creative project by technology

"House of matches"

Project relevance:

When I came across the book Fascinating Crafts from Matches, it immediately interested me. Each item has its own story, regardless of its purpose. It is very entertaining to create various designs from small details. Matches make excellent souvenirs, and matches are an affordable material. And it takes dedication and hard work to get the job done. I decided to make a house as a gift for March 8th.

Goals and objectives of the project:

Target:

Tasks:

• Raise your skill level. Improve skills and techniques for working with matches.
• . Learn how to make a house out of matches.
• Learn about the history of matches. Know how to use literature.
• Learn patience, perseverance, accuracy in doing work .

The most common matches.

What is amazing about them?

Previously, a spark was struck with a stone or rubbed with coal tinder.

When did matches appear?

Etymology and history of the word

Term "matches" has existed in Russia since the second half of the 18th century.

Derived from Old Slavonic "spoke".

"Spoke" - pointed wooden stick, splinter. Originally meant wooden nails, which were used for the manufacture of shoes (for attaching the sole to the head).

Incendiary matches (samogarny) denoted what we now understand by the word "matches".

AT Russia first phosphorus matches were brought in 1836 year, they cost expensive - silver ruble for a hundred. First domestic factory for the production of matches built in Petersburg in 1837 year.

Later came the first match boxes, first wooden, and then tin. Moreover, even then they were glued to them labels, which led to the emergence of a whole branch of collecting - phylumenia. The label carried not only information, but also decorated and complemented the matches.

A box of Russian pre-revolutionary matches from the Balkan Star factory

modern matches

Modern wooden matches are made in two ways: veneer way (for square matches) and stamp (for round matches).

In our country, as well as in other countries, matches are mainly produced from wood stick(called a straw) with a head that requires friction on the spread applied to the sides of the matchbox to ignite.

As the main raw material for the manufacture of match straws since last century are mainly used aspen and less often linden. To do this, with a round bark peeled with a special knife in a spiral the tape is removed, which is then chopped into match straws.

Matchwood

Application

In addition to the main purpose, matches are sometimes used:

• Instead of counting sticks for teaching children.

• For the manufacture of match houses.

• For the draw.

• For various logic games.

• Collecting matches, matchboxes, labels, etc. - phillumeny.

Making houses out of matches is very interesting technique making a souvenir (or a pyrotechnic device) from the cheapest material - matches.

Devices and materials:

- 4 boxes of matches;

• 5 ruble coin
• disc box or book

Position the CD box

in front of us and start the assembly. Place two matches side by side, parallel to each other so that there is a distance slightly less than the length of the match between them.

From above we make a flooring of 8

matches. Extreme matches should

lie flat and form

a square with those matches that

lie below.

We put the second layer of flooring (8 matches), perpendicular to the first.

Now we make a well of 7 rows.

Carefully put a flooring of 8 matches on top of the well.

We put the second flooring, but now from 6 matches. We will add the last 2 matches later. From above, the resulting structure is pressed with a coin, like a press.

Holding the house with one finger, we stick the corner vertical matches along the edges of the house between the floorings.

We stick the matches very carefully along the perimeter along the walls, pushing the flooring with an auxiliary match and pressing the structure with your finger, take out the coin.

We make walls. The walls will consist of two layers of matches - vertical and horizontal.

We make a roof. We insert the missing matches into the corner holes and, poking the vertical matches of the wall from below, take them out halfway.

We put roof matches perpendicular to the upper flooring.

Now, between the protruding vertical matches, we insert the "tile" matches with the heads towards the middle

So we got a house in which you can add a pipe and a window. It seems that there is nothing special about it and it is not difficult to make it. To assemble this house, I had to start my work more than 8 times, because. collected without glue, and the work is very painstaking. It took 2 days to make.

Environmental assessment of the project

When working on the project, I used only natural materials - these are matches. So my product will not entail changes in environment and disturbances in human life.

Cost calculation

Name

Prices in rubles

Matchbox

1 rub. 20 kop.

Costs in rubles

4 rub. 80 kop.

4 rub. 80 kop.

