Production of herbal pellets for cattle. Production of herbal flour, granules and briquettes. Feed business costs

10.11.2019

Feeding of different sex and age groups of sheep should be differentiated taking into account the direction of the industry, the level of productivity, weight, age and physiological state of the animals. These differences are reflected in the feeding norms.

AT new system normalized feeding to determine the energy needs of the animal and assess the energy nutritional value of the feed, the exchange energy expressed in megajoules was adopted.
Rated feeding of sheep is provided for metabolic energy, feed units, dry matter, crude and digestible protein, macronutrients (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, table salt), trace elements (iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, manganese, iodine), carotene, vitamins D and E (for sheep).

In addition, it is also necessary to normalize amino acid and carbohydrate nutrition, especially for young animals.
The rates are calculated for animals of user herds in conditions of stall keeping. When grazing and for feeding breeding and highly productive sheep, the norm should be increased by 15-20%.

Characteristics of feed for sheep
In the structure of the feed balance for sheep, the main part is made up of green fodder (grass), hay, haylage, silage, and grass meal.
Grass. This is the cheapest food, rich in carotene, carbohydrates, protein and minerals. daily requirement in the grass is, kg: for heaps, queens, young animals older than a year - 7-10, lambs at the age of 2-4 months - 2-3.5, 4-8 months - 4.5-6 (depending on the quality herbage and masses of animals).

During the summer period it is necessary to use the grass as much as possible when grazing on natural or cultivated pastures or green conveyor crops. BelNIIZh recommends the following approximate green conveyor scheme: winter rye - from 20/IV to 20/V; long-term cultivated pastures (with 3-4 grazing) - from 20/V to 20/1X; perennial grasses (cereal-bean mixtures) - from 10/VI to 15/VII; mixtures of annual fodder crops (oats, lupins, peas, etc.) - from 10/VIII to 15/1X; aftermath of perennial grasses - from 15/VIII to 25/1X; stubble crops of rapeseed, etc. - from 25/1X to 20/X; areas after harvesting grain and fodder crops - from 20/VIII to 20/X.

Cultivated pastures are used for 5-7 years for grazing in combination with haymaking.
For pasture use, it is advisable to sow complex grass mixtures of 4-5 components with the inclusion of 1-2 legumes and 2-3 types of cereal grasses, zoned or promising for a certain soil-climatic zone.

To improve the efficiency of pasture use, it is necessary to:
strictly adhere to the pasture rotation scheme, which provides for the annual sequence of grazing and haymaking; periodically provide rest to individual sites for self-seeding;
use driven grazing, which increases the productivity of pastures (by 20-25%) and dramatically reduces labor costs;
calculate the load of sheep per 1 ha of pasture.

In some areas, for example, in Eastern Siberia, winter pastures are created for sheep from crops of oats, an oat-pea mixture, and rapeseed.
In the southern regions of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the republics of Transcaucasia, there are seasonal pastures: spring and autumn (in the semi-desert), summer (in the mountains) and winter (in the desert), which makes it possible to keep sheep forage almost all year round.

Hay
The main traditional feed for sheep is hay. They willingly eat small-stemmed, well-leafed hay, but give the greatest preference to hay made from legumes (alfalfa,
Bad types of hay include forest and sedge hay. It is impossible to feed hay with an admixture of feather grass, the Ostyaks of which clog the wool.
To ensure normal digestion and metabolism, it is necessary to include hay in the diets of sheep from the total nutritional value of at least 15-20% or 0.5-0.7 kg for pregnant, 0.8-1 kg for lactating queens, 0.4-0.5 kg youngsters.
The quality of hay depends on the botanical composition of the herbage, the timing and methods of harvesting and storage.

herbal flour
A valuable fodder product obtained from artificially dried grass is grass flour. 1 kg of it contains 0.6-0.7 feed units, 13-19% of crude protein and up to 200 mg of carotene.
The best crops for making grass meal or cutting are alfalfa, clover, or a bean-grass mixture. Flour is introduced into the diet of sheep in the amount of 10-15% in terms of nutritional value, in the composition of feed mixtures - up to 20-40% by weight, in the composition of animal feed - up to 20% instead of grain components.
Depending on the quality, artificially dried grass feed is divided into three classes.

haylage
It is a forage preserved under hermetic conditions (without air access), made from cut grass and dried in the field to 50-55% humidity. Distribution of finely ground bulk mass can be easily mechanized. Haylage is used to feed all groups of sheep.
The main requirements for harvesting high-quality haylage: harvesting grasses in the optimal phases of vegetation (legumes - in the period from budding to the beginning of flowering, cereals - from the beginning to full heading); wilting grass in windrows to a moisture content of 50-55%; grinding the mass to a particle size of not more than 3 cm and thoroughly compacting it; fast filling of the container and reliable isolation of the feed from the air. Violation of these requirements leads to self-heating of the mass and damage to the feed. The hay must meet the following requirements.

Silage
It is one of the common types of succulent feed for sheep. In a balanced diet, it can be (% of the total nutritional value): for queens 40-50 (2.5-3.5 kg for pregnant and 3-4.5 kg for suckling); for replacement young animals 30-40 (1.5-2 kg for ewes and 2-2.5 kg for rams).
Silage is prepared mainly from corn, as well as from sunflower, pea-oat mixture, legume-cereal grasses. When ensiling herbs, chemical preservatives are used - liquid organic acids (propionic, formic, acetic) and their mixture - a concentrate of low molecular weight acids (LMA), as well as dry preparations ( benzoic acid, sodium pyrosulfite).

concentrated feed
Sheep are fed mainly cereal grains (oats, barley, corn, wheat) and a limited amount of cake and meal. Concentrates are used to balance diets in terms of energy, protein, mainly in the composition of feed.
Concentrates are introduced into the diets of lakes in the following amounts (% of the total nutritional value): pregnant women 15-20 (0.2-0.3 kg); suckling 25-30 (0.4-0.6 kg); rams-producers in a non-roaming period 40-45 (0.6-0.7 kg); in the period of preparation and in breeding, depending on the load, up to 55-60 (1 -1.3 kg); young animals aged 4 to 6 months 35-40 (0.35-0.5 kg); from 6 to 8 months 25-35 (0.3-0.5 kg); lambs before weaning according to eaten; fattening livestock 25-40 (0.3-0.6 kg).
In the production of compound feeds, balancing additives are used (protein-mineral, protein-vitamin-mineral, premixes, etc.) - a homogeneous mixture of high-protein feed, microadditives crushed to the required size.
Rations are made up of feeds typical for the given zone, taking into account the prospects for the development of the feed base, technologies for preparing and feeding feeds, as well as the cost and yield of forage crops. In each zone, the system of housing and the type of feeding of sheep should be determined. The latter is characterized by the ratio of the main types of feed in terms of nutritional value (diet structure). Rations should be balanced in all respects and meet the needs of animals for energy, protein, easily digestible carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, minerals (macro- and microelements).
The deficiency of feed protein in the diet of sheep in the amount of 20-25% can be replenished with nitrogenous non-protein substances (urea and ammonium salts), guided by the relevant recommendations.
Non-protein nitrogenous substances in ruminant nutrition can be used by preparing a high protein concentrate from grain and urea obtained by extrusion. It is an alloy of gelatinized starch and urea.
Carbamide concentrate (AKD) must comply with the requirements of TU 8-22-4-77 and have the following physical and chemical parameters: humidity not more than 12%, protein equivalent (total nitrogen X 6.25) not less than 40%, solubility in water after 60 min no more than 70%, the degree of dextrinization of the concentrate based on corn or sorghum is not less than 70%, on the basis of barley or wheat is not less than 40%.
With a lack of macro- and microelements in the diet of sheep, appropriate mineral supplements are introduced.
It is most expedient to feed mineral substances in the form of mixtures, the basis of which is table salt.

