Geographic opening and closing presentation. Great geographical discoveries - presentation. Results of the Great Geographical Discoveries

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One of the first geographical maps was compiled by the ancient Greek scientist Hecateus in the 6th-5th centuries. BC. the map looked very different than it does now. How it does not look like modern maps!!!

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The Great Geographical Discoveries is a period in the history of mankind that began in the 15th century and lasted until the 17th century, during which Europeans discovered new lands and sea routes to Africa, America, Asia and Oceania in search of new trading partners and sources of goods that were in great demand in Europe. Historians usually relate the "Great Discoveries" to the pioneering long-distance sea voyages of Portuguese and Spanish travelers in search of alternative trade routes to the "India" for gold, silver and spices.

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The discovery of America by Columbus in 1492 Christopher Columbus assembled the first expedition from three ships - the Santa Maria, the caravels Pinta and Nina. 87 people of the expedition personnel. The flotilla left Palos on August 3, 1492, turned west from the Canary Islands, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, opening the Sargasso Sea and reached an island in the Bahamas (the first to see American land was the sailor "Pinta" Rodrigo de Triana on October 12, 1492). Columbus landed on the coast, which the locals call Guanahani, hoisted a banner on it, declared the open land the property of the Spanish king, and formally took possession of the island. The island was named San Salvador. October 12 is considered the official date for the discovery of America.

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The first landing of Christopher Columbus on the shores of the New World: in San Salvador, Wisconsin, October 12, 1492.

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Columbus returned to Castile on the Nina on March 15, 1493. From America, Columbus brought seven captive American natives, who were called Indians in Europe, as well as some gold and plants and fruits hitherto unknown in the Old World, including an annual corn plant (in Haiti it is called maize), tomatoes, peppers, tobacco (“ dried leaves, which were especially prized by the locals"), pineapples, cocoa and potatoes (because of their beautiful pink and white flowers).

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Second expedition, 1493-1496. The queen ordered to convert the natives to the Christian faith. Columbus easily found 1200 people who agreed to go with him as future settlers. A flotilla of 17 ships set off from Cadiz across the Atlantic. On November 3, they landed on a Caribbean island that Columbus named Dominica. From there, he sailed along the Lesser Antilles and the Virgin Islands, bypassing Puerto Rico, to Hispaniola. To the great surprise of the arrivals, it turned out that all 39 people left in Navidad in January had died, mainly as a result of skirmishes with the natives. Despite this, Columbus founded a new settlement, naming it La Isabela after the Queen of Spain. Unfortunately, the place for the settlement was chosen poorly: there was no fresh water nearby, and because of this it was subsequently abandoned. In addition to searching for gold and locating the ports of the "Great Khanate of China", Columbus was engaged in the slave trade. He and his men, armed with arquebuses, along with horses (who first came to America during this journey) and fighting dogs, marched through Hispaniola, bartering for gold, and if they met resistance, they took the gold by force and captured prisoners.

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In total, Columbus made 4 trips to America: The first trip (August 3, 1492 - March 15, 1493). Second journey (September 25, 1493 - June 11, 1496). Third voyage (May 30, 1498 - November 25, 1500). Fourth journey (May 9, 1502 - November 1504).

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The great navigator spent the last years of his life in oblivion. On May 20, 1506, Columbus died, a poor, sick man, still believing that the land he had discovered was India. In 1517, the Spaniards reached the territory of modern Mexico, the Yucatan Peninsula, and began to rapidly conquer the lands of continental America. By no means questioning the great achievement of Christopher Columbus, nevertheless it is worth noting that formally he discovered only the islands off the coast of Central America. As for continental America, Columbus visited it only on his third trip, and he never visited North America at all.

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Christopher Columbus is undoubtedly one of those people whose deeds had a huge impact on the history of all mankind.

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In 1501, Vespucci went to South America as part of a Portuguese expedition. The traveler reached the coast of Brazil and followed it far to the south, discovering the Rio de la Plata (now La Plata). As a result of these and other travels, Vespucci came to the conclusion that the unknown huge land mass was not part of Asia, but was a new continent.

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So why was the new continent named America? It's all about letters to noble friends in which Vespucci described his travels and geographical discoveries. And Vespucci's friends tried to spread information about his travels. The inquisitive public greeted these first reports of the New World with great interest. And Columbus did not widely disseminate information about his travels. In addition, Columbus in his four expeditions explored only a small part of Central America and considered it the eastern edge of Asia. And Vespucci is the central and most of the coast of South America. In 1507 the cartographer Waldseemüller attributed the discovery of a new continent by Columbus to Vespucci and named it America.

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About the discovery of the New World, it is said as follows: "Amerigo Vespucci, truly speaking, has informed humanity more widely about this." Therefore, it was proposed to name the discovered land "by the name of the wise man who discovered it." Rather fantastic contours of the New World were drawn on the world map with the inscription: "America". The sound of this word turned out to be attractive to many people.

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Back in the Middle Ages, there were stories that there was a huge continent in the Southern Hemisphere. But no one saw him. People wanted to know what it looked like and what its inhabitants were like. They called it "the unknown southern land" or "terra australius incognita".

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In 1642, the Danes sent Captain Abel Tasman to explore what was to the east of the continent. He discovered the island that is now called Tasmania, as well as New Holland. Some time later, he also explored the northern coast of Australia.

