History of macrame presentation. Presentation for extracurricular activities "knot weaving - macrame". Pattern of diagonal bridles

Subject. Types of reps nodes Weaving horizontal and diagonal brids

• Familiarize yourself with the organization of the workplace, types of rep units, their designation on diagrams;
• Learn how to weave horizontal and diagonal bridles from rep knots;
• Form attention and logical thinking;
• Develop interest;
• Foster accuracy and work culture

Materials for weaving macrame

Materials for weaving macrame must be strong, twisted and pliable.

Threads can be thick or thin

Threads use cotton, linen, synthetic, silk, hemp, hemp cords, ribbons, ropes, twines

Tools for weaving macrame

For weaving macrame use:

a pillow stuffed with sawdust or sand;

Styrofoam;

pins, scissors, measuring tape, glue, crochet hooks

Weaving rep knots

Rep knots are widely used to form a dense fabric or openwork pattern.

They are right-handed and left-handed.

Formation of horizontal breeds

Rows of turnip nodes form breeds. Breeds are horizontal

Formation of diagonal bridges

If rep knots are woven at an angle of 45 degrees,

Diagonal bridges are formed.

Rep knot weaving technique

Right loop knot (rep)

With your left hand, vertically pull the guide thread, which is located on the left side.

Take the working thread in your right hand, wrap it around the guide thread, pull the end of the working thread into the loop that has formed and tighten the knot. The left loop knot is performed in a mirror image.

Formation of patterns

Pattern of diagonal bridles

Zigzag pattern of diagonal bridles

Formation of patterns

Diamond pattern made from diagonal bridles

Braided keychains made from vertical brids

Presentation on the topic: “Macrame. History of origin. Their types, materials, devices. Requirements for material for weaving macrame. » Completed by: Mubarakshin B. N. Gr. 10 -21321

History The technique of this knot weaving has been known since ancient times, from the first tying of knots on a stone ax and the first mat. Macrame came to Europe in the 8th-9th centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, and Ancient Greece. Nowadays, there are 6 types of knot weaving, and hundreds of various knots.

The sailing fleet greatly helped the development of macrame. Since ancient times, sailors have woven nets, spliced ​​cables using knots, braided various structures, and decorated steering wheels with wicker tires. About four thousand sea knots are known. Combinations of knots were often unusually complex. Many sea knots, due to their beauty and originality, have become an artistic craft - macrame. The resulting patterns are not only beautiful, but also durable.

Types of macrame: Hercules knot Right flat knot Left flat knot Square flat knot General square knot Gourmand knot Horizontal knot Triple horizontal knot

Hercules Knot The first and therefore basic macrame knot. It is performed in this way: we place 2 threads vertically, attaching with a pin. We draw the right thread under the left, then the left one from bottom to top, forming a loop. Next, we draw the right one over the left thread and again make a loop with the left one. Now we tighten the knot.

Right flat knot This knot is made like this: bend 2 pieces of thread in half and fasten it. We distribute their 4 ends from right to left: 1 and 4 are working, and 2 and 3 are the basis for tightening the knots. We take working thread No. 4 (on the right side) and pass it under the adjacent warp and from below into the loop that has formed between them.

Left flat knot Fasten 2 threads again. We take the outermost working thread on the right side and draw it under the warp, and then place it on the working thread on the left side. We take the working thread on the left, place it on the warp and draw it from above into the loop between the warp and the working thread on the right side.

Square Flat Knot This knot is created by combining a right flat knot with a left one. To finish the square knot, we make a lock on the right. But if you place the left flat knot first and then the right one, the lock will be on the left.

General square knot This type of macrame knot differs from the previous one in the number of threads used, which depends on the pattern. If we use 5 or more threads, then this is already a common square knot. That is, this type of knot is used in each case individually, distributing the working threads and warp threads differently.

