy in any country.
Quantitative indicators of openness include the share of exports and imports in the gross domestic product. Their combination gives an idea of the scale of links between individual national economies and the world market. Thus, the ratio of exports to GDP is defined as an export quota.
Another indicator of the openness of the economy, expressing the ratio between imports and gross domestic product (GDP), is the indicator of the import quota.
The foreign trade quota (FTC) is usually referred to as a more comprehensive indicator of openness.
An open economy is the main link in the world economy. Derived from national economies in their origin and logic of analysis, international economic relations have a significant, and sometimes decisive, feedback effect on the economic policy of states.
According to Keynesian theory, the general equation for an open economy is as follows:
Y = C + J + G +xn,
Xn is export (X) minus import (Z).
Export expands effective demand by adding foreign sales of goods and services to domestic, while imports replace domestic consumption with alternative foreign products, i.e. domestic market opportunities are shrinking.
The openness of the economy complicates state economic regulation, reduces its efficiency, since external factors are connected to interdependence.
International comparisons show, for example, that the propensity to import was high in Switzerland and Great Britain in the 1960s and 1980s, but noticeably lower in the USA and Japan. The national income growth multiplier for these countries found an interesting sequence: Switzerland - 1.3; Great Britain - 1.4; US 3.2; Japan - 3.7.
To quantify the impact of foreign trade on the growth of national income and gross national product, economic theory has developed and uses in practice the foreign trade multiplier model.
The initial export change sets off a chain reaction that, decreasing with each successive cycle, has the effect of amplifying the original change many times over.
Export multiplier or simple foreign trade multiplier (μ x) is determined by internal processes in the sphere of consumption and can be determined through the marginal propensity to consume (MPS) or the marginal propensity to save (MPS):
μ x = 1/MPC = 1/(1-MPS).
The impact of an increase in exports on the volume of production is determined based on the formula:
∆Y = μ x * ∆Xn.
But international trade is not only exports, but also imports. And if we take into account that part of the received export income goes to imports, then domestic purchasing power will decrease. Imports act as a drain, similar to savings (imports have a negative sign). Therefore, imports can be analyzed similarly to the savings function.
Marginal propensity to import (M P M) is the ratio of the change in the volume of imports to the change in income.
The equilibrium income is:
Trading politics – is a public policy that eye calling impact on trade through taxes, subsidies and direct ogre scrutiny for import or export.
State regulation of foreign economic relations is a set of used government bodies and services of forms, methods and tools for influencing economic relations between countries in accordance with state and national interests.
The regulatory impact of the state is carried out through the adoption of laws, regulations and decisions of the government.
Two main directions of foreign economic policy are known from history: protectionism and free trade.
Free trading - it is a free trade policy, the absence of artificial (government-imposed) barriers to trade between individuals and firms different countries. Wherein Customs perform only registration functions, export or import duties are not collected, and any restrictions on foreign trade turnover are not established.
The principle of free trade was the official economic policy of England in the 19th century, based on Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage. Such a policy can be pursued by a country with a highly efficient economy, in which local entrepreneurs are able to withstand foreign competition.
Protectionism - this is a policy of creating favorable conditions for domestic entrepreneurs in comparison with foreign ones, i.e. protection of national producers from foreign competitors with the help of trade barriers.
There are 2 groups of methods of protectionist policy:
1. Tariff methods.
2. Non-tariff methods.
Non-tariff methods are divided into groups:
1. Administrative measures or quantitative restrictions: licensing (selective issuance of licenses); quoting; certification; import ban.
2. Technical measures (ie health, safety and environmental standards): labeling and packaging requirements; veterinary and hygienic control; certain quality standards.
3. Economic methods:
§ currency control;
§ ensuring the payment of customs duties;
§ control over prices (for example, setting minimum price and pricing investigation in case of anti-dumping measures);
§ state monopoly on foreign trade;
§ government negotiations with the exporter on the "voluntary" restriction of supplies to the country.
