What are the tarsal fingers covered with claws. What is the tarsus and toes of birds covered with? Remember which animals have the same body coverings. Briefly about the internal structure

07.11.2019

consider its structure. Pay attention to the location of the eyes. Find the auditory recess. Examine the body of the bird, determine its shape. Pay attention to the position of the wings and legs. Study the external structure of the limbs, the sequence of their departments. What are the tarsus and toes covered with? Remember which animals have the same body coverings. Consider the tail of a bird. Write down the names different types feathers located on the wings and tail, count these feathers. Examine the set of feathers. Find a contour pen, study its structure, sketch and mark the main parts. Examine the fan with a magnifying glass. Draw a diagram of its structure. Consider a downy feather. Sketch and sign the names of its parts. List the flight adaptations that are clearly visible in the external structure of birds. Write down the results of observations in a notebook.

Biology Grade 7

Examine the stuffed bird. Find the main parts of the body. Name them. Examine the bird's head. Pay attention to its shape, size. Find the beak, consider its structure. Pay attention to the location of the eyes. Find the auditory recess. Examine the body of the bird, determine its shape. Pay attention to the position of the wings and legs. Study the external structure of the limbs, the sequence of their departments. What are the tarsus and toes covered with? Remember which animals have the same body coverings. Consider the tail of a bird. Write down the names of the different types of feathers found on the wings and tail, count these feathers. Examine the set of feathers. Find a contour pen, study its structure, sketch and mark the main parts. Examine the fan with a magnifying glass. Draw a diagram of its structure. Consider a downy feather. Sketch and sign the names of its parts. List the flight adaptations that are clearly visible in the external structure of birds. Write down the results of observations in a notebook.

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Laboratory work in biology grade 7 topic: the external structure of a bird. The structure of feathers
WORKING PROCESS
1) Consider a stuffed bird. Find the main parts of the body. name them
2) look at the head of the bird. pay attention to h6a its shape, dimensions. find the beak, consider its structure, pay attention to the location of the eyes. find the ear canal
3) examine the body of the bird, determine its shape. pay attention to the position of the wings and legs
4) study the external structure of the limbs, the sequence of their departments. what is the tarsus and toes covered with? remember which animals have the same body coverings
5) examine the tail of a bird, write down the names of different types of feathers located on the wings and tail

consider its structure. Pay attention to the location of the eyes. Find the auditory recess. Examine the body of the bird, determine its shape. Pay attention to the position of the wings and legs. Study the external structure of the limbs, the sequence of their departments. What are the tarsus and toes covered with? Remember which animals have the same body coverings. Consider the tail of a bird. Write down the names of the different types of feathers found on the wings and tail, count these feathers. Examine the set of feathers. Find a contour pen, study its structure, sketch and mark the main parts. Examine the fan with a magnifying glass. Draw a diagram of its structure. Consider a downy feather. Sketch and sign the names of its parts. List the flight adaptations that are clearly visible in the external structure of birds. Write down the results of observations in a notebook.

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Biology Grade 7

The skin of birds is thin, dry, practically devoid of skin glands. The surface layers of the cells of the epidermal layer become keratinized. The connective tissue layer of the skin is subdivided into a thin, but rather dense skin proper, in which blood vessels pass, the ends (veins) of the contour feathers are strengthened and there are bundles of smooth muscle fibers that change the position of the feathers, and subcutaneous tissue - a loose layer directly adjacent to the trunk muscles; it stores fat. The only skin gland of birds, the coccygeal gland, lies on the tail vertebrae. It produces a fat-like secret that is secreted through the ducts when birds press on the gland with their beak. Birds smear their feathers with this secret.

Growths of the keratinizing epidermal layer of the skin form the horny cover of the beak - ramfoteka. Horny scales of the reptilian type cover the fingers, tarsus, and sometimes part of the lower leg. The last phalanges of the toes are covered with horny claws. In males of some birds (for example, in pheasants), a bone outgrowth is formed on the tarsus, covered with a sharp horny sheath - a spur. Feather cover, specific for birds, is also horny formations of the epidermal layer of the skin.