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In 1768 the British government organized an expedition to conduct geographical and astronomical research in the Pacific Ocean. This expedition, led by Captain James Cook, reached the east coast of Australia in 1770. It followed the coast to the north for a distance of 1670 km from present-day eastern Victoria to the Torres Strait. Cook called this land New South Wales and declared it the possession of England. James Cook

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The colonization of Australia by the British practically began 18 years after James Cook visited it. In January 1788, a sea transport arrived on the east coast of Australia from England, which delivered several hundred convicts. A city was founded here, named Sydney - in honor of the then British Foreign Minister. The British government, after the loss of the North American colonies, decided to choose Australia as a place of exile for criminals. For half a century ships with convicts were regularly sent there. There were very few free settlers in the country. Only the discovery of gold deposits in the middle of the 19th century caused a significant influx. This is how Australia was discovered.

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The arrival of Europeans in Australia proved detrimental to the Aborigines. Aborigines were driven away from water sources and hunting grounds, especially in the most attractive and favorable areas for life in the south and east of the mainland. Many of the natives died of hunger and thirst or were killed in clashes with white settlers. Many died from diseases introduced by the Europeans to which they had no immunity. The aboriginal population was used as cheap labor in the livestock farms (ranches) of white settlers in the interior of the country.

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Antarctica (Greek ἀνταρκτικός - the opposite of the Arctic) is a continent located in the very south of the Earth, the center of Antarctica approximately coincides with the geographic south pole. Antarctica is washed by the waters of the Southern Ocean. The area of ​​the continent is about 14,107,000 km² (of which ice shelves - 930,000 km², islands - 75,500 km²). Antarctica is also called the part of the world, consisting of the mainland of Antarctica and adjacent islands.

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“On the edge of our planet lies, like a sleeping princess, the earth, chained in blue. Sinister and beautiful, she lies in her frosty slumber, in the folds of a mantle of snow, glowing with amethysts and emeralds of ice. She sleeps in the iridescence of the icy halos of the Moon and the Sun, and her horizons are painted in pink, blue, gold and green tones of pastel ... Such is Antarctica - a continent almost equal in area to South America, whose internal regions are actually less known to us than the illuminated side of the Moon ". So wrote in 1947 the American explorer of Antarctica Richard Baird. At that time, scientists had just begun a systematic study of the sixth continent - the most mysterious and harsh area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe globe.

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The ancient Greeks were the first to come up with the idea of ​​Antarctica. They knew about the Arctic - Arktos is an icy region in the Northern Hemisphere. And they decided that in order to balance the world, there should be a similar cold area in the Southern Hemisphere, which would be the same, but the opposite "Ant - Arktos" - opposite the Arctic. They never swam there, it was just a miracle to guess! There is also a version that Antarctica is the opposite of the star Arcturus - the brightest star in the sky, or the opposite of the once blooming edge of Arctida, which, like Atlantis, disappeared without a trace

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To the audience

In a trip

Navigation

1. Concept. 2.Period.

3. Reasons.

5. Consequences.

4. Meaning.

THE AUDIENCE

Great geographical discoveries

1. GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES.

1 In Western European and Russian pre-revolutionary literature under the era of V. g. usually understood as centennial

(approx.) period - from ser. 15 to ser. 16th century, the central moments of which were: the discovery of tropical America

H. Columbus, discovery of a continuous sea route from Western Europe around South Africa to India

Vasco da Gama, the first round-the-world expedition of F. Magellan, which proved the existence of a single

The oceans that cover most of the earth's surface. In Soviet historical and geographical literature under the era

V. g. o. is understood as a bicentennial (approx.) period - from the middle. 15 to ser. 17 centuries, since only in the 1st half. 17th century were opened

Australia, the northern and northeastern coasts of Asia and it is practically proven that Asia does not connect with America anywhere.

http://dic.academic.ru

Great geographical discoveries

2. GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES - discoveries of European travelers ser. XV - ser. 17th century

The most important of them: the discovery of America Columbus in 1492, the opening of the sea route from Europe to India Vasco da gama in 1497-1499,

the first circumnavigation of the world by Magellan in 1519-1522, which proved the sphericity of the Earth and the existence of an ocean between America and Asia.

New continents and countries were discovered and it was found that land covers only a smaller part of the earth's surface.

The capture and plunder of new lands marked the beginning of the era of colonialism and was one of the sources of primitive accumulation.

During this period, the formation of the world market began.

Great geographical discoveries

The common reasons for sending expeditions were:

growth in the countries of Europe of commodity production;

the lack of precious metals and the related search for new lands, where they hoped to find gold and silver, spices and ivory (in the tropics), valuable furs and walrus tusks (in the northern countries);

the search for new trade routes from Europe to India and East Asia, caused by the desire of Western European merchants to get rid of trade intermediaries and establish direct relations with Asian countries (Turkish conquests almost completely closed the trade route to the East through Asia Minor and Syria).

V. g. o. became possible thanks to the successes of science and technology: the creation of sailing ships (caravels) reliable enough for ocean navigation, the improvement of the compass and sea charts, etc.; an important role was played by the increasingly asserted idea of ​​the sphericity of the Earth (the idea of ​​the possibility of a western sea route to India through the Atlantic Ocean was also connected with it). Importance for V. of the lake. had success in the field of geographical knowledge and the development of navigation among the peoples of the East.

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Great geographical discoveries

V. g. o. were events of world-historical significance.

The contours of the inhabited continents were established (except for the northern and northwestern coasts of America and the eastern coast of Australia),

most of the earth's surface has been explored, but many interior regions of America, central

Africa and all of inland Australia. V. g. o. provided extensive new material for many other areas of knowledge (botany, zoology, ethnography, and others).

