Scientific and technical progress and socio-political thought. Features of socio-political life, scientific and technological progress and spiritual culture of the 19th-20th centuries, their reflection in philosophical thought. Scientific and technological revolution and natural environment

16.04.2020

Scientific and technological progress and society in the 19th century Prepared by the teacher of history and social studies of the FGOU secondary school No. 4 of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation Latypova O.Sh. SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS ABOUT THE STRUCTURE OF NATURE. In the 19th century, speculative ideas about the atomistic structure of matter became on a solid experimental basis. Scientists have found the atomic weight of many chemical elements, created models, discovered the phenomenon of isomerism of chemical elements of molecular structures, introduced the concept of valency. The development of synthetic organic chemistry began

J. DALTON (1766–1844)

The English physicist and chemist, who played a major role in the development of atomistic ideas in relation to chemistry, discovered several new empirical laws: the law of partial pressures (Dalton's law), the law of the solubility of gases in liquids (Henry-Dalton's law) and, finally, the law of multiple ratios (1803 ). He introduced the concept of atomic mass and, taking the mass of the hydrogen atom as a unit, in 1803 compiled the first table of the relative atomic masses of the elements.

D.I.MENDELEEV (1834 - 1907)

Great Russian scientist; discovered the periodic law of chemical elements, which is the natural scientific basis of the modern theory of matter. He published 431 scientific papers in his life, including 99 papers devoted to various areas technology.

He invented the new kind gunpowder, defended his doctoral thesis, organized the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures in Russia, wrote works on aeronautics, meteorology, economics, agriculture, public education. But D.I. Mendeleev made his most famous discovery in 1869, he discovered the Periodic Law, which brought him worldwide fame.

D.K. MAXWELL

An outstanding English physicist, is the creator of the theory electromagnetic field and the electromagnetic theory of light.

Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism received experimental confirmation and became the universally recognized classical basis of modern physics.

Russian physiologist and educator, publicist, rationalist thinker, founder of the physiological school, encyclopedic scientist, evolutionary biologist, psychologist, anthropologist, anatomist, histologist, pathologist, psychophysiologist, physical chemist, endocrinologist, ophthalmologist, hematologist, narcologist, hygienist, culturologist, instrument maker, military engineer

THEM. SECHENOV

In the classic work "Reflexes of the Brain" (1866), he gave a natural scientific explanation of the conscious and unconscious manifestations of human activity. He interpreted reflexes as an automated stereotyped reaction of the body to external stimuli and divided them into unconditional (innate) and conditional (acquired)

EVOLUTIONARY PICTURE OF THE WORLD The development of scientific thought in the 19th century radically changed people's understanding of the world around them. The structure of living and non-living matter and living organisms, regularities natural phenomena and social development - this and many other evolutionary approaches to understanding nature and society were increasingly introduced into scientific circulation.

English naturalist and traveler, one of the first to come to the conclusion and substantiate the idea that all types of living organisms are evolving t in time from common ancestors. In his theory, a detailed presentation of which was published in 1859 in the book On the Origin of Species, Darwin called natural selection the main mechanism of evolution. Later he developed the theory of sexual selection. He also owns one of the first studies on the origin of man

C. R. DARWIN (1809 - 1882)

In his work "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" (1859), he established the main factors in the evolution of the living world and its laws. In his other work, "The Origin of Man and Sexual Selection", he substantiated the theory of the origin of man from an ape-like ancestor. Darwin's concept of life is the idea of

movement of its forms from

simplest to more

complex and perfect.

Russian biologist and pathologist

one of the founders

pathological evolutionary embryo

science and immunology, creator

scientific school, founded (1886)

the first in Russia bacteriological

station,

expounded the phagocytic theory

immunity. Created a theory

origin of multicellular

organisms. He owns

papers on the problem

aging. Nobel Laureate

prizes (1908)

I.I. MECHNIKOV (1845-1916)

The French philosopher formulated the "law of three stages".

First stage-

theological, when all phenomena are explained on the basis of a religious view of the world. The second is metaphysical, when explanations become abstract. The third stage is positive, i.e. scientific. It makes possible the study of society and its rational organization.

