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LOCUST BREEDING
A plastic, wooden or glass cage with smooth walls is suitable for keeping locusts. The base area of the cage can be 60x40 or even less, the height is at least 60 cm. It is most convenient to design the cage as follows: tighten the bottom of the cage with a fine-mesh metal mesh, and provide a retractable tray under it. In general, this design of the cage is similar to the design of the vivarium and greatly facilitates cleaning in the terrarium. More than half of the cage is occupied by egg cartons suspended vertically in a row, which increase the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe container. In the walls or ceiling of the container, ventilation holes are provided, covered with a metal mesh. Good ventilation is essential for locusts.
The photoperiod for locusts is made continuous to intensify feeding and growth. For lighting, the same incandescent lamp is enough. It is possible to irradiate locusts with ultraviolet lamps (eg Sylvania type). This greatly increases its value as a food for reptiles.
The locusts are fed mainly on sprouted wheat and other cereals. AT summer period suitable lawn grass; in winter, you will have to germinate the grain specially, and in sufficient quantities: several pallets with seedlings at different stages of growth. In addition to wheat, lettuce, grated raw carrots and apples are also given from succulent feed, and greenery of trees and shrubs is given to desert locusts. Of the dry foods, the main ones are bran with the addition of dried hamarus. It must be ensured that no insecticides have been used in the cultivation of the greens, otherwise the locusts may die.
Insects reach sexual maturity 8 days after the last molt and are able to breed for another 3 weeks. For the breeding season, a small container with moist, loose soil (peat, coconut flakes, etc.) is placed in a cage with locusts. To prevent drying out, it can be covered with a lid with a small hole in it for locusts. One female lays about 50 eggs at a time. 10 days after installation, the container with laid eggs is changed to a new one, and the first one is moved to an empty cage with the same conditions of temperature and humidity.
About 15 days pass from the moment of laying to the release of juveniles. Further, the locust develops in a new cage, and after another 2-3 weeks it reaches the stage of imago (adult insect). The cycle repeats again.
In the interval between cycles, the insectarium should be cleaned and disinfected, after which it can be used again.
Raw material
Fish meal is produced from non-food species of fish, marine mammals, crustaceans, as well as from waste products of food fish, crabs, shrimps and other hydrobionts with the addition of an antioxidant in accordance with the requirements of GOST 2116-2000.
Animal Feed Application
Fish flour is a dietary supplement used in fish farms, poultry farming, animal husbandry, for fattening fur-bearing animals, supplying vegetable feeds with protein, which contain it in small quantities. Fishmeal makes up 2% to 10% of the diet depending on the application and need. Positive impact includes up to 15% improvement in fattening, 4% improvement in growth. Fishmeal is a valuable source of protein and amino acids. Therefore, it can be used to increase the growth of animals.
The agrarian sector of the southern regions of our country every year faces a very serious problem - an invasion of locusts.
A similar situation is observed in Kazakhstan, so our business idea can be implemented there as well. It is estimated that locust raids are causing losses that run into the billions. At the same time, the costs are associated both with the lost harvest and with the fight against locusts. All activities are aimed at preserving crops that are involved in fattening livestock. Naturally, feed of proper quality and in the required quantity is a prerequisite for the production of meat and dairy products and poultry products. Many agrarians do not realize that the locust itself is a fairly rich source of protein, which is important for health and can significantly increase the level of one or another productivity. It should be noted that the provision of animals in protein is achieved through complete mixed feeds, BVMD and other expensive feeds. In terms of the biological value of protein, locusts are not inferior to the listed feeds, and some even surpass them. In many developed countries, fishmeal is used as protein feed, which costs more than one million dollars. In the domestic agriculture there is an acute shortage of animal protein, which determines the quality of livestock products. It should be emphasized that the situation is somewhat paradoxical. The state and farmers spend a lot of money on foreign feed and at the same time invest a lot of money in measures to combat locusts, which themselves are a valuable source of protein. We must not forget that some types of control of these insects (for example, the use of chemicals) lead to pollution environment. It is important to remember that chemicals can accumulate not only in the soil, but also in crops, which often causes poisoning of both animals and people. The percentage of protein contained in the locust is 75%. We think you are now struck by this figure. For comparison: pork and lamb contain 17% protein, and fish - 21%. As you can see, the difference is obvious. Not less than interesting fact- the value of the efficiency of protein production by locusts in comparison with large cattle at least 25 times more. Today, you can buy 1 kg of flour obtained from locusts for 3 thousand rubles. The price is somewhat high. This is due to the fact that this feed is produced in a handicraft way and, at the same time, deliveries are made in very small batches. Despite this, locust flour is in demand on the domestic market, which confirms the viability of the business idea, which is based on the production and sale of locust flour.