As a result, V. g. Europeans for the first time got acquainted with a number of village-x. crops (potatoes, maize, tomatoes, tobacco), which then spread to Europe.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978.

http://dic.academic.ru

Great geographical discoveries

V. g. o. had the largest socio-economic effects. The opening of new trade routes and new countries contributed to the fact that trade acquired a global character, there was a gigantic increase in the number of goods in circulation. This accelerated the process of the disintegration of feudalism and the emergence of capitalist relations in Western Europe. The colonial system that formed after the V. g. (Already during this period, Europeans, exterminating the indigenous population, captured vast territories in America and organized strongholds on the coast of Africa, in South and East Asia), was one of the levers of the so-called primitive accumulation of capital (See. initial accumulation of capital), this was facilitated by the influx after the V. of o. cheap American gold and silver to Europe, which caused a significant increase in prices here (see " Price revolution"). Movement as a result of V. of about. trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic contributed to the economic decline of some European countries (Italy, partly Germany) and the rise of others (the Netherlands, England).

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978.

http://dic.academic.ru

Great geographical discoveries

The result of the Great geographical discoveries and colonial conquests of the early 15th - mid-17th century. - the establishment of European control over all other parts of the world, and in a more global sense - a radical turn in the history of mankind: the former fragmented world of autonomous civilizations was replaced by a relatively unified Eurocentric world. The development and subjugation of new lands was carried out primarily to the benefit of Europe: political and commercial expansion contributed to its enrichment, created conditions for its rapid economic growth. The horizons and knowledge of the Europeans about the world around them were significantly expanded, which favored the scientific and technical progress. The establishment of ties with Europe brought some benefits to the countries that became the object of "discoveries": they adopted a number of technological and cultural achievements of European civilization. However, the overwhelming majority of violent development of non-European space led to a violation of the natural development of many tribes and peoples: the establishment of European dominion was accompanied by the destruction of entire civilizations, the extermination local population, the suppression of its cultural and religious identity, the destruction of traditional forms of life and behavior.

Encyclopedia Around the World. 2008. http://dic.academic.ru

Great geographical discoveries

Francis Drake

Ferdinand Magellan

Abel Tasman

Vasco da Gama

Christopher Columbus

Bartolomeu Dias

IN A TRIP

Great geographical discoveries

Francis Drake

DRAKE (DRAKE) FRANCIS (circa 1540, Tayvistok, Devonshire, - 1/28/1596, near Porto Bello, Panama), English navigator, one of the "pirates of Queen Elizabeth", vice admiral (1588). The most active participant in the Anglo-Spanish colonial struggle of the 16th century.

Great geographical discoveries

Francis Drake

In 1567 he participated in the sea expedition of J. hawkins with the aim of seizing the ships of Spanish slave traders, plundering Spanish possessions in the West Indies. Later he undertook a number of pirate expeditions to the West Indies. In 1577, with the aim of robbing the Pacific coast of Spanish possessions in America, with a squadron of 5 ships, sailed from Plymouth, passed through the Strait of Magellan, and explored the west coast for the first time. North America to 48 ° north latitude, crossed the Pacific Ocean, passed the Moluccas and in 1580 returned to Plymouth with huge booty, thus making the 2nd (after Magellan) trip around the world.

In 1587, with a sudden raid on Cadiz, he destroyed the ships of the Invincible Armada, which were preparing to attack England. In 1588, he actually commanded the English fleet during the defeat of the "Invincible Armada". He died during another predatory expedition, which began in 1595. The strait between the island of Tierra del Fuego and the South Shetland Islands, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, is named after Drake.

Abel Tasman ( netherl. Abel Janszoon Tasman, 1603 , Lutiegast, province Groningen?October 1659 , Batavia(now Jakarta) - Dutch navigator, explorer and merchant. Received worldwide recognition for the sea voyages he led in 1642 -1644. The first among the famous European explorers reached the shores New Zealand, Tonga and Fiji. The data collected during his expeditions helped to prove the fact that Australia is a separate continent.

Great geographical discoveries

Abel Tasman

Great geographical discoveries

Abel Tasman

AT 1642 Tasman is appointed commander of a detachment of two ships East India Company allocated for research of southern and eastern waters Pacific Ocean. Hypotheses geographers and navigators of that era, it was these waters that were supposed to wash the shores of the mythical unknown southern land about the possible wealth of which was told by several generations. During this voyage, November 24 1642, Tasman discovered a large island off the coast of Australia ( Tasmania) and named it after the governor Dutch East Indies Van Diemenland.

Great geographical discoveries

Abel Tasman

After following several tens of miles along the coast of the island, Tasman turned east and on December 13 he saw the outlines of another unfamiliar land. It was an island Southern related to New Zealand. During the stay at this island, Europeans first met with Maori, the natives of New Zealand. The meeting ended tragically: the Maori attacked the landing Dutch, killed several sailors and disappeared. Frustrated by this incident, Tasman called this place Killer Bay (now Golden Bay).

Abel Tasman

Great geographical discoveries

AT 1643 Tasman led a detachment of three ships of the East India Company, which passed along the western coasts New Guinea and the northern coast of Australia. As a result, a significant part of the coast of northern Australia was mapped for the first time.

From the point of view of the leadership of the East India Company, the sailing of detachments of ships under the command of Tasman in 1642-1644 ended in complete failure - new trade areas were never discovered and new sea passages were not found for implementation navigation. Up to travels through almost 100 years of the British navigator James Cook, the Europeans never began to explore New Zealand, and visits to Australia were sporadic and most often caused by shipwrecks.

Great geographical discoveries

Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese and Spanish navigator who completed the FIRST circumnavigation of the world (1519-1522). Born about 1480.