O. KONT (1798-1857)

German philosopher, sociologist, economist, writer, public figure, founder of dialectical and historical materialism. Marxism represented the development of society as a change in socio-economic formations (primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist)

K.MARKS 1818-1883

DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION. Throughout the 19th century, there was a process of separation of school education from the church, the formation of a secular school. Compulsory education covers children from 6 to 12-13 years old. AT primary education transition to the public school system.

A network of secondary general education schools developed, which in most countries were called gymnasiums or lyceums. They taught subjects of the humanities and natural sciences. The 19th century marked the beginning of mass education for women. Mass literacy and the growth of the intelligentsia became a factor of progress and changed the face of the world.

SMOLNY INSTITUTE

MASS MEDIA In the 19th century, newspapers became a source of information. In the second half of the 19th century, daily newspapers began to be published in almost all countries of the world. Various magazines (literary, popular science, etc.)

". Reuters

The newspaper "New York Times"

Information Agency

". Reuters

In the 19th century there was a differentiation of book business. The largest circulations were fiction and textbooks. in great demand in the second half of the 19th century, popular science literature began to be used.

Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron.

US Library of Congress

Public library in St. Petersburg

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PROGRESS AND SOCIETY The 19th century began as a “age of steam”, and ended with the transition from steam energy to electricity and internal combustion engines. The energy capabilities of advanced countries and the opportunities associated with the introduction of new technologies in production have expanded. lifespan. Scientific and technological progress has also affected everyday culture.

Russian electrical engineer, military engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. Known for the development of an arc lamp (which went down in history under the name "Yablochkov's candle"), which laid the foundation for the first practically applicable electric lighting system

P.N.YABLOCHKOV

The first experience showed the great advantage of a candle in comparison with gas lighting.

"Russian Light" appeared in the capitals: Paris, London, Madrid, Berlin, Naples - and spread to the east. In Europe, companies began to operate the Yablochkov candle.

The use of the Yablochkov candle caused new inventions and improvements. Candles Yablochkov included in the chain sequentially in the amount of 4 - 5 pieces. Instead of the old regulators, Yablochkov used transformers

World famous

American

inventor. Only in the USA Edison received 1908 patents and about 3 thousand in other countries.

peace. He improved the telegraph, telephone, film equipment, developed one of the first successful variants of an electric incandescent lamp.

niya, created a super-powerful electric generator and participated in the construction and commissioning in New York of the world's first central thermal power plant with an extensive power supply network (1881)

T. A. EDISON

Edison invented the alkaline iron-nickel battery, the fuse, the rotary switch, the megaphone.

Participated in the creation of drugs, dyes and other materials, developed a process for obtaining synthetic phenol and liquid products of the distillation of coal.

He laid the foundation for electronics and invented his own method of enriching iron ore.

N. I. PIROGOV

Russian surgeon and anatomist, naturalist and teacher, creator of the first atlas of topographic anatomy, founder of Russian military field surgery, founder of the Russian school of anesthesia.

N. I. Pirogov “created new research methods in the study of anatomy, new methods in clinical medicine, and military field surgery was also created. In these works, in the philosophical and scientific part, he gave a method, approved the dominance of the method and showed an example of the use of this method. In this, Pirogov found his glory ”(N. N. Burdenko, On the historical description of the academic activities of N. I. Pirogov (1836-1854).

Honored Russian Professor, Director of the Imperial Clinical Institute of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna in St. Petersburg, author of works on field surgery of the abdominal cavity.

N.V.SKLIFOSOVSKY

French microbiologist and chemist, proved that fermentation is a biological process due to the activity of microorganisms, proposed a way to preserve food products using heat treatment. L. Pasteur studied contagious diseases (anthrax, rabies, night blindness, rubella, etc.). He proposed a method of vaccination against these and other infectious diseases using weakened cultures of the corresponding pathogens. He proposed to call the weakened cultures vaccines, and the procedure for their application - vaccination. In 1880 Pasteur established the viral nature of rabies.