Granulated and briquetted feed
Significantly improve the use of nutrients can be more advanced methods of preparing feed in loose, granulated and briquetted forms. This allows more efficient use of low-value roughage (straw, cobs, sunflower husks, etc.), chemical industry products (urea, ammonium salts, mineral additives); provides full palatability of feed and makes it possible to mechanize their distribution.
Granules are pressed mixtures consisting of ground roughage, concentrates, feed additives. It is better to feed them to fattening sheep and to other groups - in combination with natural feed (hay, haylage, silage, grass) in a ratio of 60-70 and 40-30% nutritionally, respectively. Of the pressed feed for sheep, briquettes are the most acceptable, since the components are introduced into them in the form of cutting, i.e., the physical form of the feed is preserved.
The composition and nutritional value of feed mixtures vary depending on the sex, age and physiological state of the animal.
According to VNIIOK, loose feed mixtures should include, % by weight: straw 18-20 for queens and 10-12 for young animals; legume-cereal hay and grass flour 20-25; silos 45--50; concentrates 10-15; mineral additives 1"
The daily dacha of the mixture is, kg: for pregnant women 3.5-4 kg; for lactating 5-5.5; for young animals 2.5-3. The length of the feed particles should be no more than 3 cm.
When feeding sheep with full-ration granular mixtures, it should be assumed that the nutritional value of 1 kg of granules (according to VNIIOK) should be 0.5-0.55 fodder for the queens, taking into account their physiological state. units for singles and in the first half of pregnancy; 0.55-0.6 in the second half of pregnancy, 0.6-0.65 during lactation, and for young animals - 0.6-0.7 feed. units Based on 1 feed. units should contain digestible protein of at least 90-100 and PO-120 g, respectively, for queens and young animals. In 1 kg of feed, there should be at least 2.5-3 and 3-4 g of phosphorus and 1.8-2 and 2.5-3 g of sulfur, respectively, BelNIIZh recommends a granulated feed mixture for adult sheep of the following composition, in% by weight: straw - up to 45, grain turf of cereals - 35; herbal flour - 18; table salt - 0.5, urea - 1; diammonium phosphate - 0.5. 4 g of cobalt chloride are introduced per 1 ton of feed. 1 kg of this mixture contains 0.58 feed units, 70 g of digestible protein, 3.5 g of calcium, 3.8 g of phosphorus.

The main food for cattle raised on farms is special animal feed. The rate of weight gain of livestock and even the taste of meat depends on the quality of nutrition. Considering that in Russia many are engaged in cows, as well as feed Russian production are very necessary for them. Especially advantageous is the production of herbal flour.

To increase the sales of your products, it is necessary to adhere to established standards during manufacture ().

A little about documents

Doing business legally registration. Fits . To register the production of animal feed, collect some documents:

articles of association;
foundation agreement (concluded between those who create a company);
statement about state registration(P11001).

In addition, pay a state duty in the amount of 4,000 rubles.

Submit these documents to the tax office. Your application for opening a business will be considered within 5 days.

To sell feed in bulk, get quality certificate. For this you need:

sample analyses;
veterinary certificate;
a package of documents, including business registration documents;
application for Rospotrebnadzor on obtaining a certificate.

Certification takes about 30 days.

Business focus

The production of herbal flour in granules as a business is focused on agricultural organizations and farms. According to the latest data, they number 11,225,000 and 979,000 head of cattle respectively.

It includes:

cows;
bulls, gobies;
oxen;
calves;
heifers, heifers, heifers.

You can also target the production of green fodder for feeding horses, even.

Most farm animals need herbal food, which is the main source of vitamins. Since the climate of our country allows animals to consume fresh grass only from spring to autumn, there is a long tradition of harvesting dried grass (hay) for the winter.

Despite the long-term use of this method, it has several disadvantages:

long harvest time;
the need for a lot of physical labor;
the need for a spacious room for drying;
nutrient loss.

Fortunately, technology does not stand still, therefore, the production of herbal flour and herbal granules has already been developed and is actively used. The technology for making this food is quite simple, it takes a minimum of time, and most importantly, all nutrients are preserved!

Making herbal granules

Grass granules is a natural protein-vitamin food for animals and birds, which is obtained from crushed and dried grass by granulation. Grass flour is obtained by drying at high temperature and grinding grass into flour. Pelleting provides better storage of feed.

In terms of energy value, such food is very close to the concentrate, because it has in 1 kg:

about 0.9 feed units;
up to 140 g of digestible protein;
up to 300 mg of carotene;
vitamins E, K, group B;
amino acids.

The granules are used as feed additives or as the main feed.

As an additional feed, granules are supplemented with the main one, but this indicator is different for each animal:

cattle - 30-40% of the diet;
pigs - 10-15%;
sheep, horses - 80%.

Like any product, herbal granules come in several varieties. They differ in the quality and quantity of carotene (the more carotene, the more nutritious the feed). This affects the cost of feed, therefore, for better sales, offer different kinds at different cost.

The shape of the granules is small - diameter 2.4-20 mm, length - 15-28 mm. Smaller ones are given to a young bird, slightly larger ones - to an adult bird, large ones - to cattle, horses, pigs.

Raw material stock up for food in the summer. Choose forage crops that can be harvested at different times.

Suitable raw materials for your business:

perennial legumes. The advantage of such crops is the increased content of vitamins, various minerals and digestible protein. Hence the high nutritional value. It is preferable to stock up on alfalfa and red clover. Often they are mixed with cereal herbs.
cereal herbs, they are often mixed with perennial legumes in a smaller proportion.

Don't overdo it with adding less nutritional herbs, because your products will undergo quality certification and receive confirmation of the nutritional value of the feed. Poor performance will hurt the business.

Feed production technology

When producing herbal flour and herbal granules, follow the process carefully:

1. Grass cutting. The grass yield is always greater than the grain yield is another plus in the business plan for the production of feed in the form of grass pellets or flour.

Please note that during the mowing of the grass, as well as its loading, you will certainly incur losses. The main thing is that they do not exceed 2% of the total mass.

2. Primary grinding of grass in which different plants are mixed into one mass;

The quality of grass grinding depends on the quality of drying and fuel economy, respectively, saving the business budget.

Permissible sizes of crushed particles:

80% of the mass - particles of 30 mm;
20% of the mass - particles no more than 110 mm.

3. Transportation of the crushed mass. Minimize the loss of chopped grass by using mesh sidewalls in transport. Also, make sure that the raw materials are not contaminated.