How to do a creative project on technology

"Miniatures made of cardboard"

Made by Ekaterina Fedorova, 6th grade student

Supervisor: Stepanova L.I., teacher of technology

Definition of need…………………………………..………. 3

2. Brief formulation of the task.…………………………………………… 3

4. Research, analysis of the problem ……………………………................ 4

5. Initial ideas ………………………………………………….. 4

6. List of criteria to be met by the product……. 5

7. Working out the best ideas………………………………………………...... 6

8. Routing………………………………………...……… 7

9. Evaluation of the product …………………………………………………….............. 9

10. Design evaluation……………………………..…………….......... 9

What is good? This is a piece of happiness
This is fresh air, sips of wind.
You give it, and it will return,
Some people just have a heartbeat.
Do not buy this word and do not sell,
You can give it or just give it away...
Free of charge, without demanding money back,
It's all very simple and very clear.
Today I want to give everyone good,
How do you, people, in your heart - It became warm?
Let everyone feel it, smile,
And it will immediately return to you with a smile!

Definition of need

We have children with disabilities in correction classes at our school, I wanted to get to know them better, communicate and do something pleasant. At the technology lesson, we decided to make a gift for the children. You can buy it, but it's expensive and unoriginal. Therefore, we will make a gift with our own hands. It is interesting to see the result of your work, surprise your parents and please your children. The work will not be difficult, we think that we can handle it. Especially as it approaches New Year, in the area for children, the administration and the Centers of creativity hold festive events where we can contribute.!

The purpose of the project: to make miniatures from improvised material.

Tasks: choose original models of miniature household utensils.

Make products.

Design and manufacture products and present them to children with disabilities. Prepare a multimedia presentation "Do good"

Research, problem analysis.

Initial Ideas

For more than one year I have been creating miniature toys from various materials: plasticine, paper, polymer clay. What attracts me to my work is that unique jewelry projects are created, and why shouldn't I please other children who are not capable of such work? There are many miniature projects on the Internet, but the cost of projects is very high - for example, a house with a set of furniture and household items costs 20,000 rubles! We will make from ... cardboard!

But there were initially other options for gifts:

1 embroidery

2 soft toy

3 pillow

From the preliminary request from the Administration of Taksimo we need to make about 200 gifts. And for such a quantity, the technique of making miniatures is most suitable, and we are moving to the Microworld workshop.

Conclusion: We made a choice - to make cardboard miniature gifts for children with disabilities.

Questionnaire (questioned 47 students 5-7 cells)

do good

1, Do you think there is a particle of goodness in every heart?

a) yes - 95%

b) no-5%

2, What is its part in your heart?

a) 1/2 -51%

b) 1/3- 13%

c) 1/4 -31%

d) 1/5 -5%

e) or ____________

3. Do you think it is possible to do good with your own hands?

a) yes -100%

b) no

4. Can a gift with your own hands be regarded as WELL?

a) yes -100%

b) no

5. Do you think it's nice to receive gifts of kindness?

a) yes 100%

b) no

6. Gifts of GOOD are help in need; when in an orphanage a child is told that your mother has come for you; heart and hands; more than this answers that this is a gift with your own hands and gifts for disabled children.

In general, the survey questions were simple, but the answers to them lead to serious reflection. There are a lot of people around us who need our help and we are able to help them.

The results of the survey showed that modern society needs not only highly educated, active, enterprising and enterprising young people, but also kind and sympathetic, able to selflessly come to the rescue, turn "their shoulder" in difficult times.

Scroll criteria that the product must meet:

Title: Do Good

Appointment - a gift to children with disabilities.

Material - cardboard.

Manufacturing method – manufacturing method is familiar to us.

Appearance - beautiful, attractive

Environmental friendliness - gifts are made of environmentally friendly material.

7 Other criteria - gifts should be beautiful, bright.

elaboration best idea

In the process of implementing the project, we decided to make gifts for the children in the "retro" style - objects with peeling paint, shabby, which "served" the owners for several decades....

Technological operations

Description

We put a template on the cardboard, circle it with a pencil.

Cut out with scissors.

Glue with glue, combining the side sections.

Lubricate the bottom with glue so that a little glue goes inside the workpiece, put it on a piece of cardboard in size and press firmly. It is best to use thick PVA glue or Moment-gel.

After complete drying, cut the cardboard around the circumference of the bottom.

Coat a thick thread with glue and glue along the upper cut, let the glue dry and cover the product with primer paint several times.

After the primer has dried, cover the product with paint.

Bend the details for the temples and glue them symmetrically

Give the buckets a chipped effect with black paint.

Similarly, jugs are made of cardboard.