German microbiologist, one of the founders of modern bacteriology and epidemiology. Proceedings on the identification of pathogens of infectious diseases and the development of methods to combat them. Formulated criteria for etiological connection infectious disease with a microorganism (Koch's triad). Opened (1882) the causative agent of tuberculosis ("Koch's wand"). For the first time, he isolated a pure culture of the anthrax pathogen, proved its ability to spore formation. Proposed methods of disinfection. Nobel Prize (1905).

References

http://class-fizika.narod.ru/port5.htm

http://www.artscroll.ru/page.php?al=Portret_D_I__Mendeleeva_1885__56201_kartina

http://www.medical-enc.ru/topographic_anatomy/pirogov.shtmlhttp://www.runivers.ru/philosophy/lib/authors/author152827/

http://www.bio.msu.ru/doc/index.php?ID=81

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki

http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%2C_%D0%9B%D1 %83%D0%B8

http://www.e-reading.club/chapter.

php/83377/32/Gricak-Populyarnaya_istoriya_mediciny.html

http://bono-esse.ru/blizzard/RPP/O/Hystory/mechnikov.html http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc3p/197026/%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%A7%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92

https://www.etsy.com/search?order=most_relevant&page=4&q=encyclopedia%20book

http://kervansaraymarmaris.com/?p=3116

Scientific and technological progress (STP) became possible thanks to the scientific and technological revolution (STR), which took place in the 40-50s. XX century. STP has affected all spheres of society. Dedicated to the main achievements of the NTP this lesson.

background

The main characteristic of the scientific and technological revolution (NTR) of the second half of the 20th century. - the transformation of science into main factor socio-economic development. Thus, the scientific and technological revolution contributed to the transformation of industrial society into a post-industrial one.

post-industrial society- a society in which science becomes a factor of production, and the predominant type of labor is employment in the service sector (in contrast to the industrial society, which is dominated by work in factories, and the pre-industrial one, in which agricultural labor prevailed).

Such changes were only possible thanks to the technological development that made it possible to replace a person in factories with a machine (automated, computer-controlled production).

Developments

1942- Created the first nuclear reactor in the United States.

1953- studied the molecular structure of DNA, which stores the genetic code. This discovery marked the beginning of the development of genetic engineering.

1957- Launch of the first satellite into space (USSR).

1961- the first manned flight into space (USSR).

1965- the first manned spacewalk (USSR).

1969- manned flight to the moon (USA).

1953- Deciphered the structure of the DNA molecule.

1976- The personal computer appeared.

In the 1960s-1990s. experiments in physics, chemistry, engineering, etc., were particularly successful. Since the 1970s developed at an accelerated pace electronics and computerization. The point was that all the achievements of science were processed in one way or another and served man. Chemistry supplied man with new fabrics, paints and varnishes, etc., physics and engineering - televisions, receivers, etc.

Starting from the 1980s, scientific and technological progress began to take place in a new form. That "revolutionary base" of the 1950s-1970s, which was truly a breakthrough, began to be used to improve and develop the new. So, from primitive huge mobile phones by the beginning of the new millennium, the world came to almost invisible devices (Fig. 2). From powerful computers occupying entire floors to portable gadgets.

Rice. 2. Cell phones over the past 40 years ()

The main emphasis at the present stage of scientific and technological progress is on the so-called. nanotechnology, new sources of energy, for universal automation, and so on.

The world has entered the era of post-industrial society. This society is characterized by the primacy of high technology, informatization and computerization of all spheres of society. High technologies should make everyday life and work of a person even easier. The Internet has become an integral part of human society. Appeared new way communication. Human life has practically ceased to be any secret from others. The information society is a societyXXIcentury and subsequent centuries (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Information society ()

Coming at present post-industrial society characterized not only by universal informatization, but also by the fact that its main resource is a person, or rather, his intellectual abilities. It is scientists, and not the military, that have become more valued at the present stage of human development.

On the other hand, it is impossible not to note the disadvantages of NTP. Science not only began to serve man, but also began to serve the military. It was in the twentieth century that the world "acquainted" with such new types of weapons as the atomic, hydrogen and neutron bomb. There were nuclear weapons. With the development of technology, new types of "killing devices" have appeared.

Thus, scientific and technical progress helps people (although many believe that such help will lead to the final replacement of a person by a machine), and at the same time can destroy him.

