Authors: A. I. Voropaev ( General information, Population, Economy), N. N. Alekseeva (physical and geographical essay), Yu. B. Koryakov (ethnic composition), O. V. Vishlev (Historical essay), G. L. Gukasyan (Historical essay, Mass ), V. D. Nesterkin ( Military establishment), V. S. Nechaev (Health), V. I. Linder (Sports), E. S. Yakushkina (Architecture and fine arts)Authors: A. I. Voropaev (General Information, Population, Economy), N. N. Alekseeva (physical and geographical essay), Yu. B. Koryakov (ethnic composition), O. V. Vishlev (Historical essay); >>
UNITED ARAB EMIRS YOU (UAE) (arab. Al-Imarat al-Arabiya al-Muttahid).
General information
The UAE is a state in the Southwest. Asia. Located in east. parts of the Arabian Peninsula. In the north it is washed by the waters of the Persian Gulf, in the east - by the Gulf of Oman. (the length of the coastline is 1318 km). It borders in the northwest with Qatar (by sea), in the west and south with Saudi Arabia, in the southeast and northeast with Oman (the total length of the land border is 867 km). The UAE belongs to several hundreds of islands, preim. small, in the Persian and Oman gulfs. In east. part of the UAE are the Omani enclave of Mada (on its territory the enclave of Nakhwa is allocated as part of the emirate of Sharjah) and a small territory under the joint administration of the emirate of Ajman and Oman. Pl. 83.6 thousand km 2 (official data of the UAE government; according to official data of separate emirates, 77.7 thousand km 2). Us. 8.27 million people (2010, data from the UAE National Bureau of Statistics; according to the separate emirates, approx. 5.37 million people; according to other estimates, approx. 5.31 million people). The capital is Abu Dhabi. Official the language is Arabic, English, Persian (Farsi), Hindi and Urdu are widely spoken. The monetary unit is the UAE dirham. There are 7 emirates in the UAE (table).
Administrative-territorial division |
|||
| Emirate | Area, km 2 | Population* thousand people (year) | Capital |
| Abu Dhabi | 67340 | 1643,3 (2009) | Abu Dhabi |
| Ajaman | 259 | 262,2 (2010) | Ajaman |
| Dubai | 3885 | 2106,2 (2013) | Dubai |
| Ras Al Khaimah | 1684 | 231,0 (2008) | Ras Al Khaimah |
| Umm el Quwain | 777 | 53,0 (2008) | Umm el Quwain |
| Sharjah (El Sharajah) | 2590 | 895,3 (2008) | Sharjah |
| Fujairah | 1165 | 176,8 (2010) | Fujairah |
The UAE is a member of the UN (1971), the Arab League (1971), the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (until 2011 the Organization of the Islamic Conference; 1972), the IMF (1972), the IBRD (1972), the Arab Cooperation Council. states of the Persian Hall. (1981), OPEC (1967), WTO (1996).
State structure
The UAE is a federal state. The constitution was adopted on the day of the proclamation of the UAE on 12/2/1971 (at first temporarily, from 20/5/1996 - permanently). Each of the emirates is a constitution. monarchy.
According to the Constitution, the supreme body of power of the federation is the Supreme Federal Council, consisting of the rulers of the emirates. They elect a president from among their members for a term of 5 years.
The supreme body will execute. authorities - the Council of Ministers. The prime minister, appointed by the head of state, forms the government and submits its composition to the president for approval. The Council of Ministers directly supervises the implementation of the internal and foreign policy under the control of the President and the Supreme Federal Council. Government, main legislator member. process, develops draft laws, which, after consultation with the Federal nat. Council sends for approval to the President.
Federal National advice - advise. a parliamentary body that does not have legislators. initiative. Consists of representatives of influential tribes, as well as business circles and intellectuals; it consists of 20 appointed and 20 elected (since 2006) members on the basis of proportional representation from the emirates. The term of office is 4 years.
The Emirates have independence and, in particular, exercise sovereignty over their lands and territorial waters.
Political parties are banned in the UAE.
Nature
The territory of the UAE stretches along the south. coast of the Persian Gulf. at 650 km, along the Gulf of Oman. - 90 km. Coast preim. low, accumulative, indented by shallow bays. Shores of the Persian Gulf. surrounded by coral reefs. Between the coast and coral reefs there are small islands (Abu el-Abyad, Sir Bani Yas, etc.), many of which are sandy. The intertidal zone is characterized by extensive mudflats.
Relief
Low-lying plains with saline (near the coast) and sandy deserts predominate. Large areas are occupied by dune ridges that merge with the sands of Rub al-Khali. In the east - the spurs of the Hajar Mountains (Oman Mountains), consisting of a detachment. plateau-like massifs (height up to 1153 m - the highest in the country). In east. part of the UAE stretches the coastal plain of Al-Batin 3–30 km wide, drained by the time. streams (wadis). In the desert - oases with shallow groundwater.
Geological structure and minerals
The territory is located in the Rub al-Khali depression to the southeast. subsidence of the Precambrian Arabian platform. The depression is filled with a sequence of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleogene sedimentary rocks (6–7 km thick). The section is dominated by sea. carbonate deposits (limestones, dolomites) with horizons of lagoonal evaporites (salt rocks) and coastal marine terrigenous rocks. The structure of the Mesozoic deposits is complicated by gently sloping brachianticlinal and dome-shaped structures grouped into zones of regional swell-like uplifts. Salt domes are noted in the southeast. The extreme north-east of the country (El-Fujairah) is occupied by the spurs of the mountain-folded structure of the Oman Mountains, within which powerful covers of ophiolites are developed.
The most important minerals of the UAE are oil and natural combustible gas. The subsoil of the country contains 7.3% of the world's proven oil reserves and 3.4% of gas (2009). Hydrocarbon deposits are located in the east. parts . The predominant number of deposits was found in the emirate of Abu Dhabi: on land - Asab, Bab, Bu-Khasa, Sahil, Shah, Arzanakh, Bida el-Kemzan, Kusakhvira, etc.; on the shelf - Umm-Shaif, Khuff, Bunduk, Zakum, Abu el-Bukhush, Nasr, etc. In the emirate of Dubai there are deposits on land - Margam, on the shelf - Falah, Fateh, South-West. Fateh, Rashid et al.; deposits have also been established in the emirates of Sharjah, Pac al-Khaimah, Ajman, Umm al-Qaiwain. Oils are light, sour, preim. methane. B north-east parts of the country in the Omani mountains are known deposits of chromium ores; small ore occurrences of copper and manganese were also found here; deposits of uranium ores were discovered in the emirate of Fujairah. The country also has deposits of rock salt, gypsum, quartz sand, cement carbonate rocks, etc.
Climate
The climate in the UAE is tropical and dry. Wed January temp approx. 20°C (minimum 10°C); summer 30-35°C (maximum up to 49°C in July). On the plains, precipitation up to 100 mm per year, along the east. coasts 100–140 mm, in mountains up to 350 mm (maximum in February–March). Rain often falls in the form of strong localized downpours. At the end of summer, a humid southeast blows on the coast. wind ("sharks"), significantly increasing the ratio. air humidity. Strong sand and dust storms occur.
Inland waters
There are no permanent rivers, wadis are numerous. Annually renewable water resources are insignificant - 0.2 km3. The lack of fresh water is compensated by groundwater and the construction of sea desalination plants. water. Water supply is low - 818 m 3 /person per year (2000). Annual water intake composition lays 2.3 km 3.
Soils, flora and fauna
Grows. desert cover is sparse. In some places, along the slopes of the dunes and in depressions, detachments grow. trees and shrubs: tamarix, prosopis, camel's thorn, on compacted soils - capers. On loose sands there are single hard cereals (aristida and wild millet). Woodlands and savannas occupy 3.8% of the territory. In the mountains - savanna woodlands of acacia, ficus, moringa, on the piedmont proluvial plains - acacia savannas. Mangroves grow in places along the Persian and Oman Gulfs. In the desert - rare oases with date palm, acacia, eucalyptus.
The UAE is home to 25 species of mammals (gazelles, many rodents, etc.), 3 species are endangered - leopard, Arabian oryx (gemsbok) and Arabian tahr. More than 300 species of migratory birds have been recorded, 34 species of nesting birds are known; 8 species of birds are endangered, including the white-collared kingfisher, Persian cormorant, and beauty bustard. There are 36 species of reptiles, and the spiny tailed lizard is endangered. Coastal waters of the Persian Gulf. rich in fish (sharks, sardines, herring, mackerel, tuna, etc.) and pearls. From sea. mammals found dugong. On about. Sir Bani Yas in the 1970s the implementation of a program to restore the population of rare animals has begun; for example, the Arabian oryx and leopard have been reintroduced. Since 1993, flamingos have been bred in captivity in Abu Dhabi.
State and environmental protection. Main The threat to ecosystems is hunting and poaching, destruction of habitats by the road network, s.-x. projects, as well as as a result of the development of oil and gas fields. The development of the coastal zone and a number of islands is accompanied by the destruction of mangroves and coral reefs. The problem of pollution of the coast of the Persian Gulf is topical. due to oil spills. Coral bleaching has been noted due to rising water temperatures in the Persian Gulf.
The network of protected natural areas includes 5 nat. parks, including one sea. park, 8 reserves, several wildlife sanctuaries, 2 wetlands of world importance.
Population
Arabs make up 46.3% (of which United Arab Emirates Arabs 21.1%, Egyptian 6.3%, Omani Arab 4.1%, Jordanian 3.5%, Palestinian 3.3%, Saudi Arab 2.5%, Lebanese 1.7%, Syrian 1.3%, Sudanese 1%, Yemenis 0.7%, Balochs (7.2%), Malayalis (7.1%), Pashtuns (7%), Persians (5%), Telugu (3.8%), Filipinos ( 3.7%), Punjabis (3%), Bengalis (3%), Somali (1.8%), Sinhalese (1.8%), Nepali (1.7%), Sindhis (1.5%) and others
According to official data, out of 8.27 million inhabitants. 948 thousand people have UAE citizenship. (11.5% of the population of the country, 2010), the rest approx. 7.32 million people - immigrants (88.5%), among which immigrants from other Arab countries predominate. countries (24.4%), India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Nepal.
During 1968–2010, the population of the country increased almost 46 times (180.2 thousand people in 1968; 557.9 thousand people in 1975; 1622.3 thousand people in 1985; 2377.5 thousand people in 1995; 4106.4 thousand people in 2005). In 2012, the population growth was approx. 3.1%, Ch. arr. due to the influx of labor migrants (16.8 people per 1000 inhabitants; 5th place in the world). Since the 1990s the influx of illegal labor migrants is limited (in 1996, about 150 thousand people were deported, in 2003 - about 80 thousand people). The birth rate among UAE citizens is approx. 15.8 per 1000 inhabitants; mortality - approx. 2.0 (one of the lowest rates in the world); infant mortality - 11.6 per 1000 live births. The fertility rate is 2.4 children per woman. The age structure of the population is dominated by persons aged 15–65 years (78.6%; of which approx. 3/4 are immigrants), the proportion of children (under 15) is 20.5%, persons over 65 years of age are 0.9 %. Wed the age of the population is 30.2 years. Among the citizens of the UAE, there are 102 men for every 100 women (among immigrants - 293). Wed life expectancy is 76.7 years (men - 74.1 years, women - 79.4 years). Wed population density of 98.9 people / km 2 (2010), the vast majority of it is concentrated in large cities located hl. arr. along the coast. Share of mountains us. 97%. The largest cities (thousand people, 2013): Dubai 1843.3, Sharjah 989.3, Abu Dhabi 619.7, Al Ain 518.3, Ajman 265.0. According to the National bureau of statistics, the country's economy employs approx. 6.2 million people, of which approx. 93% are labor migrants. The employment rate of UAE citizens is 45%, immigrants - 79%. Among those employed in the service sector, 59% are employed, in industry - 33%, agriculture, forestry and fishing - 8%. Among those employed in the state sector, the share of UAE citizens is 52% (including in government institutions - up to 90%, in state commercial and financial organizations - up to 80%), in private companies - 4%. Main the sphere of employment of labor migrants is construction (about 48%). The unemployment rate among UAE citizens is estimated at 4.6% (2012; mainly young people under 25). Since 2002, the country's government has been taking measures against the so-called. emiratization of personnel - replacement of foreign. labor migrants by citizens of the UAE.