The maximum time between mowing and drying is 3 hours. If longer, the herb will begin to lose all the nutrients, which means your product will be of inadequate quality.

4. Drying is a very important process, on the observance of which the quality of your products depends. The grass dries very quickly (in just a few seconds) to 9-12% moisture;

Grass heating temperature - up to 70°С.

The loss of carotene should be no more than 5%.

5. Grinding to get flour. It is very important to take into account the percentage of carotene. If the feed is artificially grown, the technology of adding antioxidants is applied to it. This process reduces the loss of carotene.

6. Granulation- a stage due to which all useful substances are preserved in the product, besides, transportation becomes more convenient.

Requirements for granules (according to GOST 18691-88):

diameter - 3–25 mm;
length - up to 2 diameters;
density - 600–1,300 kg/m3;
crumbling - up to 12%;
the proportion of dry matter is 85–90%.

After making the granules, they must be cooled for 15 minutes to minimize the loss of carotene (up to 5%).

7. Packaging and storage of feed. Product packaging depends on the method of implementation:

craft bags of 30–50 kg. - retail and small wholesale;
bags "big bag" 1 000 kg - medium wholesale;
loading into transport without packaging in bags - large wholesale.

Feed production technologies are quite simple, with this you will not have any problems when starting a business.

Production space and staff

Animal feed production plant must meet certain criteria:

A large territory, because the equipment for grass flour occupies a rather large area (about 250 sq. M.) + you need a room for storing finished feed and stocks of raw materials;
Darkened storage room so as not to destroy carotene;
Ceiling height - from 4 meters;
The temperature in the workshop is from +2 to +4ºС;
Air humidity 60–75%;
Good ventilation;
In the warehouse, the passages between the stacks are about 1 m, between the walls of the room and the rows - at least 0.7 m;
Ceiling height - from 4 m;
Area for equipment - 250 sq.m.

The feed business needs a workforce, so hire staff. You don’t need any special knowledge, just distribute responsibilities between employees, conduct mini-training. Hire 3 workers in one shift.

Equipment for the production of granulated feed

Grass cutting equipment(simultaneously performs grinding):

self-propelled forage harvesters: Don-680, Maral-125 or KSK-100A are suitable;
semi-mounted forage harvesters: "Polesie-3000";
forage complexes.

Raw material supply conveyor;
grass grinder;
Drying equipment:

drying units: productivity - 0.5–1.5 t/h;
low-temperature dryers (air heating up to 130°C) speed up the drying process. without loss of product quality.

Cyclone;
Grass crusher;
Granulator;
Feed cooling conveyor. The granules are cooled by the fan and sent to the sieving table. There is a separation of granules from small particles, which are sent back to the granulator.

The device for packing, including scales. Craft bags are filled with granules and then packed with bag sewing machines.
Universal loader for moving and loading bags of feed.

Some manufacturers prefer to dry the grass before drying, but in this case, additional equipment will be needed.

Video: the process of obtaining grass pellets

Business costs

Production costs 1 ton herbal flour with which the granules will be made.

Raw material:

3 tons of grass = 2,500 rubles.

Drying fuels:

electrical power - 154.25 kW = 500 rubles;
gas - 86 nm3 / h = 200 rubles;
firewood - 80 kg = 150 rubles.

payroll fund:

1 ton = 350 rubles. for salary

Additional expenses business = 700 rubles / t.

In total, the main indicators of the business:

the cost of flour - 4,000 rubles.
wholesale cost - 10,000 rubles.
wholesale cost of granular feed -14,000 rubles.

Feed business costs

Different scales of production will require different investments in equipment:

0.5 t/h - 3,500,000 rubles;
3 t/hour - 9,300,000 rubles.

If organize home business without using a full production line and renting premises, about 700,000 rubles are enough for you.

If you open a full-fledged production of herbal flour in granules, the costs will be different. Below are the average figures, taking into account the purchase of grass.

Equipment line for the production of pellets:

productivity of 0.5 tons of granules / hour - 3,500,000 rubles;
productivity of 1.5 tons of granules / hour - 6,300,000 rubles;
productivity of 3 tons of granules / hour - 9,500,000 rubles.

Loose product production line:

productivity of 0.5 tons of granules / hour - 2,000,000 rubles;
productivity of 1.5 tons of granules / hour - 4,000,000 rubles;
productivity 3 tons of granules / hour - 5,000,000 rubles.

To the cost of equipment, add the cost of delivery and installation of equipment, staff training.

After the initial costs, the monthly expenses of the business will include:

purchase of raw materials;
employees' salaries;
communal payments;
taxes;
additional expenses.

Total: about 750,000 rubles. per month.

Business profitability and payback

1 ton of granules per hour = 12,000 rubles.

6 tons per day = 72,000 rubles.

120 tons per month = 8,640,000 rubles.

The net profit of the business is about 7,500,000 rubles.

Alfalfa is one of the leguminous crops intended for the production and diversification of the fodder basis of livestock. Alfalfa is widely used for harvesting hay and silage, it is crushed into flour, added to vitamin complexes for livestock.

Alfalfa plant, perennial crop, from the legume family. Under natural conditions, it occurs in a wild form. The roots of the plant are strong and thick, lie deep in the ground. The stem is straight, strong, covered with small densely planted leaves, the height of the plant can reach 85 centimeters.

Inflorescences of blue, as well as a blue tint, collected with tassels, bloom in the summer. The fruits are hooked beans that reach maturity in August.

Asia is considered the cradle of alfalfa, a wild plant found in the Balkans, in Russia, settles near water bodies, on edges and meadows. The main purpose of alfalfa is the fodder base of livestock, the culture has become famous since the 6th century and was vigorously mown for horse feed.

Varieties

Alfalfa has more than a hundred plant species. Approximately half of them can be seen in Russia.

Alfalfa crescent (yellow)

A plant with a developed rhizome, as well as basal offspring, looks like a large semi-shrub forty to eighty centimeters high. Shoots are naked or covered with a sparse pile. They grow trifoliate petiolate leaves oval-lanceolate or lanceolate. The length of the sheet reaches 0.5-2.2 cm, and the width is two to six millimeters.

Dense capitate brushes adorn alfalfa in June-July. In them, on small pedicels, there are seven to forty buds. The length of the boat is 1-1.2 cm. After pollination, twisted sickle-shaped or moon beans are formed, covered with a glandular pile. Their length is only eight to twelve millimeters.

Alfalfa hop-like

An annual or biennial grass with a less developed tap root grows a lot of thin, prostrate stems ten to fifty centimeters high. Small petiolate leaves of a rhombic shape grow in length by seven to fifteen millimeters, and in width by three to ten millimeters. They have a wedge-shaped base, as well as a small notch at the top. There is a glandular pile on the reverse side.

Small (up to two millimeters) yellow flowers are collected in strong ovoid heads of inflorescences. Fruits in the form of a single-seeded bean up to two millimeters in length resemble small buds. They are also covered with pile, which falls off over time.

Alfalfa (blue)

Elastic grassy shoots branch more strongly in the upper part. They grow up to 80 centimeters in height. The plant has a strong thickened rhizome. Oval or obovate leaves grow in length by one to two centimeters, in width by three to ten millimeters.