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of the XXI century. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century. Textbook for grade 11. - M.: Russian Word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya T.P., Shevchenko S.V. General history. Grade 11 / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

1. Describe the information society.

2. How is the NTR different from the NTP? Give examples.

3. Why has intelligence become the main investment in a post-industrial society?

Influence of scientific and technological progress, population explosion, urbanization on the state of CO and the process of human life.

The influence of modern scientific and technological progress on the trends and structure of international trade

At the same time, it must be borne in mind that among the NSD there are not only progressive, but also reactionary movements, which pose a certain danger to social development.

The impact of technological, social and natural systems on each other should lead to a sustainable progressive development of each type of these systems and their combination.

Occupational health at the stage of accelerating scientific and technological progress

Homogeneous and heterogeneous political culture. (SORRY FOR SO LITTLE)

Democracy, its characteristics. Democratic political culture.

Scientific and technological progress is a continuous process of introducing new equipment and technology, organizing production and labor based on the achievements of scientific knowledge. As a result of scientific and technical progress, all elements of the productive forces develop and improve: the means and objects of labor, labor, technology, organization and management of production.

Culture is a way of activity of a social person and the result of this activity, characterizing the qualitative state of a certain stage of social progress.

The idea of a conflict between technical and cultural progress has been and is being expressed by many philosophers. There is a point of view that under the influence of technological progress, the death of culture will come, it will submit to technology and collapse, die. That technological progress has given rise to a cultural regression: painting has been replaced by photographs, bacchanalia is in fashion, polygamy, belts, bracelets and necklaces have replaced clothes, a complete fall of all arts and poetry, instead of music - waves of meaningless tones and sounds without passion and expression, melodies have disappeared, and all that which does not lead to practical, ordinary, permanent benefit is despised. Others see the main cause of the social disasters of modern society in the ever-increasing disproportion between the level of development of technology and morality.

There is also a statement about the existence of two cultures between which there is no understanding, I understand technology as an element of culture and they are separated by a wall of misunderstanding.

A number of scientists oppose the division of a single human culture into two segments. Explaining this by the fact that scientists in their activities proceed not only from their scientific principles, but also from the values of humanism. Humanitarians, in turn, enjoy using technology.

Many Western philosophers of technology believe that culture is essentially one and that this unity is based on creative material and spiritual activity. What is the connection between technology and culture? First of all, technology is the most important cultural value. The sphere of culture is not limited to the classical values of art, ethics, science. In addition to the spiritual, there is a material part of culture, which includes technology as an activity and its means, embodying human knowledge. Progress technical means, the acquisition of skills and abilities to use them, their improvement are the most important factor in the development and functioning of culture. A modern cultured person must be able to use many technical means.

Technology plays a huge role in this development of human culture. Of course, other important cultural values, for example, fiction or science. But society in its daily hectic life does not deal with scientific achievements, but with their technical implementation.

The connection between art and technology is also realized through the technique of art itself. The impact of technology on art is organically accompanied by the impact of art on the design, construction and operation of technology. The relationship between the design solution and the aesthetic properties of a technical object existed before, manifesting itself in different ways in various types technology and art forms. So, in architecture, excessive material has always caused the impression of excessive heaviness, and the lack of material has been associated with instability, unreliability and caused negative emotions. here design, aesthetic and functional qualities were connected together.

In the conditions of modern scientific and technological progress, the connection between utilitarian design and aesthetic qualities created technology extraordinarily enhanced and realized in a design that has taken shape in an independent form creative activity and includes both the theoretical part - production (or technical) aesthetics, and the practical - artistic design. It is quite natural that the creation of technical means that meet the basic requirement of design - the relationship between function, design and content of products - is in principle incompatible with imperfect technology, requires a high production culture and improves the quality of products. So design acts as a stimulator of technical progress, there is Feedback art with technology.

slide 2

Questions

What changes will technology in the 21st century bring about in our lives?
What threatens society with the destruction of the natural environment?
Scientific and technological progress - good or bad?

slide 3

Scientific and technological revolution

The scientific and technological revolution is a leap in the development of the productive forces of society, their transition to a qualitatively new state on the basis of fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.

slide 4

slide 5

1st stage (60-70 years). Production automation
2nd stage (70-90 years). Computer (information) revolution

slide 6

Stage 1: 60-70 years. XX century:

automation of production processes,
robots, machine tools with program control,
flexible production lines

Qualitative shifts in technology, in the tools of production

Slide 7

Since the end of the 70s. – computer revolution:

The computer controls and manages the machine, freeing the person from contact with it.
They are characterized by a speed of movement and thought inaccessible to the human hand.