Religion
The vast majority of the population is Muslim (76%, 2010, estimate), of which 84% are Sunnis, including the indigenous population [mostly Maliki, as well as the Shafiites of Al-Batin and the Hanbalis of the oasis of Al-Ain (El-Buraimi; emirate Abu Dhabi)]; there are Ibadi communities in the east and south of the country (see Kharijites). State. the religion of all 7 emirates is Sunni Islam. Along with secular courts there are Sharia courts. The study of Islam is included in the school curriculum. The state contains up to 95% of all Sunni imams. Thanks to the massive influx of workers from Yuzh. and South East. Asia is growing number of religions. minorities represented by Shiites (16%, Zaidis and Imamis), Hindus (6%), Buddhists (5.9%), Catholics (5%), Protestants (4.1%), Sikhs and Bahais (4%), etc. 1 Hindu temple operates in Dubai; Catholic parishes are part of the Apostolic Vicariate of the South. Arabia; Orthodox are represented by the parishes of the Patriarchate of Antioch in Abu Dhabi and Dubai and the parish of St. Ap. Philip of the Russian Orthodox Church in Sharjah (established in 2005, temple - 2011). By prohibiting the preaching of other confessions, except Islam, punishing the transition of Muslims to other faiths, the authorities do not interfere in the internal. foreign affairs communities.
Historical outline
The southern coast of the Persian Gulf from ancient times to ser. 19 in
The territory of modern The UAE and Oman are one of the oldest centers of civilization. In the area of Mount Hafeet (Jebel Hafeet; Emirate of Abu Dhabi), burials dating back to the 5th-4th millennium BC have been found. e. The ancient inhabitants of the region were engaged in hunting, fishing and farming. Period approx. 2500-2000 in the ancient history of the UAE is called the Umm el-Nar culture (Umm-en-Nar; after the name of the island in the emirate of Abu Dhabi, on which numerous burials were found). The presence in the burials of ceramics from Mesopotamia, South. Iran, Balochistan, the Indus Valley testifies to the wide trade relations of the region. In the 3rd–2nd millennium BC. e. on part of the territory of the UAE was located the "kingdom of Magan", mentioned in ancient cuneiform sources from Mesopotamia. Copper, vegetables, reed, pearls were imported there from Magan.
From Ser. 1st millennium BC e. the region was included in Achaemenid state. From con. 4th c. after the conquests Alexander the Great he was drawn into the Hellenistic orbit. culture (state Seleucid). Silver and copper imitation coins were minted here with the image of the head of Alexander on one side and the figure of a seated Zeus on the other (later the inscription “Abiel” appears on these coins, presumably the name of the local ruler). Archaeological finds testify to the widely developed international. trade (amphoras from the Greek island of Rhodes, items made of Phoenician and Egyptian glass).
In con. The 1st millennium began the resettlement of the Arabs. tribes from the south and from the center of the Arabian Peninsula to the region of the Persian and Oman gulfs. In the 2nd century BC e. the region falls into the sphere of influence of the state of Haraken, which arose in the delta of the Tigris and Euphrates, from the middle. 3 in. n. e. belongs to the state Sassanid. Along with local cults, part of the population professed Nestorian Christianity (the ruins of the monastery were found on the island of Sir Bani Yas, the emirate of Abu Dhabi).
In 622, local tribes voluntarily converted to Islam, but after the death of Muhammad in 632, some of them rebelled. Near Dibba, the last battle of the "followers of the prophet" with the "apostates" took place, after which all of Arabia became Islamic, and its southeast. part entered the Arab. Caliphate. All R. 8th c. in the face of the weakening of the power of the caliphs from the Umayyad dynasty, the tribes of the South-East. Arabia overthrew their governor. The principalities that formed after that began to be ruled virtually independently. rulers; with con. 9th c. they were tributaries of the Abbasids. In the 10th century principalities of the south. coast of the Persian Gulf. became part of the Karmatian state, and after its collapse in the 11th century. became the object of the struggle between the Abbasids and the rising Oman, and by the 13th century. became a vassal of the latter. In the 13th century they were subjected to Hulaguid invasions, from the 2nd half. 15th c. were in the sphere of influence of the Ottoman Empire, but the remoteness from Istanbul allowed them to keep the actual. independence and be limited to paying tribute to the Sultan.
In the principalities of the South-East. Arabia maintained patriarchal orders. Fishing, pearling, oasis agriculture and nomadic pastoralism formed the basis of their economy. The pestilence continued to play an important role. trade, construction of small high-speed sailing ships was carried out in coastal centers. The slave trade has been widespread since ancient times. A new phenomenon in the life of the region was piracy, which was considered by the Arabs. tribes as a legitimate means of earning a livelihood. Subsequently, this area began to be designated in Europe. geographical maps like the Pirate Coast.
In the beginning. 16th century The Portuguese invaded the Persian and Oman Gulfs. The struggle between Portugal and the Ottoman Empire for dominance in the Southeast. Arabia continued until ser. 17th century and ended with the expulsion of the Portuguese. In the same period, the British, as well as Iran, joined the rivalry for influence in the region. In the 2nd floor. 17th century Arab. tribes of the Southeast. Arabia was united under its rule by the Omani Yarubid dynasty. Until con. 18th century The Omani imamate successfully resisted the penetration of Europeans. His fleet inflicted serious damage on the Brit fleet. East India Company (cf. East India companies).
In the 18th century from internal regions of Arabia, a new group of Arabs migrated to the coastal regions and to the coast of the Persian and Oman gulfs. tribes. In 1727, a large tribal association, the kawashim (kasimi), moved to the Musandam peninsula. Having subjugated the local tribes and seized the nearby islands and part of the coast in southwestern Iran, it switched to settled life and created a sheikhdom (tribal principality) with centers in Ras al-Khaimah and Sharjah (the ruling family is Al-Qasimi). Representatives of the Qawasim tribe were actively involved in the pestilence. robbery. By 1780, their fleet, numbering, according to dec. data, from 60 to several hundred small, but distinguished by high seaworthiness of sailing ships, practically paralyzed the sea. trade in Hormuz Strait. Attempts by the Omani imamat to defeat him were unsuccessful.
In the 1760s–90s. to the oases of El Liwa, El Salva and El Ain (El Buraimi), and from them on the coast of the Persian Gulf. 11 clans of the Bani-Yas tribe (Falahi, Falasi, Remeiti, Khameli, Suvaidi, Marar, Mazrui, Mekhairbi, Mehairi, Keamsi, Kubaesi), who were in alliance with the Manasir and Davahir tribes, migrated. In the beginning. 19th century this alliance was joined by the Amavir tribe, which roamed south and west of El Liwa. In 1761, Sheikh Diyab ibn Isa al-Nahyan, who belonged to the Falahi, founded on the coastal island. Abu Dhabi in Persian Hall. settlement, which became the center of one. sheikhs [the ruling family is Al-Nahyan (Al-Nahyan)]. In 1793, the Falasi, led by Sheikh Ubayd ibn Said, moved to the coast of Dubai Bay (Dibai) and founded their own. sheikhdom (the ruling family since 1833 - Al-Maktoum). Part of the south coast of the Persian Gulf., between Ras al-Khaimah and Sharjah, in the 2nd half. 18th century occupied by those who migrated from the interior. regions of Arabia, one of the clans of the Nuaimi tribe and the clan of Mualla from the tribe of al-ali (part of the union of Bani-malik tribes). The Nuaimi founded the sheikhdom of Ajman (the ruling clan is Al-Nuaimi), the Mualla - the sheikhdom of Umm al-Qaiwain (the ruling clan is Al-Mualla).
With the resettlement of tribes from the interior. regions of Arabia widespread in the region to the beginning. 19th century received Wahhabism (see Wahhabis), which promoted, among other things, the idea of unifying all Arabs. tribes and principalities of the peninsula into a single state. In 1800–03, the sheikhs of the Pirate Coast recognized the power over themselves of the Wahhabis of Najd.
In 1792, as a result of an exacerbation of internal contradictions Omani imamate collapsed. The rulers of Nejd, in alliance with the sheikhs of the Pirate Coast, started a war against the Sultanate of Muscat, which separated from its composition. In turn, Muscat received the support of the Brit. East India Company, with which in 1798 he concluded an agreement of friendship and trade. The fleets of Muscat and the British, under the pretext of fighting piracy and the slave trade, carried out regular raids against the principalities of the south. coast of the Persian Gulf. In 1806 Brit. The East India Company imposed a treaty on the Qawasim, under which they pledged to respect the flag and property of the company, but this treaty was not respected. With the defeat in 1818 of the Wahhabi state by the troops of Egypt. Pasha Muhammad Ali Brit. The East India Company, fearing an increase in influence in the South-East. Arabia, the Ottomans, significantly intensified the military. actions. In 1819, the British stormed Ras al-Khaimah and destroyed its fortifications. Following this, Umm al-Qaiwain, Sharjah and Dubai were captured and destroyed. In the beginning. 1820 Sheikhs of the Pirate Coast signed with Brit. The East India Company "General Peace Treaty", which marked the beginning of the subordination of the local principalities to the British. control. The stronghold of the British to the south. coast of the Persian Gulf. became Sharjah; from 1829 it also housed the headquarters of the Brit agent. East India Company.
Negotiated Oman
Relations between the sheikhs of the Pirate Coast were complicated. They fought against each other for the lands and areas of pearl fishing, which was the most important source of income. In the sheikhs themselves, the struggle for power did not subside. Using this, Brit. The East India Company tried to consolidate its influence in the region. In 1835, she imposed on the sheikhs the "First Maritime Agreement" on a truce for 6 months (for the pearling season), which was subsequently extended annually. In 1843, a new treaty was concluded, prolonging the term of the "First Naval Agreement" for 10 years and obliging the sheikhs to obey the decisions of the representatives of Brit. East India Company. In 1847, it was supplemented by another treaty, which gave the British the right to search ships suspected of piracy and the slave trade, as well as the right to act as arbitrators in conflicts at sea between local rulers. In May 1853, the British signed with the sheikh of Sharjah and Ras al-Khaimah, as well as with the sheikhs of Umm al-Qaiwain, Ajman, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, the "Treaty of Permanent Maritime Peace". Since that time, the Pirate Coast has become known as the Trucial Oman (DO; English Trucial Oman, lit. - Peaceful Oman), or the Treaty Coast. The agreements concluded in 1869 and 1898 and the "Exceptional Agreement" of 1892 marked the end. the establishment of the British protectorate over DO. Sheikhs pledged not to buy or sell weapons, not to conclude agreements with third countries, not to provide them with Ph.D. privileges and not to lease the territory without the consent of the Brit. government. Great Britain, for its part, undertook to protect the sheikhs from any attack from land and sea. Brits were stationed in Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah. troops. By agreement of 1911, Great Britain forbade sheikhs from granting concessions to anyone other than the British to fish for pearls and sponges in the waters of the DO. In international legal terms, it will exclude. British rights to DO secured the Anglo Tour. convention 1913.
With the death in 1866 of Sheikh Sultan I ibn Saqr al-Qasimi, the division of the Qawasim's possessions began. As a result of rivalry between his sons, independent families arose. Sheikhs of Sharjah, Ras al-Khaimah (1869), Dibba (1871) and Kalba (1871). In 1875, the Shamsi clan, which was related to the Nuaimi who ruled in Ajman, formed on the lands that were part of the Qawasim possessions, the sheikhdom of Hamria (the ruling family was Al-Shamsi). In 1876, Al-Fujairah actually separated from Sharjah, in power in which the sheikh of the Sharkiin tribe, who had previously been in alliance with the Qawasim, had long inhabited the Oman mountains and the Shimailya region on the coast of the Oman Sea, was established. In 1902, the Sheikhdom of Al-Fujairah (the ruling family - Al-Sharqi) officially declared independence from Sharjah. In 1915, the sheikhdom of Hira separated from Sharjah. The senior branch of Al-Qasimi, who ruled in Sharjah, waged a stubborn struggle for the reunification of the Qawasim lands, including the military, under their rule. methods (against Ras al-Khaimah and Al-Fujairah). In 1922, Sharjah returned Hamriya to its composition (retained partial autonomy as part of Sharjah until the 1960s), in 1942 - Hira, in 1951 - Dibba, in 1952 - Kalba. Having subjugated Ras al-Khaimah in 1900, she again lost it in 1912, and after recognizing the independence of Ras al-Khaimah, Brit. the government in 1921 was forced to renounce claims to it (the same applies to El-Fujairah, recognized by the British in 1952). However, despite the territorial losses, Sharjah up to the middle. 20th century remained the richest principality of the DO.