Capitate dense brushes two to three centimeters long are selected on axillary peduncles. The flowers in them are painted in shades of blue or purple. Their length is five to six millimeters. Rolled like snails, the beans are six millimeters wide.

Alfalfa variable (hybrid)

A perennial plant in the form of subshrubs grows seventy to one hundred and twenty centimeters in height. Strongly branched shoots are covered with small leaves on elongated petioles. They have an oval or ovoid shape with a sparse fluff on the underside. Tubular capitate inflorescences in leaf axils are located on longer peduncles.

The height of the loose brush is three to five centimeters. Petals are often variegated, and are also painted in blue, purple or yellow. Larger beans are twisted into a spiral. They are covered with a light yellowish or olive-brown skin.

Growing alfalfa

The predecessors for alfalfa are leguminous and row crops. Alfalfa itself is considered a good forerunner for many crops.

The plant is sown both by pure sowing and using undercover sowing of alfalfa. In the role of a cover crop, spring cereals are mainly used, Sudan grass alfalfa is less suitable for such purposes.

Coverless sowing of alfalfa works very positively in areas that are well cleared of weeds. In connection with the inhibited growth of alfalfa plants in the first phases of formation, there is a possibility of overgrowing the whole crop with weeds. To prevent this, cover crops are used.

When choosing a site for growing alfalfa, it does not hurt to pay attention to the depth of the groundwater. The close location of groundwater adversely affects the development of plants.

Soil preparation

When alfalfa is located after grain crops on the area, we carry out plowing of stubble residues and, after two or three weeks, autumn plowing to a depth of twenty-seven to thirty centimeters with a plow with a skimmer.

If a cover crop is used for growing alfalfa, then soil preparation is carried out according to the technology for such a cover crop. In sprayed areas, we pay special attention to smoothing the area for a more even distribution of water, which contributes to an impressive increase in the yield of alfalfa.

fertilizers

During the vegetative stage, alfalfa removes from the soil with a crop a large amount of similar nutrients, such as potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium. Specifically, this contributes to the acquisition of such high yields of green mass, including a similar amount of protein.

An impressive increase in the yield of alfalfa is also provided by the use of organic fertilizers, especially when they are combined with mineral fertilizers. We carry out the introduction of organics under the predecessor of the cover crop or directly under the cover crop in the range of twenty-five to thirty t/ha.

Under irrigated alfalfa, mineralized fertilizers must be applied before watering. Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers applied after a separate mowing before irrigation at the rate of thirty kilograms of active substance give excellent results, however, when applied once during the summer, the dose of fertilizers is increased to fifty to sixty kg / ha.

Phosphorus-potassium fertilizers similarly increase the resistance of alfalfa to wintering and soaking.

According to many years of experience, alfalfa reacts extremely negatively to a lack of phosphorus at the initial stages of vegetation. With the missing content of this element in the soil in the first month after sowing, this negatively affects the vital activity of plants in subsequent years.

Seed preparation

The main preparation of alfalfa seeds consists in thorough cleaning from weed seeds, as well as other third-party impurities. We pay special attention to the fight against dodder, in the presence of which we use specialized cleaning machines.

The cultivation of alfalfa seeds with molybdenum gives excellent results (in those areas where this element is not enough in the soil). In four hundred grams of water, we dissolve one hundred grams of molybdic acid ammonium and process one sowing unit with this composition.

Sowing

Germination of alfalfa seeds is observed already at +1°C, and seedlings endure frosts down to -5°C. So the sowing of alfalfa can be carried out at the same time as the sowing of early cereals as cover crops. In addition, it was during such a period that there was still a lot of moisture accumulated in the winter in the soil. Well, the most ideal temperature for seed germination is 17-20°C.

In arid areas of the steppe, the sowing rate is eight to ten kg/ha, in forest-steppe areas and in areas with irrigation ten to fifteen kg/ha. Seeding depth on heavy soils is two to three centimeters, on light soils three to four centimeters. With a lack of moisture in the soil, post-sowing packing of sowing with smooth rollers can be used.

Seeding care

Having harvested the cover crop, we do not linger with the harvesting of straw from the field at the end of threshing. If the arable layer is supplied with the necessary amount of moisture, it is possible to fertilize alfalfa with potash (fifty-one hundred kg / ha of potassium salt) and phosphorus (one and a half to two centners / ha of superphosphate) fertilizers at the beginning of autumn. This will increase the resistance of alfalfa plants to cold weather.

Every year we carry out spring harrowing with heavy harrows in two tracks, which favors the removal of last year's stubble, as well as loosening the outer layer of soil. The desired result is given by top dressing, as well as harrowing of alfalfa after a separate mowing.

In areas with spraying, try not to allow the moisture level in the meter layer of soil to drop below seventy-seventy-five% HB.

Harvest

Alfalfa is harvested for hay at the stage of budding. A delay in harvesting reduces the percentage of protein and fat in plants, spoils the development of aftermath and reduces the collection of hay at a subsequent cut. The quality of hay is especially declining. According to the research, the content of proteins in plants at the stage of budding is 23.6%, before flowering 18.8%, with full flowering 15.3%. The number of crude protein in the leaves is twenty to thirty percent.

When mowing during the growing season more than three times, alfalfa quickly falls out. In order to increase its effective longevity, the first mowing should be carried out at the beginning of flowering. Harvesting during budding helps to save leaves in the hay. In order to better preserve them, the mowed grass is raked into swaths a few hours after the end of mowing. In suitable weather, after two or three days, alfalfa hay dries out so much that it can be stacked in stacks or stacks.

In steppe areas with a drier climate, mowed alfalfa is raked into swaths immediately after mowing is completed, and in the evening they are already dug up.

The timing of the final mowing should be adjusted. The frost resistance of alfalfa plants going into winter directly depends on this in many respects. According to many years of research, the last mowing of the herbage is best done one to one and a half months before the onset of constant cold weather. This time will be enough for the alfalfa to grow back, form a rosette, as well as replenish the required amount of nutrients.

Alfalfa: properties and beneficial effect

In the composition of alfalfa there are many vitamins, in fact, all groups of trace elements, acids, as well as other necessary substances. All these substances are present in an easily digestible form, which allows the plant to be taken as food without additional processing.

Alfalfa can saturate your body with calcium, magnesium, potassium, fluoride and iron. It can help with anemia, with the regulation of hormonal levels in adolescents, as well as in post-menopausal women.

Alfalfa removes toxins from the body, as well as toxins, reduces cholesterol levels. The use of alfalfa as a medicinal preparation can help with a wide variety of ailments:

nervous disorders, as well as stress;
bruises, as well as abrasions;
joint diseases;
diabetes;
problems of the urinary system;
skin diseases;
haemorrhoids;
problems with the gastrointestinal tract;
colds, as well as runny nose;
eye ailments;
prostatitis and more.

Alfalfa helps women who do not have the required amount of milk during lactation. To do this, brew tea with the addition of alfalfa. In medicine, alfalfa has long been used both in its pure form and with the addition of other substances.

Alfalfa is an herb often used in cosmetics. With its help, you can reduce swelling, tighten and renew the skin, increase its elasticity.