Applied to international trade The state uses such instruments of influence as:
§ customs tariffs;
§ restrictive conditions;
§ interstate treaties and agreements;
§ Measures to stimulate exports and imports.
Free trade has many advantages:
1. Thanks to free trade based on the principle of comparative costs, world economy can achieve more efficient resource allocation. If each country specializes in the production and export of those goods and services in which it has absolute or comparative advantages, and imports from other countries goods and services in which its advantages are small or non-existent, then world production, world economic growth and efficiency the use of limited resources reaches its maximum.
2. Free trade limits monopoly and encourages competition. smoking. Increased competition from foreign firms is forcing local firms to move into manufacturing technologists holes with the lowest costs.
3. Free trade gives consumers the opportunity to choose from a wider range of products.
Protectionism reduces or negates the benefits of specialization. If countries cannot trade freely, they must shift resources from efficient (low-cost) to inefficient uses in order to meet their diverse needs.
Protectionism destroys the spirit of competition, develops privileges and generates an annuity by position. It is also harmful from the point of view of the consumer, whom he forces to overpay for the goods and services he needs.
The existence of states opposing each other sets the task for national governments to ensure national interests, including through protectionist measures. Almost every country applies trade restrictions.
International trade- this is trade between countries, consisting of export (export) and import (import) of goods and services. She is It is carried out mainly through commercial transactions, formalized by foreign trade contracts, and is regulated by the state. For this purpose, customs tariffs, licensing and other tariff restrictions are used, as well as direct and indirect export subsidies and other means. The legal basis for conducting foreign trade is trade agreements and payment agreements, as well as other credit and other agreements. The main differences between foreign trade and domestic trade are: ° goods and services at the world level are less mobile than within the country;
° in the calculations, each country uses its own national currency, hence the need to compare the currencies of different states;
° foreign trade is more subject to state control than domestic; ° more buyers and more competitors.
Foreign trade has always been and remains the object of close attention of the state. There are two main types of foreign trade policy: the policy of free trade and the policy of protectionism.
free trade- this is a policy of non-intervention of the state in the foreign trade relations of entrepreneurs, assuming the absence of any foreign trade restrictions.
Protectionism- state policy of protecting the domestic market from foreign competition. The policy of protectionism is carried out through direct and indirect restrictions on the import of foreign goods and support for national exports. It can be carried out in relation to individual countries or certain types goods, protect certain industries, be unilateral or collective in nature (protectionism of a group of countries against countries that are not members of the group). The policy of protectionism is carried out with the help of tariff and non-tariff methods (Fig. 39).
In Russia, in order to stimulate the growth of the national economy, the Government of the Russian Federation and the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the law, promote the development of foreign trade activities, incl. through the implementation of federal and regional programs for the development of foreign trade activities. Every year, the Government of the Russian Federation develops and submits for approval to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, simultaneously with the draft Federal budget, a program that contains:
1) forecast trade balance as constituent part payment bank
Lance RF;
2) assessment of the current state and problems of trade and economy
cial relations of the Russian Federation with foreign states;
3) a plan for external borrowing of the Russian Federation with a detailed description of the purpose
the use of foreign loans;
4) a plan for export credits provided using
with funds from the federal budget or under the guarantees of the Government
the government of the Russian Federation;
5) a plan for discussing the external debt of the Russian Federation;
6) floating proceeds from the discussion of debts of foreign governments
donations to the Russian Federation;
7) a list of measures of state foreign trade regulation
niya, rates of duties of the customs tariff and the limits of their possibilities
changes, quantitative restrictions on exports and
port, measures to protect the internal market;
8) a list of measures to stimulate industrial exports to
the corresponding year;
register of cases of discrimination and violations of bilateral
and multilateral commitments made with regard to
Russian persons in the markets of individual states, and a list
taken and planned measures to protect legitimate trade and eco-
nomic interests of the Russian Federation.