Great geographical discoveries

Ferdinand Magellan

After participating in the Portuguese conquest of India and Malacca in 1511, Magellan had the idea to reach Molluk by a western route. But his project was rejected by the Portuguese king, and Magellan decides to go to the service of the Spanish king, whom he convinced of the existence of the strait south of Brazil. The flotilla consisted of 5 large ships (“Trinidad” - 100 tons, flagship), 295 crew members. On October 20, 1519, she set sail. After 2 months, the ships reached Brazil and headed south. On March 31, a mutiny began on 3 ships - the Spanish captains demanded that Magellan turn to the Cape of Good Hope, but Magellan suppressed it.

Great geographical discoveries

Ferdinand Magellan

On October 21, 1520, the entrance to the strait was found, which Magellan called All Saints (later the Strait of Magellan), and on November 28, 1520, the flotilla left the strait into the Pacific Ocean (one of the ships returned to Spain without permission). The passage across the Pacific Ocean lasted 3 months 20 days, during which most of the crew died. Surprisingly, during the transition, Magellan met only 2 deserted islands. Only in March 1521 did they reach the Philippine Islands. Magellan intervened in a dispute between two rulers and died in battle on Mactan Island. Of the 5 ships of Magellan, only one - "Victoria" circled the globe in 1081 days and on October 8, 1522 anchored in Seville. Of the 265 crew members, only 18 returned home. The expedition of Magellan PROVED the correctness of the hypothesis about the sphericity of the Earth, and established the presence of a ONE World Ocean.

Great geographical discoveries

Vasco da Gama

VASCO DA GAMA - was born in 1469 in the town of Sines in the family of a noble courtier.

Great geographical discoveries

Vasco da Gama

In 1497, King Manuel equipped a squadron to reconnoiter the sea route from Portugal - around Africa - to India. Vasco da Gama was appointed head of the expedition. On July 8, 1497, a squadron of 4 ships and 168 crew members sets off from Lisbon. The flagship was the "San Gabriel" (100-120 tons). The sailors spent 92 days in the ocean and only reached the land on November 4, and on November 22 the squadron rounded the Cape of Good Hope and continued along the coast. On May 20, 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India (Calicut), and on August 30, he set off on his return journey.

On September 18, 1499, Vasco da Gama returned to Lisbon, having visited Mozambique, Mombasa, Malindi, Mogadishu during his trip. Only 2 ships and 55 crew members returned. From 1500, the Portuguese began trading with India and, with the help of military force established strongholds on its territory. And in 1511 they took possession of Malacca - the true country of spices. Vasco da Gama is the FIRST European who made a sea voyage to India.

Great geographical discoveries

Vasco da Gama

Great geographical discoveries

Bartolomeu Dias

BARTOLOMEU DIAS DE NOVAIS ( port. Bartolomeu Dias de Novaes; OK. 1450 - missing May 29 1500 ) - Portuguese navigator.

Great geographical discoveries

Bartolomeu Dias

In early August 1487, with two fifty-ton caravels and one transport, Dias left Lisbon. The ships sailed along the western coast of Africa, already familiar to the Portuguese. At 29 degrees south latitude, they got into a storm that lasted 2 weeks. After the end of the storm, Dias, unable to determine his location, led the ships to the east, but the crew demanded to turn back. On the way back, the ships rounded the cape, beyond which the coast turned sharply to the north.

Great geographical discoveries

Bartolomeu Dias

In memory of the trials suffered, Dias named the southern tip of Africa the Cape of Storms, but King Juan renamed it the Cape of Good Hope - the hope that his dream would come true and the Portuguese sailors would open the way to India. The expedition returned to Portugal in December 1488. Dias was the FIRST European to visit the Indian Ocean and circumnavigate Africa from the south.

Great geographical discoveries

Christopher Columbus

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. It is believed that Christopher Columbus (Christobal Colombo) was born on October 25, 1451 in Genoa.

In the 1470s, he participated in sea trading expeditions. It is believed that as early as 1474, the astronomer Paolo Toscanelli told him that, in his opinion, one could get to India by a much shorter sea route if one sailed to the West. It is possible that already then Columbus was thinking about his project of a sea voyage to India. In 1476, Columbus moved to Portugal, where he lived for 9 years. It is known that in 1477 he visited Iceland, where he could get acquainted with the knowledge of the Icelanders about the land in the west. The first appeal of Columbus with a proposal to sail to India to the west was in 1475-1480 to the government of Genoa remained unanswered. In 1483, he proposes his project to King Juan II, but this proposal is also rejected.

Great geographical discoveries

Christopher Columbus

In 1485, Columbus and his son moved to Spain, where, after long ordeals, on April 30, 1492, his project received the support of the royal couple. The king and queen confirmed the award to Columbus and his heirs, in case of luck, the titles of admiral, viceroy, a tenth of the net income and the right to deal with criminal and civil cases.

First expedition. Columbus was given 2 ships. The third "Pinta" (60 tons, captain - Martin Alonso Pinzon) was equipped by himself with the help of the Pinzon brothers. The flotilla team consisted of 90 people. Columbus raised the admiral's flag on the largest ship - "Santa Maria" (100-120 tons). The smallest ship "Nina" (50t) - headed by Vicente Yanes Pinzon. On August 3, 1492, the flotilla left the harbor of Palos.

Great geographical discoveries

Christopher Columbus

The composition of the crew of the first expedition was apparently selected only with the aim of establishing trade relations, and not to conquer open lands. The flotillas were not intended for large-scale operations - weak weapons, a small crew, and the absence of professional military personnel. The expedition also did not aim to promote the "holy" faith - there was not a single priest or monk on board. When Columbus announced that he had discovered "India" in the west and brought Indians from there, he believed that he had been exactly where he wanted to go.