Horizontal knot It can be performed from left to right and from right to left. We strengthen 2 threads so that we get 4 ends. We distribute them: the first thread on the left is the warp, and all the rest are working. We place the first thread on the workers from left to right, and mark the turn of this thread with a pin. The base must be kept horizontal and slightly stretched. We throw the second working thread over the warp to the left side. We lay the thread, not forgetting to tension the warp. Next, we bring this thread forward, put it on the warp, and then down into the loop. We tighten the threads and thereby lay the made loops together.

Then we weave 3-4 threads in the same way and get a whole series of horizontal knots. We reproduce horizontal nodes from right to left. We take the third thread, draw it over the warp to the right side, bring it forward, then onto the warp and down into the loop. Next we knit the 2nd and 1st threads. Do not forget to hold the base and stretch it a little. “Gourmand” knot This type of knot is performed on the basis of the right and left flat knots, using them in the established sequence.

Triple horizontal knot In this type of macrame knot, the extended fastening method is used. Again we prepare 4 ends, the base will be the first thread, on it we knit a horizontal knot with the second thread. Next, again lay the second thread on the base and insert it down into the loop. Having mastered the basic knots in practice, you can proceed to more complex macrame techniques: patterns and chains.

Materials for weaving can be very different: hemp or linen ropes, paper twine, cord or silk fishing line, linen, cotton, silk or synthetic threads, flat braid, sisal. The main thing is to choose the right nodes.

Accessories: Small clamps, for attaching to a table. Foam cushion or piece of foam plastic (for weaving products of irregular shape), attached to a table or the back of a chair. Metal rings for making flowerpots and lampshades.

Requirements for material for weaving macrame: Material for weaving macrame must be strong, moderately twisted and pliable. If you want to get a clear relief pattern, then the material for weaving macrame needs to be tightly twisted. The threads can be lengthened when weaving macrame. After all, it is not always possible to cut the required length of thread. You can do it differently. You need to swap the long and short threads. But it is best to attach one end of the thread to the other using knots. In this case, the excess ends of the thread can be easily cut off. It is very easy to connect nylon threads, as they melt.

Tying knots in a rope for its practical use is one of the oldest inventions of mankind. It can be assumed that primitive man came up with a dozen or two knots and learned to weave nets before he learned to make fire. Apparently, he began to use the knot long before he invented the ploughshare, the wheel, the needle, the axe, and the bow and arrow. The existence of primitive man, his life, cannot be imagined without a rope made from vines, plant fibers, strips of leather or animal tendons.

The ability to tie knots on a rope and weave nets in ancient times was highly valued and was considered a family heritage. It was jealously guarded from strangers and passed on from father to son, from generation to generation.

However, the inventors of the most ingenious and practical knots were sailors. A sailing ship that appeared more than five thousand years ago was unthinkable without the ropes that secured the masts and supported the sails.

By the time of the heyday of the sailing fleet, there were about 500 knots in the maritime industry. In addition to knots, sailors of the past used many different practically necessary weaves in their work. However, most of the various kinds of weaving and ornaments made from rope were invented by sailors... out of boredom. Let us remember that in the old days, sailing ships often lasted for years. To pass the time off duty, the sailors did handicrafts. Their materials were time-worn ropes made of manila, hemp and sisal.

Sailors gave wicker items that were amazing in design and magnificent in execution to their wives and loved ones upon returning to shore after a long separation. Over time, women learned from sailors the art of turning a simple rope into an elegant and useful thing.

Macrame is a type of needlework, the basis of which is a knot, which initially originated from the simple functional need to connect two threads, but gradually became more complex and acquired decorative significance.

There are different interpretations of the word "macrame". In Europe, this word was first used in the 19th century in the meaning of “knot weaving”. More ancient is the Arabic word "migramah", meaning "scarf" or "shawl", and the Turkish word "macrama", meaning "dressy scarf" or "shawl with fringe". Apparently, the word has undergone a historical change while traveling across countries.