Introduction
2. Assessment of the system of social policy of the population
3. Suggestions for improving social protection
Conclusion
List of sources used
Applications
Introduction
The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the system of social protection of the population is currently understood as a set of legally established economic, social, legal guarantees and rights of social institutions and institutions that ensure their implementation and create conditions for maintaining the livelihood and active existence of various social strata and groups of the population, especially the socially vulnerable.
how professional activity social work for more than a century of history has accumulated a huge amount of empirical material, the theoretical understanding, generalization and systematization of which opens up new prospects for practice in terms of increasing its efficiency and effectiveness. The relevance of the topic is due to the following: one of the main tasks social work at present - further development and improvement of existing forms, methods, methods and techniques of activity used by a specialist to solve social problems of clients, stimulating the activation of their forces to change an unfavorable life situation. 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Art. 22 proclaimed that every person, as a member of society, has the right to social security. This right, by its nature, should make it possible to ensure, taking into account the material opportunities available to society, a decent existence for a person in the event of such life situations when he is not able to receive a source of income in exchange for the labor expended. The norms of the declaration bind the realization of the right of every person to a decent standard of living, not only during the period when a person is working, but also in cases of unemployment, illness, disability, widowhood, old age or other cases of loss of livelihood due to circumstances beyond the control of the citizen. According to Art. 39 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen of Russia is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.
The purpose of the work is to study the social protection of the population.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to give the concept theoretical foundations forecasting the social protection of the population, to study the concept of "social protection" and "social security of the population". the system of social protection of the population as an object of social forecasting, to consider the features of the development of the system of social protection of the population in modern conditions, a system of indicators of social forecasts. Methods for forecasting the system of social protection.
The subject of the research is the study of social protection of the population.
The object of the study is Lipetsk.
The work was carried out on the basis of the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and the works of domestic authors in the city of forecasting the social protection of the population. Describing the degree of scientific elaboration of the problem, it should be taken into account that this topic has already been analyzed by various authors in various publications: textbooks, monographs, periodicals and on the Internet. However, when studying the literature and sources, there is an insufficient number of complete and explicit studies of the topic. The methodological basis of the study was the main provisions of materialistic dialectics and logic in their unity.
The scientific significance of this work lies in the optimization and streamlining of the existing scientific and methodological base on the issues under study - another independent author's study. The practical significance of the topic lies in the analysis of problems both in time and in space.
1. The main aspects of the formation of an effective social policy
Social protection is a policy and targeted actions, as well as means of the state and society, providing an individual, a social group, and the population as a whole with a comprehensive, versatile solution to various problems caused by social risks that may lead or have already led to a complete or partial loss of the implementation opportunities by these subjects rights, freedoms and legitimate interests, economic independence and social well-being, as well as their optimal development, restoration or acquisition.
There are basically two models of social protection in the world:
1) social-democratic orientation with a high role of the state in the socialization of incomes and the essential importance of nationwide social management mechanisms;
2) illiberal - with a lesser degree of state interference in socio-economic processes.
Depending on the approaches chosen, the following social protection systems are distinguished:
state, based on the principle social care of the state on socially vulnerable members of society and social charity (it provides for a differentiated approach to the definition of low-income groups of the population according to the degree of need and preferential provision of social assistance);
private, based on the principle of responsibility of each member of society for their own destiny and the destiny of their family, using their own labor and entrepreneurial activity income, property income, as well as personal savings (this system is oriented towards distribution according to work and includes private social insurance). The central subject of social protection is the state. A person in need of social protection is both a subject and an object of social protection. The objects of social protection are social institutions in the face of specific social organizations, institutions, systems (education, healthcare, social protection, employment, labor, culture, sports and recreation complex).
The main forms of social protection:
1. legally defined social guarantees and their satisfaction on the basis of basic standards and programs,
2. regulation of incomes and expenses of the population;
3. social insurance;
4. social assistance;
5. social services;
6. targeted social programs.