Great geographical discoveries

Christopher Columbus

It took 33 days to cross the Atlantic Ocean from Homer Island to one of the Bahamas, which Columbus called San Salvador (Holy Savior, now Waling Island or Samana Island). Also during this expedition, the island of Haiti (Hispaniola), the island of Cuba (Juana) and the group of the Bahamas were discovered. In addition, the first attempt by Europeans to settle in Central America (Fort Navidad) was carried out. On March 9, 1493, the Nina anchored in Lisbon due to a storm, and on March 15 she returned to Spain.

Immediately the second expedition was organized. The flotilla consisted of 17 ships, the crew included up to 2500 people. There were already not only sailors, but also monks, nobles, military men. One of the goals of the expedition was to organize a permanent colony. On the largest ship of the flotilla "Maria Galante" (200 tons), Columbus raised the admiral's flag. On September 25, 1493, the expedition left Cadiz, and on June 11, 1496, Christopher Columbus returned to Spain to defend his rights. The fact is that the queen, having discovered that the income from Hispaniola was insignificant, allowed all Castilian subjects to equip ships for new discoveries in the west. This time, Columbus defended his right to a monopoly of discoveries in the west. During the Second Expedition, the Lesser Antilles, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Jamaica were discovered, the city of Santo Domingo was founded.

Great geographical discoveries

Christopher Columbus

After the charges were dropped, the king allowed Columbus to organize the Fourth Expedition (4 ships). April 3, 1502 - the beginning of the expedition - September 12, 1504 Columbus returns to Spain. During this expedition, the coast of Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico and Costa Rica was discovered. Columbus meets 1503 in the bay, which in 400 years will become the northern entrance to the Panama Canal. Only 65 km separates Columbus from the Pacific Ocean, but he will never overcome them. Columbus was the FIRST European who crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the tropical zone, he laid the foundation for discoveries in South America, discovered many islands in the Caribbean. Columbus RESTORED the never-ending contacts between the Old and New Worlds.

Great geographical discoveries

Christopher Columbus

With the greatest difficulty, Columbus managed to raise funds for the equipment of the Third Expedition - only 6 small ships and 300 crew members. On May 30, 1498, the flotilla set sail from Spain. During the Third Expedition, the island of Trinidad was discovered. Since 1499, the monopoly right of Columbus to discover new lands was abolished, and in 1500 the representative of the king arrested Columbus and sent him to Spain.

The routes of the most important travels

in the XV - the middle of the XVII centuries.

Great geographical discoveries

Francis Drake

Ferdinand Magellan

Abel Tasman

Vasco da Gama

Christopher Columbus

Bartolomeu Dias

Great geographical discoveries

1. Analyze the educational text of this poster from the "AUDIENCE" block, systematize it and make a table "Causes and Significance of the Great Geographical Discoveries".

2. Analyze the text of this poster from the “TOURING” block, systematize it and make a chronological chain (or diagram) “Great geographical discoveries”.

3. Use this poster, additional resources, and prepare creative work on the topic under study. The form of work is free (craft, drawing, mini-essay, message, poster or other).

Great geographical discoveries

4. Use the program function power point"animation" , "Travel paths" effect, "draw a custom path" action and draw one of the routes of famous travelers on the proposed map. Which you learned from the materials of this poster. Sign the path you laid out according to the scheme (name of the traveler, travel time, discovery).

Great geographical discoveries

Geographical discoveries of antiquity

• People have always travelled. Many, many thousands of years ago, ancient hunters set out on a journey to find hunting grounds. Ancient pastoralists, along with their herds, went on multi-day trips in search of fresh pastures. People explored new lands, crossed deserts and moved over mountains, crossed seas and even oceans in light boats.

• Time passed, and people learned to write. Then the travelers began to write down where they had been and what they had seen. The first traveler whose name we know was an Egyptian Hannu. On a ship, he sailed along the Red Sea to the south, to the country punt, and returned to Egypt with a load of incense and precious stones. The story of Hannu's voyage was carved into the rock.

King and queen

country punt

Remarkable travelers were the Phoenicians, who lived on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. AT ancient world they were the most skillful sailors. The Phoenicians were the first to sail around Africa. They traveled for three years. In autumn they landed on the shore, sowed wheat, harvested crops and set off again. The story about this was recorded by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus.

In the north of Europe, in Scandinavia, the harsh Vikings lived. They built good ships and sailed far out to sea in search of new lands and booty. Viking ships circled Europe, they discovered Iceland, and in X century reached North America and founded the first settlements. Then this path was forgotten, and five centuries later Columbus I had to rediscover America.

Drakkar is a Viking ship. The bow of the ship was decorated with a carved image of a dragon.

India has always been presented to the inhabitants of Europe as a fabulous country full of curiosities and treasures. She was famous for spices and incense. The Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias in 1487 rounded the southernmost tip of Africa and named it the Cape of Storms.

Bartolomeu Dias

The sea route to India around Africa paved Vasco da Gama . His expedition was carefully prepared: four fast ships, the best navigational instruments and experienced sailors.

Rounding the Cape of Good Hope, the expedition headed north along the coast of Africa. Nine months after the start of the voyage, on a May day 1498 , the ships arrived in Indian Calicut city .

The local ruler, who lived in a luxurious palace, did not like the modest gifts of the Portuguese, but he listened with curiosity to the stories of bearded strangers about distant lands.

Navigational instruments helped sailors navigate the sea, including astrolabe - an instrument for measuring the height of stars above the horizon.

