Who is Clara Zetkin? Anyone interested in history, especially the history of communism and feminism, is sure to ask this question.
Clara Zetkin is a German political woman, a communist, an active fighter for women's rights. It is she who is credited with the creation of such a holiday as International Women's Day - March 8th.
Biography
Clara Zetkin (before marriage - Eisner) was born in early July 1857 in a small German town. The biography of the future politician at that stage of her life is not particularly interesting. The girl's parents were simple hardworking people, and from an early age they instilled in her respect for the working class and instilled a truly German industriousness.
The young girl received a higher pedagogical education in a small semi-private educational institution. During her studies, she met young revolutionary emigrants from Tsarist Russia, including her future husband, Osip Zetkin. Between them immediately there were tender feelings.
This period was very difficult for the young family. Klara and Osip worked several jobs, taught, and wrote articles for various socialist publications. They did not disdain even the dirtiest work, despite the fact that Osip suffered from a chronic lung disease and in difficult living conditions his protracted illness only worsened.
Despite the difficult financial situation of the family, the couple had two children - Maxim and Konstantin (both Zetkin's sons became doctors and subsequently connected life with politics in one way or another).
In France, Clara interacted with the leaders of the labor movement and the theorists of Marxism. They helped a talented and charming young woman improve her knowledge of contemporary politics, and, in general, primarily thanks to them, she became what she could become.
At home, the revolutionary actively fought for women's rights, published a magazine and advocated the participation of workers in the adoption of laws and the exercise of power.
The second time Zetkin married a young artist named Georg Friedrich Zundel. Despite the fact that he was almost twenty years younger than her, their relationship was generally happy. They divorced at the beginning of the First World War: Clara was a staunch opponent of this war, and Georg, on the contrary, enlisted in the army on the rise of patriotic sentiments. Own convictions turned out to be more important for the elderly Clara than love ...
This truly wonderful woman communicated and even was friendly with such prominent figures of the world revolution as:
- Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
- Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya.
- Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht.
Until the last days of her life, this woman politician fought desperately against National Socialism, which was gaining strength in Germany.
When Hitler came to power, she found herself in exile, or rather, she had to flee to Soviet Union. In the USSR, she died in 1933.
Wikipedia has dedicated several articles to Zetkin in various languages.
Political views
Clara Zetkin was an uncompromising opponent of wars. She constantly participated in numerous anti-war demonstrations and rallies and was repeatedly arrested for her views.
The revolutionary also did a lot for the world communist movement. In particular, she personally communicated with Lenin and gave him some valuable advice about the place of women in the political life of society and their rights; took part in the congress of the Second International, led various socialist and communist parties in Germany.
The outstanding merits of the communist in the field of improving the world were appreciated by the Soviet leadership: she received two orders, two highest awards - the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner.
Peru of this amazing woman owns some works that are interesting for both historians and theorists of various left-wing political movements and feminism:
- "Art and the Proletariat".
- "Memories of Lenin".
- "Art - Ideology - Aesthetics".
All these books are included in the basic library of any person interested in politics.
The invaluable contribution of Clara Zetkin to political life the whole planet and, in particular, our country. She can be called a person who changed the world in the twentieth century, and her outstanding speeches have long been disassembled into quotes. Clara Zetkin can rightfully be considered great woman. Author: Irina Shumilova
July 5, 1857 was born Clara Zetkin, one of the founders of the Communist Party of Germany, a fighter for women's rights.
Interest in politics
The birthplace of Clara Eisner (Zetkin by her husband) is the Saxon town of Wiederau. Her parents were teachers. In Leipzig, she received her education, graduating from a pedagogical boarding school. Here she met Russian emigre students, who had a great influence on her views. Clara's future husband Osip Zetkin was also among them. New, revolutionary ideas became interesting to her, and she began to get involved in this movement, and a little later - in women's. In 1878, she was a member of the Socialist Workers' Party (later the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In 1881, the persecution of the socialists began, and Clara and her family left their homeland and went to Zurich, in 1882 the Zetkins moved to Paris.