The current system of social protection in Russia is based on the following principles: incentives - for the purpose of social and political resonance for certain socially significant events that have received public assessment, or to support state important acts, decisions are made that are focused on social support for individual social groups , segments of the population, and in some cases - individuals; application, - social assistance is provided to a needy citizen upon written request of the applicant or a person representing his interests; paternalism, denoting state guardianship ("fatherly care") in relation to the less socially and economically protected strata and groups of the population. Politically engaged encouragement, together with paternalism, has led to a large-scale number and great relevance in the social protection of the Russian population of various benefits. These benefits have actually become the equivalent material types social support individual groups, strata of the population. At the same time, for a long time, the majority of Russian citizens were not fully aware of the benefits, since information about them was mainly published in legal and methodological documents special for official use. In the conditions of publicity and market relations, information on the rights to certain benefits has become available various categories populations who actively expressed their claims against them. Currently, over 70% of Russians have a variety of benefits for various reasons. This situation has led to an unreasonable burden on the federal and local budgets, benefits have become burdensome for the state. In Russia, the issue of modernizing the policy of benefits has acquired acute relevance and has become central to reforming the system of social protection of the population. At present, an attempt at a valuntorist departure from state obligations to fulfill this category of social guarantees is obvious. However, the implementation of this approach will cause social tension, but will not lead to the expected economic and social positive results. In Russia, benefits, from 1917 to the present, have always been an alternative to cash payments, as if an increase in wages, pensions, and social benefits. In this regard, the deprivation of benefits will lead to a significant deterioration in the financial situation of many pensioners, the disabled, families with children and other socially disadvantaged, vulnerable segments of the population. This most complex economic and ethical problem can be solved only in conjunction with other problems: the income and expenditures of the population, and, above all, in the area of income from labor activity; reforming the pension system; streamlining medical and pension insurance; compliance by the state with constitutional and other regulatory and legal guaranteed social obligations; creating a market for social goods and services, protecting the population from unscrupulous producers of social goods and services; education of the culture of the population in the aspect of market relations in social sphere. The modernization of the policy of benefits, and this is how this problem should be considered, requires conceptual elaboration, patience and wisdom of statesmen and politicians, and the involvement of qualified specialists who own the problem to solve it.
Social protection and social security in a state-organized society is an area of interweaving of the vital interests of citizens, property and distribution relations, legal methods and methods of their regulation, social policy of the state and socio-economic human rights. It is also the sphere of refraction of such universal human values as equality, social justice, humanism, moral foundations of society. The intended purpose of social security is, first of all, that it is a special form of meeting the needs for sources of livelihood for the elderly and the disabled.
Problems of social protection and support
certain groups of the population
Social protection is a system of legislative, economic, social and other guarantees that provides all able-bodied citizens with equal rights and working conditions, and disabled (socially vulnerable) layers - benefits in the use of public consumption funds, direct material and socio-psychological support in all forms.
Social support is temporary or permanent measures of targeted support for certain socially vulnerable categories of citizens.
Social protection and support of citizens are the prerogative of the state. Federal Law "On general principles organizations local government in the Russian Federation" in 2003 refers to the competence municipal districts and urban districts in this area only guardianship and guardianship, and the competence of the settlements is to assist in establishing guardianship and guardianship over the residents of the settlement who need them. However, the main part of the concerns for social support of citizens is traditionally carried out by local governments as state powers. As the closest to the population, local governments know better the specific living conditions of individual citizens and can perform social support functions more effectively. Due to the lack of state funding, local budgets bear a significant share of the costs of social support for the population.
The main forms of social support for certain groups of the population are shown in fig. 5.5.1.
Rice. 5.5.1. Main forms of social support
certain groups of the population
Municipal policy in the field of social protection and support of the population is the implementation of their own and transferred (federal and regional) state powers to organize a set of measures aimed at preventing certain vulnerable groups of the population and citizens from falling into the zone of extreme social disadvantage. The formation and implementation of local policies in the field of social support for the population are carried out within the framework of targeted assistance to specific groups of the population and individual citizens.