• Christopher Columbus was born in 1451

year in the Italian city of Genoa.

• From the age of 14 he swam as a Jungro, studied

navigation, geography,

mathematics.

• In the summer of 1492 - caravels

"Santa Maria", "Pinta", "Nina"

left the Spanish port of Palos.

• Two months later they moored to

small island,

claimed it as the property

Spanish king.

• Until his death, Columbus was sure

who found his way to India.

• Italian traveler

Amerigo Vespucci - a new continent

named after him.

• Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered

what is the american continent

the sea stretches.

Ferdinand Magellan decided to get to him.

• In September 1519, at the head of a flotilla of five small ships, Magellan left the port of Seville and headed for Brazil. Sailing south along the coast of South America, Magellan found a narrow and winding strait through which his ships entered the ocean. This strait was later called Magellan.

• AT XVII century, the Dutch entered the Pacific Ocean.
• They discovered a large island - New Guinea - and part of the northern coast of Australia.
• In 1642, Captain Abel Tasman discovered a large island south of Australia, later named Tasmania and New Zealand after him.

• In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev discovered the strait between Asia and America, passing from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific.
• In 1740, Captain-Commander Vitus Bering repeated the path of Dezhnev, reaching North America and discovered a number of islands in the Aleutian ridge.

English

navigator

James Cook

decades

confirmed

card accuracy,

compiled by Bering.

Cook made three circumnavigations

travels.

• Proved l that New Zealand -

two islands, not one.

• Studied the Great Barrier Reef.

• H and carried hundreds of new islands on the map of the Pacific Ocean.
• In the south he discovered the Hawaiian Islands,

tragically died here.

• The presence of the mainland in the region of the South Pole was guessed in antiquity. Abel Tasman and James Cook were also looking for him.
• Found by Russian sailors - Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev.
• In 1819, an expedition under their command on two boats - "Vostok" and "Mirny" - set off from Kronstadt.
• The goal of the expedition was achieved. The sailors saw a mountainous coast. So a new continent was discovered, covered with eternal ice.
• For the first time, a person set foot on the land of Antarctica only in 1895.
• Nowadays there are research stations of 24 states.

• Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen in 1893 on the Fram. For 500 kilometers to the Pole, the ship got stuck in the ice, the traveler returned on foot.
• American Robert Edwin Peary reached the Pole on a reindeer sled

• Norwegian Roald Amundsen on Eskimo sled dogs and a light sleigh in fur clothes set off in 1911 to South Pole and reached it on December 14th.
• An English officer, Robert Falcon Scott, on small pony horses in woolen and canvas clothes, also went to the South Pole and arrived a month later.

• On the way back, the British died.

Arrange correctly the captions under the portraits of the great Russian travelers:

• Bellingshausen Fadey Fadeevich
• Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich
• Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich

Ivanovich

Petrovich

Bellingshausen

Fadeevich

slide 1

European travelers of the late 15th century. - the middle of the 17th century. were the result of the rapid development of productive forces in Europe, the growth of trade with the countries of the East, the shortage of precious metals in connection with the development of trade and money circulation.

Great geographical discoveries

slide 2

It is known that even in ancient times, Europeans visited the coast of America, traveled along the coast of Africa, etc. However, a geographical discovery is considered not only a visit by representatives of any civilized people to a previously unknown part of the Earth. This concept includes the establishment of a direct connection between the newly discovered lands and the centers of culture of the Old World. Only the discovery of America by X. Columbus laid the foundation for extensive ties between the open lands and Europe, the same goal was served by the travels of Vasco da Gama to the shores of India, the round-the-world trip of F. Magellan.
Great geographical discoveries
The routes of the most important travels

slide 3

The great geographical discoveries became possible as a result of significant advances in the development of science and technology in Europe. At the end of the 15th century, the doctrine of the sphericity of the Earth became widespread, and knowledge in the field of astronomy and geography expanded. Navigational instruments were improved (compass, astrolabe), appeared new type sailing ship - caravel.
Great geographical discoveries
Prince Heinrich (Enrique), nicknamed the navigator, is the organizer long-distance voyages Portuguese

slide 4

The knowledge gained by the Portuguese as a result of travel gave sailors of other countries valuable information about the tides, the direction of winds and currents, and made it possible to create more accurate maps on which latitudes, lines of the tropics and the equator were plotted. These prince cards contained information about previously unknown countries. Previously widespread ideas about the impossibility of ebb and navigation in equatorial waters were refuted, and the fear of the unknown, characteristic of people of the Middle Ages, gradually began to recede.
Vasco da Gama opened the sea route to India, the country of fabulous wealth.
Great geographical discoveries

slide 5

At the same time, the Spaniards rushed in search of new trade routes. In 1492, after the capture of Granada and the completion of the reconquista, the Spanish king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella accepted the project of the Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) to reach the shores of India, sailing to the west. The Columbus project had many opponents, but it received the support of scientists from the University of Salaman, the most famous in Spain, and, no less significant, among business people Seville. On August 3, 1492, Columbus' flotilla sailed from Palos, one of the best ports on the Atlantic coast of Spain, consisting of 3 ships - Santa Maria, Pinta and Nina, the crews of which numbered 120 people. From the Canary Islands, Columbus headed west. On October 12, 1492, after a month's sailing in the open ocean, the fleet approached a small island from the group of the Bahamas, then named San Salvador. Although the newly discovered lands bore little resemblance to the fabulously rich islands of India and China, Columbus was convinced until the end of his days that he had discovered islands off the east coast of Asia.
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) The discovery of America is associated with his name
Great geographical discoveries

slide 6

During the first trip, the islands of Cuba, Haiti and a number of smaller ones were discovered. In 1492, Columbus returned to Spain, where he was appointed admiral of all open lands and received the right to 1/10 of all income. Subsequently, Columbus made three more trips to America - in 1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504, during which part of the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Trinidad and others were discovered; part of the Atlantic coast of Central and South America was surveyed. Although the open lands were very fertile and favorable for life, the Spaniards did not find gold there. Doubts arose that the newly discovered lands were India. The number of enemies of Columbus among the nobles grew, dissatisfied with the fact that he severely punished the expedition members for disobedience. In 1500, Columbus was removed from his post and sent in chains to Spain. He managed to restore his good name and make another trip to America. However, after returning from his last journey, he was deprived of all income and privileges and died in poverty.
Christopher Columbus
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 7

