Mercury presentation. Mercury is a planet in the solar system. Presentation. Atmosphere and physical fields

04.04.2021

Mercury
Mercury is closest to
sun
planet
solar
systems that revolve around
Sun for 88 Earth days.
The duration of one star
days on Mercury is 58.65
terrestrial, and solar - 176 terrestrial.
Planet
named
in
honour
ancient roman god of trade
swift-footed Mercury, because
she moves faster across the sky
other planets.

Internal structure
In the center of the planet is a metal
core, like the earth, the difference is only in
sizes. If the earth's core occupies only 17%
the volume of the planet, then Mercury has 42% of the volume.
There is a mantle layer around the core - 500–700
kilometers of silicate rock. next layer
is the bark, which has a thickness of about
100–300 kilometers. The top layer of the planet has
a lot of
damage,
majority
scientists
hold the theory that they originated
due to the slow cooling of Mercury.

atmosphere and surface
The atmosphere of Mercury is very rarefied and practically equates to a vacuum. Compound:
hydrogen (70 atoms per 1 cm³); helium (4,500 atoms per 1 cm³). Due to almost zero
atmosphere and proximity to the Sun, the temperature on the surface of the planet fluctuates between 180….+440 °C. The surface resembles the lunar one - many craters (from collision with
asteroids), and mountains up to 4 km high (lunar ones can be one and a half times higher). Unlike
satellite of the earth, reverse side Mercury located swellings that formed
under the influence of solar tides. There are also high ledges, whose length can
reach several hundred kilometers.

Exploring the planet
The study of Mercury is very difficult due to its close
location to the Sun, from the American Hubble telescope
impossible to get good quality pictures. To the planet
approached only one interplanetary station -
Mariner 10, which made three overflights in 1974–1975
years. It turned out to make cartography only 45%
percent of the planet. There were also radar
observations, but these data are more likely to be theory,
rather than hard facts. So, such a study
showed the presence of frozen water in the northern
pole
Mercury
(Mariner
this
region
not
mapped).

Interesting facts about the planet
The name of the planet was given by the ancient Romans, who revered the god Mercury as
patron of thieves, travelers and merchants. However, it is believed that the first
The sun planet was known as early as 3000 BC. (from the time of the Samaritans).
AT Ancient Greece she was called immediately by two names - Apollo (god of the solar
light, patron of the arts and sciences) in the morning and Hermes (nimble messenger of the gods)
in the evening. Moreover, the Greeks did not know that they were seeing the same planet.
For a long time, astronomers could not figure out the movement of Mercury across the sky, and all because of
anomalous precession of its orbit. Newtonian mechanics was in no way suitable for
Explanations for an overly elongated orbit: perihelion = 46 million km from the Sun, aphelion = 70
million km. Scientists of the 19th century even believed that some kind of
another planet (sometimes called Vulcan) that influences its orbit. Correctly
predicting the motion of the planet became possible only after the discovery by Einstein
his General Theory of Relativity.

slide 2

Mercury is the first from the Sun, the innermost and smallest planet in the solar system, revolving around the Sun in 88 days. Mercury's apparent magnitude ranges from −2.0 to 5.5, but is not easy to see due to its very small angular distance from the Sun (maximum 28.3°).

slide 3

planet movement

physical characteristics

Surface

Atmosphere and physical fields

Research

Interesting Facts

Notes

Literature

slide 4

Planet movement.

Mercury moves around the Sun in a rather strongly elongated elliptical orbit (eccentricity 0.205) at an average distance of 57.91 million km (0.387 AU). At perihelion, Mercury is 45.9 million km from the Sun, at aphelion - 69.7 million km. The inclination of the orbit to the plane of the ecliptic is 7°. Mercury spends 87.97 days per orbit. The average speed of the planet in orbit is 48 km/s. A sidereal day is equal to 58.65 Earth days, that is, 2/3 of a Mercury year. Such a commensurability of the periods of rotation and revolution of Mercury is a unique phenomenon for the solar system.

slide 5

Physical characteristics.

Mercury is the smallest terrestrial planet. Its radius is only 2439.7 ± 1.0 km.

The mass of the planet is 3.3 × 1023 kg.

The average density of Mercury is -5.43 g / cm³,

The free fall acceleration on Mercury is 3.70 m/s².

The second space velocity is 4.3 km/s.

slide 6

Surface.

The surface of Mercury is in many ways reminiscent of the moon - it is dotted with many craters.

The largest crater on Mercury is named after the great German composer Beethoven, its diameter is 625 km.

Slide 7

Atmosphere and physical fields.

The planet has an extremely rarefied atmosphere, the pressure of which is 5 × 1011 times less than the pressure of the earth's atmosphere. Under such conditions, atoms collide with the surface of the planet more often than with each other.

Mercury has a magnetic field, the strength of which is 300 times less than the strength of the Earth's magnetic field.

Slide 8

Research.