Technological map "Manufacturing chest of drawers"

Technological operations

Description

By the size of two glued matchboxes, we cut out the side and top parts from thick cardboard.

We glue the boxes to each other and glue them with blanks.

On the drawers we paste three rows of cardboard, which are cut out to reduce.

Wait for the glue to dry completely.

Prime with several coats of dark acrylic paint.

After the primer dries, carefully rub the edges of the product with a candle.

Economic justification.

My project was made practically from leftover materials for needlework - cardboard, empty matchboxes, for the ground were used acrylic paints, which remained after coloring pictures by numbers. We can say with confidence that all the materials we used are free!

Design evaluation

The problem statement is clearly defined. The products are of high quality. Time was used quite rationally, we managed to complete the project on time. In general, we are satisfied with the quality of design, manufacture and appearance of the finished product. We really liked the work, if we started doing this work again, then, probably, everyone did it without changing anything.

Project work

TOPIC:

"Cutting board

with painting.

Work completed:

Grishkova

Valentina Mikhailovna

Akhtubinsk

Stage 1

Search and research

Idea discussion

Awareness of the problem social significance(for home, school, playground, etc.)

Search for information on your problem (library, magazines, museums, Internet)

Independent work on the selection of drawings, sketches to create an object.

Evaluation of your knowledge, skills to implement the idea

Estimation of time, materials, their cost, appearance of the product, environmental friendliness, manufacturing technique.

Stage 2

Design and technological

Drawing up sketches of the main parts of the product

Manufacturing sequence development

Selection of materials, tools, fixtures

Making a product sketch

Manufacture of products according to the technological map in compliance with the culture of work.

Stage 3

Final

Analysis and evaluation of the product (advantages, disadvantages, self-assessment of the result)

Project Protection

Project documentation

Criteria for evaluating the implementation of projects

Argumentation of the choice of topic, justification of the need, practical orientation of the project and the significance of the work performed.

The volume and completeness of developments, the implementation of the accepted design stages, independence, completeness, preparedness for the perception of the project by other people, material embodiment.

Argumentation of the proposed solutions, approaches, conclusions.

The level of creativity, originality of the theme.

The quality of the explanatory note.

Product quality, compliance with standards, originality.

An example of a creative project

Project theme: Cutting board with painting.

Executor: Grishkova Valentina Mikhailova

Project goals: Accurately and accurately perform technological operations; acquire acquired knowledge; evaluate the work done.

Sections of the explanatory note:

Substantiation of the theme of the selected project.

Scheme of organization of manufacturing of the designed product.

The study of the history of the development of folk art craft, craftsmen, their work.

Design analysis.

Scroll technical documentation supplied with the product.

Characteristics of the materials used.

Calculation part.

The grafical part.

Technological part.

Economic part.

Safety engineering.

Ecological part.

The results of the work.

Literature.

1. Justification of the theme of the selected project.

Who refuses to decorate their kitchen with an elegant cutting board, which will immediately make it non-standard and cozy.

To do this, it is absolutely not necessary to go shopping, looking for a kitchen that is suitable for the interior. It is much more pleasant to spend these hours making items that ennoble everyday life. I will give this board to my mother. I put my soul into this work and I hope you will like my gift.

2. Scheme of the organization of manufacturing of the designed product.

3. Studying the history of arts and crafts.

4. Sketches of alternative models.

5. Design analysis.

After researching all the possible sketches of the boards, I decided to make my composition, consisting of a bird and flowers. This is a laborious job that requires accuracy and precision. And since I made sketches of individual elements of the painting at the lessons of fine arts, I found it possible to complete this work.

6. List of technical documentation.

The main elements of the painting.

Sketches of alternative models.

Copies of famous masters.

7. Characteristics of the materials used.

Board-blank made of plywood 8 mm thick.

Paints - gouache (12 colors).

Brushes (columns) No. 1; No. 2; No. 4; No. 5.

PVA glue.

Lacquer “Yacht”.

8. Settlement part.

The size of my board is 22cm x 18cm.

9. Graphic part.

To paint the board according to the planned drawing, I needed to master the principles of drawing construction. Completed a number of exercises on paper.

Worked out the color and background of the murals. I decided to use bright, sonorous, local tones.

10. Technological part.

Before starting work, the board is impregnated with PVA glue diluted with water. Then the background is applied and, according to the planned sketch, a drawing is applied to the board. After that, a revival is applied. Mistakes are corrected. The product is varnished and dried.