Slide 8

Slide 9

Information-intensive technologies and new technological thinking began to play a decisive role in production
Changing the principles of production

Slide 10

directions of development of modern technologies
obtaining materials with desired properties
biotechnology (genetic engineering)
changes in the subject of labor

slide 11

slide 12

slide 13

One of the promising areas is biotechnology
Creation of new structural materials
The position of man in the production system is changing
Changes in various areas public life

Slide 14

Internet
New scientific and technological civilization

slide 15

Economic content of the new stage of scientific and technological revolution

strengthening the social orientation
economic development
The complexity of modern production (economic reasons)
- highly educated
- psychologically stable
- strong-willed worker

slide 16

Transition to an extensive way of production development
Reducing the number of people employed in production
Reducing the use of raw materials and energy
Refusal of the territorial binding of enterprises to sources of raw materials.

Slide 17

A sharp increase in investment in R&D
Increasing the role of scientific research
Reduction of terms of replacement of technologies
The emergence of scientific and production associations

Slide 18

Economic consequences of scientific and technological revolution

Transition to an intensive way of production
transcontinental companies
Investments in high technology industries
Complex scientific and production associations

Slide 19

Social consequences of scientific and technological revolution

The rapid development of the sphere of industrial and consumer services
The face of the working class is changing:
Increasing skills of the working class
Reduced old professions (miners)
Scientific and technological revolution causes fundamental shifts in the organization of production and labor, in the production management system.

Slide 20

Scientific and technological revolution and natural environment

Growth of scale economic activity led to a violation of the ecological balance on the planet, the consequence of which is an ecological crisis.

slide 21

Increased consumption of natural resources
Pollution of the planet and the World Ocean, and atmospheric air
16-18% of the territory of Russia are regions where the environmental risk to health is 10-100 times higher than the norms established by most countries.

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Target: Show the features of the development of scientific and technological revolution, its characteristic features and components.

Teaching and educational tasks:

Form the concept of scientific and technological revolution; introduce the features and parts of the NTR.
To form the ability to listen and highlight the main thing in the content, schematically draw up a summary.
Show the scale of scientific and technological achievements of mankind.

Lesson type: learning new material, lesson-lecture.

Lesson steps:

Distribute the lecture scheme, consisting of blocks and their parts, placed on an A4 sheet, to distribute to students. During the lesson, students will be able to make notes on it.
The same scheme is placed on the board. In the course of the lecture, we will return to it, marking what has already been completed.
During the lesson, students get acquainted with the key words-terms:
- Geoinformatics;
- Geoinformation systems.
Listening to a lecture is accompanied by a detailed summary.
At the end of the lesson, students formulate brief conclusions.

Equipment: textbooks, wall "Political map of the world", atlas maps, Handout, computer, projector, screen, presentation.

During the classes

I. Organization of the class.

II. Learning new material.

Introduction to the topic.(Slide 1)

Definition of goals.

Today we must find out the characteristic features and components of the scientific and technological revolution, to show that the scientific and technological revolution is a single a complex system.

Epigraph. (Slide 2)

Acquaintance of students with the stages of the lesson and with the task for the lesson. (Slide 3)

Lecture plan: (Slide 4)

Scientific and technological revolution
Characteristic features of NTR.
Components of NTR.
The concept of geographic information systems.

1. Work with the concept of scientific and technological revolution. (Slides 5-6)

Teacher: When studying this topic, we have to turn to one of the most significant, global processes of development of the entire modern world - the scientific and technological revolution.

The entire history of the development of human society is inextricably linked with scientific and technological progress. But there are periods when there are rapid and profound changes in the productive forces of mankind.