In our latitudes, providing birds with live insects in winter is not an easy task. You either have to buy live food at a pet store (which is quite expensive and there are interruptions in trade from time to time), or learn how to breed 2-3 types of food insects. Most birds will not agree to constantly feed on any one type of insect.
flour worm
It is most convenient to breed "muchnik" in plastic basins with a depth of at least 15 cm. Beetles and larvae are unable to get out of the basin along a smooth wall, which makes these insects the most convenient food: you can simply pour the “tormentor” into a plastic feeder and put it in a cage, while a smooth surface is not an obstacle for crickets or cockroaches.
The basin is filled with a feed mixture of the following composition: bran - 50% of the total mass, milk powder - 10%, breadcrumbs -10%, barley groats -10%, herbal flour(can be replaced with rabbit feed or dry nettle) - 10%, dry yeast - 10%. The components must be crushed (it is best to pass through a meat grinder), because. the more homogeneous the mixture, the easier it is to separate beetles and larvae from it. The optimal thickness of the feed mixture layer is 10 cm. A thin rag folded in half is placed on top. The cloth should be wetted daily, wrung out and placed again on the surface of the feed. The best temperature is 28-29 ° C: if you maintain a lower temperature, then the rate of reproduction and development of insects will decrease, if it is higher, the beetles and larvae will begin to die from overheating. Further actions depend on how much "torch" you need: if 20-30 pieces a day, then one basin 30x30 cm is more than enough, you can put 40-50 adult mealworms in it and after two months start feeding the larvae of the last age . In this case, the basin is operated until the feed mixture is used up, after which the beetles and larvae are separated from it by sifting through a sieve and transplanted to a new mixture. If you have a relatively large farm, it makes sense to use a semi-industrial technique. In this case, beetles are planted in the basin for 2 weeks at the rate of 150 pcs. per kilogram of feed mixture, then they are transplanted into the next basin, and so on. Then larvae of approximately the same age will appear and grow in each container, about 400-500 g from each kilogram of the mixture.
Insects are a promising food for farm animals. The world population is growing every day, and by 2050, according to experts, it will reach nine billion people.
This fact will naturally lead to an increase in the consumption of products such as meat and fish by as much as 70 percent compared to the current level. Of course, satisfying the needs of mankind will not be easy. And the main difficulty will be the shortage of feed (especially rich in protein) used in animal husbandry, fish farming and poultry farming. Protein-rich feed is made from leguminous crops and fishmeal. However, these products are barely enough today. The feed industry will have to look for new sources of protein.
According to many experts, insects may become the most promising source of protein. Thus, a professor at Wageningen University, a consultant to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, a Dutch entomologist Arnold van Huijs, says: “The food industry faces the threat of a shortage of fishmeal due to overfishing, leading to the depletion of the resources of the world’s oceans. Meanwhile, fishmeal is the most important a component of feed for chickens, pigs, and fish. But it is steadily rising in price, so feed manufacturers are looking for an alternative. So, insects are an excellent source of protein."