11. Economic part.

Material type	price, rub.
Lacquer “Yacht”
Total: 200 rubles. (excluding labor costs)

12. Safety precautions.

The product was manufactured in compliance with necessary requirements and rules safe work, in a clear sequence of technological operations, with the correct use of materials.

13. Ecological part.

All materials used are made from environmentally friendly raw materials and do not contain toxic substances.

14. Results of the work.

I checked the quality of my work. It turned out well, cleanly, neatly, the colors were hormonally combined with each other. In general, it turned out to be an artistic product that will serve as a gift for my mother.

15. Literature.

Konovalov A.E. Gorodets painting. Bitter. 1988.

L.Ya. Suprun. Gorodets painting. Ed. "Culture and Traditions". Tver, 2006.

H.I. Makhmutov. Painting on wood. – M.: Enlightenment, 1987.

Project planning and brief analysis

This project was completed in accordance with the planning time for working on it - 14 hours.

1 week (2 hours). Goal setting, tasks. Selection of literature, selection of materials, tools.

2 weeks (2 hours). Research and development of the idea. Collection of information (library, Internet). Evaluation of their capabilities, knowledge, skills and abilities.

3 weeks (2 hours). Search for alternative options. Production of sketches, drawings.

4 weeks (2 hours). Development of the manufacturing sequence. Drawing composition.

5 weeks (2 hours) and 6 weeks (2 hours). Practical activities for painting cutting board in compliance with labor discipline, work culture, safety.

Week 7 (2 hours). Product analysis and evaluation.

As a result of the execution this project I got acquainted with the history of arts and crafts and folk art in Russia, studied color science, drawing, the laws of composition, independently drew sketches, developed and evaluated my project.

The project was completed in full with a creative approach. The quality of the product meets the requirements for kitchen utensils. AT explanatory note the argumentation of the choice of topic, the justification of the need and the practical orientation are presented.

Conclusion

As a result of project activities, the ability to solve creative problems develops. Independence, diligence, enterprise, culture of behavior, patriotism are brought up. Aesthetic feelings and artistic initiative develop. An aesthetic attitude to work is being formed.

Project-based learning develops social aspect personality by including it in different kinds activities in real, social and industrial relations, helps to adapt in a competitive environment, instills a vital necessary knowledge and management skills household and the family economy.

When I see before me final result- a thing that we can use in everyday life, made with our own hands, self-esteem increases, and this educates morally.

Literature.

Sergeev I.S. How to organize student project activities. – M.: Arkti, 2007.

Technology. 5-11 Grades: Project activity students. Aut.-stat. L.N. Morozova, N.G. Kravchenko, O.V. Pavlova. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2007.

Decoupage technique has become more and more popular lately. It is a varnished application of napkins. You can decorate absolutely any surface with decoupage - from furniture to a banal cutting board. We place our drawing on the surface of the board and carefully cover it with glue diluted with water in a 50/50 ratio.

Acquaintance with the history of the development of household lamps helps to better understand the relationship and mutual influence of technology and culture in these objects of the objective environment of the dwelling, which are extremely diverse in their forms. The first literary mention of the lamp we meet in Homer. When describing Odysseus and Telemachus, carrying out the suitors' weapons, it is said: "... and Pallas Athena, invisibly holding a golden lamp, shone for them."

The centuries-old history of household lamps demonstrates the dependence of their shape on the development of artificial lighting technology, materials and manufacturing technology, architecture, arts and crafts, and, finally, design.

Sources of artificial light ancient world- torches, torches and oil lamps. Oil lamps consisted of a vessel for hemp or linseed oil and wick. The material for their manufacture was most often clay, less often bronze. Many examples of such lamps from the period of ancient Greece and Rome have been preserved. Due to the weak light intensity of one wick, oil vessels were supplied with several wicks, and sometimes several vessels were included in the composition of one lamp. A significant achievement in artificial lighting technology was the creation in the 5th century. BC. Kallimachos wick from the so-called Karpasian flax, a fireproof material resembling asbestos, mined on the island of Crete. Such an "unquenchable fire" burned for seven centuries in the sanctuary of Athena in the Erechtheion. It is mentioned in the "Descriptions of Hellas" in the II century. AD traveler and geographer Pausanias.

As a widespread household item, lamps have become an object of artistic creativity since ancient times. Already at that time, their forms and designs were very diverse. At the same time, almost all types of lamps that exist today appeared according to the method and place of their installation.