Such was the period of industrial revolutions in the XVIII-XIX centuries. in a number of countries of the world, when to replace manual labor machine came. In the 19th century, the steam engine was invented in England, a huge role in the development industrial production the invention of the conveyor played. It was first used in the United States in the manufacture of automobiles.

The steam engine became the "primary" cell of the industrial revolution in the century before last, and the computer became the "primary" cell of modern scientific and technological revolution. Modern scientific and technological revolution began in the middle of the 20th century. In all countries, it manifests itself in different ways, and therefore it can be said that it is far from being completed. But a new industrial revolution is already brewing in the world. What it will be - the future will show.

Conversation with the class

Questions:

The word "revolution" in various dictionaries has the following interpretation. (Students quote the definition of "revolution" from different dictionaries)
What unites all these definitions?
How would you define NTR?
What is the difference between the concepts of scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological progress?

Answer:

Exercise: Analyze the two formulations, compare them and find the main difference between the two phenomena?

Answer:

Modern science has become an industry of discovery, a powerful stimulus for the development of technology.

2. Characteristic features of scientific and technological revolution. (Slide 7)

1) Universality, inclusiveness. (Slides 8-10)

Scientific and technological revolution has affected all countries of the world and all spheres of the geographical shell, outer space. Scientific and technological revolution transforms all branches of production, the nature of labor, life, culture, and the psychology of people. Scientific and technological revolution symbols: rocket, TV set, computer, etc.

The inclusiveness of scientific and technological revolution can be characterized geographically, since thanks to scientific and technological revolution, the words satellite, atom, robot appeared in our vocabulary.

Question: Name the new appliances that have appeared in your home over the past 10 years. What technique does your grandmother, mother, not know how to use?

2) Acceleration of scientific and technological transformations. (Slide 11)

It is expressed in a sharp reduction in the time between a scientific discovery and its implementation in production. Moral wear and tear occurs earlier than physical wear and tear, therefore, for some classes, car repairs are meaningless (for example: computers, video cameras, TVs, etc.)

Working with the textbook

Exercise:

Find an example in the additional text (p. 103) that would confirm this feature of NTR.
Analyze the table and draw conclusions.

3) Increasing requirements for the skill level of labor resources. (Slide 12)

In all spheres of human activity, the share of mental labor, it was intellectualized.

In the era of scientific and technological revolution, workers with higher education increased the share of knowledge workers. This also applies to you. After graduating from high school, you will find it easier to find an interesting and well-paid job.

4) Military-technical revolution. (Slide 13)

It originated during the Second World War. Its beginning was heralded by the explosion of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, after which an arms race began between the two powerful powers of the USA and the USSR. Throughout the entire period of the Cold War, scientific and technological revolution was focused on using the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought for military purposes. But after the commissioning of the first nuclear power plant and the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, many countries are doing everything to direct the scientific and technological revolution to achieve peaceful goals.

3. Components of scientific and technological revolution.(Slide 14)

Scientific and technological revolution is a single complex system, the parts of which closely interact with each other.

1) Science and science intensity . (Slides 15-17)

Science in the era of scientific and technological revolution has become a complex set of knowledge. Science is both a complex of knowledge and a special sphere of human activity. For many countries, the development of science is task No. 1.

There are 5 to 6 million scientific workers in the world. At the same time, the USA, Germany, Japan, France and Great Britain account for more than 80% of scientific employees, more than 80% of all investments in science, almost all inventions, patents, licenses and Nobel Prizes awarded.

In developed countries, in terms of the number of scientists and engineers, they occupy: 1st place - the United States, 2nd place - Japan, the countries of Western Europe (this group includes Russia).

The connection between science and production is especially growing, which is becoming more and more knowledge-intensive(Science intensity is measured by the level (share) of research and development costs in the total costs of producing a particular product).

However, the differences between developed and developing countries in the field of science are especially large:

Spending on science in developed countries is 2-3% of GDP;
In developing countries, spending on science on average does not exceed 0.5% of GDP.

2) Technique and technology. (Slide 18)

Technique and technology embody scientific knowledge and discoveries.

The purpose of new technologies is to increase the environmental activity of production, labor productivity, resource saving and nature protection.