The number of enemies of Columbus among the nobles grew, dissatisfied with the fact that he severely punished the expedition members for disobedience. In 1500, Columbus was removed from his post and sent in chains to Spain. He managed to restore his good name and make another trip to America. However, after returning from his last journey, he was deprived of all income and privileges and died in poverty.
Ships of the expedition of Christopher Columbus
Great geographical discoveries

Slide 8

The discoveries of Columbus forced the Portuguese to hurry. In 1497 Vasco da Gama's flotilla (1469-1524) sailed from Lisbon to explore routes around Africa. Rounding the Cape of Good Hope, he entered the Indian Ocean. Moving north along the coast, the Portuguese reached the Arab trading cities of Mozambique and Malindi. With the help of an Arab pilot, on May 20, 1498, Vasco da Gama's squadron entered the Indian port of Calicut.

Great geographical discoveries

Slide 9

In August 1499, his ships returned to Portugal. The sea route to the country of fabulous riches was opened. From now on, the Portuguese began to annually equip up to 20 ships for trade with India. Thanks to superiority in weapons and technology, they managed to oust the Arabs from there. The Portuguese attacked their ships, destroyed the crews, devastated the cities on the southern coast of Arabia. In India, they captured strongholds, among which the city of Goa became the main one. The spice trade was declared a royal monopoly, it gave up to 800% profit. At the beginning of the 16th century The Portuguese captured Malacca and the Moluccas. In 1499-1500. Spaniards and in 1500-1502. The Portuguese discovered the coast of Brazil.
Great geographical discoveries
Ferdinand Magellan led the first round-the-world expedition

Slide 10

In the 16th century Portuguese navigators mastered the sea routes in the Indian Ocean, reached the shores of China, and were the first Europeans to set foot on the land of Japan. Among them was Fernand Pinto, the author of travel diaries, where detailed description newly discovered country. Prior to this, Europe had only fragmentary and confusing information about Japan from the Book of Marco Polo, the famous Venetian traveler of the 14th century, who, however, never reached the Japanese Islands. In 1550, their image with the modern name first appeared on the Portuguese navigation chart.

Great geographical discoveries

slide 11

In Spain, after the death of Columbus, sending expeditions to new lands continued. At the beginning of the 16th century traveled to the western hemisphere Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) - a Florentine merchant who was in the service first of the Spanish and then of the Portuguese king, a famous navigator and geographer. Thanks to his letters, the idea that Columbus discovered not the coast of India, but a new mainland, gained popularity. In honor of Vespucci, this continent was named America. In 1515, the first globe with this name appeared, and then atlases and maps. Vespucci's hypothesis was finally confirmed as a result of Magellan's trip around the world (1519-1522). The name of Columbus remained immortalized in the name of one of the Latin American countries - Colombia.
Great geographical discoveries
The expedition of the Venetian traveler Marco Polo is preparing to sail.

slide 12

The proposal to reach the Moluccas by going around the American mainland from the south, expressed by Vespucci, interested the Spanish government. In 1513, the Spanish conquistador V. Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and went to the Pacific Ocean, which gave hope to Spain, which did not receive much benefit from the discoveries of Columbus, to find a western route to the shores of India. This task was destined to be fulfilled by the Portuguese nobleman Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521), who had previously been in the Portuguese possessions in Asia. He believed that the coast of India lay much closer to the newly discovered continent than it really was. World Ocean.

Great geographical discoveries

slide 13

On September 20, 1519, a squadron of five ships with 253 crew members, led by Magellan, who entered the service of the Spanish king, left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar. After 11 months of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, Magellan reached the southern tip of America and passed through the strait (later called Magellanic), which separated the mainland from Tierra del Fuego. After three weeks of sailing through the strait, the squadron entered the Pacific Ocean, passing off the coast of Chile. On December 1, 1520, land was seen for the last time from ships. Magellan headed north and then northwest. For three months and twenty days, while the ships sailed across the ocean, he was calm, and therefore Magellan called him the Pacific.
Great geographical discoveries
Amerigo Vespucci - Florentine merchant, geographer, navigator. The mainland discovered by Christopher Columbus is named after him.

Slide 14

On March 6, 1521, the expedition approached the small inhabited islands (the Mariana Islands), and after another 10 days ended up near the Philippine Islands. As a result of the voyage of Magellan, the idea of ​​​​the sphericity of the Earth was confirmed, it was proved that between Asia and America there is a huge body of water - the Pacific Ocean, that most of the globe is occupied by water, and not by land, that there is a single World Ocean.
Great geographical discoveries

slide 15

April 27, 1521 Magellan died in a skirmish with the natives on one of the Philippine Islands. His companions continued sailing under the command of Juan Sebastian El Cano and reached the Moluccas and Indonesia. Almost a year later, the last of Magellan's ships set off for his native shores, taking on board a large cargo of spices. September 6, 1522 the ship "Victoria" returned to Spain; Of the entire crew, only 18 survived. "Victoria" brought so many spices that their sale made it possible not only to cover all the expenses of the expedition, but also to make a significant profit. For a long time no one followed the example of Magellan, and only in 1578-1580. The second-ever circumnavigation of the world was made by the English pirate Francis Drake, who robbed the Spanish colonies on the Pacific coast of America along the way.