Mercury is the least explored terrestrial planet. Only two vehicles were sent for his research. The first was "Mariner-10", which in 1974-1975. flew past Mercury three times; the maximum approach was 320 km. As a result, several thousand images were obtained, covering approximately 45% of the planet's surface. Further studies from Earth showed the possibility of the existence of water ice in polar craters.

Slide 9

Mercury is the fastest planet in the solar system, it moves in orbit around the sun at an average speed of 47.87 km / s, which is almost 2 times the speed of the Earth.

Mercury is a rather difficult object to observe at high latitudes of the Earth due to the fact that it is always observed at dawn - morning or evening - against the twilight sky, and quite low above the horizon (especially in northern latitudes), and the period of its best visibility ( elongation) - occurs several times a year (lasting about 10 days).

The oldest evidence for the observation of Mercury can be found in Sumerian cuneiform texts dating back to the third millennium BC. e. The planet is named after the god of the Roman pantheon Mercury, an analogue of the Greek Hermes and the Babylonian Naboo. The ancient Greeks of Hesiod's time called Mercury "Στίλβων" (Stilbon, Brilliant). Until the 5th century BC e. The Greeks believed that Mercury, visible in the evening and morning sky, are two different objects. In ancient India, Mercury was called Buddha () and Roginea. In Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean, Mercury is called the Water Star () (in accordance with the ideas of the "Five elements". In Hebrew, the name of Mercury sounds like "Kokhav Hama" (כוכב חמה) ("Solar planet"). Mercury Hermes Nabu Hesiod 5th century BC Ancient Indian Chinese Japanese Vietnamese Korean Hebrew

Mercury is the smallest terrestrial planet. Its radius is only 2439.7 ± 1.0 km, which is less than the radius of Jupiter's moon Ganymede and Saturn's moon Titan. The mass of the planet is 3.3 × 10 23 kg. The average density of Mercury is quite high 5.43 g/cm³, which is only slightly less than the density of the Earth. Considering that the Earth is larger in size, the value of the density of Mercury indicates an increased content of metals in its bowels. The free fall acceleration on Mercury is 3.70 m/s². The second escape velocity is 4.3 km/s. Jupiter Ganymede Saturn Titan Earth Gravity acceleration Comparative sizes of Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars

Aphelion km 0, a. e.a. e. Perihelion km 0, a. e. Semi-major axis Semi-major axis km 0, a. e. Orbital eccentricity Orbital eccentricity 0, Sidereal period Sidereal period 87.969 days Synodic period Synodic period 115.88 days Orbital velocity Orbital velocity 47.87 km/s Mean anomaly Mean anomaly 174.795884° Inclination 3.38° (relative to solar equator) Ascending node longitude Ascending node longitude 48.330541° Periapsis argument Periapsis argument 29.124279° Number of satellites no satellites

Compression

The surface of Mercury is in many ways reminiscent of the moon, it is dotted with many craters. The density of craters varies in different areas. It is assumed that the more densely cratered areas are older, and the less densely cratered areas are younger, formed when the old surface was flooded with lava. At the same time, large craters are less common on Mercury than on the Moon. The largest crater on Mercury is named after the great German composer Beethoven, its diameter is 625 km. However, the similarity is incomplete on Mercury, formations are visible that are not found on the Moon. An important difference between the mountainous landscapes of Mercury and the Moon is the presence on Mercury of numerous jagged slopes stretching for hundreds of kilometers of scarps. The study of their structure showed that they were formed during the compression that accompanied the cooling of the planet, as a result of which the surface of Mercury decreased by 1%. The presence of well-preserved large craters on the surface of Mercury suggests that over the past 34 billion years there has not been a large-scale movement of sections of the crust, and there was no surface erosion, the latter almost completely excludes the possibility of the existence of any significant atmosphere in the history of Mercury. lunarBThe surface resembles that of the moon (MESSENGER image)

Mercury is the least explored terrestrial planet. Only two vehicles were sent for his research. The first was Mariner 10, which flew past Mercury three times in years; the maximum approach was 320 km. As a result, several thousand images were obtained, covering approximately 45% of the planet's surface. Further studies from Earth showed the possibility of the existence of water ice in polar craters. Mariner's

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Slides captions:

Solar system. Earth group planets Mercury Venus Earth Moon Mars

Mercury

Mercury Basic data: Name - the Roman god of trade Distance from the Sun - 58 million km m Diameter - 4.8 km Density - 5.4 g / cm 2 Rotation period (1 day) - 59 Earth days Period of revolution around the Sun (1 year ) - 88 Earth days Orbit - ellipse Velocity - 47.3 km/s No satellites

Mercury Atmosphere and structure Temperature from -210 to +570 No change of seasons