Creams - masks based on alfalfa nourish and enrich the skin, scrubs cleanse pores, tonics and creams moisten and regenerate. Use in hair care will give them a strong shine, saturate them with vitamins, and also reduce fragility.

Alfalfa can also be useful in cooking. It is used as a food additive, flavored soups and salads with fresh grass, alfalfa seeds are used to sprinkle baked goods.

When using alfalfa, it is worth considering contraindications. If you are allergic, you need to test the effect of alfalfa on your body. Lubricate the skin on the bend of the elbow with an infusion or a solution of herbs, if there is no response, you can apply, but start with small doses.

It is forbidden to use alfalfa for autoimmune problems, with a bad indicator of blood clotting, complication of a stomach ulcer or gastritis. It is highly undesirable to give children up to three years as well as pregnant women.

Do not collect grass for personal use in the fields - it is usually sprayed with pesticides.

If you are a lover of traditional medicine, a medicine like alfalfa is simply indispensable for your summer cottage.

The question “what do sheep eat?” Of course, worries everyone who wants to have this animal. Let's say right away that keeping sheep at home is considered quite profitable. Animals can use a large amount of available and cheap food. But which ones, let's find out together from our material. Photos and videos will also be useful.

As with most herbivores, the main food for sheep is plant foods. At the same time, they consume a huge amount of herbs and plants, including weeds and even thorns. The only thing that experts advise is not to graze sheep in water meadows, as well as in swampy and forest pastures. Mountain or steppe more arid grassy pastures are suitable for animals.

The basis of home food for both females and rams is hay and pasture grass. Sheep are very fond of small-grass and bean hay, as well as many types of straw. Oatmeal, millet and barley are better absorbed and give a good weight gain. It is also good to add root crops as a top dressing: pumpkin, potatoes, beets and carrots, zucchini and other melons.

Grass

Green fodder is the basis of the sheep's summer diet. Animals on grassy pastures can spend the whole day without additional feeding. Fresh greens are similar in nutritional value to high-quality concentrated feeds. But the content of protein and vitamins even surpasses them.

However, it is worth remembering that towards the end of summer, the grass already loses half of its nutrients and vitamins. Therefore, at this time, it is advised to additionally feed animals with specially grown greens of cereal crops. For example, it can be oats, rye, winter wheat until earing. Corn, alfalfa, peas are perfect.

Silage

In terms of its nutritional value and usefulness, sheep silage ranks second after fresh grass. His animals willingly eat, while meat and milk productivity increases. The daily norm of high-quality silage is 3-4 kg for one adult. As practice shows, corn silage mixed with roughage or legume hay is most well absorbed.

Hay

As with any livestock, hay is a versatile feed. The nutritional value of such feed depends on the composition of the herbs, as well as on the correct storage and harvesting. The best hay for sheep is forbs during flowering. See photo.

Sheep love alfalfa hay. In addition, it contains a lot of protein, sugars and vitamins. Clover and legume hay also work well. An adult should be given 2-4 kg of high-quality hay per day.

Root crops and gourds

This type of feed is not only useful, but also a favorite for sheep. Animals with great pleasure eat fodder beet, pumpkin, zucchini, carrots. At the same time, beets and carrots, being coarse fiber, improve digestion. Vegetables saturate the body with essential vitamins and minerals.

Be sure to root crops and gourds should be in the feeder of pregnant and lactating females. This helps to increase milk production and favorably affects the birth of healthy offspring. In addition, succulent crops improve wool quality and increase clipping. On the day you can feed from 2 to 4 kg of vegetables.

concentrated feed

This group includes cereals (grain of oats, barley, wheat), legumes (peas, soybeans, vetch), bran, corn grain, cake. All these feeds contain a high amount of nutrients, as well as essential substances such as fats, protein, minerals, starch. Concentrated feeds are indispensable for highly productive sheep. However, due to their considerable cost, they are used only as an additive to the main feed.

Sheep eat corn grain best of all, but it contains little protein. Therefore, in addition to it, legumes are used. Cake can be given sunflower and soy. The daily norm of concentrates is 100-150 grams per adult. For a sheep - 500-600 grams.

Straw

A low-nutrient type of roughage, however, it is a good top dressing during the stall period. The straw of legumes, as well as barley, oat and millet, is best suited for feeding sheep. Since straw consists mainly of coarse fiber, it can be given for young animals no more than 1 per day, for adults - no more than 2.5 kilograms.

Diet and feeding norms

Sheep feeding rates are calculated depending on the age, season, and also on the condition of the animals (pregnancy, lactation, fattening, etc.). In total, according to the standard of animal husbandry, 12 nutrients are distinguished, which must be present in any type of diet. Of all the essential minerals, sheep need zinc, calcium, phosphorus and cobalt the most.

Do not forget also that the diet and feeding norms depend on the sex of the animal. So, for example, a ram needs separate meals. Especially if it is used for breeding purposes. Let's take a closer look at diet options.

spring diet

In the spring it is very important to correctly transfer the sheep from hay to green grass. Since the young grass is rich in vitamins and protein, it is absorbed well, but with a sharp transition it can cause diarrhea. At first, it is worth the sheep to put some hay in the feeder.

the basis of feeding is grass;
during the rest period - hay;
300-700 grams of concentrates;
rock and mineral salt in the form of a lick.

Summer diet

At this time, the sheep should receive green grass both day and night. During the day - on grazing, at night - freshly cut into the feeders.

the basis of feeding is grass (85-90%);
100-200 grams of concentrates;
no more than 1 kg of hay;
salt.

Autumn diet

Grass in the fall is poor in nutrients, so the lack of vitamins is compensated by hay, root crops, melons.

grass during pasture;
good hay (3 kg);
3-4 kg of vegetables and root crops;
mineral salts.

Winter diet

base - good-quality hay (4 kg);
silage (4 kg);
100-300 grams of compound feed;
apples, vegetables, melons (3-4 kg);
mineral salts.

Queen feeding

Pregnant sheep should be given only high-quality fresh feed. Approximately 4 weeks before lambing, hay is reduced and the amount of feed is increased. During this period, the queen feeder should be filled all the time.

300-500 grams of cereal hay;
200-300 g of bean hay;
500 g of straw;
succulent feed, vegetables (3-3.5 kg);
300 g concentrates;
12-15 g of salt.

After lambing, the daily norm of hay is increased to 1 kilogram, succulent feed - up to 4 kg, concentrates - up to 400-500 grams.

The diet of rams-producers

As we have said, the ram needs a separate diet. Throughout the year, the male should have good fatness. In a non-random period they give:

1.5-2 kg of hay;
2-3 kg of succulent feed;
500-600 grams of concentrates.

Approximately 2 months before mating, the ram is transferred to more nutritious feed. But already during mating, the dose of fiber is reduced to the animal and given:

1-1.5 kg of hay;
0.8-1 kg of oats;
200 g of cake;
100-200 g of bran;
200-500 g of vegetables;
200 g of cottage cheese or 2 chicken eggs;
10 g salt.