The crisis state of beef cattle breeding in Russian Federation caused by several reasons. Along with the underfunding of the industry, the main ones, in our opinion, are outdated technologies, low quality and high cost of feed. The passion for meat production today is of interest to all owners of meat livestock.
Meat consumption, and as a result, the quality of life, is falling in Russia. If in the early 1990s this figure in the country was 75 kilograms per person per year, then in the early 2000s the figure dropped to 45 kilograms. At the same time, more than 50% of red meat is imported.
The government has developed a program for the development of beef cattle breeding, introduced last year, until 2020, 65.4 billion rubles have been allocated for its implementation. The program provides for the development of a breeding base for beef cattle breeding, support for economically significant regional programs for the development of beef cattle breeding and subsidizing part of the interest rate on investment loans for the construction and reconstruction of beef cattle breeding facilities. It is expected that thanks to the program, by 2020 the number of crossbred and beef cattle will grow to 3.6 million heads.
The production of animal feed is also growing. In 2013, according to official statistics, their production amounted to 26 million tons. But the main thing is the unresolved protein problem, as well as the range and quality of both the grain part and protein and vitamin supplements.
“At present, almost all domestic animal husbandry works on wheat-barley recipes, while in the EU their composition includes only 48% of grain, most of which is corn. Next - 28% cake from soybean or rapeseed meal, 12% secondary products Food Industry, 3% are minerals and vitamins, 2% legumes and 1% dairy products. All this is strikingly different from domestic realities, where up to 75% of feed grains are included in the recipes, because the range of additives and substitutes is poor, up to
livestock specialists do not want to count them.
In the Chelyabinsk region, 170 farms of various forms of ownership are engaged in beef cattle breeding, but there is not a single specialized, large-scale fattening site built using innovative technologies. Meanwhile, back in 1972, the author happened to visit an American highly mechanized fattening complex, where 35,000 bulls were kept at the same time.
About 50% of the Russian population of Herefords is concentrated in the region, but the cost of beef in the region is about 180 rubles / kg. Import block, taking into account transportation costs from Latin America, 140 rubles / kg.
The method of harvesting dry mono-fodder developed by us at ChGAA allows us to significantly reduce the cost of full-feed mixed fodders.
Cereals are mowed into a swath, dried up to 17%, rolled up, transported to a forage warehouse for storage, where they are ground into flour (grain together with straw). Naturally, we are talking about the forage part of the crop - seed commercial wheat is harvested in the usual way. Another limitation is that this technology is not very suitable for regions with a humid climate in autumn; the limiting factor is the high natural moisture content of the ear in the roll.
The advantages of this harvesting method are: no combine harvesters are used, no losses during threshing, no chaff is lost (almost meadow hay (modern data - chaff nutrition, barley 32 k.u., wheat 42 k.u., oats 44 k.u., peas 50 k.u., fiber is 20% less than in straw, 2-4% of digestible protein, from 5 to 8 centers of chaff with chaff is obtained from a hectare), vehicles are not used - only tractors, there are no problems with the removal of straw after harvesting, there is no grain sorting process, expensive granaries are not needed, grain fodder for feeding animals is not needed for the whole year, it can be prepared as needed. and their seeds (the so-called "dead waste"). If we take into account this fact, then the grains in this mixture will be extruded and will be no more than half. When extruding, which has long been proven, the digestibility of grain increases by 30-40%, and straw by 2 -2.5 times. At the same time, we save 70-80% of feed grain, and even reduce its cost.
Everyone knows that during extrusion, the digestibility inhibitor of straw, legnin, is destroyed, after extrusion its digestibility increases by 2-2.5 times, moreover, during extrusion, starch is denatured into sugars and animals do not need to introduce molasses into the diet. The possibilities of extrusion are enormous: after processing, the digestibility of rye increases from 10 to 90%, legumes from 7 to 80%. In one pass during extrusion, the humidity is reduced by 30-40%, feed with mold, infected with diseases and insects, is sterilized. Even sprouted grain after extrusion is used in feed without restriction for all types and ages of animals.