The history of knot weaving is contemporary with the history of mankind. There is an opinion that the origins of the decorative art of weaving should be sought in ancient China and Japan. But archaeological finds in other countries confirm the spread of knot weaving in other parts of the world, for example, samples of knot weaving were found in Egyptian tombs that are more than 4 thousand years old.

In the history of mankind, differently tied knots played another important role; they were a way of accumulating and transmitting information from generation to generation. In the ancient Inca culture, there was a developed system of knotted writing, and in archaeological excavations, rosary beads in the form of a necklace made of knots were also found. The writing system could be deciphered by shape, size, color and the mutual combination of nodes. A similar type of application of this technique was found in ancient China and among the Indians of North America. To this day, a custom has been preserved: in order not to forget, tie a knot as a keepsake.

Throughout its history, macrame has repeatedly suffered oblivion, but has invariably been revived, introducing new techniques, new materials and methods of application.

As in ancient times, the use of decorative knotted weaving for decorating clothes has been preserved to this day. The macrame technique was used to create a wide variety of wardrobe elements: capes, hoods, elegant lace and fringe. Particularly exquisite lace was woven from gold threads and used to trim the clothing of noble nobles.

In the 13th century, the knotting technique from the countries of the East penetrated through Spain into Europe. This process was actively promoted by sailors who used the knowledge of tying knots not only in their direct work, but also to create household items, which then spread throughout different countries.

In the 15th century, after the Crusades, weaving as a decorative art began to develop in Italy, and in Western Europe it reached particular popularity in the 18th century. The Victorian era in England is considered the “golden age” of macrame. The use of this technique was especially popular for creating interior components - tablecloths, bedspreads, lampshades, for finishing screens and chair surfaces.

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Slide captions:

M a k r a m e Performed by the technology teacher of MOU-SOSH village. Ozernoye, Atkarsky district, Saratov region, Elena Ivanovna Stikhina

From the history of macrame Macrame is a type of needlework, the basis of which is a knot, originally derived from the simple functional need to connect two threads, but gradually becoming more complex, acquiring decorative significance. The history of knot weaving is contemporary with the history of mankind. It began from the time when a man needed to connect the two ends of a thread and he tied the first knot. Later, primitive hunters wove nets from animal wool and marsh grasses. Throughout its development path, humanity has treated nodes differently. There were periods when nodes were simply prohibited. Among the many taboos that Roman senators had to observe was the prohibition of having at least one knot on their clothing. In Rus', tying knots - “nauzit” meant “to cast a spell, cast a spell, cast a spell.” Christianity in Rus' condemned the wearing of knots. But this attitude towards the knot was short-lived and not universal. In the east, in ancient times, there was a knotted letter, thanks to which people collected and stored information. The heyday of macrame dates back to the 9th century BC. Sailors are considered the founders of macrame. In the 14th century, sailors introduced the art of weaving to the inhabitants of Spain, India, and China. At the same time, macrame became known in Italy. In the 17th century, macrame from Italy spread to Northern Europe and North America and became very popular in England. At different times, the art of weaving was called: square weaving, knotted lace, and only in the 19th century this type of needlework began to be called “MACRAME”. Translated from Turkish, “macrama” is a scarf with fringes. A new wave of macrame revival began in the 19th century. Since the twenties of the 20th century, macrame has been revived again and comes into fashion. Macrame has wide possibilities for creative expression of personality. You take an ordinary rope in your hands, tie knots and... create a miracle.

Materials and accessories The cord can be cotton, linen, leather, synthetic, mixed - any. The main thing is that it tightens well, without unraveling at the first opportunity, does not rub your hands, and very preferably, it is round in cross-section. Sharp scissors; “Centimeter” or tape measure (or most conveniently, a meter ruler); Crochet hooks of different thicknesses for pulling threads in some knots and a knitting needle/needle for unraveling incorrectly tightened knots; Durable pins with large plastic heads. Pillow for weaving. At first, even a small sofa “dumka” (30x30 cm), stuffed with a material that will firmly hold the pins - for example, foam rubber - will do. Also useful: Various rings, from small to large (for example, from old hoops) - wooden, plastic, and best of all - metal; Wooden sticks, planks, rulers and pencils; Thick wire for creating frames (although no wire can compare with what a welder you know who has one can do :); Beads, other accessories.