Clara Zetkin with sons
For equality
Clara is a participant in the creation of the Second International. For the first meeting, she prepared a report on the status of women and how they can participate in the struggle for their rights. The return to Germany did not take place until nine years later, when the law banning socialists was repealed. She, along with her friends, worked in the SPD and fought the reformists. With her friend, she actively fought for the advancement of women. For more than 25 years, Klara headed the newspaper for women "Equality" and ensured that the German women's movement became the most authoritative in Europe. In 1910, representatives of various socialist women's organizations gathered in Copenhagen. In her report, along with political issues, Clara Zetkin expressed the idea of establishing a special day for the struggle of women for their rights. She was supported by many participants of the meeting. That day was March 8th. First World War intensified the work of the German socialists. Together with her associates (Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg), Clara strongly advocated an end to the war and organized an anti-war conference in Berlin. The German authorities repeatedly subjected Clara to arrests for anti-militarist speeches.
Clara Zetkin and Rosa Luxembourg
Fighter against fascism
The war split the ranks of the SPD, and part of the socialists, among whom was Clara, began to create new organization- The Communist Party of Germany (founded at the end of December 1918). Clara Zetkin maintained good relations with N. K. Krupskaya. In 1920, she visited Soviet Russia for the first time, and here Lenin gave an interview for her newspaper, The Women's Question. In 1919, it was formed in Germany. Clara Zetkin is a permanent delegate to the Reichstag from the Communist Party and a member of the Central Committee of the KKE. She continued to work in the Executive Committee of the Comintern and headed the International Women's Secretariat. Clara Zetkin has always been an ardent fighter against fascism and the NSDAP. Working in the Reichstag, she called for resisting Nazism by all available means. Having come to power, the Nazis banned the leftist parties, and they went underground. Clara was forced to move to the Soviet Union. On June 20, 1933, she died. Her ashes rest at the Kremlin wall.
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1957
Clara Zetkin (German Clara Zetkin), nee Eissner (German Eißner). Born July 5, 1857 in Wiederau, Germany - died June 20, 1933 in Arkhangelsk near Moscow. German politician, activist of the German and international communist movement, one of the founders of the Communist Party of Germany, an activist in the struggle for women's rights.
Clara Eissner was born on July 5, 1857 in the Saxon city of Wiederau in the family of a German day laborer, later a teacher in the parish rural school, Gottfried Eissner and Josephine, nee Vitale.
She received her education at a private pedagogical educational institution in Leipzig, where she became close to a circle of revolutionary emigrant students from Russia, including her future husband Osip Zetkin (he was seven years older).
A couple of years later, the couple bought a car. Even August Bebel, who at first sharply objected to this marriage, resigned himself. But in 1914 the couple separated. The reason was a different attitude towards the First World War. Clara Zetkin opposed the imperialist war, and Georg, in defiance of her, volunteered for the army. Clara was worried about the departure of her husband and for many years did not give him an official divorce.
Only in 1928 (she was almost 71) she agreed to a divorce, and the artist immediately married his long-time darling Paula Bosch, the daughter of the founder of the electrical engineering concern Robert Bosch, who by the time of their official marriage had long passed over 30.
In 1907, her 22-year-old son Konstantin became the lover of 36-year-old Rosa Luxembourg. Because of this, Clara was at odds with Rosa for some time. But when Georg and Clara parted, at the same time as Konstantin and Rosa, their common grief brought them together again.
In 1907, Clara headed the women's department created under the SPD.
During World War I, Clara Zetkin, along with Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg and other representatives of the radical wing of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, condemned the opportunism of the party leadership, which, as part of the “civil peace” strategy, voted for the provision of war loans and thus became social chauvinists . She was one of the organizers of the anti-war conference in Berlin in 1915 and was repeatedly arrested for her speeches against the imperialist war.
In early 1916, Zetkin, among the left and center wing of the SPD, who denounced the war and reconciliation with the Kaiser government, took part in the founding of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany, which left the parent party in 1917 as a protest against its social chauvinism. As part of the USPD, Zetkin was part of the Spartacus Union, on the basis of which the Communist Party of Germany was founded on December 31, 1918 - January 1, 1919.
Zetkin was well acquainted with V. I. Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya; in 1920 she visited Soviet Russia for the first time and interviewed the leader of the Bolsheviks for the Women's Question.