Our country has historically experienced a shortage of animal protein in animal feed. According to the Williams All-Russian Feed Institute, the annual purchase of animal protein abroad for the needs of domestic feed production is more than 500 thousand tons. The situation is so serious that Medvedev, being president of Russia in January 2008, at a meeting on the food program in Kaliningrad, said: “Domestic animal husbandry is in danger - an acute shortage of animal protein in the diet increases feed consumption by 1.5 times, making livestock products unprofitable and uncompetitive ".
Russia is able not only to refuse the supply of imported animal protein, but also to flood the European market with its protein supplements, and highest quality. This is about fodder meal from the locust. Locust in the countries of Southeast Asia has been used since ancient times as a food product. Here is a small analysis of the locust invasion in Kalmykia over the past 5 years: 2009 - 82 thousand hectares, 2010 - 40 thousand hectares, 2011 - 60 thousand hectares, 2012 - 100 thousand hectares, 2013 - 38 thousand ha, 2014 - 80 thousand hectares.
As is clear from these figures, outbreaks are annual. If the average density of locusts (minimum) is 4 tons per hectare, the figure is impressive.
In addition to Kalmykia, all regions of southern Russia and Kazakhstan are subjected to annual invasion. In 2014, locusts occupied Bashkiria and the Southern Urals.
This brings billions in losses not only because of the destroyed crops and pastures, but also due to the huge investments in the fight against it: aviation, chemicals, equipment, human resources, and so on. The logic of action is as follows: to save crops for fattening livestock in order to obtain animal proteins: meat, milk, butter, eggs. However, the fact is completely forgotten that the locust itself is a source of protein, significantly superior in nutritional value to all of the above products.
Our countries annually buy protein in the form of fish meal all over the world for the needs of fodder production: in Argentina, Peru, Chile, China and many other countries - for millions of dollars. We are sorely lacking animal protein in feed, and without it it is impossible to get high-quality livestock products.
There is a paradoxical situation: we spend millions on buying protein abroad and at the same time invest huge sums to destroy the protein source at home. We also inevitably poison reservoirs and aquifers with poisons; poisons accumulate in the soil.
In terms of nutritional value, locust flour has no equal: it surpasses all existing animal proteins used in feed. The facts are amazing: in pork and lamb, the protein content is 17%, in fish - 21%, and in locusts - 75%! To get 1 kg of conditional protein, a cow needs 8 kg of feed, while locusts need only 300 grams. In absolute terms, the efficiency of locusts in terms of protein production exceeds cattle by more than 25 times (!!!). It is no coincidence that locust flour is offered on the Internet at a price of 3 rubles. per gram - 3,000 rubles. per kg. Of course, so high price is driven by artisanal production and small-scale shipments that are used to feed exotic pets, but if there is such a supply, then there is also a steady demand. The difference in cost with high-quality fishmeal is significant: its price on the market is 50-60 rubles per kg.
The Bioenergy and K enterprise in Korkino, together with the ChGAA, has developed a set of mechanisms that allow high speed and extremely inexpensive to collect locusts from the ground and process them into flour. The collection of locusts is carried out in the period of 2-3 weeks, until it has risen to the wing.
This is a technology not only for collecting, but also for processing locusts into a finished feed product that is ideal for all farm animals and especially poultry.
The team for the collection and processing of locusts consists of 3 pieces of equipment:
The locust collection mechanism is mounted on an MTZ tractor and consists of a tow hitch with 12-meter-wide gripping rollers (mounted on a standard ZZB-12 toothed harrow coupler).
A powerful vacuum unit of the Buran type (produced in small batches by our company) is mounted on the tractor, powered by a power take-off shaft. "Buran" sucks locust biomass from the capture rollers. A light container with a Veresk desiccant with a dosing device is mounted on the tractor hitch. During operation, Buran sucks in locusts with a pneumatic hose, and the Veresk desiccant is fed through an air dispenser. Buran crushes the locust into biomass and initially mixes it with a desiccant.