The skin of birds is thin, with a poorly developed epidermis, devoid of any bone formations and almost devoid of glands. The only exception is the coccygeal gland, located above the root of the tail, the secret of which serves to lubricate the feathers and to make the feather cover waterproof. The coccygeal gland is especially strongly developed in waterfowl. Conversely, some terrestrial species living in arid climates lack the oil gland. Such, for example, are ostriches and bustards.

Along with the absence of bone formations, an abundance of various horny formations derived from the epidermis is characteristic. Thus, the upper and lower jaws are to some extent covered with horny sheaths that form the beak. There are claws at the ends of the fingers, and the lower part of the legs (fingers, usually the tarsus, and in some the lower leg) is covered with horny shields. The body is covered with feathers, which in the vast majority of species are not located everywhere, but only in some areas - Pterylia. In other areas - Apteria - there are no feathers at all or almost. The specified arrangement of feathers, characteristic of flying birds, has an adaptive value, since it facilitates muscle contraction during flight, skin mobility and the movement of feathers on the body associated with the movement of the wings. The apteria are of the same importance in the movement of the hind limbs and neck.

Bird feathers are different in structure and function. Outside, the body is covered with contour feathers, consisting of a hollow rod, to which two side plates are symmetrically attached - a fan. The lower part of the rod, immersed in the skin, is called Ochina, the large upper part of the rod, to which the fans are attached, is called the trunk. The fan consists of numerous long barbs of the first order, on which the barbs of the second order sit. The latter are equipped with very small hooks that link the second-order beards to each other. As a result, the fan is an elastic elastic plate.

Contour feathers are the basis of plumage. They protect the body of birds from loss of heat and mechanical influences, form the propeller blade of the wing and the steering plane of the tail. Depending on the location, contour pens are divided into groups. So, long feathers along the posterior edge of the forelimb, forming the wing blade, are called flight feathers, long tail feathers are tail feathers, covering the upper part - upper wing coverts, the upper part of the tail - uppertail, etc.

Under the contour feathers are small down feathers. Their stem is thin, there are no second-order beards, and therefore the fans do not form a closed plate. In some cases, the shaft of the downy feather is so shortened that the barbs extend from the top in one bundle. Such a feather is called down itself. Down feathers and down are especially strongly developed in waterfowl and in terrestrial birds living in cold countries. Their main role is to reduce heat transfer.

Among the down, there are still thread-like feathers, representing down feathers without beards. Finally, many birds have bristles at the corners of their mouths. In insectivorous species that catch prey in the air, they form, with their beak open, like a funnel, which increases the likelihood of catching insects.

The development of feathers indicates their close genetic relationship with reptile scales. The rudiment of the feather, like the rudiment of the horny scales, is a tubercle of the connective tissue layer of the skin, covered on the outside by the epidermis. As the tubercle grows, it deviates back, and its base descends deep into the skin, forming the vagina of the future feather and its papilla, rich in blood, through which the growing feather is fed. The ectodermal part of the rudiment, growing, differentiates into a longitudinal thickening - the future rod and two longitudinal keels of this thickening, which subsequently break up into fan barbs. The entire primordium is covered on the outside with a thin horny sheath, which subsequently collapses as the feather develops. After that, the fan is released, and its left and right halves move apart.

Feathers are regularly changed. Many birds have not one, but two or three molts per year. In the latter case, usually not all plumage changes, but only certain parts of it. Multiple molting is associated with the presence of seasonal polymorphism and nuptial attire. The nature of molting in birds is different. Predatory species and insectivores, catching prey in the air, molt gradually and do not lose the ability to fly. Chicken, inhabitants of forests and shrubs and grassy thickets, molt more quickly. At this time, they can hardly rise in the air and stay in secluded places, hiding when danger approaches in a thicket of bushes or grass. Black grouse and capercaillie for a short period completely lose their ability to fly. Ducks, geese, swans, guillemots, grebes, loons and most shepherds molt in a very peculiar way. flight feathers they drop out almost simultaneously, and the birds on long time lose the ability to fly. Geese, some ducks, swans at this time gather in remote, hard-to-reach places along the banks of rivers, lakes, seas, concentrating here in huge numbers, sometimes many thousands of individuals.