Historically analyzing the evolution of the shape of household lamps, one can trace the emergence and development of their structures and decor. At the same time, stable structures that do not depend on changes in architectural and artistic styles are easily identified. Many types of structures, originating in ancient times, have survived to this day. Other types of structures proved to be less durable. For example, with the advent of electricity, the systems that existed in the 19th century became a thing of the past. portable kerosene mug lamps. Among the surviving structures are pendant lamps with a ring-shaped or horn structure, table lamps with a central post, wall lamps of the “sconce” (hand) type. These structures arose and developed during a period when the most common source of light was a candle.

The main reason for the preservation of the original structures is their expediency and rationality, as well as a certain inertia of human consciousness, people's adherence to stereotypes. For example, the structure of a table candle lamp with a central post in the 19th century. was also applied to kerosene lamps, although, in this case, it is less appropriate.

With the advent of electric lighting, new types of structures were formed that were rational with a new light source. However, many types of structures that cannot be classified as rational continue to be used in electric lamps. Today we see numerous examples of the use of structures and shapes characteristic of candle and kerosene lamps.

For many centuries, the lamp has been considered as an integral element of the interior of the home. Therefore, its form and decor developed in close connection with the form of interior equipment and obeyed the stylistic trends in this area.

The lamp has always been the object of professional and popular decorative arts. At times Ancient Greece, Etruria and Rome, along with richly decorated bronze lamps, oil lamps were made in large quantities from baked clay. As examples of such ancient samples, one can cite lamps found during excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii back in the 18th century. and lamps from the excavations in Chersonese already in our time (Fig. 1).

Architectural motifs, images of people and animals, floral and geometric ornaments were widely used to decorate bronze lamps. Already at that time, it is easy to notice a lot in common in the elements of lamps and furniture. Etruscan candelabra, like furniture, had supports in the form of human legs or animal paws. Silicate glass appears in bronze oil lamps as diffusers (but rather to protect the flame from gusts of wind).

Clay oil lamps used in the dwellings of ordinary people are also different in form. However, they use only animal motifs and flora and there are no architectural motifs. Most often, such lamps were made portable.

For many centuries, in the houses of peasants in many countries of Northern Europe, including Russia, the main source of light was a torch. To maintain the flame of a burning torch and store new torches, the so-called svetets were used. Most often they were forged from metal. Sometimes wooden parts were used as a base. Svettsi were very diverse, they were decorated with various metal curlicues, and wooden details were carved and sometimes covered with paintings.

Artificial lighting for many centuries was carried out by candles. Safer and more convenient to use, already in the XII century. in ancient Russia they were widely used. Earlier than others, tallow candles appeared, then wax, stearin, paraffin, spermaceti, which burned longer and gave less soot and smoke. All lighting devices of the XVI-XVIII centuries. they were various designs, with profits attached to them, into which candles were inserted. The most common were candlesticks (shandals) for a different number of candles, for the manufacture of which wood, bone, glass and porcelain were used, but the most common was durable fire-resistant metal.

With the development of foundry in Kievan Rus, back in the 9th century. copper and silver chandeliers and candlesticks are made. The name "chandelier" or "polycadilo" comes from the Greek word "polycandelon", meaning a multi-candlestick. The most stable composition of the chandelier consisted of a central rod structure with complex balusters (and later with balls), from which multi-tiered candlesticks branch off (Fig. 4). In more recent times, the design of chandeliers formed the basis for the creation of many chandeliers.

Along with the chandelier in Russia, there was an even more ancient form of lamps - khoros, which was a kind of round bowl suspended on chains and framed by a ring in which candles were installed. Interesting examples of khoros are in the Faceted Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin.

Complex and large lamps were used mainly in churches, palaces and houses of wealthy people. Such lamps, as a rule, differed not only in size (the diameter of the chandeliers in some churches reaches up to 3 m), but also in their excellent finish, use relief carving, art casting, valuable materials, painting, gilding.

A special place in the history of the development of lamps is occupied by lanterns (“running” or “remote”), which were used on the most solemn occasions (at religious holidays, during religious processions, at wedding and funeral rites) and therefore decorated with special luxury. Lanterns usually had a hexagonal shape with mica walls that protected the candle flame from the wind.