From the 2nd floor. 19th century in rivalry with Sharjah for the role of Ch. mall DO entered Dubai. In the beginning. 20th century he became the main brit.-ind. transit port shipping company. By the 1920s Dubai has become the largest trading center in the south. coast of the Persian Gulf., Dubai merchants monopolized the pearl trade in many cities of the Middle East and India.
From Ser. 19th century the rise of the sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi began. To the beginning 20th century it became the strongest in the military. relation to the principality of the DO, which also had a serious impact on the life of the Arabs. tribes int. regions of Oman and the desert of Rub al-Khali in the south of the Arabian Peninsula. Came to power in Abu Dhabi as a result of internal. Sheikh Zayed (Zaid) ibn Khalifa al-Nahyan (ruled 1855-1909) waged wars with Sharjah, Qatar, Nejd, as a result of which the territory of the sheikhdom increased 3 times.
Sheikhs of Ajman and Umm al-Qaywain in the 19th - 1st half. 20 centuries, despite the fact that they retained the role of Ch. shipbuilding center and Ch. centers of pearling, were the poorest principalities of the DO and were in the relative. isolation. Development of Umm al-Qaiwain in the 1900s–20s complicated by a sharp struggle for the throne between representatives of the ruling family.
A new period in the development of the DO principalities began with the opening in 1908 Persian Gulf oil and gas basin. In 1922, the British imposed an agreement on the sheikhs of the DOs, which limited their right to grant concessions for exploration and production of oil. In an effort to prevent competitors from entering the protectorate, they established the Petroleum Development (Trucial Сoast) Ltd. company. (a subsidiary of the British "Iraq Petroleum Company"), which in 1937-39 received concessions for the exploration and production of oil in Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Kalba, Ras al-Khaimah and Sharjah. However, due to the outbreak of World War II, exploration work was suspended and resumed only in the 1950s.
In con. 1920s - early. 1940s traditionally. the basis of the economy of the sheikhs DO - fishing and export of pearls - was dealt a crush. hit. First, the global economic the crisis of 1929–33 caused a drop in demand for pearls, and then natural pearls were forced out on the world market by cheap cultured pearls. By 1946, income from pearl fishing in the Persian Hall. fell by 60 times compared to 1925. The economy of the Sheikhs of the Far East was able to get out of the deepest crisis only with the start of oil production in the 1960s.
The intense rivalry between the powers for the oil wealth of the Middle East region prompted the British. the government, in order to strengthen its positions, put forward a plan to create a federal Arab under its control. state-va, which was supposed to include the states of the Persian Gulf., as well as Palestine, Transjordan and Iraq. However, this plan ran into resistance in the Arabs. world, including in DO.
During the years of the 2nd World War, the sheikhs of the DO adhered to a policy of neutrality. Upon graduation, Brit. the authorities began to make efforts to integrate them in order to create a more effective system for managing the protectorate, protecting its territory (the borders of the DO with Oman, Muscat and Saudi Arabia, as well as the borders between the sheikhs, were not clearly defined) and ending the wars between the rulers (the most serious the conflict broke out in 1947-1949 between Abu Dhabi and Dubai). They granted the sheikhs the status of emirates (their rulers, however, retained the traditional title of sheikhs). At the same time, steps were taken to create a unified police, armed. forces, customs service and monetary system DO.
Internal political Since 1949, the situation in the DO has been seriously complicated by rivalry on the territory of the protectorate, especially in the oasis of El Ain (El Buraimi), between the Iraq Petroleum Company and the Anglo-French company that replaced it in 1953. consortium, on the one hand, and California-Arabian Standard Oil Co. [later renamed to "Arabian American Oil Company" ("Aramco")] - on the other, which was Saudi. subsidiary of the Amer. Corporation «Standard Oil Co. of California". In 1952 Saudi troops occupied Al Ain (El Buraimi), after the failure of lengthy negotiations, the troops of Abu Dhabi and Muscat, with the support of the British in October. 1955 forced them out of the oasis.
In 1958, the first oil fields in the DO were discovered in Abu Dhabi: offshore - Umm Shaif (near Das Island) and onshore - in the town of Bab (near the city of Tarif; oil export from Abu Dhabi began in 1962). In subsequent years, a number of large fields were discovered in this emirate (Zakum, Abu el-Bukhush, Mubarraz, Bunduk), which brought it into the category of leading oil-producing states, whose oil reserves, according to con. 1960s, were approx. 10-13% of the world (in 2009 - 7.3%). In 1967, the emirate of Abu Dhabi joined OPEC (subsequently, this membership was transferred to the UAE). In 1966, oil in the commercial. volumes was found in Dubai at sea. Fateh field (in operation since 1969), in the 1970s–1980s. open other sea. deposits - South-West. Fateh, Falah, Rashid and land Margam. However, Dubai was almost 25 times inferior to Abu Dhabi in terms of the amount of discovered oil reserves. In Sharjah, small oil fields were discovered only in 1972 (offshore field Mubarek-1; in operation since 1974) - beg. 1980s (onshore field Sajaa), in Ras al-Khaimah, oil production is negligible. volumes began in 1985.
The discovery of oil, which coincided with the growth of the independence movement in the Middle East region, caused an aggravation of the political. situations in DO. In 1961-1963, an anti-British movement unfolded in a number of emirates. In 1962, Sheikh Sharjah Saqr III ibn Sultan al-Qasimi (reigned from 1951) granted a concession to carry out geological exploration work on the territory of the emirate of Amer. oil company, he was followed by the Sheikh of Ras al-Khaimah Saqr ibn Mohammed al-Qasimi (reigned 1948–2010). Oct. 1964 bypassing Brit. authorities, the Arab League commission, with the consent of the rulers of Ras al-Khaimah and Sharjah, visited these emirates. Dissatisfied with the actions of local rulers, Brit. the authorities initiated the overthrow of the Sheikh of Sharjah (deposed on 24.6.1965), an attempt was made on the life of the Sheikh of Ras al-Khaimah. In July 1965, the British held a meeting of sheikhs of the DOs in Dubai, at which a decision was made to form the Council of Economics. development, and considered projects designed to promote farms. the rise of the emirates. It was planned to lay the costs of project financing on the emirate of Abu Dhabi, which began to receive funds. income from oil exports. However, his sheikh Shahbut II ibn Sultan al-Nahyan (reigned from 1928) refused to allocate funds to his neighbors. On August 6, 1966, he was removed from power, Zayed (Zaid) II ibn Sultan al-Nahyan, who was a supporter of the transformation of the DO into a centralized federal state, was elevated to the throne in Abu Dhabi.
Under conditions of progressive decay british empire On January 16, 1968, the British government announced the withdrawal to the end. 1971 troops from the areas "east of Suez" and the subsequent granting of independence to their Asians. possessions, including in the Persian Hall. At the same time, Brit. the authorities tried to return to the plan of creating a controlled Arab association. states, this time consisting of 7 emirates DO, Bahrain and Qatar. On March 1, 1968, the formation of the Arab Federation was announced. Emirates (FAE). However, due to contradictions between the participants up to Ser. 1971 The FAE was never created: the rulers of Dubai, Ras al-Khaimah and Qatar insisted on preserving the means. autonomy of states within the federation, while Qatar and Bahrain, having a more developed economy and surpassing the emirates of the DO in terms of population, refused to recognize the equality of all members of the federation. They actively opposed the plans to create the FAE Saud. Arabia, Kuwait and especially Iran. As a result, Bahrain, Qatar and DO have set a course for independent education. states.
UAE since 1971
Sheikh Abu Dhabi Zayed II ibn Sultan al-Nahyan and Sheikh Dubai Rashid II ibn Said al-Maktoum signed an agreement on the union of the two principalities on 18.7.1971, which was to become the core of the future unification of the emirates of the DO. In the following days, the sheikhs of Ajman, Umm al-Qaiwain, Sharjah and Fujairah joined this alliance. The rulers of the 6 emirates signed the provisional constitution (came into force on December 2, 1971; the permanent constitution was adopted on May 20, 1996). The sheikh of Ras al-Khaimah refused to join the alliance. Dr. Arab. state-va and Great Britain declared their readiness to recognize the new state-in. Iran and Saud. Arabia refused to do so, pointing out the existence of territorial claims against Abu Dhabi, Sharjah and other emirates. 11/30/1971 Iran occupied the strategically important and oil-rich islands of Big Tomb (Tombe-Bozorg), Small Tomb (Tombe-Kuchek) (belonged to Ras al-Khaimah) and Abu Musa (belonged to Sharjah). Saud. Arabia began negotiations with Abu Dhabi on the ownership of the oasis of El Ain (El Buraimi).
At a conference in Dubai on December 2, 1971, an independent state of the UAE was proclaimed, its president was elected by the Supreme Council of Rulers Zayed II ibn Sultan al-Nahyan (later this post was actually assigned to the sheikh of the strongest in economic terms, the largest in area and population of the emirate of Abu Dhabi; with the death in November 2004 of Zayed II ibn Sultan al-Nahyan, his son Khalifa II ibn Zayed ibn Sultan al-Nahyan became the president of the UAE), vice-president and head of government - Rashid II ibn Saeed al-Maktoum (since 1971, this post has actually been assigned to the sheikh of the second in terms of economic potential, area and population of the emirate of Dubai; Rashid II ibn Saeed al-Maktoum, who died in October 1990, was replaced in this post by his son Maktoum III ibn Rashid al-Maktoum, and after his death in Jan. 2006 - Mohammed ibn Rashid al-Maktoum). On Independence Day, the United Kingdom concluded a Treaty of Friendship with the UAE, which annulled all previous agreements concluded between the emirates - members of the UAE and the British. government, and provided for "carrying out, if necessary, mutual consultations on all issues of interest to both parties." On December 6, 1971, the UAE was admitted to the Arab League, and on December 9, 1971, to the UN. On February 11, 1972, the Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah joined the United Arab Emirates.
The basis of the economy of the new state-va and Ch. oil became his wealth. In 1971, the national UAE oil company Abu Dhabi National Oil Company. In 1972, the UAE government established for foreign (British, Dutch, French, American, Japanese) companies involved in the exploration and development of oil fields, concession payments for the exploitation of the territory and obliged to transfer 55% of oil revenues to the treasury of the emirates. Since 1974, 25% of the shares of foreign companies have been transferred to the emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. companies, by 1982 this share had risen to 51%. Thanks to oil revenues and skillful investment in the development of industry, p. x-va, education numerous. free economic zones of the UAE in the shortest possible time were able to achieve major success in the development of the economy and social sphere, to ensure a high degree of internal political. stability.
Relations between the emirates from the first days of the existence of the UAE have not been without controversy. An intense rivalry for leadership in the federation unfolded between the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi, a supporter of increased centralization and raising the status of the federal government, and the Sheikh of Dubai, who advocated the preservation of meaning. emirates independence. This rivalry was reflected in the ongoing struggle for the distribution of posts in the government, as well as on issues of unification of the armed forces. forces of the emirates and subjugation of their center. government, on the transfer to the federal authorities of police, security, immigration and information. Although to the con. 1970s supporters of centralization managed to achieve some success (full integration of the armed forces of the emirates, however, did not take place), and by 1996 to resolve the issue of the capital of the UAE (it became the city of Abu Dhabi; an article on construction halfway between Dubai was removed from the Constitution and Abu Dhabi, the future capital of the federation, Karama), however, the rivalry between Abu Dhabi and Dubai has not stopped.
The lack of unity between the emirates and ext. looseness of the federation in the 1970s–1980s repeatedly appeared in different spheres. In 1978–79, the question of eliminating the internal borders, the unification of the budgets of the emirates, etc., caused an acute internal political. crisis. It was possible to preserve the unity of the federation only thanks to active intermediaries. the efforts of the Arab League and especially Kuwait. During the period Iran–Iraq War 1980–88 Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah and Fujairah supported Iraq, while Dubai, Umm Al Qaiwain and Sharjah sided with Iran. In June 1987, the dynastic the dispute in Sharjah again almost led to the collapse of the federation.