Great geographical discoveries

slide 16

In the 16th century - 1st half of the 17th century. the Spaniards explored the northern and western coasts of South America, penetrated into the interior and in a bloody struggle conquered the states (Maya, Aztecs, Incas) that existed in the Yucatan, present-day Mexico and Peru. Here the Spanish conquerors, primarily Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, seized the huge treasures accumulated by the rulers and priests of these states. In search of the fabulous land of El Dorado, the Spaniards explored the basin of the Orinoco and Magdalena rivers, where rich deposits of gold, silver and platinum were also discovered. The Spanish conquistador Ximénez de Quesada conquered what is now Colombia.
Great geographical discoveries
One of the ships of Magellan's flotilla. Drawing from 1523

Slide 17

In the 2nd half of the 16th century. - the beginning of the 17th century. the Spaniards made a number of Pacific expeditions from the territory of Peru, during which the Solomon Islands (1568), South Polynesia (1595), Melanesia (1605) were discovered.
Great geographical discoveries
One of the ships of Magellan's flotilla. Drawing from 1523

Slide 18

Long before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, the idea of ​​the existence of a “South Continent” arose, and during the course of the discoveries, the idea of ​​the existence of a “South Continent”, of which the islands of Southeast Asia were considered a part. She expressed herself in geographical writings, and the mythical mainland was even mapped under the name "Terra australis incognita" - "Unknown southern land". In 1605, a Spanish squadron of 3 ships sailed from Peru under the command of P. Quiroz, who discovered a number of islands, one of which he mistook for the coast of the mainland. Leaving two ships to the mercy of fate, Quiros returned to Peru, and then sailed to Spain to secure the rights to rule new lands. But soon he was wrong. The captain of one of the two abandoned ships, the Portuguese L. V. de Torres, continued sailing and found out that Kyros had discovered not the mainland, but a group of islands (New Hebrides).

Great geographical discoveries

Slide 19

Sailing west, Torres passed along the southern coast of New Guinea through the strait, later named after him, and discovered Australia lying to the south. There is evidence that on the coast of the new mainland as early as the 16th century. the Portuguese landed and, shortly before Torres, the Dutch, but this was not known in Europe. Having reached the Philippine Islands, Torres reported the discovery to the Spanish government. However, fearing competitors and not having the strength and means to develop new land, the Spanish administration withheld information about this discovery.
Great geographical discoveries
James Cook, English navigator, participant in two of the largest voyages around the world. Explorer of Australia and Oceania.

Slide 20

In the 1st half of the 17th century. the search for the "South Continent" was conducted by the Dutch. In 1642, Abel Janszon Tasman (1603-1659), bypassed Australia from the south, discovering an island called Tasmania. In 1768, the English navigator D. Cook explored the shores of Oceania and Australia, and subsequently he recognized Torres' priority in the discovery of Australia. In 1497-1498, English navigators reached the northeast coast of North America and discovered Newfoundland and Labrador. At the same time, searches were underway for a northeastern route to India through the Arctic Ocean. In the 16-17 centuries. Russian explorers explored the northern coast of the Ob, Yenisei and Lena and mapped the contours of the northern coast of Asia. In 1642, Yakutsk was founded, which became the base for expeditions to the Arctic Ocean.
Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, who discovered the strait between the Asian continent and America
Great geographical discoveries

slide 21

In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (c. 1605-1673) left the Kolyma and bypassed the Chukotka peninsula, proving that the Asian continent was separated from America by a strait. The outlines of the northeastern coast of Asia were refined and mapped (1667, "Drawing of the Siberian Land"). But Dezhnev's report on the discovery of the strait lay in the Yakut archives for 80 years and was published only in 1758. In the 18th century. the strait discovered by Dezhnev was named after the Danish navigator in the Russian service, Vitus Bering, who in 1728 rediscovered the strait. In 1898, in memory of Dezhnev, a cape in the northeastern tip of Asia was named after him.
Cape Dezhnev
Great geographical discoveries

slide 22

In the 15th - 17th centuries. as a result of bold sea and land expeditions, a significant part of the Earth was discovered and explored. Paths were laid that connected distant countries and continents. The great geographical discoveries marked the beginning of the creation of the colonial system, contributed to the formation of the world market and played an important role in the formation of the capitalist economic system in Europe. For the newly discovered and conquered countries, they brought mass extermination, the planting of the most cruel forms of exploitation, the forcible introduction of Christianity. Rapid reduction The size of the indigenous population of America led to the importation of African slaves and the widespread plantation slavery.
Great geographical discoveries

slide 23

America's gold and silver poured into Europe, causing there a frenzied rise in the prices of all commodities, the so-called price revolution. This primarily benefited the owners of manufactories, capitalists and merchants, since prices rose faster than wage. The “price revolution” contributed to the rapid ruin of artisans and handicraftsmen; in the countryside, nobles and wealthy peasants who sold food on the market benefited the most from it. All this contributed to the accumulation of capital. As a result of the Great geographical discoveries, Europe's ties with Africa and Asia expanded, and relations with America were established. The center of world trade and economic life has moved from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean.
Great geographical discoveries
Europeans and Islanders on Easter Island. Engraving of the 18th century.