Attaching threads to the base. Weaving always begins with fastening the thread. There are several mounting options, and each of them is suitable for certain cases. The first method of attaching threads 1 Bend the working thread in half and place it in a loop on the base thread. 2 Bend the loop over the warp thread. 3 We thread the ends of the working thread into the loop (the loop is pulled under the warp thread). 4 Tighten the ends of the working thread. Second method of attaching threads 1 Bend the working thread in half and place it in a loop under the warp thread. 2 Bend the loop onto the warp thread. 3 We thread the ends of the working thread into the loop (the loop passes over the warp thread). 4 Tighten the ends of the working thread.

Attaching threads to the warp Extended method of attaching threads - The extended method of fastening is quite common, since most products are woven not with dense, but with openwork knitting, which is why a regular set-up row can unsightly creep apart. The extended unit allows you to avoid this, the work looks more neat. Fastening one end of the thread with a rep knot - the photo shows how to fasten only one end of the thread (a rep knot is used for this)

Basic knots: flat knot The flat knot is perhaps one of the most common in macrame. This is due to the fact that one node has many variations. Let's get acquainted with some of them in practice. Single flat knot Twisted cord - by making several single knots in a row we get a twisted cord.

Double Flat Knot (Square Knot)

Another name for this knot is the square knot. If you have practiced tying single flat knots, then consider that you already know how to tie double knots :). A double flat knot consists of one left and one right single knot tied one after the other.

“Pea” “Pea” is a wonderful decorative element that can also have practical applications (for example, serve as a “button”). It is very simple to do, but looks impressive. Prepare a crochet hook - you will need it.

Chain of square knots with picot Sometimes you need to weave a tight chain, but with an openwork effect. To do this, most often everyone uses either the “Tatting” knot or a chain of square knots with picots. Picots are decorative loops on the sides of the chain

Rep knot The rep knot is widely used to create both dense fabric and openwork patterns. Rows of rep knots are called brids. Breeds can be horizontal, vertical, inclined, figured - depending on the direction of the knotted thread (warp thread). When weaving a brid from left to right, the knots are woven with the left hand (Fig. 1), and when weaving from right to left - with the right (Fig. 2). In this case, the free hand pulls the warp thread. The illustration shows an extended (or triple) rep knot. The difference from a regular rep knot is an additional turn. Used when it is necessary to obtain the densest bridle

The picture shows a horizontal bridge. Vertical and other breeds are woven in the same way. Only the direction of the warp thread changes. With the help of bridles you can create a variety of designs: leaves, diamonds, braids, etc. A common technique is shown in the photo for this section. Two diagonal brids are woven from the center, the internal threads are intertwined, and the diamond is completed with the same diagonal brids - now from both sides to the center. Another useful technique is a double warp thread. In order for the horizontal bridle to be smooth and identical on both sides, connect the leftmost thread to the rightmost thread - the right thread is wound to the left, and the left thread to the right. A double base for the knots is formed. After the brid is ready, the threads are taken by the free ends and carefully stretched to the sides, leveling the weave. It is important not to overtighten.

The Thick Edge technique The Thick Edge is most often used at the end of a piece to neatly bring the threads together to one point. To do this, they begin to weave a rep brid in the required direction, and after completing the first rep knot, the working thread from it is added to the warp thread, and thus the next knot is woven on a base of two threads, the one following the third knot is on three, and etc. The result is a smoothly expanding rep breed. Thus, using two bridles from different sides of the weave, you can bring all the threads to the center, and then secure them with a braid.