With the development of construction and architecture in the XVIII century. Numerous large mansions with rich interior decoration appeared. All this caused the need for new, more efficient lamps, which were "walls" and chandeliers. Walls were shiny copper flat or concave round, octagonal or figured reflectors with candlesticks attached to them, which were hung on the wall. Bright surfaces that attracted attention stennikov were engraved, minted, decorated with patterns and images.

The most perfect in terms of lighting and architecture were multi-candle chandeliers with crystal and colored glass. These luminaires, diverse in form, dimensions, materials, manufacturing technology, are a product of the corresponding era, both in terms of architectural and technical solutions. The use of such low-power light sources as candles led to the need for large pendant lamps with a large number of candles. At the same time, medieval architects had to solve the complex problem of compositional connection of weak spots of individual candles scattered in a large volume into a single whole. The creation of a single luminous volume of the lamp was ensured by the use of various decorative glass and, above all, crystal. In this regard, it is necessary to note the exceptional influence on the development of lamps, the formation and improvement of glass production.

In ancient times, glass was expensive and of poor quality. With the development of artistic glassmaking, glass for lamps is modified, takes on a different shape and color. Glass is used as the main material for the first time in Venetian candle chandeliers. The main method of their manufacture was the molding of details from the cooling mass of transparent glass, in which the Venetians were distinguished by unsurpassed virtuosity. A Venetian stucco glass chandelier is usually assembled from a bundle of glass stems, freely "growing" upwards from one central glass bowl. The stems are decorated with flowers, leaves, often intertwined, candlesticks are installed in the flowers; chains of glass rings fall in garlands; the central metal rod is hidden in glass decorations.Venetian chandeliers, girandoles, candelabra were typical works of the Baroque.

Lamps made of raw glass (including Venetian stucco glass) are being replaced by crystal ones, which have attracted the exclusive and constant interest of architects and lighting engineers to this day. The crystal candle chandelier greatly increased the visible number of light spots compared to the number of candles used, created a decorative play of light on small and large faceted glass parts, based on the refraction and reflection of light, as well as on the effect of light dispersion by trihedral prismatic elements. The moving flame of light, together with the crystal, created a different visual effect under different directions of observation. Playing with light, crystal, slightly oscillating under the influence of ascending currents of warm air, united soft candles into a single composition and created an exceptional emotional effect, turning the lamp into a light-colored structure, unsurpassed in decorative effect.

Artificial crystal, i.e. Glass, got its name from the rock crystal mineral. Crystal is soft, easy to machine - cutting, deep grinding, polishing. Cut crystal first appeared in Bohemia in the 17th century; in the 18th century In England, a purer and softer lead crystal appeared. At the heart of domestic chandeliers of the first half of the XVIII century. lies the use of a crystal decoration made of stylized oak leaves, star-shaped rosettes, figured "vases" and balls, made at the glass factory in Yamburg, and then at the St. Petersburg factory. pink glass was most often used in the 70s - 80s of the 18th century, ruby ​​and emerald green - at the end of this century.A special place in the history of the development of lamps is occupied by products of Tula craftsmen made of steel.

In subsequent years, compositional techniques were developed for placing crystal elements in lamps of various structures, as well as the shape of these elements, depending on the technology of their manufacture and the dominant architectural and artistic style.

The appearance of crystal lamps coincided with the heyday of the Baroque style. However, the artistic merits of crystal were most fully revealed during the period of dominance of Rococo, Classicism and Empire. Fine examples of crystal lamps were created by Russian architects of the 18th and early 19th centuries.

In the middle of the XVIII century. At the same time, “sets” or “sets” appear in furniture and lamps, consisting of products that are different in the way they are installed, united by a single artistic solution.

With the spread of porcelain in Europe, it began to be used in decorative elements of lamps.

At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. lamps are becoming more widespread, in which bronze displaces other materials, including glass. At the same time, chandeliers with oil lamps appeared, which had significant advantages due to their greater brightness and duration of work. In these lamps, a reservoir of viscous oils was placed above the burners, which ensured the flow of fuel to the wick. Lamp glasses appeared that protected the flame from the effects of air currents, created traction and reduced soot.