When molting, not only does the plumage change; in a number of species, its structure also changes. So, in the summer plumage of a siskin, there are approximately 1500 feathers, and in the winter - 2100-2400. One species of tits has 1100 feathers in summer, and 1700 in winter. In white partridge, the length of contour feathers on the back in winter is on average 5.4 cm, in summer 3.8 cm; their downy part is respectively equal to 1.8 and 1.4 cm; lateral trunk - 3.7-2.5 cm.

Read more: Beak: smell and taste

Bird morphology

Morphology is usually understood as the external structure of the animal, in contrast to the internal, which is usually called anatomical.

The beak of a bird consists of the upper and lower jaws (mandible and mandible), covered with horn covers. Its shape depends on the method of obtaining food characteristic of the species, therefore it allows us to judge the feeding habits of the bird. The beak is long or short, curved up or down, spoon-shaped, serrated or with crossed jaws. In almost all birds, it wears off at the tip from use, and its horny cover must be continuously renewed.

Most species have a black beak. However, there are a variety of variants of its coloration, and in some birds, such as puffins and toucans, this is the brightest part of the body.

The eyes of birds are very large, because these animals are guided mainly by sight. The eyeball is mostly hidden under the skin, and only the dark pupil is visible, surrounded by a colored iris.

In birds, in addition to the upper and lower eyelids, there is also a “third” eyelid - the nictitating membrane. This is a thin, transparent fold of skin, approaching the eye from the side of the beak. The nictitating membrane moisturizes, cleanses and protects the eye, instantly closing it in case of danger of contact with an external object.

The ear openings, located behind and slightly below the eyes, in most birds are covered with feathers of a special structure, the so-called. ear coverings. They protect the ear canal from the ingress of foreign objects, while at the same time not interfering with the propagation of sound waves.

The wings of birds are long or short, rounded or sharp. In some species they are very narrow, while in others they are wide. They can also be concave or flat. As a rule, long narrow wings serve as an adaptation for long-range flights over the sea. Long, wide and rounded wings are well adapted for soaring in ascending currents of air heated near the ground. Short, rounded and concave wings are most convenient for slow flight over fields and among forests, as well as for rapid rise into the air, for example, in a moment of danger. Pointed flat wings contribute to rapid flapping and rapid flight.

The tail, as a morphological section, consists of tail feathers, which form its rear edge, and covert feathers, overlapping their bases. The tail feathers are paired, they are located symmetrically on both sides of the tail. The tail is longer than the rest of the body, but sometimes it is practically absent. Characteristic for different birds its shape is determined by the relative length of the various tail feathers and the features of their tips. As a result, the tail is rectangular, rounded, pointed, forked, etc.

Legs. In most birds, the feather-free part of the leg (foot) includes the tarsus, toes, and claws. In some species, such as owls, the tarsus and fingers are feathered, in a few others, in particular swifts and hummingbirds, they are covered with soft skin, but usually there is a hard horny cover, which, like all skin, is constantly updated. This cover may be smooth, but more often it consists of scales or small irregularly shaped plates. In pheasants and turkeys, there is a horn spur on the back of the tarsus, and in collared hazel grouse, on the sides of the fingers, there is a fringe of horn spikes, which falls off in spring and grows back in autumn to serve as skis in winter. Most birds have 4 toes on their feet.

Fingers are arranged differently depending on the habits of the species and their environment. For grasping branches, climbing, catching prey, carrying and manipulating food, they are equipped with sharply curved sharp claws. In running and burrowing species, the fingers are thick, and the claws on them are strong, but rather blunt. Waterfowl have webbed fingers, like ducks, or leathery lobes on the sides, like grebes. In larks and some other song species of open spaces, the back toe is armed with a very long claw.

Other signs. In some birds, the head and neck are bare or covered with very sparse feathers. The skin here is usually brightly colored and forms outgrowths, for example, a crest on the crown and earrings on the throat. Often, well-marked bumps are located at the base of the upper jaw. Typically, these features are used for demos or simpler communication signals. In carrion-eating vultures, the bare head and neck are probably an adaptation that allows them to feed on rotting corpses without soiling feathers on areas of the body that are very inconvenient to clean .....