Feeding little lambs and young

In the first 5 days, the feeding of lambs is based on maternal colostrum. It is this that is an important basis for their further development and growth. Therefore, if the lambing uterus is sick or dead, the babies should be immediately planted with another lactating female. If transplantation fails, then colostrum is replaced with cow's milk or a special mixture. First they drink from a nipple 5 times a day, then gradually they teach to drink from a bowl. By two months, babies should switch to 2 meals a day.

After weaning from the mother, young animals switch to an adult diet, where fresh grass and concentrates in the form of additives become the basis of their nutrition. Up to a month, lambs are given no more than 50 grams of concentrated feed per day, at 2 months - 100-150, at 3 months - 200 and at 4 months - 300. They are given in the form of flakes or in crushed form. Young animals are especially sensitive to a lack of protein in the feed, so they need to be given bean hay, grain and high-quality cake.

The diet of lambs from 4 to 6 months:

500 g of hay;
500 g of haylage;
500 g of vegetables and root crops;
300 g of compound feed;
150 g of cake;
4 g salt.

Juvenile diet:

1 kg of hay;
500 g of root crops and melons;
200 g concentrates;
8 g salt.

fattening

To obtain good lamb, as well as wool and sheepskin, animals are fattened before slaughter. To do this, use a special diet:

500 g of bean hay;
200 g of clover or alfalfa hay;
5 kg silage;
1 kg of beets and other vegetables;
200 g of pea grains;
150 g of barley;
100 g of corn.

Feeding mode

It is very important at home not only to follow the correct diet, but also to feed the sheep. So, for example, adults and young animals are fed three times a day during the stall period. Before going to bed and after the animals should receive less nutritious feed, during the day - more high-calorie. All succulent feeds are given before drinking, and after - concentrates.

In the morning, sheep should be given hay, in the afternoon - succulent feed and concentrates, in the evening - straw and hay. You should also drink three times a day. During the grazing period, animals can not be supplemented if they are on pasture for at least 13-14 hours a day. In good weather, sheep should be fed outdoors. It is laid out in a manger or special feeders.

What should be the feeders?

The distance between the perches of the lattice is about 10 centimeters. This prevents the spreading of feed, and allows the lamb to freely get food. Do not forget that the ram eats separately, so he needs his own feeder. Otherwise, it can drive females away from food. For more information about feeding and breeding animals, see the photo and video.

Video "Briefly about breeding sheep"

In this video, you will once again see how easy it is to care for and feed animals, and you will also see how the flock uses pasture.