An important factor influencing the development of the UAE has been and remains the problem of settling territorial disputes with neighboring states. In 1974, as a result of lengthy negotiations, the emirate of Abu Dhabi concluded with Saud. Arabia, an agreement under which the latter recognized the rights of Abu Dhabi and Oman to the oasis of El Ain (El Buraimi), and the authorities of Abu Dhabi provided Saud. Arabia, a land corridor for access to the waters of the Persian Gulf, as well as a share in the development of a disputed oil field. However, these agreements, many of whose points were never made public, apparently did not resolve the entire complex of contradictions between the two states and their mutual territorial claims. In 2004 Saud. Arabia has annexed the corridor granted to it, thus creating difficulties for land communication between the UAE and Qatar. Following this, she claimed the rights to the oil-rich part of the Persian Gulf. between the UAE and Qatar, which eventually led in March 2010 to a military clash in the area of the navies of the two states.
Up to the beginning 2000s border disputes between the UAE and Oman continued. In 1978 armed. The forces of Ras al-Khaimah attempted to seize the disputed territory belonging to Oman, but were rebuffed by him. In 1999, an agreement on the border was signed between the UAE and Oman, but the line of its passage in the section of the emirates of Sharjah and Ras al-Khaimah remained uncertain. Nov. 2000 The UAE and Qatar settled the issue of delimiting their possessions in the Persian Gulf.
The issue of returning the islands of Abu Musa, Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb to their jurisdiction has acquired particular urgency for the UAE. In 2000, Iran declared them an integral part of its territory. Attempts by the UAE government, relying on the support of the Arab League and the UN Security Council, to oppose Iran's annexation of these islands have not been successful.
Since its founding, the UAE has been pursuing an active foreign policy, center. place in which is the development of cooperation with the Arab. states of the Persian Gulf., other Arab. countries and the Islamic world as a whole. By disposing means. financial resources, the UAE participates extensively in UN humanitarian assistance programs. After the fall of the Shah's regime in Iran in 1979, Iran-Iraq began. In 1981, the UAE, together with 5 other monarchies in the region, established the Arab Cooperation Council in order to prevent destabilization of the situation. states of the Persian Hall. (SSAGPZ), which turned into a military-political. and economic integration association. During Kuwait Crisis 1990–91 The UAE has severed the diplomatic relations with Iraq (restored in 1998), took part in the US-led anti-Iraq coalition, and after the liberation of Kuwait supported sanctions against Iraq. During the operation of the international coalition against Iraq in 2003, the UAE remained neutral (but provided its territory for the deployment of coalitions. forces), after its completion they rendered the new government of Iraq a mean. financial and humanitarian aid. From con. 1970s The UAE supported dec. Afghan groups. Mujahideen, in 1997 along with Pakistan and Saud. Arabia recognized the Taliban regime. After the terrorist On September 11, 2001, in New York and Washington, the UAE government severed relations with the Taliban and allocated units to the International. Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. Active support from the UAE was received by Islamist forces in the countries of the Middle East, covered by the movement “Arab. spring." Armament divisions. UAE forces along with the military units of Qatar in 2011 took part in the civil. war in Libya on the side of the National. transition council. The UAE traditionally supports the Palestinian movement, stands for Israel's strict implementation of UN Security Council resolutions, and provides financial assistance on an ongoing basis. Palestinian national administration .
Main Attention in the defense policy of the UAE is paid to strengthening allies. relations with the USA and others. countries. In 1994, the Emirates government signed a military treaty. cooperation with the USA, in 1995 - with France. On the territory of the emirates there is a number of military-sea. and military-air. US, French and British bases.
Diplomatic relations between the USSR and the UAE were established on December 8, 1971; the USSR embassy in Abu Dhabi was opened in 1986, the UAE embassy in Moscow - in 1987. In December. 1991 The UAE officially recognized Russia as the legal successor of the USSR. From the beginning 1990s between the Russian Federation and the UAE is supported by an active political. dialogue, reinforced by rich contacts in dec. lines. On September 10, 2007, the first official meeting in the history of Russian-Emirati relations took place. visit of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the United Arab Emirates, 30–31.3.2009 Russia from the official. visited by Vice President, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates Sheikh Dubai Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. Bilateral economic agreements are actively developing. relations that are governed by intergovernmental. by agreement dated 2.1.1990. In 1994 the Intergovernmental Council was established. Ros.-Emirates Commission on trade, economic. and tech. cooperation (2 meetings were held: in March 1997 in Abu Dhabi, in June 2010 in Moscow), since 2006 the Ros.-Emirates Business Council has been operating. UAE are Ch. trade and economic partner of the Russian Federation among the countries of the Persian Hall. (trade turnover between Russia and the UAE in 2010 amounted to 950 million dollars). In 2011, the volume of mutual investments exceeded 22.2 billion dollars (the volume of Emirati investments in the Russian Federation is about 18 billion dollars). Approx. 400 joint firms and companies with the participation of growing. entrepreneurs, a number of important joint projects are being implemented both in the UAE and in Russia.
economy
The UAE is a steadily developing state. The volume of GDP is 271.2 billion dollars (according to purchasing power parity, 2012; since 2002 it has increased almost 3.8 times), per capita of St. $32,000 Human Development Index 0.818 (2013; 42nd among 187 countries). In the structure of GDP, industry accounts for 56.1%, services - 43.1%, agriculture and forestry, fisheries - 0.8% (2012). Real GDP growth 4.0% (2012; 1.3% in 2010; 7.4% in 2008; 8.5% in 2004).
At the turn of the 1950s–60s. the development of oil and natural gas fields has begun, from the end. 1960s hydrocarbon production became the basis of the country's economy. From con. 1970s a policy of diversification was pursued. economy aimed at the development of non-oil industries. By the 1990s the oil and gas industry has lost its leading position in the economy; due to fluctuations in world oil prices, its share changed, but did not exceed 40% (27% of GDP in 2002; 37% in 2008; 29% in 2009; according to plans, by 2020 it will be 20%). In the 2000s revenues of the oil and gas sector were directed to equalize the level of socio-economic. development department emirates, strengthening the country's defense capability (up to 1 / 4 of the national budget expenditures), social needs (primarily for the construction of free housing) and the implementation of international. ecological programs. Part of the proceeds from oil exports were transferred to the "oil" reserve fund (about $ 900 billion by the beginning of the 2010s - one of the largest in the world; managed by the country's leading investment agency Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, ADIA; founded in 1976).
The UAE plays an important role in international the movement of capital. The total volume of accumulated direct foreign investment is approx. 360 billion dollars (according to estimates, in 2003–08 the country was their 3rd recipient in Southwest Asia after Saudi Arabia and Turkey). In 2012, the total amount of investments placed by the UAE abroad was approx. $580 billion and private companies in the country own large stakes in a number of foreign countries. oil and petrochemical companies, pipeline construction companies, airlines, commercial banks, as well as oil refining, chemical. factories, etc.
To the beginning 2010s within the framework of the program of diversification of nat. economy in the emirate of Abu Dhabi, the industrial zone "Mussafa", the port-industrial zone "Khalifa" were created; in the emirate of Dubai - industrial zones "El Kuzais", "Ras al Khor", "Jabal Ali" ("Jebel Ali"), "textile city of Dubai"; in the emirate of Sharjah - Sharjah industrial zones, SHAIF and Hamriya free zone. High-tech production is developing in the so-called. the ecologically clean city of Masdar in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and in the El Muhaisna (Sonapur) sector in the Emirate of Dubai (the total cost of completed projects is about 350 billion dollars).
Industry
Oil production is 154.4 million tons (2011); OK. 95% falls on the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Main deposits: on land - Bab, Bu-Khasa, Asab, Sahil, Shah; shelf - Umm-Shaif, Zakum, Khuff, Bunduk, Abu el-Bukhush. Production is controlled by the state. Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC; with a number of specialized subsidiaries and in cooperation with major foreign oil companies). The second significant oil producer is the Emirate of Dubai (fields: onshore - Margam; offshore - Fateh, Rashid, Falah; production is carried out by a consortium of foreign companies "Dupetco").
OK. 75% of oil is exported (mainly to Japan, European countries and the USA). In terms of export volumes, the UAE is ranked 5th in the world after Saudi Arabia. Arabia, Russia, Iran, Iraq. Large oil export port complexes have been created in the emirates of Abu Dhabi [as part of the mainland ports of Er Ruwais (El Ruwais), Jabal ez Zanna (Jabal Danna) and the island ports of Mubarraz, Az Zarqa (Zirku) and Das] and Dubai (Jabal Ali).
Natural gas is being produced, including associated oil (60.4 billion m 3 in total, 2011). OK. 95% of production falls on the emirate of Abu Dhabi (the main field is the offshore Khuff). Mining does not cover the int. country's needs (82 billion m 3 , 2011); the deficit is made up by imports of natural gas from Qatar (20.7 billion m 3; supplied through the gas pipeline Ras Laffan - Tawila - El Fujairah) and other countries (about 1.1 billion m 3; in liquefied form). At the same time, the UAE exports liquefied natural gas (7.65 bcm, 2011; to Japan, India, Kuwait and Taiwan). Gas liquefaction plants are located on about. Das (capacity 6 million tons of liquefied natural gas, 2.7 million tons of liquefied associated petroleum gas and 1 million tons of other products) and in Jabal Ali. A number of state and private companies of the country (primarily the state-owned industrial conglomerate Mubadala Development Company) are involved in the development of oil and natural gas fields in other countries, including Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Iraq, Egypt, Turkmenistan, states of the Southeast. Asia.
The UAE has large oil and natural gas processing facilities. Oil refineries operate in the cities of Er Ruwais (capacity 20 million tons of crude oil per year; a new plant with a capacity of 20.85 million tons is being built, the launch is scheduled for 2013), Umm al-Nar (located near Abu Dhabi; 4.5 Mt) (both in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi; owned by Abu Dhabi Oil Refining Company), Jabal Ali (Emirate of Dubai; 6 Mt; expanding to 7 Mt; Emirates National Oil Company, ENOC), Hamriya (Emirate of Sharjah; approx. 1.2 Mt) and Fujairah (Emirate of Fujairah; 4.5 Mt). Gas processing plants operate in the cities of Ruwais (capacity 6.75 million tons) and Ras al-Khaimah (small installations).
The installed capacity of power plants is 23.25 thousand MW (2009). Electricity production 83.3 billion kWh (2010), including approx. 100% at thermal power plants (98% run on natural gas), all combined with sea desalination plants. water (over 2/3 of the water demand is provided by its desalination). The largest thermal power plants were built in the emirate of Abu Dhabi, including as part of the Taweelah complex [Taweelah A (capacity 500 MW), Taweelah A1 (1430 MW), Taweelah A2 (710 MW), " Taweelah B (970 MW), Taweelah C (750 MW)]; in the cities of Abu Dhabi ["Shuweihat S1" (1615 MW), "Shuweihat S2" (1500 MW)], Umm Al Nar ["Umm Al Nar I" (850 MW), "Umm Al Nar II" (1550 MW)], Al Mirfa (1100 MW), Ruwais (500 MW), Al Ain (656 MW); 250 km west of Abu Dhabi, the Shuweihat S3 thermal power plant (1600 MW; start-up is scheduled for 2014) is under construction. A large thermal power plant operates in the emirate of Dubai in Jabal Ali (2000 MW); One of the world's largest thermal power plants, Hassyan, is being built in Dubai (9,000 MW; commissioning of the 1st stage in 2014). In the emirate of Fujairah, the Fujairah F2 thermal power plant (2000 MW) was built (2011). Since 2009, with the participation of cor. Korea Electric Power Corporation is building the Braqa nuclear power plant (53 km southwest of the city of Er Ruwais; 4 power units with a capacity of 1400 MW; start-up is scheduled for 2020). 50 km south of the city of Dubai, a solar station named after. Mohammed ibn Rashid al-Maktoum (area 48 km 2; total capacity 1000 MW; completion of construction in 2030).