The mixture is sent by air flow to a standard cart for transportation of roughage type 2PTS. The mixture is sent to the place of temporary storage and final processing.
The final operation for the production of protein concentrate from locusts takes place in a mobile extruder complex based on a UAZ vehicle. In the extruder, the mixture is sterilized by pressure and high temperature and brought to a final moisture content of 9%. The stuffing is made in bags and sent to the places of storage, or directly to the consumer.
The existing technology has been tested in aggregate and technologically. Has no analogues to date, patented by the Chelyabinsk Agrarian Academy.
The list of necessary standard equipment of the locust collection and processing unit: MTZ tractor - 2 pcs., Tooth harrow coupler - 1 pc., 2PTS tractor trailer - 2 pcs., KIS-8 feed mixer - 1 pc.
List of non-standard manufactured equipment: collecting roller with reverse sweep grooves and collecting comb Ø 350 mm<- 1000 мм - 12 шт., вакуумная установка «Буран» с 3-мя всасывающими рукавами и одним выгрузным - 1 шт., бункер для влагопоглатителя «Вереск» с дозирующим шибером объемом 1м3 - 1 шт., экструдерная мобильная установка «Лидер» на базе автомобиля УАЗ - 1 шт.
The presented technology is completely mobile and is not tied to energy sources or buildings. Differs in high productivity and quality of products.
With the round-the-clock operation of the extruder complex, the productivity of the entire detachment for finished products reaches up to 10 tons. In total terms, up to 500 thousand rubles can be obtained per day at one complex. The cost part: fuel, wages of workers, equipment, etc. - 70 thousand rubles.
The approximate cost of non-standard equipment is: Buran - 150 thousand rubles, collection rollers - 120 thousand rubles, mobile extruder complex - 1300 thousand rubles. The total cost is: 1570 thousand rubles.
Zaltsman V.A. associate professor, candidate of economic sciences. ChGAA
Krasilnikov O.Yu. LLC "Bioenergy and K", Director
05.06.2016 16:41:13
Astrakhan scientists grow African catfish and create feed for it from locusts. Know-how is aimed at commercial use and import substitution.
Scientists of the Astrakhan State Technical University (ASTU) have developed projects for the development of aquaculture. They presented their main projects at the All-Russian Day of Science. Many of them have already left the walls of laboratories and have received practical development.
One of them is a project to raise African catfish. The fish, which is found only in African and Asian waters, was first brought to an uncharacteristic region two years ago. But there is already a result: the first season of rearing juveniles in an open pond of a small innovative enterprise at ASTU showed the success of this undertaking.
“It was an experiment that we decided to put in the first place because it is promising: each fish reaches a marketable mass in four months,” Yulia Bykaneva, project curator, associate professor at the Department of Aquaculture and Aquatic Bioresources of the Astrakhan State Technical University, told Interfax-Russia.ru .
For comparison, traditional carp and silver carp gain market weight in two years.
"We planted this species in June in a pond with an area of 0.5 hectares. The fry weighed 2 grams, and by the end of September they reached a weight of 1-1.2 kg. African catfish are unpretentious and tolerate hot Astrakhan temperatures well, they like it the other way around In addition, the fish is practically omnivorous and does not require a large amount of oxygen, so it tolerates a high population density in the reservoir, which is beneficial for business,” Yulia Bykaneva explained.
According to her, the internal organs of catfish occupy 20% of the total body weight, respectively, their net fillet is high. The meat of the fish is slightly pink in color and not so greasy, which customers like. The meat of ordinary catfish is marsh-colored.
"This project is promising, because it does not require large expenses for cultivation. The only thing is that fish die at +12 degrees. Therefore, all grown fish is sold to chain stores, as well as for canned food," the interlocutor continued.