Criteria and mechanisms for providing social support
on the municipal level
To the main criteria for providing social support certain categories citizens at the municipal level include the following.
1. Low level of material security. If the per capita income of a person (family) is below a certain legally established normative value, this person (family) needs social support. Standard value per capita income is determined by the price of the consumer package, which characterizes the subsistence minimum per family member (or single citizen) for a given period of development of society. The composition, structure and cost of this set change in accordance with changes in generally accepted living standards.
2. Disability, the consequence of which is the impossibility of self-service.
3. Loss of home and property.
Categories of citizens in need of social support are shown in fig. 5.5.2. 
Rice. 5.5.2. Categories of citizens,
in need of social support
For each of the listed categories, the state develops specific social protection programs, and at the local level - social support programs.
Social protection and support of the population are effective when applying the program approach. Two types of programs can be distinguished: object programs (designed for a specific social group of the population) and problematic (designed to solve some social problem, for example, the elimination of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant).
To implement municipal policy in the field of social support for the population, various institutions are being created in municipalities social services, and in the structure of local administrations - bodies (divisions, committees, departments) of social protection. The structure of these bodies and institutions depends on the financial possibilities municipality, the existing management system, the availability of the necessary specialists.
Note. Municipal pension services are created in the event that decisions of local governments on the payment of municipal pensions are made.
The main organizational, practical and coordination activities for the provision of various types of social services are carried out by municipal social service centers. They are designed to identify citizens in need of social services, determine the types of social services they need, and ensure their provision. Workshops, production workshops, subsidiary farms, shops selling at preferential prices, etc. can be created at municipal centers.
Below are the main areas of activity of municipal governments and institutions of social protection of the population.
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Problems of social protection and social support for certain groups of the population
Social protection is a system of legislative, economic, social and other guarantees that provides all able-bodied citizens
given equal rights and conditions for work, and disabled (socially vulnerable) layers - benefits in the use of public consumption funds, direct material and socio-psychological support in all forms.
Social support is temporary or permanent measures of targeted support for certain categories of citizens in a crisis situation.
Social protection and social support of citizens are the prerogative of the state. The federal law of 2003 assigns only guardianship and guardianship to the competence of municipal districts and urban districts in this area, and to the competence of settlements - to assist in the establishment of guardianship and guardianship over the residents of the settlement in need of this, in accordance with federal laws. However, the main part of the concerns for social support of citizens is traditionally carried out by local governments as state powers. As the closest to the population, local governments know better the specific living conditions of individual citizens and can perform social support functions more effectively. Due to the lack of state funding, local budgets bear a significant share of the costs of social support for the population.
The main forms of social support for certain groups of the population are shown in fig. 5.5.1.
Forms of social support
Cash benefits Assistance Benefits Subsidies In-kind compensation (discounts) (targeted funds (reimbursement in the form of (products, when paid to pay for some clothes) a number of services services) expenses) Fig. 5.5.1. The main forms of social support for certain groups of the population
Municipal policy in the field of social protection and social support of the population is the implementation of their own and transferred (federal and regional) state powers to organize a set of measures aimed at protecting certain vulnerable groups of the population and citizens from falling into a zone of extreme social disadvantage. The formation and implementation of local policies in the field of social support of the population are carried out within the framework of targeted assistance to specific groups and strata of the population, individual citizens.
Criteria and mechanisms for providing social support at the municipal level
The main criteria for providing social support to certain categories of citizens at the municipal level include the following.
1. Low level of material security. If the per capita income of a person (family) is below a certain legally established normative value, this person (family) needs social support. The normative value of per capita income is determined by the cost of spending
living set, which characterizes the subsistence minimum per family member (or single citizen) for a given period of development of society. The composition, structure and cost of this set change in accordance with changes in generally accepted living standards.