The leading branches of the manufacturing industry are chemical, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, construction. materials, light and food grade.
Ferrous metallurgy is focused on meeting internal requirements. demand and uses preim. imported raw materials (rolled blanks are imported from Turkey, Qatar and other countries, scrap metal from Iran, India, Pakistan, etc., iron ore concentrate from India, Brazil, Mauritania, etc.). In the 1990s–2000s large steel-rolling plants and blast-furnace metallurgy enterprises have been built. Installed capacity of enterprises approx. 8.9 million tons (2010). Ch. centers: industrial zone "Mussafa" [plants - blast-furnace metallurgy (capacity 1600 thousand tons of sponge iron), steel-smelting (1400 thousand tons) and three rolling (360 thousand tons of rolled billets, 620 thousand tons of building fittings, 480 thousand tons of steel rods and wire) of the Emirates Steel company, blast furnace metallurgy (250 thousand tons of sponge iron) and rolling (400 thousand tons of construction fittings) of the Al Nasser Industrial Enterprises company, rolling companies of the Union Iron & Steel Company "(500 thousand tons of steel bar) and "Al Ghurair Iron & Steel" (350 thousand tons of wire rod, strip and sheet)]; Hamriya Free Zone [rolling mills of Hamriyah Steel FZC (80% stake in the Russian company Metalloinvest; 1 million tons of construction rebar), Star Steel International (360 thousand tons of construction rebar) and ind. Essar Steel (1 million tons of long products, including galvanized steel)]; Jabal-Ali industrial zone [rolling plants of Alam Steel (500 thousand tons of steel beams, construction fittings and wire rod) and Conares Metal Supply (400 thousand tons of steel beams, construction fittings and pipes)] and the port-industrial zone "Khalifa" (rolling plants of the company "Al Nasser Industrial Enterprises"; total capacity of 560 thousand tons of building fittings). A significant part of rolled products is imported (6.7 million tons, 2010).
Non-ferrous metallurgy is represented by the aluminum industry, which develops on the basis of imported raw materials (alumina is imported mainly from Australia) and is oriented towards the export of products (mainly to Japan). There are the Dubai Aluminum Smelter (1979; Jabal Ali industrial zone; capacity of 950 thousand tons of primary aluminum in 2011, expanding to 2.5 million tons by 2015) and the Abu Dhabi Aluminum Plant (2009; port industrial zone " Khalifa"; capacity - 800 thousand tons of primary aluminum in 2011, expanding to 1.3 million tons by 2014). Refineries have been built in the cities of Dubai and Sharjah (with a capacity of 400 tons and 25 tons of pure gold per year, respectively).
Large petrochemical complexes were created in the cities of Er-Ruwais [production of ethylene (capacity 2 million tons; planned to be increased to 4.5 million tons), ethylene dichloride (520 thousand tons), synthetic. resins and plastics, soda (440 thousand tons), ammonia (460 thousand tons), carbamide (800 thousand tons)] and Jabal-Ali [ethane, chlorine, ethylene, propylene, ammonia (330 thousand tons) and urea (30 thousand tons)]. Main part of the production is exported. There are several dozens of enterprises for the production of varnishes and paints with a total capacity of approx. 130 thousand tons (25% of products are exported; the UAE imports some components for their production), a number of pharmaceuticals. factories
Mechanical engineering traditionally specializes in the repair of large (predominantly liquid) and the construction of small seas. courts. The leading enterprise is a dry dock in the port of Mina Rashid in the Emirate of Dubai (one of the largest in the world, repair of ships with a displacement of up to 1 million gross tons). As part of the diversification of the national economy began the development of aviation. prom-sti and automotive industry. In 2010, the plant of the Strata company in Al-Ain (production of components for the European company EADS) and the plant of vehicles indus were put into operation. Ashok Leyland in Ras al-Khaimah (assembly of trucks). The industry has St. 40 small enterprises for the production and repair of air conditioners, will distribute. electrical panels, etc.
Ch. the center for the production of paper and products from it (imported wood pulp and waste paper are used as raw materials) - the Jabal-Ali industrial zone.
Industry is building. materials based on own. raw materials. Numerous are in operation. builds workshops and small manufacturing plants. blocks, marble slabs, plastic pipes and water tanks, tiles, tiles, etc. ceramic. products (RAK Ceramics is one of the world's largest ceramics manufacturers). Builds. the boom that began in the 1990s led to a mean. increasing the volume of cement production (8.0 million tons in 2005; 18.0 million tons in 2008; 26.6 million tons in 2011). The leading producers are Ras al-Khaimah, Abu Dhabi [plants in the cities of Abu Dhabi (2.5 million tons) and Al Ain (2.2 million tons)], Al Fujairah (plant in the city of Abu Dhabi). Dibba - 4.6 million tons). Int. cement consumption is approx. 12.0 million tons (2011; 12.5 million tons in 2005; 21.7 million tons in 2008); its surpluses are exported to Ch. arr. to the neighboring countries of the Persian Gulf.
Light industry is represented by several large and dozens of small textile, clothing, leather and shoe factories. Main the centers of production are the emirates of Dubai (“the textile city of Dubai” and the Jabal Ali industrial zone), Sharjah and Ajman. On modern large enterprises employ predominantly. young women from Sri Lanka. Main Part of the production is exported to the USA and Europe. countries.
Among the enterprises of the food industry (a total of approx. 200, with a number of employees over 10 people) is a large sugar refinery in the city of Al-Khalij (Emirate of Dubai; processing of raw sugar from Brazil and India), several. mills, factories for the production of dairy (the largest - in the emirate of Dubai), meat and fish products, grows. and butter, canned vegetables and fruits (the main center is the city of Al-Ain), cools. drinks.
OK. 1 / 2 of the publishing houses and printers of the UAE are based in Dubai, satisfying the needs of the local market in print products and advertising.
Agriculture
The development of the agricultural sector is limited by the shortage of cultivable land and periodic locust invasions. OK. 70% of food is imported, due to domestic production, it means. part of the needs for milk (more than 90%), eggs (70%), vegetables and fruits (50%), poultry meat (45%), fish. Processed approx. 3% of the country's territory (250 thousand hectares in 2008; approx. 92% irrigated), of which approx. 3/4 falls on the share of perennial plantations. Small agricultural enterprises predominate. enterprises (total about 22 thousand farms). Main districts of agricultural production - oases, b. h. of which is located on the Ruus el-Jibal peninsula and along the west. slopes of the Hajar mountains. Ch. s.-x. culture - date palm, b. h. landings are concentrated in the oasis of El Liwa (the emirate of Abu Dhabi). The gross harvest of dates is 900 thousand tons (2011; 4th place in the world after Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Iran), export - 237.9 thousand tons (1st place in the world). Cultivated (thousand tons): tomatoes (159.6), cucumbers (26.2), hot peppers (8.2), potatoes, eggplants, zucchini, onions, cabbage, carrots and greens; the leading area of production - pos. Diqdaka (Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah). Among others with. - x. crops - gourds (32.6 thousand tons; main arr. watermelons and pumpkin), mango and guava (13.0 thousand tons), citrus fruits (7.6 thousand tons). In animal husbandry, intensive dairy cattle breeding (stall keeping of cattle; the main areas are the Al Ain oasis in the emirate of Abu Dhabi and the village of Al Khawanij in the emirate of Dubai) and poultry farming are distinguished. Small cattle and camels are grazed on desert pastures. Meat production 96.4 thousand tons (including poultry meat 41.9%, camel meat 34.2%, goat meat 14.2%), milk 125.4 thousand tons (including camel meat 33.8%, goat 33.5%, cow 18.7%), eggs - 435 million pieces.
Annual catch of fish (including sharks) approx. 88 thousand tons. The state supports traditions. fishing, providing fishermen with free repair and maintenance of vessels. Fishing is one of the main sources of income in the emirates of Umm al-Qaiwain (a National Mariculture Center has been created here, where fish and shrimp are grown) and Ajman.
The country's greening program is being implemented. Tree seedlings are distributed free of charge among households, companies receive contracts for planting forests on the plots of the square. 200–300 ha.
Services sector
An actively developing sector of the economy; leading industries: state. management, financial activities (banking, insurance, real estate transactions, etc.), foreign tourism, wholesale and retail trade. The banking sector is represented by the Center. bank of the United Arab Emirates (founded in 1973; current status since 1980), 23 local banks (including national banks of 7 emirates) and 28 foreign. banks. B. h. banks are registered in the cities of Dubai and Abu Dhabi. There are 49 companies in the insurance business, the largest ones are the National. insurance company of Abu Dhabi and Nat. general insurance company (Dubai). A financial center (ADFC) was created in Abu Dhabi, it includes a stock exchange (ADX; 2000); in Dubai - Dubai International financial center (DIFC; 2002), the largest between Zap. Europe and East. Asia, within which the stock exchange operates (DSX; 2004), intl. the NASDAQ Dubai Financial Exchange (founded in 2005 as DIFX), the Commodity Exchange (DME; 2005) and the Diversified Commodity Exchange (DMCC; 2002).
Much attention is paid to the development of tourism. business and related hotel industry (providing approx. 8% of UAE GDP). Main types of tourism: beach, cultural, educational, business, event, sports. In terms of the development of the tourism industry, the leading positions are occupied by the emirates of Dubai (30% of the GRP of the emirate; 7.6 million tourists; 43.4 thousand hotel rooms, 2010) and Abu Dhabi (2.7 million tourists and 25 thousand rooms, 2012). ). Among the most famous tourist objects - in the emirate of Dubai: arts. islands (under construction by Nakheel) Palm Jumeirah (so-called 1st palm; 24 km southwest of the center of Dubai; 2009, a number of facilities commissioned in 2010), Palm Jabal Ali (Palm Jebel Ali, 2nd palm, with a linear group of islands in the west of Dubai Waterfront; 44 km southwest), Palm Deira (3rd palm; 5 km north), World (" Mir, repeats the contours of the continents; 15 km to the west), Dubailand amusement park (since the end of 2008, the construction of the last 4 projects has been mothballed), shopping and entertainment. Mall of the Emirates complex (20 km southwest; 2005; area approx. 600 thousand m 2; with ski slope); in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi: Arts. Saadiyat Islands (“Island of Happiness”; 10–11 km northeast of the center of Abu Dhabi) and Yas (24 km east) with amusement parks, museum complexes and sports facilities class. Festivals are held in the emirate of Abu Dhabi: an international ride on cars and motorcycles on the dunes (in the oasis of El Liwa; January), water sports "Mirfa" (in the city of El Mirfa; March - April), dates "Liva" (in the oasis of El Liwa; July), camels "El Dhafra" (in the city of Madinat Zayid; December) and falconry (in the city of Al Ain; December). Main venues for international business meetings, symposiums, exhibitions, fairs - exhibition centers in the cities of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah and Al Fujairah.
Transport
In the inner freight and passenger traffic, the leading role belongs to road transport. The total length of the roads of St. 4 thousand km (2008, of which about 250 km are expressways). Main highway - so-called. Coast Highway: Saud border. Arabia - Al-Sila - Ruwais - El Mirfa - Tariff - Abu Dhabi [Al Ain Branch - Sohar (Oman) - Muscat (Oman)] - Dubai (Shinas Branch - Muscat) - Sharjah - Ajman - Umm al-Qaiwain - Ras al-Khaimah. Mor. transport is b. h. foreign trade cargo transportation. The UAE belongs to approx. 60 sea vessels (more than half are tankers; 2010); under the flags of other countries (including Panama, the Bahamas, Liberia) St. 270 ships. Ch. universal sea. ports - in the emirates of Dubai (the port of Jabal Ali, including the port of Mina Rashid, in terms of the total turnover of containers - more than 11 million TEU containers per year - is among the ten largest container ports in the world) and Abu Dhabi [the port of Zayed (Zayed, Zayid). There are 41 airports (2010, including 25 with paved runways). International airports in the cities of Dubai (in terms of passenger traffic it ranks 20th in the world, in terms of cargo transportation - 11th), Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, El Ain. The leading airline is Emirates (the largest in the Middle East). The length of the main pipelines is approx. 4.7 thousand km, including gas pipelines 2.35 thousand km, oil pipelines 1.44 thousand km (2010). In 2012, a large export oil pipeline Khabshan (Emirate of Abu Dhabi) - El Fujairah was built (with a capacity of 75 million tons of oil per year; in the future, 90 million tons). The metro operates in Dubai (launched in 2009), is being built in Abu Dhabi (commissioning in 2015). In 2010, the construction of a transnational high-speed railway with a length of St. 1200 km (border with Saudi Arabia - Abu Dhabi - Dubai - Sharjah - Ajman - Umm al-Qaiwain - Al-Fujairah - Ras al-Khaimah - border with Oman); The 1st stage is planned to be completed in 2014, the entire project - by 2030.