In 1920-1933, throughout the existence of the Weimar Republic, the German revolutionary represented the Communist Party in the Reichstag. In 1919-1924 and 1927-1929 she was a member of the Central Committee of the KKE. In parallel, she was employed in the Executive Committee of the Comintern (1921-1933), headed its International Women's Secretariat, and also created in 1922 international organization help the fighters of the revolution. She took part in several congresses of the Communist International (beginning with the 2nd congress). Since their inception, Clara Zetkin has consistently condemned fascism and the NSDAP.
Since 1920, Clara Zetkin was regularly elected to the Reichstag as a deputy from the Communist Party, but she spent most of her time in Russia, where she often met with Lenin.
The last time she came to Germany a year before her death, in 1932, for the opening of the newly elected Reichstag. At the first meeting, presiding by seniority, she issued an appeal to resist Nazism by all means:
I open the first meeting of the Reichstag, doing my duty and in the hope that despite my present disability, I can live to see have a nice day when, as an elder, I open the first meeting of the Congress of Soviets in Soviet Germany.
The demand of the moment is a united front of all working people in order to topple fascism and thereby preserve the strength and power of the organizations enslaved and exploited, and even their very physical existence. Before this urgent historical necessity, all the exciting and burning differences - political, trade union, religious and ideological - must recede into the background. All who are in danger, all who are oppressed by fascism, all who strive for liberation, unite in a united front against fascism and its proxies in the government! Organization, a clear awareness of their goals by the working people in the struggle against fascism - this is the immediate necessary prerequisite for a united front in the struggle against crises, imperialist wars and the cause of their occurrence - the capitalist mode of production.
After these words, she handed over the presidency, according to the protocol, to the representative of the faction that received the majority of votes in recent elections, Hermann Göring.
After the Reichstag fire and Hitler's rise to power, left-wing parties in Germany were banned, and Zetkin went into exile for the last time, this time to the Soviet Union.
Zetkin died at 2 am on June 20, 1933 in Arkhangelsk near Moscow. She kept thinking about Rosa Luxembourg, but it was difficult for her to speak, and her last word was: "Rosa ...".
After death, she was cremated, the urn with the ashes was placed in the necropolis near the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow, in the space of the wall from the Senate Tower towards the Nikolskaya Tower; at the burial place there is a memorial plaque with the inscription: “Clara CETKIN. 5.VII.1857 - 20.VI.1933
Where and how does the salon lose money? First of all, it is worth analyzing the possible losses of the enterprise.
The main sources of losses in the cabin:
Expense on imputed variable costs, especially the cost of expendable materials and salaries of specialists;
Theft in the enterprise.
The issues of optimization of labor costs for beauty salon specialists were considered in the chapter on wages. The topic of theft in a beauty salon will be studied in more detail in the chapter on this issue.
How to reduce the cost of consumables? These expenses sometimes eat up a significant part of the budget. First of all, it is necessary to put things in order with the accounting and write-off of materials when providing services. This will require a clear system for documenting costs. They can also be divided into a permanent part: disposable accessories and cosmetics used strictly according to standards, such as shampoos, hair balms; and on the variable part: cosmetic products that are used depending on the request of the client or his individual features. Examples are hair dyes, cosmetic preparations for some services in a beautician's office, materials used for nail design, etc.
For each service, a card must be entered, in which all the consumption of materials necessary for its provision will be clearly indicated. On the basis of this card, materials are written off for the service. At the same time, the specialist is obliged to notify the administrator in writing about changes in the list and quantity of consumables, as well as inform the client about this, since the final cost of the service will change.
ADVICE
Before using certain means that are not prescribed in the service card, the specialist is obliged to coordinate his actions with the client (this is a requirement of the law "On Protection of Consumer Rights"), otherwise it will be difficult to avoid subsequent claims and complaints.
Unexpected but systematic inspections and inventories of material stores should be carried out to estimate the magnitude of losses. It is not necessary to create excessive nervousness in the team due to distrust, but it is necessary to keep a “hand on the pulse”. It is also recommended to conclude agreements with all specialists on the full liability(Appendix 12). Then, in cases of shortages, employees who are involved in this violation are responsible.