Important stages in the development of lamps were the creation of "Karsel" and kerosene lamps. The first of them, invented by the Frenchman Karsel, had oil reservoirs with a "clock" mechanism that pumped oil into the burner. The kerosene lamp was invented by the Pole Lukasiewicz in 1853. The fundamental difference between these lamps and oil lamps was the location of the burner above the tank; this was possible due to the fact that kerosene is easily absorbed by the wick and is a light combustible. The widespread use of kerosene lamps, and after them gas burners with incandescent grids, led to the need for devices to protect the eyes from the blinding effect of the hot parts of these lamps. Various diffusers made of milky silicate glass, "shades", opaque reflectors and screens were used as such devices.

With the spread in the XIX century. kerosene lamps, more complex in their design than all the lamps that preceded them, as well as with the development of the machine method of production, the lamp gradually began to be recognized not only as a decorative element of the interior, but also as a household appliance.

The era of kerosene lighting created a number of very stable structures. Electric lamps still use some of these structures, although not always justified from a constructive point of view. In kerosene lamps appear complex knots for lifting and lowering the lamp (candle chandeliers were lowered and raised with the help of small winches). Kerosene lamps of the second half of the 19th century. were produced both in the form of simple and cheap machine-made products, and in the form of unique expensive products using art glass, porcelain and metal casting.

New way production led to the emergence of new materials and technologies, but he could not quickly create his own specific, unique to him forms of production. The appearance of electric lighting in the early 80s of the XIX century. fell on the time of stylistic chaos. The desire of the bourgeoisie for the aristocratic respectability of their homes revived interest in antiques and led to a revival in architecture and furniture. historical styles different eras. However, the advanced artists and architects of that time had already begun an intensive search for new ways, which led to the emergence of the Art Nouveau style, which was frankly decorative.

In electric lamps of the late XIX century. two directions were immediately determined: constructive (light, technological form, devoid of any decor) and decorative (use of common style forms of past eras and modernity).

Luminaires of structurally simple and expressive forms were produced by many electrical engineering firms in the USA, Germany, and France. As a rule, these were lamps for local illumination of work areas, with the ability to control the direction of the light flux. The shape of some of them was so interesting that their serial production has now been resumed. Although this move can be seen as a clear "retro" stylization, only a specialist can determine that the prototype is already close to a century old.

The electric incandescent lamp made it possible to create, along with multifaceted designs, luminaires with a closed structure, directly embedded in the ceiling or wall. New source light opened for artists and architects working in the Art Nouveau style, great opportunities for creating products of expressive decorative form. Art Nouveau, according to which architects strove for the ensemble unity of the architecture of the building, its interiors and equipment, developed complex system stylized ornament based on the motifs of the plant world. This ornament was often used in lamps. As a typical example, one can cite lamps created by the Russian architect O.F. Shekhtel at the turn of the 20th century. for a number of mansions in Moscow. These lamps are inextricably linked with the space and equipment of the interior, they seem to "grow" out of the fantastic forms of the interior. Their forms are distinguished by the richness of imagination and delicate taste.

And at the same time, Art Nouveau artists are no longer trying to get away from the machine form, but they want to rethink this form decoratively.

By the 1920s, when Art Nouveau had exhausted itself, trends towards simplification of product forms were rapidly spreading throughout Europe. Lamps are also restrained. Hanging lamps with fabric lampshades, flat-shaped bowl lamps, cube-shaped hanging lanterns, wall lamps of simplified forms, table lamps on a thin central post with a fabric lampshade, devoid of any decorations - these were the main range of lamps used at that time.

In the early 1950s, fluorescent lighting began to enter the home. The most intense process takes place in Japan, where this type of light source fits perfectly with the traditional national forms of lamps that have been formed over the centuries. Currently, fluorescent lighting dominates the Japanese home.

In Europe, the first attempts to introduce fluorescent lighting were made as early as the 40s, but its use in household lamps was limited by the significant size of tubular fluorescent lamps, which made it possible to use them only in ceiling lamps.

A revolutionary breakthrough in this direction occurred in the late 70s - early 80s, when mass production of compact fluorescent lamps was mastered, commensurate in size with standard incandescent lamps.

And as always, innovation begins with the use of old forms. The first fluorescent luminaires for residential premises follow the structure and shape of luminaires with incandescent lamps. Only later do they acquire their own, specific forms.

creative project

TRACTOR

Selection and justification of the project

The main thing in this project is that the product can be made independently. The knowledge gained in the process of studying the technology of wood processing turned out to be sufficient in order to manufacture the Traktor product.