International trade
The volume of foreign trade turnover is 520.9 billion dollars (2012), including exports of 300.6 billion dollars, imports of 220.3 billion dollars. The commodity structure of exports is dominated by oil and oil products (45% of the value); among others - liquefied natural gas, aluminum, clothing, petrochemicals. products, dates, cement, dried and dried fish, pearls. Biggest buyers (%, 2011): Japan 16.2, India 13.5, Iran 10.9, Republic of Korea 5.6, Thailand 5.5, Singapore 4.4. Prom. equipment (including various components and assemblies), vehicles, electronic devices and household appliances, decomp. chemicals and synthetics materials, hardware, gold, food, consumer goods. Top Suppliers (%, 2011): India 19.8, China 12.7, US 8.1, Germany 4.6. Trading companies in the UAE (predominantly from the Emirate of Dubai) are actively involved in re-export trade.
Military establishment
Armed. Forces (AF) of the UAE have 51 thousand people. (2011) and consist of the Ground Forces (SV), Air Force and Navy (formally, the Armed Forces of the Emirates were united in 1976, the General Staff is located in Abu Dhabi), in addition, the Emirate of Dubai has 2 departments. motorized infantry brigades (about 15 thousand people), other emirates also retain relatively independent small units; paramilitary formation - coast guard (about 1.2 thousand people), organizationally part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. affairs. Military annual budget $8.1 billion (2011 est.).
The Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces is the head of state - the president, who exercises general leadership through the head of the General Staff. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief heads an advisory body - the Supreme Council of Emirs, which includes the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the Chief of the General Staff, and the commanders of the Armed Forces. The Council develops plans for the construction and use of the aircraft. Operational command and control of the troops is entrusted to the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The commanders of the Armed Forces are responsible for the combat readiness and daily activities of the troops.
The ground troops (44 thousand people, including the composition of the brigades of the emirate of Dubai) are the basis of the armed forces and organizationally consist of 11 brigades (presidential guard, 2 armored, 3 motorized infantry, 2 infantry, 1 artillery, 2 separate motorized infantry brigades of the emirate of Dubai). The SV is armed with 6 operational-tactical launchers. missiles (up to 20 missiles), 547 tanks (including 76 light ones), approx. 90 BRM, 430 BMP, approx. 900 armored personnel carriers, St. 560 field artillery guns (including 93 towed ones), St. 90 MLRS, 155 mortars, St. 285 PU ATGM, 42 anti-aircraft art. installations, 42 MANPADS. Weapons and military technology in the main Amer. and French production. The Air Force (4.5 thousand people, including the air police wing) was consolidated into 7 squadrons (fighter-bomber, transport, communications, 2 training, 2 helicopter). In service: 184 combat, 23 transport, 77 training aircraft and 30 combat, 51 transport, 23 reconnaissance. helicopter. The Navy (2.5 thousand people) consists of units of warships and auxiliary. courts. In service: 4 corvettes, 6 missile boats, 6 patrol, 2 mine-sweeping and 7 landing ships, 16 landing and 1 diving boat; into the sea aviation - 2 aircraft and 25 helicopters; Coast Guard - St. 50 patrol boats. Main base point - Abu Dhabi.
Acquisition of regular aircraft on a contract basis. Training of rank and file - in parts and training centers, sergeants - in the military. schools, officers - abroad. Mobilization resources 752 thousand people, including those fit for military. service 413 thousand people.
healthcare
In the UAE, per 100 thousand inhabitants. there are 279 doctors, 409 persons cf. honey. staff and midwives (2009), 506 pharmacists, 61 dentists (2008); hospital beds - 19.3 per 10 thousand inhabitants. (2008). Total health spending is 2.8% of GDP (public funding 67.3%, private sector 22.7%) (2009). The legal regulation of the health care system is carried out by: the Constitution (1971, 1996); Federal Laws on the Practice of the Medical Profession (1975), pharmaceutical. professions and institutions (1983), measures against drugs and psychotropic substances (1995), protection of the environment (1999), protection of water resources (1999, 2001), rights of the disabled (2006), on the responsibility of medical. worker (2008); UAE Labor Law (1980); Water Supply Quality Control Rules (2000, 2004). The health care system includes state. (medical care is completely free for UAE citizens) and the private sector; there is a system of compulsory (insurance contributions from employers and employees) and private honey. insurance. Honey. assistance is provided by hospitals, centers (primary medical care, dental, maternal and child health), private clinics. Preparing honey. personnel are trained by the training center for advanced training of doctors, the center of Harvard Medical. schools, dental Institute of Boston University. Health management is carried out by the Ministry of Health (in the emirates of Dubai and Abu Dhabi - local Health Departments). The most common infections are viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, and meningococcal meningitis (2010). Main causes of death: cardiovascular diseases, road traffic injuries, oncology. diseases, congenital malformations, diabetes mellitus (2010). Primorskie climatic. resorts: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah, etc.
Sport
National the UAE Olympic Committee was established in 1979 and recognized by the IOC in 1980. Since 1984 (Los Angeles), UAE athletes have participated in all the Olympic Games; the first Olympic champion in the history of the country was A. Al-Maktoum, who won the trap shooting competition (double trap exercise) in 2004 (Athens) with an Olympic record (189 points). Dr. no Olympic awards were won as of 1.1.2013. The most popular sports are football, tennis, cricket, auto racing, horse racing, chess, rugby, golf, etc.
The development of football in the country was facilitated by the invitation of experienced coaches from Great Britain (D. Revie, 1977–1981), Brazil (C.A. Parreira, 1990–1991) and other countries. In 1990, the UAE national team participated in the World Cup. In 2003, the World Cup in the age group under 20 was held in 4 cities of the country: Abu Dhabi [Sheikh Zayed stadiums (66 thousand seats), Al Nahyan (12 thousand seats), Mohammed ibn Zayed "(15 thousand seats)], Al-Ain ("Sheikh Khalifa International Stadium", 15 thousand seats), Dubai ("Al-Maktoum", 12 thousand seats; Al-Rashid, 18 thousand seats) , Sharjah ("Sharjah", 12 thousand seats). From May 2011 to July 2012, the coach of the Al-Wasl football club was D. Maradona.
Since 1993, major men's tennis tournaments have been held in Dubai with the participation of professional tennis players; since 2001 - women's.
The largest cricket matches are held in Abu Dhabi and Dubai at the stadiums mentioned above.
Between 1996 and 2009, the Dubai Racing Club held the Dubai World Cup major prize draw with the participation of the best horses from the UK, USA, Japan, Brazil, Argentina and other countries. Since 2010, these prestigious competitions have been held by the Meydan racing club (tribunes for 60,000 seats).
Since 2009, the UAE at the Yas Marina circuit (artificial Yas Island) has been hosting the Formula 1 World Championship - the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. Every year, in the suburb of Abu Dhabi, El Watba, draws of traditions are held. prizes with the participation of the best camel riders from all the countries of the Persian Gulf.
In 1986, the 27th World Chess Olympiad was held in Dubai with the participation of 108 teams; The UAE national chess team has been participating in these competitions since 1978 (Buenos Aires).
Very popular in the UAE are nat. sports - camel racing and falconry.
Education. Scientific and cultural institutions
The education system includes preschool education for children aged 4–6 years, 6 years of primary education, incomplete (3 years of study) and complete secondary (3 years of study) education, secondary prof. education (commercial and agricultural schools, as well as centers for training personnel for the oil industry), higher education. Education in the state educational institutions of all levels free of charge. There are also non-states. educational institutions (ch. arr. confessional). Pre-school education covers 22% of children, primary education - 98%, secondary education - 69%. The literacy rate of the population over the age of 15 is 74.7% (data from the UNESCO Institute of Statistics, 2010). State. universities: UAE University in Al Ain (1976), Sharjah University (1997); Univ. Sheikh Zayed (1998; has campuses in Abu Dhabi and Dubai), Petroleum Institute (2001) in Abu Dhabi, Institute of Applied Technology (2005) in Al Ain, Polytechnic. in-t (2005) in Abu Dhabi; higher technical colleges education in Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Dubai, Ras Al Khaimah, Sharjah and Al Fujairah. among non-states. universities - University of Science and Technology in Ajman (1988), Amer. universities in Dubai (1995) and Sharjah (1997), University of El Bayan (1997) in Abu Dhabi, University of Abu Dhabi (2000, opened in 2003). There are branches: Sorbonne and New York University (both - in Abu Dhabi), St. Petersburg. state engineering and economic un-ta and Michigan un-ta - in Dubai, etc. Among scientific. institutions - S. - x. research center (1955) in Ras al-Khaimah; Center for Documentation and Research (1968), Institute of Culture (1981) - both in Abu Dhabi, Mor. research center (1984) at Umm al-Qaiwain, Intl. center with biosaline farms (1996) in Dubai. National library (1981) and Nat. archives (1985) in Abu Dhabi. Museums: Dubai City. museum (1971) at al-Fahidi Fort; national (1971) and natural. history (1989) - both in El Ain, archaeological in Ajman (1981; ancient manuscripts, weapons), in Sharjah, approx. 20 museums, including those of Islamic civilization (1987; current name since 2008), artist. and modern Arab. lawsuit (1995), natural. history (1995), scientific (1996), archeological. (1997), Marine (2008), Arab. calligraphy, national heritage.
Mass media
Published in Dubai: government daily. Arabic newspaper. lang. "Al-Bayan" ("Statement"; published since 1980; circulation ca. 45 thousand copies), daily newspaper in English. lang. Gulf News (since 1978; approx. 115 thousand copies), a weekly in Arabic. lang. "Akhbar Dubai" ("News of Dubai"; since 1965). In Abu Dhabi go out: a daily newspaper in Arabic. lang. "Al-Wahda" ("Unity"; since 1973; approx. 10 thousand copies), daily and weekly newspaper in Arabic. lang. "Al-Ittihad" ("Union"; since 1972; daily issue of about 58 thousand copies, weekly 60 thousand copies), a daily newspaper in English. lang. Emirates News (since 1875; ca. 15,000 copies). In the city of Sharjah, a daily newspaper is published in Arabic. lang. "Al-Khalij" ("Gulf"; since 1970; approx. 60 thousand copies). The UAE publishes a number of Russian-language publications, including j. "Russian Emirates" (since 2004; approx. 20 thousand copies), f. "Business Emirates" (since 2005; until 2007 it was published as an appendix to the magazine "Russian Emirates"). In 2009, a presentation of the growth took place in Dubai. monthly gas. "Moscow News" in Arabic. lang. Broadcasting and television since 1963. Television and radio programs are broadcast by governments. UAE Radio and Television service (Dubai), TV programs are also broadcast by UAE TV - Abu Dhabi (Abu Dhabi). In total, the UAE has St. 20 radio stations and St. 40 TV channels. From con. 2009 in the UAE began broadcasting in Russian. lang. radio station "Russian Radio". National information agency Wikalat al-Anba al-Muttahid (WAM; founded in 1977, Abu Dhabi). In 2009, a representative office of Ros. information news agency.
Architecture and fine arts
The oldest monuments of art (artistic crafts) in the UAE are represented by ceramics. vessels similar to those of the Ubeid culture in Mesopotamia. Con. 4th - beginning. 3rd millennium BC e. single-chamber tombs made of raw stone in Jebel al-Buhays (Sharjah) and the oasis of El Ain (Abu Dhabi), with a large amount of inventory (ceramic vessels of Mesopotamian origin; stone arrowheads, pearl jewelry) are dated. In the 3rd millennium BC. e. bronze processing begins (period, or Umm el-Nar culture). In the burials of this time, there are various bronze items: weapons (swords and daggers, arrowheads and spears), vessels (bowls with engraved ornaments), in rich burials - gold and bronze jewelry (rings, bracelets, fibulae, plates with zoomorphic ornament, mainly .paired images of standing animals). A large hoard of bronze items was found at Tell Abrak (Umm al-Qaiwain). A local artist appears. ceramics (vessels with geometric ornaments, animal figurines). Fortified settlements (Tell-Abrak), round stone tombs with collective burials and numerous burials are being built. inventory [necropolises on about. Umm al-Nar (Abu Dhabi), at Hatta (Dubai), Tell Abraq (Umm al-Qaiwain), Wadi Munaya (Ras al-Khaimah)]. OK. 1000 BC e. the first underground irrigation systems appear. structures (falaj).