Features and relief of Mercury

Mercury The earliest known fixation of Mercury in the Mul Apin (a collection of Babylonian astrological tables) was made by Assyrian astronomers around the 14th century BC. The Sumerian name UDU.IDIM.GU\U 4 .UD (“jumping planet”) is the god Ninurt, and in later records it is called “Nabu” in honor of the god of wisdom and scribal art Names In ancient Greece - Hermes Ancient Rome - Mercury ( Claudius Ptolemy) Ancient China- Chen-hsing, (Morning star) In modern Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese cultures - "Water star" In Indian mythology - Budha Model of the movement of Mercury proposed by Ibn ash-Shatir History

The first telescopic observation by Galileo Galilei at the beginning of the 17th century. Although he observed the phases of Venus, his telescope was not powerful enough to observe the phases of Mercury. In 1631, Pierre Gassendi made the first telescopic observation of the passage of a planet across the solar disk. The moment of passage was calculated before by Johannes Kepler. In 1639, Giovanni Zupi, using a telescope, discovered that the orbital phases of Mercury are similar to those of the Moon and Venus. Observations have definitively demonstrated that Mercury revolves around the Sun. History of Galileo Galilei Pierre Gassendi Mercury

Research automatic interplanetary spacecraft US Mariner -10 was launched November 3, 1973 flew up to Mercury March 29, 1974 Mariner-10 transmitted images of Mercury during three flights with an interval of six months March 1974 September 1974 March 1975 Result: 45% of the planet's surface was explored Mercury

automatic interplanetary spacecraft "MESSENGER" Since tart august 2004 In orbit January 2008 Total - 1231 images, including previously unobserved areas. Research Mercury

On January 18, 2008, a contract signing ceremony for the production of the BepiColombo spacecraft took place in Germany . Arrival at Mercury scheduled for August 2019 Mercury Exploration

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slide 2

The terrestrial planets are: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars

By their own physical characteristics planets in the solar system are divided into

terrestrial planets and giant planets

slide 3

general characteristics dynamic properties of terrestrial planets

General characteristics of the terrestrial planets

The similarity of the terrestrial planets does not exclude a significant

differences in weight, size and other characteristics

slide 4

MERCURY

slide 5

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun.

When the Mariner 10 spacecraft transmitted the first

close-up images of Mercury, astronomers

threw up their hands: in front of them was the second moon!

Mercury is very similar to the Moon. In the history of both celestial bodies

there was a period when lava flowed to the surface in streams.

slide 6

Mercury is located close to the Sun.

The maximum elongation of Mercury is only 28 degrees,

therefore it is very difficult to observe.

The best photos of Mercury from Earth

Transit of Mercury across the solar disk

Slide 7

Comparative sizes of Mercury and other celestial bodies

Mercury is comparable in size to large

satellites of other planets in the solar system

Slide 8

The surface of Mercury in photographs taken from a close

distances, replete with craters (photographs of the Mariner-10 spacecraft)

Degas crater

Copley crater

Surface of Mercury

computer processing

photographs of the surface of Mercury

Slide 9

There are fewer dark formations - seas - on Mercury than on the Moon

Computer processing of photographs of the surface of Mercury from AMS "Mariner-10".

The light bar at the top means that there are no photographs of this area.

Slide 10

There are many craters on the surface of Mercury.

Surface area of the Northern Hemisphere

Mercury is about 500 km wide

slide 11

Huge Kaloris pool (left),

reaching a diameter of 1300 km,

has a strong resemblance to circular

seas on the moon.

It probably formed as a result

Mercury colliding with

celestial body at an early stage

geological history of Mercury.

The pool is the result of an expiration

lava from the bowels of the planet after the collision.

Smooth, rounded plains have been found on the surface of the planet,

received the name of the pools by similarity with the lunar "seas".

slide 12

Mercury makes two revolutions around the Sun in the same time it takes to turn around its axis three times.

A solar day on Mercury lasts 176 Earth days.

those. Exactly 2 Mercurial years.

Mercury's average orbital speed is 47.9 km/s.

Rapidly rushing in orbit, Mercury lazily turns around its axis.

Day and night last for 88 days, i.e. equal to the year of the planet.

earth years and months

slide 13

The axis of rotation of Mercury is almost perpendicular to the plane of the orbit.

The change of seasons on Mercury is not due to the tilt of the axis,

but by changing the distance to the sun.

Slide 14

The chemical composition of the atmosphere of Mercury

Data on the atmosphere of Mercury indicates only its strong rarefaction.

The pressure at the surface of the planet is 500 billion times less than at the surface of the Earth (this is less than in modern vacuum installations on Earth).

Mercury is located very close to the Sun and captures the solar wind with its gravity.

A helium atom captured by Mercury stays in the atmosphere for an average of 200 days.

slide 15

Mercury has a weak magnetic field

which was discovered spacecraft"Mariner-10".

The radius of the core is 1800 km (75% of the radius of the planet).

High density and presence

magnetic fields show that Mercury must have

dense metal core.

The core accounts for

80% of the mass of Mercury.

slide 16