Feeding norms and rations for sheep and goats The norms are developed for sheep of the main areas of productivity - wool and wool-meat, meat-wool, Romanov, meat-fat, karakul - in conditions of stall keeping. With grazing content, the norm should be increased by 15-20%. Sheep are characterized by an increased metabolism and energy, therefore they consume more nutrients and energy per 1 kg of live weight compared to cattle. The level of energy and protein metabolism is different in sheep, different areas of productivity and depends on their physiological state. The basal metabolism in adult sheep reaches its highest voltage in the last third of pregnancy, and multiple pregnancies have a great influence on it. The level of basal metabolism in lactating sheep is higher than in single ones, and is in a positive relationship with milk production. The rams have a higher metabolism and energy than the lambs and rams. Young sheep use feed energy and nutrients more efficiently than adult animals to gain body weight. The concentration of energy in the dry matter of the ration has a great influence on the use of energy by sheep. In connection with the production of wool fibers, an integral part of which is the keratin protein containing 2.5-5.5% sulfur, sheep are characterized by an increased exchange of this element, and, consequently, a higher need for it. In wool sheep, the need for sulfur is higher than in meat-wool and Romanov sheep. With a lack of sulfur in the diet, the digestibility of nutrients, especially fiber, the use of nitrogenous substances worsens, animal body weight gain and hair growth decrease. The provision of sheep with a sufficient amount of sulfur and sulfur-containing amino acids is of particular relevance when synthetic nitrogenous substances are used in diets. Art. 158 Sheep and goats consume 3.2-2.8 kg of dry matter per 100 kg of body weight. When using granulated feed mixtures, the consumption of dry matter increases and reaches 4.2-4.5 kg. A noticeable difference in the use of metabolic energy in single queens and in queens in the first period of pregnancy (12-13 weeks) has not been established. In queens in the last third of pregnancy, the use of metabolic energy for deposition in the body increases to 78%. The use of metabolic energy in young animals depends on age, live weight and average daily gain. So, lambs with an average daily gain of 150 g, a live weight of 20 kg use exchange energy to maintain life by 80% and for growth - by 66%, at 30 kg - by 80 and 55%, respectively, and at 40 kg - by 77 and 49% . The need for digestible protein in single queens and in the first period of pregnancy of fine-fleeced breeds with a cut of washed fiber of 2.5 kg is 90 g per 1 feed. units, meat and wool breeds with a clipping of 1.7-2 kg - 80 g, and Romanov breed - 90 g. The need for digestible protein in sheep in the last third of pregnancy and during lactation increases by 10-15%. In the diets of young animals at the age of 4-6 months, there should be 120-130 g of digestible protein per 1 feed. units, and at the age of one year - 100-110 g. The main indicators of the optimal level of carbohydrates of various forms in the diet are the content of crude fiber and easily digestible carbohydrates (TLC) as a percentage and the ratio between them in the dry matter of the diet, the number of LPU per 1 kg of live weight . The optimal sugar content in sheep diets is 2.5-3 g per 1 kg of live weight with a sugar-protein ratio of 0.5-0.9, and the sum of sugar and starch to digestible protein is 2.7-3. the fiber content in the dry matter of the diets of lambs under the age of 6 months should not exceed 13%, young animals 17-15 months old - 25% and (Art. 158) adult sheep - 275. with an increase in the amount of fiber, the digestibility of all nutrients of the diet decreases. The norms show the need for macroelements - calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium and table salt, microelements - iodine, cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc and iron, vitamin D (calciferol), carotene, and for sires - and vitamin E ( tocopherol). The given norms of nutrient requirements for highly productive queens and young animals (shorn washed wool over 2.3 kg) should be increased by 12-15%. Norms of feeding and diets for rams-producers Quantity and quality of semen in rams-producers depend on their feeding and maintenance. With inadequate feeding, sexual activity and seed quality decrease, and with good feeding, on the contrary, they increase. Sheep throughout the year should be maintained in a state of factory fatness. During the grazing period, the need of breeding sheep for nutrients is fully met when they are pastured on good natural and sown grasses and fed with concentrated feed in the amount of 0.6-0.8 kg per head per day. In the stall period, full-fledged feeding of sheep is ensured by the inclusion of cereal-bean hay in the diet - 35-40% in nutritional value, succulent feed - 20-25% and concentrated - 40-45%. Since the quality of sperm largely depends on the usefulness of feeding and keeping rams, their preparation for mating must begin 1.5-2 months before the start of artificial insemination. In the breeding season, diets should be made up of varied and readily eaten foods. The best feed for rams is green grass, good quality cereal-bean and bean hay, root crops st. 159 (especially red carrots), silage, especially cereals and legumes, a mixture of concentrated feed (barley, oats, corn, millet, meal), as well as feed of animal origin. It should be borne in mind that the viability and quantity of spermatozoa are positively affected by feeding fodder yeast and fodder of animal origin (skimmed milk, meat and bone meal, etc.), as well as juicy and vitamin fodder, to rams-producers. In summer, it is advisable to replace at least 50% of hay in diets with green grass. It is necessary to avoid excessive feeding of concentrated feed, as this adversely affects the physiological state of sheep. Optimal should be considered in diets 41-42% of concentrated feed from dry matter. Feeding norms and diets for queens Feeding norms for queens are made taking into account breed characteristics and physiological state (single, pregnant, lactating). The fertility of the queens is largely determined by their fatness during the period of insemination. If the fecundity of queens of the highest fatness is taken as 100%, then in queens of average fatness it is usually 85-90%, and of lower average fatness - 60-65%. With poor fatness, the number of barren queens increases by 4-5 times. One of the reasons for the unsatisfied fatness of the queens is the delay in weaning the lambs from the queens. With the timely weaning of lambs and the organization of a good fattening of the queens (before insemination for 1.5-2 months), you can bring them to medium and higher fatness. In order to restore the fatness of the queens after weaning the lambs, the feeding rates during their preparation for insemination and during insemination should be increased by 0.2-0.3 feed. units compared with the norms for the uterus in the first half of pregnancy. Art. 163 High fecundity of queens is observed when grazing them during the period of preparation and insemination on young green grass rich in protein and vitamins, especially carotene and vitamin E. In dry herbage on a pasture of queens, especially low fatness, it is advisable to feed them with concentrated feed of 0.2-0.4 kg and silage at 1.5-2 kg per day per head. If the queens are inseminated during the stall period, then their diets should consist of good hay, silage and a small amount of concentrated feed (depending on the fatness of the animals). Feeding norms and diets for pregnant queens A decisive role in increasing the fertility and productivity of sheep is played by the usefulness of their feeding during the pregnant period. Good nutrition in the autumn-winter period can increase the fatness of pregnant ewes and increase their milk production after lambing, as well as improve the growth and development of lambs. When fully fed, pregnant uterus is able to accumulate in muscles and other soft tissues, in skin and fat deposits a significant amount of reserve nutrients used to ensure normal energy metabolism and high productivity during lactation. Insufficient and inadequate feeding during this period adversely affects the quality of the offspring, the milkiness of the queens and wool productivity (the clipping decreases, a “hungry fineness of the wool” appears, which worsens the quality of the product). The need for a significant increase in the concentration of energy in 1 kg of dry matter in the diets of queens of the last third of pregnancy has been established. At the same time, the concentration of other nutrients also increases. Art. 164 In the first half of pregnancy, sheep can use straw, less nutritious hay, silage and a small amount of concentrated feed in their diets. In the second half of pregnancy should be increased in rations for good hay, grass meal and concentrates. When saturating diets with silage, special attention should be paid to the phosphorus nutrition of animals in order to avoid postpartum complications, in particular prolapse of the vaginas of the uterus after lambing. Feeding norms and diets for lactating queens Milk productivity of sheep depends on the usefulness of feeding, ensuring their needs for energy, protein, carbohydrates, fat, macro- and microelements and vitamins. With insufficient feeding of sheep, first of all, milk productivity and body weight decrease, wool growth is delayed, and its quality indicators deteriorate. When developing diets and organizing feeding of lactating sheep, attention should be paid to their carbohydrate nutrition. Unlike the diets of pregnant queens, especially in the second half, the diets of lactating queens may have a slightly higher content of crude fiber (24-27% versus 22-24% to dry matter). The amount of easily fermentable carbohydrates (sugar + starch) should not be less or slightly more than in pregnant queens (16-22% versus 16-18% in terms of glucose with a sugar-protein ratio of 0.5-0.6). The need for easily fermentable carbohydrates increases with the use of synthetic nitrogen-containing substances (SAB). The first 6-8 weeks of lactation of queens (and in Romanov sheep breeding - and a significant part of the second half of lactation) coincide with the stall content. Their diets include good hay, preferably small-stemmed, - 1.0-1.5 kg, silage - 3-4 kg, straw - 0.3-0.5 kg and concentrated feed - 0.3-0.5 kg, which are necessary to provide the required concentration of energy in dry matter. Art. 166 If the first half of lactation coincides with the grazing of sheep, then they should be fed with concentrated feed. In the second half of lactation, the uterus, consuming 8-9 kg of grass per day, provides its need for all nutrients. Feeding norms and diets for young animals Feeding norms for young animals are differentiated depending on sex, age, growth intensity, wool productivity and breed characteristics. The level of feeding of lambs in the first month of life depends on the milkiness of the queens, and from the second month it also depends on the quantity and quality of the feed they consume. Feeding lambs with good bean and cereal-bean hay, a mixture of crushed