Cavandoli technique The Cavandoli technique is named after the inventor of this method of weaving a pattern. It is also called "embroidery with colored grosgrain knots." Used for products such as eyeglass cases, wallets, handbags, etc. The method is based on the fact that when weaving fabric with rep knots, you can alternate horizontal and vertical knots in any order. First you need to draw the required pattern on a sheet of paper in a box (each box will represent one rep knot). For example, we want to make a black pattern on a white background. For the warp, take a long black thread (you can weave directly from the ball without cutting the thread), and hang the required number of white threads on it. Horizontal bridles are woven. Weaving is done according to the pattern, and where the pattern requires a black knot, the knotted thread becomes the working thread, and the working thread located at the site of this knot becomes the knotted one. The result is a black vertical knot of a different color among the white horizontal ones.

Pioneer knot

The pioneer knot is the reverse of the rep knot. The result is a kind of cross, and the direction of the upper turn depends on the direction of the weaving - from right to left or vice versa. This is a very simple and effective technique, I advise you to master it and use it along with the rep knot. I won’t describe the process of tying a knot - everything can be seen in the picture :)

Tatting knot The Tatting knot is often used for decorative purposes - for example, to decorate the edge of a work, or for braiding beads. In Fig. Figure 3 shows a type of knot with pico (loops). By the way, picot can be used with other knots - for example, with square ones. To ensure that the loops are the same size, use a bar or ruler of suitable width, inserting it between the knots. In the pictures - the right knot "Tatting" (loops on the right).

Capuchin Knot The Capuchin Knot is used to create beautiful “earrings” at the ends of the threads. The more turns you make with the thread, the more complex and beautiful the knot will be. But the more difficult it will be to tighten it correctly. I suspect that a long Capuchin can only be made from a thread that glides well. I usually do 4-6 turns.

The “Snake” chain “Snake” is good for its low thread consumption. It is made at two ends and is often used as a loop for hanging panels. A feature of the snake that must be taken into account is that it stretches.

Flat braid The photo shows a braid made of 4 red and 2 black threads. A more interesting pattern will be obtained if you take three threads of one color and three of another. The thickness and texture of the threads must be the same, otherwise it will turn out sloppy. Connect all the threads into a bundle, divide them into right and left groups, according to color. Take the rightmost thread and move it to the left, joining the left group. Now take the leftmost thread and join it to the right group. Continue weaving, alternating the transfer of outer threads from one group to another. At the end of weaving, secure the threads with a knot.

Chinese Clover Leaf Knots This knot is tied with one end of the cord and consists of internal loops (the center of the knot) and external ones, representing leaves. The number of external loops can vary from 2 to 5-6. It is for this reason that the knot is also known as the Flower knot. Often used as part of more complex combined units. The Chinese believe that the four-leaf clover leaf brings great luck.

Knot "Swastika" Other names - Knot of Virtue or Knot of True Love. This knot is similar to an ancient Buddhist symbol, symbolizing the sun, fire, the heart of Buddha, absolute virtue and power over evil. Brings good luck and prosperity. The weaving pattern is shown below.

Chinese knot (Cross knot) - the Cross knot is tied on two threads, often of different colors.

Luck Knot Unlike most knots, whose names are derived from the names of the decorative elements they represent, this widespread knot was nameless until Lydia Chen named it after similar knots. The weaving pattern is like that of a cord from a Chinese knot, only there they work with separate ends, and here with loops of double threads. Essentially, the Luck knot consists of two Chinese knots.

Knot "Josephine" The knot, known to us as "Josephine", is called by the Chinese "Double Coin" - Double Coin Knot. In their opinion, this knot symbolizes two connected ancient coins, which in turn means prosperity and longevity. The Double Coin node is often placed above the entrance to shops/offices, which should attract many customers, and therefore bring good profits. :)

Products made using the MACRAME technique