The manufacture of the product contributes to the consolidation of the previously studied material according to the technology: “Marking blanks from wood”, “Sawing wood”, “Drilling holes”, “Burning”, “Cleaning products”, “Polishing”, “Varnishing products”.

The equipment of the training workshops allows me to carry out this project, this work not dangerous.

For the manufacture of the "Tractor" product, the following factors must be taken into account:

Economic Used

Equipment construction costs

Used

Interior TRACTOR materials

Control Technology Time

manufacturing manufacturing test

Design requirements

When designing an object, one should take into account its reliability, durability, versatility, ease and simplicity of assembly, maximum weight and dimensions, design requirements (organism and integrity of the external form, proportionality, harmony of the line).

Material selection

Of the possible materials, wood turned out to be the most acceptable, since its cost is relatively low, it is easily processed, and lends itself well to artistic decoration. Wood is widely used in the national economy, furniture, paper, sports equipment and toys are made from it.

Wood has a relatively high strength, is well processed with cutting tools, wooden parts are easily glued together, connected with nails and screws. Wood products have a beautiful appearance and so I used wood.

Product manufacturing technology

For manufacturing, we use the following basic operations: pattern marking, sawing, drilling, product finishing, joining parts, varnishing.

The greatest difficulty is the work associated with assembly and finishing, as there are many different options, and you need to choose the most optimal one.

Various product finishes

Cleaning Burnout Varnishing

WAYS Application

Firing

Coloring

Mordant

decorative

Inlay drilling

Cleaning, staining and varnishing are suitable for my work. Therefore, we choose these finishing methods.

After I sawed out all the details of the product, I began to prepare them. I preliminarily cleaned the outer and inner contours of the parts from burrs, irregularities and other possible errors. Then he started painting. Coloring in the finishing of products cannot be independent, it is only used to highlight polished wood with aniline paints, mordants, stains, and later the painted things are covered with finishing layers - varnishes. This coloring gives the wood the desired color, emphasizes the natural structure of the fibers (texture), imitates the color of valuable species.

Various options for connecting parts of the product

Connection TYPES OF CONNECTION Connection

On nails on spikes

Connection Connection

on glue on screws

The details of the product are assembled on glue, nails, so that the connection is strong and outwardly neat.

Tool selection

For the manufacture of the product, I used the following tools: a pencil, a hacksaw, a drill with a set of drills for drilling holes, files, a set of needle files, a ruler, a student square, a compass,

Routing

Work sequence

Graphic

image

Tools,

fixtures

Tractor manufacturing

Select workpiece 80 X 80 X 130 mm

Mark the workpiece according to the template

Template, pencil

Sawing according to the markup

Hacksaw, saw,

wooden vise

Saw off the side surface of the workpiece 2 at an angle of 45 0

Hacksaw, workbench, miter box

Carry out planing

Workbench, planer

Mark the centers of the holes and drill them (Ø 3.2 mm)

Ruler, pencil, vise, drill, drill,

Blunt ribs

Workbench, file

Clean the ends and sand the product

grinding

Chamfer 5 X 45 O

File

Paint with watercolor paint

Coat the product with varnish. Check product quality.

Wheel manufacturing

Select a workpiece

80 X 80 X 150 mm

Mark the workpiece and cut the edges of the octahedron

Ruler, pencil, thickness gauge, planer, workbench

Install the workpiece in the trident of the machine and grind Ø 70 mm and Ø 44 mm

Lathe, caliper,

Cut ends

Lathe, ruler, hacksaw

Clean up

sandpaper

Remove the part, saw off, the ends and clean them

Hacksaw with fine teeth, file

Product assembly

drill

wheel holes Ø 3 mm

Drill, drill

Set axes

on wheels

welding electrode

Bucket installation

Tin can, solder, soldering iron

Economic costs

For the manufacture of the product you will need:

Material

Price

Wood

1 m 3 - 3200 rubles.

1 tube - 18 rubles.

0.25 tube

1 bottle - 35 rubles.

0.33 bottles,

1 bottle - 45 rubles.

0.33 bottles,

60 rub.

The manufacture of the Traktor product does not require large economic costs (only 60 rubles), as well as time costs, it will take approximately 4-5 hours.

Used Books

1) Textbook "Technology. 5.6 cells", Simonenko V.D., 2000, Moscow;

2) Ryzhenko V.I. Woodwork, 2004, Moscow;

3) Ryzhenko V.I., Yurov V.I. Carpentry and turning works, 2004, Moscow