Germany and the USA stand out for the production of environmental protection equipment and the introduction of the latest environmental technologies. In addition to the fact that these countries are leaders in the production and use of environmental technologies, Germany is also the main country that supplies them to the world market.

Two ways of developing technology technology in the conditions of modern scientific and technological revolution:

evolutionary path
revolutionary path

(Slide 19)

a) Evolutionary path (Further improvement of engineering and technology)

(Slide 20)

Question for the class: Give examples of the evolutionary path of development of engineering and technology.

Answer:

Improving the technology that was produced at the beginningXXcentury - cars, aircraft, machine tools, blast furnaces, ships.

For example, in the early 50s, the largest sea tanker could hold up to 50 thousand tons of oil, in the 60s - 100, 200, 300 thousand tons, in the 70s. tankers with a carrying capacity of over 500 thousand tons appeared. The largest offshore tankers were built in Japan and France.

However, such megalomania does not always justify itself, since not all seaports can accept and serve such a large transport. After all, the length of the vessel reaches 480 m, the width is about 63 m, such a tanker has a draft with a load of up to 30 meters. The propeller is equal to the height of a three-story house, the deck occupies 2.5 hectares)

b) Revolutionary path (Transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology).

It finds its most striking expression in production. electronic engineering. If earlier they talked about the “age of textiles”, “the age of the car”, now they are talking about the “age of electronics”.

The breakthrough to new technologies is also of great importance. "Second wave" of scientific and technological revolution, which manifested itself in the 70s. called the microelectronic revolution, because. the invention of the microprocessor in the history of mankind can be compared with the invention of the wheel, steam engine or electricity. (Slides 21-26)

Exercise: Analyze the text of the textbook on p. 94, as well as additional material on p. 115.

Conclusion(students do it themselves): The revolutionary path is the main path in the development of engineering and technology in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

3) Production: six main areas of development.(Slides 27-29)

Question: What are the main directions of development of production. (Students have a handout that can be used to answer the question posed by the teacher)

a) Electronization means the saturation of all areas of human activity with the means of EWT. The electronics industry is the brainchild of scientific and technological revolution.

For example:

in education - computerization of schools, their connection to the Internet;
in medicine - ultrasound, computed tomography, development of microsurgery, computed radiography;
in communication - cell phones.

The electronic industry is in the fullest sense the brainchild of scientific and technological revolution. It will largely determine the entire course of scientific and technological revolution.

This branch has received the greatest development in the USA, Japan, Germany, NIS of Asia.

b) Integrated automation. (Slides 30-34)

It began in the 1950s with the advent of computers. A new round of development took place in the 70s of the XX century, and it is associated with the advent of microprocessors and microcomputers. Robotics is developing rapidly, Japan has achieved particular success in this area. There are 800 robots for every 10,000 auto workers in the country, compared to 300 in the US. The scope of robots today is limitless.

c) Energy economy restructuring. (Slides 35-37)

The restructuring of the energy sector is associated with the ever-growing needs of the countries of the world for electricity. Existing traditional power plants can no longer cope with the load. That's why most attention in the world is given to the construction of nuclear power plants.

By the beginning of the 21st century, more than 450 nuclear power units were in operation in the world. Leading countries: USA, France, Japan, Germany, Russia, Ukraine. However, in recent years, due to the difficulties of using nuclear power plants, many countries are afraid of environmental consequences, and the developed countries of the world have turned their attention to alternative energy.

d) Production of new materials. (Slides 38, 39)

The requirements of modern production for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as for the chemical industry, which produces synthetic polymers, are steadily increasing. But it brought to life fundamentally new composite, semiconductor, metal-ceramic materials. The chemical industry is mastering the production of optical fibers.

A special role in the production of new materials is assigned to the "metals of the XX century": beryllium, lithium, titanium. Titanium is currently the No. 1 metal for the aerospace industry, nuclear shipbuilding, as it is a light and refractory metal.

e) Accelerated development of biotechnology. (Slides 40-42)

The direction arose in the 70s and is developing at a faster pace. Biotechnology applies traditional knowledge and modern technology to change the genetic material of plants, animals and microbes in order to create new products.