After conquer. hikes Alexander the Great and empire formation Seleucid in the culture of the region there is a strong Hellenistic, and later Roman and Parthian influence. A large number of imported products appear, which have become models for local craftsmen in the manufacture of ceramics, jewelry, metalwork. utensils, small plastic. Own production begins. coins (imitations of the tetradrachms of Alexander the Great with the names of local rulers). To the most important archaeological monuments include necropolises in the oasis of El Ain (included in the list world heritage), a large settlement of Ed-Dur (Umm al-Qaiwain), a fortress in Mleikh (Sharjah). Stone and adobe tombs, houses, temples were studied.
In the 3rd–6th centuries n. e. the territory of the UAE was in the zone of cultural influence of the Sassanid power. In claim 6 - beg. 7th century Christian motives permeate. On about. Sir Bani Yas (Abu Dhabi) discovered the ruins of a presumably Nestorian monastery (6th century; on the wall there is an ornament carved on plaster with the image of a cross).
From the 2nd floor. 7th c. art in the UAE developed in line with Islamic art. culture, prim. in coastal cities such as Julfar (Ras Al Khaimah) and Dibba (Sharjah). B. h. of the existing cities appeared no earlier than 16 - ser. 18th century Some idea of the tradition the architecture of the emirates give a few. remains of architecture. buildings in Sharjah and Dubai (the ensemble of the residential quarter of Bastakiya in Dubai, 19th century). The residential architecture presumably was dominated by forms preserved in modern times. nar. architecture - small one-story, usually adobe (in mountainous areas stone was sometimes used) huts with a roof of palm leaves (oases of El Liwa, El Ain). The religious architecture of the region was also quite simple and, in addition to autochthonous, could include some borrowed (Indian) elements.
The cultural trends of the New Age were determined by Europe. presence. Portuguese survived. fortresses of the 1st quarter. 16th century [rectangular in plan, with powerful walls and a center. courtyard - Khor-Fakkan (Khaur-el-Fakkan), Kalba, Julfar, etc.] and later forts - in Dubai (al-Fahidi, late 18th century, reconstruction of the early 1970s, since 1971 the museum ; Sheikh Zayed Palace, late 19th century, museum since 1986), Abu Dhabi (El-Husn Palace, also known as the "White" or "Old" Fort, 1793, restored in 1966). From the beginning 1960s The urbanization of the UAE is accompanied by the development of urban planning, the widespread introduction of new materials - reinforced concrete, steel, glass, the involvement of architects from Europe and the United States, Arab. countries: master plan of Dubai (1960), Dubai International Center. Trade (1979, both architects J. Harris), Hilton Dubai Hotel (1973, architect M. Makiya); the building of the Ministry of Finance (1970, architect J. Tukan), the complex of the library and cultural center of the United Arab Emirates (1981, architects bureau The Architects Collaborative, both in Abu Dhabi). In the 1970s–1990s UAE architecture has evolved predominately. in line with late modernism and postmodernism; unsuccessful attempts were made to integrate elements of the Arab into it. architecture, such as muqarnas ("stalactites"), colored tiles, etc.: Center. market (“Blue bough”; 1978, architectural bureau “Michael Lyell Associates”), intl. airport (1974–77, 1979, architectural bureau Halcrow Group), Amer. un-ta (1997, architectural bureau Gambert; all in Sharjah), etc. Modern. The iconic architecture of the UAE is an eclectic mix of diff. styles of Islamic architecture and includes Mamluk, Ottoman, Mughal elements (King Faisal Mosque in Sharjah, 1980s; Jumeirah Mosque, 1983; Sheikh Zayed Mosque, 2007, architectural bureau "Halcrow Group"; both - in Abu Dhabi) . In con. 20 - early. 21st century the pace of urbanization has accelerated; high-rise buildings are being massively erected, including the Burj al-Arab skyscrapers in Dubai (1999, architect T. Wright, architectural bureau Atkins), ADIA in Abu Dhabi (the building of the investment agency Abu Dhabi; 2006, KPF architects), Burj Khalifa (2010, A. Smith, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architects, 828 m – the tallest building in the world in 2013), O-14 "(2010, architectural bureau "Reiser + Umemoto"), "Index" (2011, architect N. Foster; all in Dubai), resort hotels (Hotel Yas in Abu Dhabi, 2009, architectural bureau " Asymptote”), transport infrastructure facilities (Sheikh Zayed Bridge in Abu Dhabi, 2010, architect Z. Hadid), large mixed-use complexes (“Central Market” in Abu Dhabi, under construction since 2007, architect Foster) and new cities ( Masdar near Abu Dhabi, general plan, 2007, architect Foster; the campus of the Institute of Science and Technology was erected, 2010, architect Foster), arts are poured in to expand the territories for construction. islands (archipelagos "Palm Islands" and "World" in Dubai).
In the 2nd floor. 20th century is being developed by prof. depict. claim. From Ser. 1970s the UAE employs artists who were educated in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Western countries. Europe and USA; they turn to easel genre painting (Muhammad al-Kasab, Ibrahim Mustafa, Abd ar-Rahman al-Zaynal, Muhammad Mundi, Issam Shreida, Abd al-Karim Sukar, Ubeyd Srur, Muna al-Kaja), also to decomp. currents of modern lawsuit - abstract art, surrealism (Abdul Qadir al-Rayis, Salih al-Ustad, Hisham al-Mazlum), etc. In addition to the obvious orientation to the west. artistic tradition, portray. the claim in the UAE is based on the Arab-Muslims. cultural heritage (typically an appeal to calligraphy, ornament, etc.). Traditions continue to develop. handicrafts - painted ceramics (small plastic, dishes), basket weaving from palm leaves, weaving, embroidery, jewelry art (silver rings, bracelets, necklaces, pendants, daggers), production of decorative leather products.
culture
Traditional music culture common with other Arab countries. region. Modern music the centers are the cities of Dubai and Abu Dhabi. International music festivals: in Abu Dhabi (since 2004, organized by the Abu Dhabi Music and Arts Foundation), jazz Skywards in Dubai (since 2003). In the National Theater Abu Dhabi hosts concerts of European. symphonic orchestras. The Dubai Opera House is the only one in the UAE (project by architect Z. Hadid, under development). The first special the theater building in Dubai was built in 2004 for the Madinat Theater (modern drama, musical, etc.).
Since 2007, Abu Dhabi has hosted annual international film festivals.
Hello dear.
Today, as promised, we are finishing the topic of the UAE.
We have 2 most powerful, famous and rich emirates left. Only the rulers of these emirates
hold the positions of President and Prime Minister of the country, preside over the Supreme Council of the UAE and have the right to veto decisions on the most important issues of national importance in the legislation of the country. This is Emirates Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Let's start with the last one.
Dubai among the seven emirates that make up the country, it ranks first in terms of population and second after Abu Dhabi in terms of area (4114 km²). The capital of the emirate is the eponymous city of Dubai.
The Creek divides the emirate into two parts. Bur Dubai is on one side and Deira on the other. Both sides are connected in three places - the Al Maktoum and Al Garhoud bridges and the famous Shindoga Tunnel (the prototype of the English Channel Tunnel), which passes under the mouth of the strait.
Dubai does not have as much oil as Abu Dhabi, but the rulers were the first to invest in the development of their emirate, the development of free trade and inbound tourism. For me, only Qatar can compete with Dubai in terms of innovation and development throughout the Arab world. 
You can talk about it for a long time. I will overpower only those objects that the whole world knows.
Dubai Internet City, Dubai Marina (Sea City), Burj Al Arab (Sail), Jumeirah Beach Hotel, Rose Tower Hotel, Dubai Mall, Emirates Mall, Marina Mall, Palm Jumeirah, Islands Mir, Wild Wadi Water Park. And of course, the largest building in the world is the Burj Khalifa skyscraper (Khalifa Tower).
All this became possible thanks to the wise rule of the Al-Maktoum (Muktum) family.
The Al Maktoum clan comes from the Arab clan al-Abu-Falah (al-Falahi), which is part of the Beni Yas tribal federation, which has dominated the territory of the United Arab Emirates since the middle of the 18th century. In 1833, the al-Abu-Falah clan, headed by the Al Maktoum family, moved to Dubai and founded an independent sheikhdom here. hallmark The rule of the sheikhs of al-Maktoum was a peaceful transfer of power from the previous sheikh to the heir, unlike other Arab dynasties of the Persian Gulf. In March 1892, Sheikh Rashid ibn Maktoum (1886-1894), along with other sheikhs of Trucial Oman, signed the "Exceptional Agreement" with Great Britain, according to which a British protectorate was actually established over Dubai: from now on, Sheikh Rashid ibn Maktoum and his heirs could not conduct international negotiations and sign agreements with other states, and also had no right to cede, sell or lease any part of their territory. Everything changed after the independence of the emirate. And since 1971, the emirs of Dubai have led the country to prosperity.
Since 2006, after the death of his elder brother, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum became the Emir of Dubai.
I confess honestly - I'm a big fan of this outstanding, strong and strong-willed person. He is a great ruler!
Mohammed became the third son of the ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Rashid ibn Said Al Muktum. His mother Lafita was the daughter of the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Hamadan ibn Zayed Al Nahyan. As a child, Muhammad received both a secular and a traditional Islamic education. In 1966 (at the age of 18) he studied in the UK at the Mons Cadet Corps and in Italy as a pilot. After the formation of the UAE, he was the Minister of Defense and the head of the police in Dubai. On October 7, 1990, Mohammed's father and ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Rashid ibn Said, died. Power passed to the eldest son - Sheikh Muktum ibn Rashid, who was very fond of equestrian sports, was an excellent athlete, but did not reach for politics and government. On January 4, 1995, Muktum ibn Rashid appoints Mohammed as crown prince and, in fact, transfers power to him in the emirate of Dubai. On January 4, 2006, Muktum ibn Rashid died of a heart attack, Mohammed ibn Rashid becomes the official ruler of Dubai. The list of achievements of Muhammad ibn Rashid is huge. Sheikh Mohammed ibn Rashid is famous for his intolerance of corruption, and hundreds of officials were imprisoned for his rule, convicted of taking bribes and using their position for personal gain. He looks great - a very well-read and interesting person. 
He had a total of 6 wives of which 2 are best known.
The elder wife of Sheikh Hind bint Maktoum bin Youme Al Maktoum and Princess Haya bint al-Hussein, daughter of King Hussein and half-sister of King Abdullah II.
The emir has 23 children - 9 boys and 14 girls. The second son of Sheikh Hamadan was considered the heir of Dubai.
The emir has 8 residences, but the most famous is Za "abeel Palace 
Well, let's finish today and in general with the United Arab Emirates, the largest and most oil-rich emirate of all - Abu Dhabi (إمارة أبو ظبي)
The administrative center is the city of Abu Dhabi, which is also the capital of the United Arab Emirates.
Area - 67,340 km²
The emirate's economy is based on oil production. Oil fields here were discovered in 1958; Currently, oil is produced both onshore and offshore. Thanks to oil export earnings, Abu Dhabi has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. Abu Dhabi provides about 70% of the country's GDP.
The largest port is Zayed in Abu Dhabi; the main oil loading ports are located on the islands of Das and Ez-Zanna. In 1996-2001, a free economic zone was created on Saadiyat Island.
The Al Nahyan Dynasty rules here, whose members are also lifelong Presidents of all the UAE.