2. Disability, the consequence of which is the impossibility of self-service.
3. Loss of home and property.
Disabled Fr. CD I O s; oz o CQ I I CD Poor people In extreme situations
Citizens under the care of the state (in nursing homes, disabled people, etc.)
^ CD CD Q_LD CD
Victims in emergency situations (fires, floods, earthquakes, radiation exposure, etc.)
For each of the listed categories, the state develops specific social protection programs, and at the local level - social support programs.
Social protection and social support of the population is effective based on the application of a program approach. Two types of programs can be distinguished: objective (designed for a certain social group of the population) and problematic (designed to solve some social problem, for example, the elimination of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant).
To implement municipal policy in the field of social support for the population, various social service institutions are being created in municipalities, and bodies (divisions, committees, departments) of social protection are being created in the structure of local administrations. The structure of these bodies and institutions depends on the financial capabilities of the municipality, the existing management system, and the availability of the necessary specialists. It is presented in Fig. 5.5.3.
Rice. 5.5.3. Subjects of social support of the population in the municipality. Note: municipal services pension provision is being taken over by pension fund RF
The main organizational, practical and coordination activities for the provision of various types of social services are carried out by municipal social service centers. They are designed to identify citizens in need of social services, determine the types of social services they need, and ensure their provision. Workshops, production workshops, subsidiary farms, shops selling at preferential prices, etc., can be created at municipal centers.
Below are the main areas of activity of municipal governments and institutions of social protection of the population.
Municipal support for the elderly and disabled
The federal list of social services provided to the elderly and the disabled includes:
Services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people living in stationary social service institutions (material and household services, catering, household, leisure services, socio-medical and sanitary-hygienic services, services related to social and labor rehabilitation, legal services etc.);
Services provided at home to elderly citizens and disabled people who need outside help due to a partial loss of the ability to self-service (services for catering, household
Chapter 5. Municipal management of the social sphere
and leisure, socio-medical and sanitary-hygienic services, employment assistance, etc.).
Social services for elderly and disabled citizens are carried out by decision of the social protection authorities in institutions subordinate to them or under agreements concluded by social protection authorities with social service institutions of other forms of ownership. At the same time, social services are provided subject to the voluntary consent of elderly citizens and the disabled to receive social services, except as otherwise provided by law.
In accordance with the federal laws "On Veterans" and "On the Social Protection of Disabled Persons in Russian Federation» local authorities:
Determine the conditions for the overhaul of residential premises belonging to the disabled of the Great Patriotic War, at the expense of funds local budgets;
Determine the conditions for the priority receipt of local building materials invalids of the Great Patriotic War for housing construction;
They provide housing free of charge in the municipal housing stock, primarily to disabled veterans of the Great Patriotic War (disabled war veterans of group I out of turn);
Ensure the implementation of other measures of social support for disabled veterans of the Great Patriotic War and combat invalids in the territories of other states, participants in the Great Patriotic War, veterans of military operations in the territories of other states and other groups of veterans.
Disabled persons are exempted from rent for land and premises for the storage of vehicles available for their personal use. They are entitled to additional living space in the form of a separate room in accordance with the list of diseases approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. Local governments with participation public associations persons with disabilities determine the procedure and grounds for social services for persons with disabilities.
Municipal support for family, motherhood and childhood
The activity of local governments in this area involves their participation in solving the following state tasks:
Providing conditions for overcoming negative trends and stabilizing the financial situation of families, reducing poverty and increasing assistance to low-income families;
Improving family health care;
Increasing assistance to the family in the upbringing of children;
Promoting equal rights for women in the labor market;
Support for the activities of women's, youth, children's public organizations;
Development of a network of pre-school and out-of-school institutions, social service institutions accessible to all types of families; support for children in especially difficult circumstances.