Biotechnology makes a significant contribution to improving health, increasing food production, reforestation, increasing productivity in industry, disinfecting water, and cleaning up hazardous waste.

The results of biotechnology can already be seen. This includes the creation of clones and modified products. More and more often we hear about the discoveries of medical scientists in the field of genetic engineering.

Of great importance are biotechnological programs that are used in the extraction of mineral resources. Biotechnologies are developing especially successfully in the USA, Japan, Germany, and France.

f) Cosmization. (Slide 43)

The development of astronautics has led to the emergence of another new science-intensive industry - the aerospace industry. The use of space only for military purposes ended with the Cold War.

Space is increasingly becoming a place where the countries of the world cooperate. It is used for earth exploration, in fishing, in agriculture, to obtain new materials in a vacuum.

It was space images that confirmed Wegener's theory "On the movement of lithospheric plates." The results of space research have a huge impact on the development of fundamental sciences.

4) Management: on the way to a high information culture. (Slide 44)

The current stage of scientific and technological revolution is characterized by new requirements for management modern production. It is incredibly complicated and requires special training.

For example: in the implementation of space programs, such as landing a lunar rover on the moon, research and landing of descent vehicles on planets solar system, landing a man on the moon, sometimes several tens of thousands of different companies are tied up, which must work in a coordinated mode.

Only people who are fluent in the science of management can manage such programs. At the end of the 20th century, a special science of management arose - cybernetics . At the same time, it is the science of information.

The information flow is growing every day. That is why the transition from paper to machine information is so important. New specialties appeared that did not exist before: a programmer, a computer operator, and others.

We live in an era of "information explosion". Nowadays, there is already a global information space. The Internet plays a big role in its creation.

This is a real telecommunications "web" that has enveloped the whole world. The use of the Internet is in full swing in education. She did not bypass the geographical science, which included a new direction - geographic informatics .

4. Geoinformatics contributed to the creation of geographic information systems.

(GIS is a complex of interconnected means of obtaining, storing, processing, selecting data and issuing geographic information.)

Geoinformatics is one of the main directions of combining geographical science with the achievements of the modern stage of scientific and technological revolution.

III. Lesson summary:

1) Checking the schematic outline.

2) Fixing:

Assignment on the topic of scientific and technological revolution: Determine the place of the following provisions in the table:

Production of new materials.
Complex automation.
Restructuring of the energy sector.
Accelerated development of biotechnology.
Acceleration of scientific and technological transformations.
Cosmization.
Increasing qualification requirements.
The birth of scientific and technological revolution as a military-technical revolution.
Versatility and inclusiveness.
Electronization.

There should be time for questions at the end of the lecture. Questions received at the lecture must be recorded, collected, systematized and studied.

IV. Homework

Topic 4, §1 in V.P. Maksakovskiy "Economic and social geography of the world"
Prepare presentations on topics:
"Using the achievements of scientific and technological revolution in geography",
"Development of biotechnologies in the modern world", "Space and scientific and technological revolution"

Interesting Facts

In the first half of the 20th century, the volume of scientific information doubled every 50 years, in the middle of the century - 10 years, in the 70s-80s - 5-7 years, in the 21st century - 3-5 years.

In 1900, 10 thousand magazines were published all over the world, and at the beginning of the 21st century - more than 1 million.

In geography alone, 700 journals are published today and 10,000 book titles are published a year.

And in total, 800 thousand titles of books and brochures are published annually in the world with a total circulation of more than 16 billion copies.

The modern scientific and technological revolution has entailed fundamental changes in human society, in production, in the interaction of society with the environment.

However, it should be noted that scientific and technological revolution is developing most successfully in the developed countries of the world, while most countries in Africa, Oceania, some countries of Asia and Latin America are still far from developing the achievements of scientific and technological revolution in their country.

Literature

Gladky Yu.N., Lavrov S.B. Economic and social geography of the world. – M.: Enlightenment, 2006.
Gladky Yu.N., Lavrov S.B. Global geography. – M.: Enlightenment, 2001.
Maksakovskiy V.P. Methodical manual "Economic and social geography of the world" - M .: Education, 2006.
Maksakovskiy V.P. New in the world. Figures and facts. - M .: Bustard, 1999