The Al Nahyan clan, as well as the Al Maktoum clan, comes from the Arab clan al-Abu-Falah (al-Falahi), which is part of the Beni Yas tribal federation, which has dominated the territory of the United Arab Emirates since the 18th century. The al-Abu-Falah clan, led by Sheikh Ziyab I ibn Isa al-Nahyan, moved to the area of the future city of Abu Dhabi in 1761. Soon the sheikhs of Abu Dhabi established friendly relations with the Sultans of Muscat and peaceful relations with the British.
The first half of the 19th century passed for the Aal Nahyan family in constant internal and external upheavals - in dynastic strife, coups and wars with external enemies. Already in the first 14 years of the new century (1800-1814), Sheikh Shahbut ibn Ziyab al-Nahyan had to repel several aggressions of the Nejd Wahhabis. In 1833, a coup d'état took place, as a result of which Sheikh Takhnun I ibn Shahbut was killed by his brother Sultan and their brother Caliph I ibn Shahbut became sheikh, who had to wage war for the Buraimi oasis. He was succeeded by Said ibn Takhnun (1845-1855), son of Takhnun I, who continued wars with neighboring nomads and Nejd Wahhabis until he was overthrown by the son of Khalifa I, Zayed.
Under Sheikh Zayed ibn Khalifa (1855-1909), the Aal Nahyan dynasty reached unprecedented power. And since then, the influence of the family has only grown. And after oil was discovered in the Middle East, it became huge at all. The Al Nahyans, along with Al Maktoumai, played a key role in the creation of the UAE. And they continue to play it to this day. 
The current Emir of Abu Dhabi and President of the UAE since 2004 is Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
This is the eldest son of the previous Emir Sheikh Zayed, who inherited the throne of Abu Dhabi after the death of his father on November 2, 2004. At the time of accession, he was already 56 years old. It would seem that at this age there is no longer any desire for reforms, however, Khalifa was able to change a lot in Abu Dhabi and all the Arab Emirates. Sheikh Khalifa received a military education, he graduated from the Royal Academy Sandhurst (UK). On February 1, 1969, Khalifa was crowned Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and appointed Minister of Defense. It was Khalifa who created the army of Abu Dhabi and the UAE in its current modern form. After the formation of the UAE in 1971, he served as Prime Minister of Abu Dhabi, Head of the Abu Dhabi Executive Council, and Vice President of the UAE. In the late 80s, he became the head of the Supreme Petroleum Council, having received de facto full power over oil revenues in the UAE. In the late 90s, Sheikh Zayed's health no longer allowed him to perform all the functions of the President of the UAE. Khalifa became de facto President of the UAE and Emir of Abu Dhabi. On November 2, 2004, after the death of his father, Sheikh Khalifa inherited the throne, the next day (November 3) officially took office as President of the UAE. Abu Dhabi changed under his rule. Many famous projects in Abu Dhabi were initiated or supported by Sheikh Khalifa. The brightest is Yas Island with Ferrari World Park, Yas Mall Shopping Center, Yas Waterworld Water Park, Yas Marina Raceway. Saadiyat Island with art galleries, branches of the Louvre and Guggenheim museums.
He has a reputation for being reserved, a fan of poetry. Like his father, Sheikh Khalifa loves falconry and fishing. Sheikh Khalifa is known for his interests in traditional UAE sports, mainly horses and camel racing.
In January 2014, Sheikh Khalifa suffered a stroke and was recovering very hard. Therefore, his brother and heir to the throne, Mohammed ibn Zaid Al-Nahyan, began to play an important role.
Mohammed bin Zayed went to school in Al Ain, then in Abu Dhabi. Entered Sandhurst Academy (UK) in 1979. Trained in military skills of piloting a helicopter, driving armored vehicles, parachuting. After returning from England, he underwent military training in Sharjah, became an officer in the UAE Armed Forces. He was an officer in the Amiri Guards (an elite unit), a pilot in the UAE Air Force, and eventually became the Commander-in-Chief of the UAE Armed Forces. In 2003, he was proclaimed the second Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi. After the death of his father on November 2, 2004, he became crown prince. Since December 2004, Chairman of the Executive Council of Abu Dhabi, member of the Supreme Petroleum Council. 
He believes that the UAE should play a much greater role in world politics. He loves falconry, like his father. He is interested in poetry and writes poetry himself in the Nabati style.
Al Nahyan is one of the richest families in the world. And they have a huge number of residences and palaces. But the most famous is the Presidential Palace. 
On this, perhaps, everything :-)
I hope you were interested
Among the six monarchies of the Persian Gulf, the UAE has the second most combat potential army, second only to the KSA (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia). It was the Emirati Armed Forces in the summer of 2015 that became the main strike force of the “Arabian coalition” fighting in Yemen against the Houthis.
In connection with this campaign, the UAE, following Kuwait, switched from a mercenary to a conscription system for manning the armed forces. Thanks to the huge income from oil exports, the country is able to buy the latest weapons in significant quantities. Almost all equipment is purchased in Western countries, but certain types - in Russia, Ukraine, China and South Africa.
Since the UAE unites seven previously independent mini-states, some military units remain subordinate to the authorities of individual emirates, primarily the two largest ones - Dubai and Abu Dhabi.
Ground troops
They include 12 brigades - the royal guard, two armored, five mechanized (of which 2 are subordinate to the Emir of Dubai), two infantry, one artillery and one army aviation.
At the disposal of the emirate of Dubai there are 6 launchers of the Soviet OTP R-17 and up to 20 missiles for them. In the tank park of the UAE- 388 latest French, 36 Italian OF-40Mk2, 76 light English "Scorpions".
In service:
- 97 BRM (49 French AML-90 and 24 VBL, 24 German TPz-1 "Fuchs"),
- 669 infantry fighting vehicles (18 French AMX-10R, 651 Russian BMP-3),
- more than 3,000 armored vehicles and armored personnel carriers (24 Ukrainian BTR-3U, 120 Brazilian EE-11, 136 Turkish ACV-300 and 14 Cobra, 284 French Panar M3, 11 AMX-VCI, 72 VCR, 20 VAB, 20 English Saracen and 10 Saxon, 40 Finnish AMV, 70 South African RG-31 and 56 Reva, 778 American M-ATV Oshkosh, 5 MaxxPro and 467 Cayman, up to 1693 own Nimr and 8 KrAZ Cougar).
In artillery:
- 183 self-propelled guns (78 South African wheeled G-6s, 87 American M-109A3s, 18 French Mk F3s),
- 71 towed guns (51 English L-118, 20 Chinese Type-59-I),
- about 300 mortars (41 "Brandt" 81- and 120-mm, 114 L16, 144 self-propelled Singaporean SRAMS on the chassis of the armored personnel carrier RG-31),
- 143 MLRS (18 Belgian LAU-97s, 48 Italian Firos-25s and Turkish T-122s, 20 American HIMARS, 6 Russian Smerchs and 3 Turkish T-300s).
There are more than 300 anti-tank systems - 50 French "Hot" (including 20 self-propelled) and 230 "Milan", 25 American "Tou".
Military air defense It has 40 MANPADS (20 old English Blowpipes and modern French Mistrals each), 42 French ZSU M3VDAA, 30 Swiss GCF-BM2 anti-aircraft guns.
Army Aviation includes 29 American attack helicopters AH-64D "Apache" and 13 multi-purpose UH-60L.
air force
They have a high combat potential, armed with 136 4th generation fighters: 78 American F-16s and up to 58 French Mirage-2000s. It should be noted that the Emirates F-16E / F is the most advanced modification of the F-16; no other country, including the United States, has it.
Combat aircraft include 18 AT-802 counterguerrilla attack aircraft, as well as up to 7 Mirage-2000RAD reconnaissance aircraft. The Air Force includes 2 Canadian DHC-8 patrol aircraft, 2 Swedish Saab-340 AWACS aircraft, 3 European A330 tankers.
Transport aviation: 8 latest American C-17A, 5 C-130H, 4 L-100-30, 7 Boeing 737, 6 Boeing 747, 2 Boeing 777, 1 Boeing 787, 10 " Cessna-208", 2 Beach-350s, 5 Beach C90s, 1 Beach-1900D, 2 English Vae-146s, 1 Swedish Saab-340V, 13 Canadian DHC-6s, 2 Italian P-180s , 7 Spanish CN-235M-100.
training aircraft: 12 Italian MB339NAT and German Grob-115TA each, Swiss RS-21 RS-7 - 25 and 29, respectively, up to 30 English Hawks (about 3 Mk61, 15 Mk63 and 12 Mk102).
Multipurpose and transport helicopters: 25 American CH-47s, 24 Bell-407s, 25 Bell-412s, up to 2 Bell-214s, 5 European AW109K2s, 42 AW139s, 1–2 French AS-365Fs, 5 AS565s, 14 AS550C3s, up to 2 AS350s, 2–3 German VK-117s.
air defense
It is considered a separate type of aircraft. In service are:
- 7 batteries (42 launchers) of the American Advanced Hawk air defense system;
- 9 batteries (72 launchers) of the latest Patriot air defense system PAC3;
- 9 French air defense systems "Crotal";
- 12 English air defense systems "Rapier";
- 50 newest Russian;
- 63 MANPADS (13 Swedish RBS-70, 10 Russian Igla-1 and 40 Igla-S);
- 2 batteries of the THAAD missile defense system, which is in service only in the United States.
Navy
Recently, 6 Baynuna-type missile corvettes, built in the UAE according to a French project, were accepted into service. In addition, there are:
- Patrol ship "Arialakh"
- 2 missile corvettes of the "Muraijib" type,
- 13 missile boats (2 "Mubarak", 6 "Ban Yas" of German construction, 3 "Abu Dhabi" and 2 "Falaj-2" - Italian),
- 24 universal boats "Gannath" of our own manufacture (12 missile, 6 mortar, 6 patrol-assault),
- 6 English patrol boats "Ardhana" and up to 60 small patrol boats in the coast guard,
- 2 minesweepers "Al Murjan" (German project 332 "Frankenthal"),
- 2 "minelayers" (carrier of ultra-long torpedoes) of the "Rmax" type,
- 28 landing craft.
AT naval aviation up to 15 French helicopters AS332 and AS565.
Bainu-class missile corvette
On the territory of the UAE there are two batteries of Patriot air defense systems from the US Armed Forces, a French contingent, including the 13th brigade group of the Foreign Legion, 6 Rafal fighters and a KC-135F tanker, as well as 5 Australian aircraft (3 transport C-130, 2 patrol R-3C).
Unlike other Arabian monarchies, Abu Dhabi is actively converting oil windfall profits into modern industry and infrastructure. The UAE has become the second Arab country after Egypt, where a serious military-industrial complex is being created. It already produces its own armored vehicles, drones, including combat ones, builds ships and boats.
In the multifaceted Middle East conflict, the country initially completely followed Riyadh, providing significant military assistance to anti-government forces in Libya and Syria, taking an active part in the aggression in Yemen. In the battles with the Houthis, the UAE Armed Forces have so far lost 1 BMP-3, more than 100 armored vehicles (including 5 Oshkosh captured by the rebels), 1 Mirage-2000-9DAD fighter-bomber, as well as a high-speed catamaran transport HSV-2 "Swift". And yet they turned out to be much more combat-ready than the Saudis, perhaps because PMCs manned by Western mercenaries are fighting in the ranks of the Emirati army.
The political lines of Saudi Arabia and the UAE have begun to noticeably diverge since last year. There has not yet been a direct break, Emirati troops are still fighting in Yemen, the country has joined the persecution of Qatar initiated by Riyadh. However, Abu Dhabi's position is becoming much more balanced and reserved. This helped to “buy out” Egypt from the Saudis, the militarily strongest Arab country, while experiencing serious economic problems.
The military leadership of Egypt is extremely negative about radical Islamists, but Cairo was forced to follow the lead of Riyadh because of financial dependence. Egypt is now sponsored by the Emirates. In particular, the UAE is using money to fight the radicals in Libya. It is difficult to say now how far Abu Dhabi and Riyadh will diverge, but a serious military potential, the presence of its own military-industrial complex, and a close alliance with Egypt allow the UAE to pursue an increasingly independent foreign policy.
Flower party: a bouquet of positive emotions
Words of teachers in a congratulatory scene for parents
Who's Who by Relationship Her mother-in-law calls her mother-in-law mom
Your mother is my mother-in-law Riddle mother-in-law calls my mother-in-law
How to make a scene for a wedding “Three girls under the window Comic scene three girls