Municipal government system
Local governments:
Stimulate network development preschool institutions various forms of ownership, as well as out-of-school institutions, summer health camps;
Create guardianship and guardianship bodies, carry out primary registration of children left without parental care in order to transfer children for upbringing to a family, under guardianship (guardianship) or to a foster family, and in the absence of such an opportunity - to institutions of all types for orphans or children left without parental care;
Based on the established norms of material support, funds are allocated to the adopted child (children) at the actual prices in the region. Funds are allocated to foster families for heating, lighting, Maintenance housing, purchase of furniture and payment for household services. For the purchase of food, the foster family is attached by the local government directly to the bases, shops that supply educational institutions;
Carry out the necessary organizational measures to ensure the provision of benefits to families with disabled children, to provide them with living quarters, pay for housing and utilities, on obtaining land plots for individual housing construction, maintenance of subsidiary and summer cottages and gardening;
Provide disabled children living in stationary social service institutions, who are orphans or deprived of parental care, upon reaching the age of 18, with living quarters out of turn at the location of these institutions or at the place of their former residence at their choice.
In accordance with the Federal Law of 2003, all of the listed functions (with the exception of guardianship and trusteeship) should be considered as state powers.
Municipal support for people in critical situations
Such persons include persons without a fixed place of residence, refugees and internally displaced persons, persons who have lost their breadwinner, victims of fires and other citizens in need of urgent social assistance. For its implementation, departments of urgent social assistance are being created in municipalities.
The services of departments or municipal social service centers include the provision of one-time services to citizens in dire need, assistance in providing temporary housing, the provision of clothes, shoes, the provision of material assistance, etc.
Services provided in semi-stationary conditions, i.e. in departments of day (night) stay, including for persons without a fixed place of residence, may include services for organizing meals, everyday life, leisure, social and medical services, etc.
Local social service authorities are responsible for ensuring its quality and accessibility, for the development of municipal
Chapter 5. Municipal management of the social sphere
sectors of social services in the territories under their jurisdiction, as well as ensure control over compliance with state standards for the quality of social services in the municipal and non-state sectors of social services. They provide municipal social service institutions with premises for the organization of social services, and also allocate space for the creation of specialized industries for the employment of disabled and elderly citizens.
Financing social services for the population
Social services are provided municipal institutions free and for a fee. Free social services are provided in amounts determined by state standards social service. Paid social services are provided in accordance with the procedure established by the Government of the Russian Federation.
According to federal law“On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation”, social service institutions, both municipal and otherwise, enjoy preferential taxation in the manner prescribed by taxation legislation.
Financing of the municipal sector of the social service system is carried out at the expense of local budgets and subventions from the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, directed to the municipal budget for the maintenance and development of a network of social service institutions, as well as for payment of state-guaranteed social services included in federal and regional lists. The amount of subventions will be determined annually upon approval of the respective budgets.
However, as noted, the state of the country's economy at present does not allow for total social security of the population, which is typical for a welfare state. The gap between the state's ability to fulfill its financing tasks and the normative amount of financing is widening. In this regard, there are many problems in the relationship between the state and local governments, which are carried out in a particular territory. different kinds social assistance.
There is a tendency to transfer the execution of a number of state social functions from the municipal (in the form of state powers) to the federal level. The implications of this are ambiguous. On the one hand, the transfer of functions to the federal level saves municipal bodies from unnecessary financial and material costs, reduces the number of municipal employees, and allows citizens to better navigate the system of government, more accurately judge their nature and status. On the other hand, the activity of local communities in solving social problems is decreasing, the effectiveness of responding to the various interests and aspirations of local communities and individual citizens in the field of social protection is decreasing. The quality and competence of management may decrease social processes, the effect of using a targeted approach to the provision of social assistance and services, flexibility and fruitful response to the requirements formulated by the nature of the transition in the country.
Municipal government system
Questions for self-control
2. What mechanisms are used in the implementation of social support for the population in the municipality?
3. What are the criteria for the allocation of objects of social assistance?
4. What are the main features of social support for the population at the municipal level?
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