Extraction of granite blocks. Methods of extraction of granite for the manufacture of decorative products. Sale of granite blocks

K category: Stone cladding

Extraction of blocks from granite and related rocks

Blocks of granite and related igneous and metamorphic rocks are mined in ledges using drilling and blasting and borehole methods.

Ledges are developed sequentially from top to bottom at the same time one or two ledges. Ledges with a thickness of 3 to 6 m are divided into sub-ledges, taking into account the horizontal fracturing of the massif. The height of the substeps is determined by the distance between the horizontal cracks of the array; with the buroklin method of block mining, it should be no more than 1.5 m.

With the method of borehole charges of drilling and blasting, the ledge height reaches 10-20 m.

The width of the working platform on the ledges is at least 3 m, and on the ledges, where splitting of monoliths into blocks and their passaging is planned, it is from 20 to 50 m. The length of the work front is from 50 to 150 m.

The most important process in the technology of mining granite blocks is the puncturing of large monoliths from an array, the dimensions of which depend on the distance between individual cracks, and in their absence, on the carrying capacity of lifting and transport equipment.

Effective work the quarry is achieved when the monoliths are punched out of the massif in the presence of three exposed planes.

Depending on the structure, texture, physical and mechanical properties of the rock and the degree of its fracturing, as well as on the value and purpose, monoliths are chipped out of the massif in one of the following ways: drilling and blasting using black powder; buroklinovym with the placement of wedges in boreholes, nests or natural cracks; drilling with drilling along the split lines of a continuous row of holes; thermal (using thermal cutters); combined with the use of thermal cutters and drilling or blasting methods.

The monolith separated from the array is moved by a tractor from the face to a distance of at least K) m and split into blocks and blanks of given sizes.

The monolith is split, as a rule, by the boring method with the placement of wedges in nests formed by pneumatic jackhammers, or in holes drilled by perforators.

The bore-wedge method with the placement of wedges in nests is used at a monolith height of up to 1 m in rocks capable of splitting along relatively flat planes. The monolith is split as follows. First, along the marked planes, using a pneumatic jackhammer with a removable tip in the form of a tongue or scarpel, a guide groove with a depth of 10-15 mm is cut along the splitting line. Then, in the furrow, after 150-200 mm, with a jackhammer using a scarpel or a groove, conical nests of oval section with a depth of 30-50 mm are made. Such a section of the sockets contributes to the reliable contact of the wedge with the rock and the concentration of stresses for splitting the rock in a given direction. With a hammer blow, simple wedges up to 100 mm long are hammered into the nests.

The bore-wedge method with the placement of wedges in boreholes is used when splitting a monolith from any rock.

To get blocks High Quality, observe the following the necessary conditions: splitting lines are planned parallel to the prevailing fracturing; choose the depth of holes and the distance between them, providing the lowest specific consumption of drilling; the holes are placed in the plane of the planned splitting, for which they use templates made from a steel angle or wooden board with holes corresponding to the distance between the holes; types and sizes of wedges are determined depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the rock; the diameter of the hole is chosen in accordance with the type and size of the wedges.

When splitting blocks of cross-layered rock and preparing slabs up to 150 mm thick, through drilling of holes is carried out, regardless of the height of the monolith.

The distance between the boreholes is specified in the course of work, depending on the ease of splitting the stone, the direction of the split attributable to the stump of the layering and the line of the best split.

With a monolith height of more than 1000 mm, depending on the properties of the rock, drilling is used: multilateral - with small holes, one-sided - with small holes in combination with deep (0.75 monolith height) holes or one-sided for the entire height of the monolith.

The passivation of blocks made of granite and rocks close to it includes: chipping off large pieces along the edges of the block, forming sharp corners; chipping of individual protrusions; gradual bringing the block to standard sizes.

Blocks are passed by impact processing with pneumatic jackhammers and reinforced tools hard alloys. Rocks that are thermally cut out of the massif are treated with thermal breakers operating on a gasoline-air or oxygen-kerosene mixture.

- Extraction of blocks from granite and rocks close to it

All over the world, industrial extraction of natural stone - granite and marble is actively carried out. Countries such as Brazil, Greece, Italy, Spain and Norway were clear leaders in this industry until recently, but today, thanks to a serious leap in development, the main focus of the extraction of granite and marble raw materials for the production of stone products has shifted to Asia, and especially in India and China.

The technology of mining blocks for the production of granite products is fundamentally different from the methods of mining other solid minerals, the main task of which is to destroy the natural integrity of the rock and bring it to a certain fraction, convenient for further processing. During the extraction of granite and marble blocks, it is necessary to preserve the natural solidity and integrity of the stone. Based on this, the entire procedure, from the extraction of granite blocks and subsequent transportation to storage and installation on stone processing equipment, should be as careful as possible, since any negligence leads to damage or loss of quality, integrity and strength of the stone block, which in the future is very serious. affects its processing and the quality of finished products.

Also for quality natural stone has a great influence and the method of extraction. Granite stone is mined in four main ways and the quality of the resulting stone directly depends on which method was used:

The explosive method - one of the most common and outdated methods - is mining using a directed explosion. The extraction of granite by this method occurs as follows: deep holes are drilled in the granite rock (to the depth of the future granite block) and a charge is inserted, while calculating the force and direction of the explosion so as not to damage the main natural solidity, and undermine. Among the exfoliated parts of the rock, the largest parts are selected, after which they are transported to sawing for granite slabs and other products. The only positive aspect of this method of extracting granite is that it is the cheapest. Accordingly, this affects the cost of granite products. But there are much more disadvantages with this type of production. Firstly, the quality of the extracted natural stone deteriorates significantly, microcracks appear in the very structure of the granite rock, which greatly affects the strength of the finished granite products. Secondly, this method is irrational for the reason that during the explosion, no matter how the demolition workers tried to calculate the mass explosive, the bulk of large blocks that are suitable for further use for the manufacture of products from natural stone does not exceed 60% of the total mass of the extracted natural stone. The rest, which is more than 30%, goes to waste.