barley and rolled oats or special compound feeds should be started from a week of age. Compound feed for suckling lambs should contain 130-125 g of digestible protein per 1 feed. units in the first month of life, lambs consume 40 g of concentrates per day, in the second - 100 g of concentrates, 150-200 g of hay and 200-250 g of silage, in the third - 150, 200-250 and 250-300, respectively, and in the fourth - 250 , 300-400 and 500-800 in the spring-summer period, with the same norm of concentrated feed, lambs must be provided with a good pasture where they could consume instead of hay and silage 0.9; 1.6; and 2.5 kg of green fodder (depending on age). Early weaning lambs at 45-60 days) are grown on special feed. For young animals aged 61-90 days, they should contain 15-16% of digestible protein, for young animals aged 91-120 days - 12.5-13.5%. In addition to mixed fodder, lambs are fed bean and cereal-bean hay, silage and root crops during the stall period, and in summer they are grazed on good pastures. top scores when rearing early weaned lambs, they were obtained with the content in (Art. 172) of their diets of 55-60% of concentrated feed from the energy nutritional value of feed. Growing lambs of 4-8 months of age in most farms of the country coincides with grazing. The average daily gain of 120-150 g of lambs is ensured by using good pastures and feeding with concentrated feed in the amount of 0.2-0.3 kg per head per day. Growing lambs of 8-12 months of age coincides with the stall content. In lambs at this age, under good feeding and keeping conditions, the average daily gain is 100-120 g. -2.5 kg of silage and for ewes 0.2-0.3 kg of concentrated feed, for breeding rams - 0.4-0.5 kg. The optimal amount of end feed in the diets of rams should be 45-50% of the energy nutrition. Feeding norms and rations for fattening sheep Proper organization in the country's sheep farms of feeding and stall fattening of all adult sheep to be sold for meat is the most important measure in increasing the production of mutton and improving its quality. Foraging. When fattening adult sheep, green mass in the pasture may be their only food. They consume 7-8 kg of grass per day. This amount of green mass contains 2-2.4 kg of dry matter with a total nutritional value of 1.4-1.6 feed. units, which provides a high increase in animals. In all zones of the country, with a good organization of sheep feeding, it is possible to obtain a significant amount of mutton with minimal labor and funds. Art. 172 Sheep feeding must be carried out during the entire grazing period. Until mid-summer, weeds of various ages are put on fattening, from the second half of summer - culled queens, as well as super-repair beetles of the current year of birth, which, after stall fattening, are sold for meat at the age of 7-9 months. When feeding, the following daily routine is usually used: watering and grazing sheep - from 5 to 10-11 hours, rest of animals on the tyrl - from 10-11 to 16-17 watering and grazing - from 16-17 to 21-22 hours and night rest on the tyrl - from 21-22 to 5 o'clock. In hot weather and with dry herbage, sheep are also watered after morning grazing. The most effective fattening of sheep in the formation of flocks, taking into account the age and sex, and, if possible, the fatness of the animals. Separately, flocks of adult bollards, 1.5-year-old bollards, culled queens, young animals of the current year of birth are formed. The size of feeding flocks depends on the sex, age and fatness of sheep, as well as on the nature of pastures, watering places, quality of grass stand, terrain, qualifications of shepherds, etc. In the steppe zones of the country, the following size of feeding flocks is accepted: queens - 800-1000 and valushki of the current year of birth - 700-800. if pasture areas on farms are small, with poor herbage and sheep are depleted, then the size of the flocks should be reduced by 25-30%. When setting up for feeding and when removing from it, all sheep are weighed and their fatness is determined. For periodic weighing, a group of sheep is isolated from the flock in the amount of 5-10% of the total population. They are marked with paint on the head, which makes it easy to select animals for weighing when passed through the split. It is believed that fattening is going well if the live weight of, for example, fine-fleeced sheep increases by 6 kg or more in 2 months. When feeding on long-term cultivated pastures, the average daily gain of sheep can reach 200 g or more. Art. 179 Sheep stall fattening. In the conditions of high plowing of lands in various zones of the country, stall fattening of sheep is used. Rations for fattening adult sheep are based on the norms developed taking into account the direction of productivity, live weight, average daily gain. In summer, adult fattening sheep are fed 5-6 kg of green mass and 0.4-0.5 kg of concentrates with a total content of 1.6-1.9 kg of dry matter, 1.3-1.5 feed. units and 150-170 g of digestible protein. In the autumn period, culled (by age) queens are mainly fattened; their diets include a significant amount of succulent feed, as well as roughage and concentrates. Sheep should have free access to water and salt. The high efficiency of stall fattening of sheep, both in summer and in autumn, is achieved when feeding complete granular feed mixtures. Granulation makes it possible to prepare complete feed mixtures enriched with nitrogenous and mineral additives and fully balanced in terms of all nutrients. Coarse-stalked hay and straw, processed together with a small amount of concentrates into granules, are eaten completely, which minimizes feed loss. Along with this, it is possible to fully mechanize the distribution of feed. Animals should have free access to pellets and water. Sheep are gradually transferred to feeding with only pellets - within 2-3 days. The consumption of granules per adult sheep during the fattening period is 2.5-2.7 kg per day, the average daily gain reaches 170-120 g or more. Art. 181-182
Norms for fattening young sheep After weaning from the queens, over-repair lambs are put on fattening in open areas or indoors using full-ration granules, in which concentrates are up to 35-40%. Animals should have free access to pellets and water. Lambs are transferred to feeding with one granules gradually - within 2-3 days. The fattening of fine-fleeced young animals continues up to 8-8.5 months of age, semi-fine-fleeced - up to 7-7.5 months. During the fattening period, young animals up to 6 months of age consume full-ration granules per day 1.2-1.4 kg and from 6 to 8 months - 1.8-2 kg. Growing lambs on sheep's milk replacer (ZOM) In connection with the intensification of sheep breeding, the method of artificial rearing of lambs is increasingly being used in farms. For artificial breeding, lambs are selected mainly from among twins, from low-milk queens and orphan lambs - at 2-3 days of age. After birth, the lamb must receive colostrum from its own or another uterus within 1-2 days. After 4-5 hours of weaning from the uterus, they begin to feed the lamb a substitute for sheep's milk. On the first day, they drink 5-6 times 125-150 g at a time. After that, the lambs for up to 15 days are fed the substitute 4-5 times a day for 200-250 g, and from 16 to 35-40 days - 3 times a day for 400-500 g. compound feed containing 150-160 g of digestible protein per 1 kg, and from a month old - and granular feed mixtures High Quality with a granule diameter of 6-8 mm and water. After the end of milk replacer drinking, young animals are fed hay or high quality green mass, mixed fodder and pellets ad libitum. Art. 184. In the first 15 days of artificial breeding, lambs are kept in groups of 10-12 heads, from 16 to 35-40 days - 20-24 heads, and from 36-41 to 100-120 days - 40-50 heads each. The temperature in the room is maintained within 15-180 C. After 4 months of age, the young animals are transferred to fattening using granulated feed mixtures, in which there should be 60-65% grass meal and 40-35% concentrates by weight. With the artificial cultivation of lambs using substitutes for sheep's milk, feed and hay, the maximum preservation of the born lambs is ensured, and with their further fattening, an increase in the production of young mutton. Annual Nutrient Requirements of Sheep Annual nutrient requirements depend on a number of factors: breed and productivity of animals, herd structure, climatic conditions in different zones of the country. In the structure of the herd of wool and wool-meat breeds, 60% of queens are provided, and for other breeds - 70%. In Romanov sheep breeding, for every 100 queens, 200 lambs should be raised, and for other breeds, except for Karakul, at least 100 lambs. Feed mixtures in sheep feeding For mechanized distribution of feed to animals by stationary or mobile means, feed uniformity in terms of physical and mathematical properties is required. Loose, granulated and briquetted mixtures have such properties. Feed mixtures contribute to better digestion of feed and the use of nitrogenous and mineral substances. High palatability of loose feed mixtures is achieved with a relatively small amount of straw in their composition (20-30%, as well as when crushing or crushing roughage (hay, straw). Art. 185 The particle size of crushed roughage included in feed mixtures should be 10 15 mm One of the main ways to prepare feed for feeding on large farms is granulation.This greatly facilitates the storage of feed, their transportation and distribution.Granulation of mixtures allows you to include a much larger percentage of straw (up to 70%) in their composition and at the same time achieve practically The use of granular feed can increase the wool productivity of sheep by 30-355%.The use of granular mixtures is especially effective when fattening young animals, while the average daily gains increase by 25-40%.The amount of low-nutrient feed, in particular straw, in granular feed is regulated in depending on the group of animals to which they are intended us. If up to 60% of straw can be included in granules for hems and queens of the first half of pregnancy, then for queens of the second half of pregnancy - no more than 50%, lactating queens - 40-45. and for young animals - no more than 30%. Briquetted feeds have a number of advantages over granular ones. Less energy is spent on their preparation, they meet the physiological needs of animals to a greater extent, since the size of the particles in the briquettes is more than 10 mm. For sheep, it is preferable to prepare briquettes of low density - 300-450 kg / m3. KA briquettes and pellets, can be complete, they can also be used as additives to silage feed. Feeding rates and diets for downy and woolly goats Feeding adult goats during periods of pregnancy, lactation and intensive growth of down and wool should be organized in such a way as to constantly maintain them in a state of medium and high fatness. Art. 186 For highly productive goats, as well as those with two kids, the feeding rates are increased by 12-15%. Goats are kept in average and above-average fatness in non-random times, and in factory condition during the breeding period. Therefore, 1.5-2 months before the start of the breeding campaign, goats are gradually transferred to an enhanced diet.