Now the university is growing its own broodstock in the aquacomplex at the ASTU, so that in the future it will no longer buy larvae.
The project curator emphasized that the cultivation of African catfish is beneficial as part of the import substitution program. From the same point of view, another project that scientists are engaged in is also beneficial. It concerns the creation of feed for fish from local raw materials.
According to Yulia Bykaneva, recently the laboratory began to try to introduce new components for the creation of animal feed, which had previously been insufficiently studied.
The first of them is the most unusual - a migratory locust. It is in abundance in the Astrakhan region in the summer. The locust differs in that it contains a lot of protein necessary for fish to grow.
"But the question is still open with it. How to catch it, so that it is convenient, the engineers will have to come up with. So far, in the experiment on the aquaculture, we have used improvised means to check whether the fish will like the locust. We put searchlights, the locust flew on them, died and fell into the pond, the fish ate it. We are still discussing how to do it in production. We need some kind of installation, "said the associate professor of the department.
The second component is sapropel, which is also abundant at the bottom of the Volga. It is a source of proteins, amino acids and minerals. And the third component is amaranth, a plant native to Latin America, which is distinguished by a high content of essential amino acids needed by fish. In the Astrakhan region, amaranth does not grow, so scientists bought seeds and grew it themselves in the summer in the country.
“All this leads to the fact that we are abandoning foreign producers and are starting to use our own raw materials. We have grown, produced our own feed on the spot, fed the fish. The feed is not stored for a long time, which means they do not go rancid, and our products will be tested,” the interlocutor explained Interfax-Russia.ru.
So far, ASTU scientists have made an experimental batch of new feed, which has already proven its effectiveness. After a re-experiment scheduled for spring 2016, scientists are likely to prepare to patent the know-how.
If imported feed costs from 2.5 to 4 thousand rubles per kilogram, then Astrakhan feed is ten times cheaper - about 300 rubles.
There are other "fish" projects in the Astrakhan region. For example, the project of breeding crayfish and accelerating their development twice. For two years now, the scientific idea has been implemented at the small innovative enterprise ASTU "Sharapovsky", and from 2016 this year it is planned to enter new markets.
"Exotic arthropods survive at water temperatures not lower than 16 degrees Celsius. At the same time, it takes four months for a shrimp to grow to a marketable weight of 150-170 grams. Breeding them in artificial conditions, with heating, is too expensive. But we have such a climate that we manage to complete the production cycle in the warm season and harvest the “harvest” at a water temperature of 20 degrees,” Governor of the Astrakhan Region Alexander Zhilkin told Rossiyskaya Gazeta.
Local experts have estimated that the crustacean project could produce 80 to 100 tons of Australian crayfish and giant freshwater prawns per year. At the same time, the demand for them is high, the price will be lower, and again, the project is part of the development of import substitution.
Astrakhan scientists also have other developments in the field of agro-industrial complex. For example, a project that has already been tested in practice - "Efficient Farmer".
The program not only takes into account the number of livestock, but also forms the optimal diet for animals, analyzes sales of dairy and meat products and calculates the wages of farm workers. It has already been evaluated in one of the farms of the Privolzhsky district of the region. After testing, the owners noted an increase in profits, a reduction in the time for tax and veterinary reports. It is expected that this year the program will be implemented by three more agricultural enterprises in the region.
"I saw that there is efficiency and growth in profits and demand - I realized that we need to continue to develop this product," said the author of the program, Master of the Faculty of Mathematics and Information Technology of Astrakhan State University Yulia Smirnova.
Another new development of FUNE young scientists is the automated greenhouse "AstraGreen", which assumes a completely autonomous cycle of plant growth from the moment of planting to the collection of finished products. The greenhouse, which requires an inexpensive computer with a SIM card, selects the appropriate program and implements the irrigation process, adjusts the temperature regime and monitors the growth and development of the crop.
Columnist Evgenia Artemova
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