Example 12
For two shifts of hairdressers, two sets of paints and consumables were issued from the warehouse. Each shift has a lockable cabinet for storing these materials. According to the results of the inventory, a shortage of materials was revealed. The director evenly distributes the costs of compensating for this damage among the hairdressers of the corresponding shift. It is possible to appoint a senior shift, who also deals with the control and accounting of materials. At the same time, he bears personal responsibility for unproductive losses.
One-size-fits-all solutions are rare, so it pays to take a closer look at your specific situation and try to find the best option based on local circumstances.
Issuance accounting material assets and funds must be documented, the specialists must have all the necessary forms and the appropriate skills to fill them out.
To develop an effective accounting policy, you should additionally consult with an accountant, a top foreman.
Keeping records is one of the most important tasks of management.
The performance of the enterprise largely depends on the development and implementation of plans for all employees of the salon and control over their implementation. Accounting is also necessary to assess the financial solvency and efficiency, develop measures to stimulate the activities of employees (administrators and foremen), to encourage customers to make additional purchases and visits, including through the correct pricing policy.
The company must maintain mandatory and daily records of:
Funds received from customers both in cash and in non-cash terms;
Current expenses for the activities of the enterprise;
Consumables used in the provision of services;
Sales of goods for home use;
Quantity and type of services rendered for timely accrual wages specialists and writing off consumables from the warehouse, as well as for the subsequent assessment of the demand for certain services;
Customer attendance and purchases.
The daily admin report includes:
Reflection of the receipt of funds from the sale of services and goods, indicating from whom and for what the money was received, as well as who was involved in servicing the client;
Information on current costs (economic needs, etc.);
Information about incoming phone calls;
Journal of customer registration for service in the salon.
When billing customers, the foreman must document all consumables used to provide the service, possibly on a separate service order. The outfit can be made with a tear-off coupon or in the form of a self-copying form. In any case, these outfits must be numbered and protected from fakes.
Such an outfit complies with the requirements of the Consumer Protection Act. It also helps to avoid theft of funds by the administrator.
The order filled out by the specialist when providing the service must be attached to the daily report of the administrator as a basis for cash report(Fig. 2).
All information from the order for the service must be transferred by the administrator to the client card in order to account for the services provided, write off materials and accrue remuneration to the specialist for the work performed.
For the organization of accounting and maintenance client base information about the client is needed, which will allow in the future to stimulate him to purchase.
Full Name.
Date of Birth.
Residence address.
Phones: work, home, mobile.
Marital status, presence of children, their age.
Social status.
Place of work.
Job title.
Sample income.
Hobbies, hobbies.
preferred media.
Notes about the client, his wishes, comments.
History of visits. For rendered services – date, name of the service, cost, serving master. For sales - date, product name, cost.
A sample client card is given in Appendix 4.
As a result, you will collect detailed information about each client. However, remember that this information is strictly confidential and must be protected from prying eyes and ears. Its spread beyond the walls of the salon can bring big trouble to your enterprise. The privacy of every citizen is protected by law.
Accounting for purchases of goods allows you to determine certain preferences of customers, their attitude to the product, its price, design of the point of sale, and the work of specialists. Additional customer surveys can be used for subsequent evaluation. Anonymous questionnaires are often used in surveys.
Call accounting allows you to determine the administrator's workload by time work shift, as well as the total load telephone lines incoming and outgoing calls. It is not uncommon for a client to be unable to reach the salon due to busy phone lines. In the event of such a situation, it is necessary to promptly resolve the issue of telephone communication. In addition, you should evaluate the effectiveness of certain advertising sources to attract new customers to your salon.
Accounting for customers who signed up and came to service allows you to evaluate the effectiveness of the administrator's activities in the sale of services.
One of the important conditions for the successful operation of the salon is the correct execution and maintenance of internal documentation, including in terms of accounting policies. To do this, its main elements must be documented. Appendix 5 contains a draft order on accounting policy for the case of applying a simplified system of accounting and taxation at a salon business enterprise.
Quality requirements
Peat resources Milling peat extraction
Closed Joint Stock Company Transtelecom
Setting up Wi-Fi equipment
Pasteurization drawer for the selection of "heads" during rectification