The chipping method is the next most common method of extracting natural stone. It is similar to the first method in that holes are also drilled in the rock along the contour of the future block, but instead of explosives, air tanks are placed in the holes, into which air is pumped under high pressure. This method is more accurate in relation to granite rock, as it is a gentle mining method and avoids unnecessary destruction in the solidity of the rock. This method makes it possible to use the granite deposit more fully, calculate the fault locations and avoid damage to the block, including even microscopic cracks. There are much more monoliths, and much less waste. Another one from good points With this method, it is a more accurate location of the rock break than when using an uncontrolled explosion, which gives almost 90% yield of the bulk of the rock for the manufacture of granite products. However, with this method of extraction, significant investments in mining equipment will be required, and the method itself takes much more time than explosive.

Buroklinovy ​​method (Silent explosion method) is a method of extracting blocks of decorative granite, in which the contour of the stone block planned for separation is drilled. After that, mechanical or hydraulic wedges are introduced into the holes made, and at the end the necessary monolith is chipped off along the contour. In the silent explosion method, instead of wedges, mixtures that expand when solidified are used. However, this method has not received sufficient distribution in world practice due to its technological complexity.

Rock cutting (Stone Cutter Method) is the fourth method of extracting granite blocks, the most modern and gentle in relation to the deposit. It lies in the fact that the rock is not blown up or split, but cut into regular parallelepipeds of the required size. And this method is the most expensive, as it requires the purchase of very expensive stone-cutting equipment and staff training, but at the same time it is the best, allowing you to completely avoid damage to the main rock, and getting - perfect quality blocks of granite, without the slightest defects, both external and hidden. At the same time, the stone deposit is being developed almost 100%.

2016 © "Granite Technologies"

Today, Mining Administration Vozrozhdenie is one of the largest companies for the extraction of block building and decorative stone in Russia. Offering partners and customers only excellent high quality products, we have established ourselves as a good manufacturer, quality supplier and reliable partner.

Sale of granite blocks

For many decades, mining and stone processing has been the main activity of our company. We strive to constantly increase the physical volume of production, and we are constantly working to improve the quality of our granite blocks. This helps us:

• Own rich practical experience
• Application of best practices in the extraction of natural stone of foreign colleagues
• Use of powerful production technology
• Modern tools and consumables

We have our own stone processing plant and comply with GOST requirements for natural stones. Our product is great for cladding and erecting walls and fences, creating steps and much more.

At our fields, blocks of the correct geometric shape with a volume of up to 5 m3 or more are produced (depending on the needs of the customer).

We use high-tech equipment of domestic and foreign production. Quarry works are carried out using:

• loaders Volvo, Caterpillar
• self-propelled drilling rigs Tamrock, Marini, Stone Power
• diamond wire sawing machines Pellegrini, Benetti, Toolsstar
• self-propelled hydro-wedge installations, etc.

Timely delivery of products is ensured by the developed transport infrastructure of the region. Our own loading areas for road or rail transport allow us to transport stone to any of the regions of the Russian Federation.

We work without intermediaries and offer our customers to purchase blocks from the manufacturer at a bargain price. And thanks to the unique border location of the deposits, we have the opportunity to organize flexible logistics for the supply of products for export by all modes of transport with customs clearance in Vyborg.

Extraction of natural stone in our own quarries!

Vozrozhdenie deposit

The Vozrozhdeniye deposit has been developed for more than 100 years and is perhaps the largest and most developed not only in the northwestern region, but throughout Russia. The area of ​​the quarry is 35 hectares. Explored reserves are 8,082.0 thousand m 3 .

Somehow I showed you, and now I advise you to look at the post of a professional on the topic of marble extraction. And Muscovites will be especially interested ...

Original taken from chistoprudov in Who rolls up Moscow with granite

Do you want to know what the capital spends billions on? I returned from another trip to the Urals, where I filmed the 1000th production in my life. In addition to industrial photographs, dirty clothes and dusty cameras, I brought with me a terrible secret.

1. Bashkiria. Quiet and picturesque places of the Southern Urals. In the villages, potatoes, river fish and fresh koumiss are sold for free. The beauty! But as soon as you turn off the road onto some dusty primer, you will definitely find yourself in some kind of production, cut or quarry.

The Urals is a treasure trove of various minerals. Even at school, in geography lessons, we were told that the Ural mountain system is one of the most ancient, formed 200-400 million years ago. Of the 55 types of the most important minerals that were developed in the USSR, 48 are represented in the Urals.

2. Meet - this is granite. Igneous rock. Granite is one of the densest, hardest and most durable rocks on earth. It is widely used in construction as a facing and road material.

3. Mansurovskoye deposit - the largest in the country for the extraction of block stone. Mansurovsky granite is mined in the only place, near the Bashkir city of Uchaly. This type of rock is considered to be one of the oldest granites in Russia and on the whole planet, estimating its geological age at 350 million years. According to geologists, the explored reserves of the deposit will last another 200 years.

4. The lightest of all Russian granites is mined here. For its soft wavy texture and milky light gray color, Mansurovsky granite is often compared with marble; it is not for nothing that it has conquered the international space and is considered one of the most popular “made in Russia” granites abroad.

It is this granite that is now being laid all over Moscow and in particular on Tverskaya Street. 90% of tiles, curbs and paving stones, which the city now buys, come from the Urals (the rest from Karelia). Five Ural quarries are working to supply granite for the My Street reconstruction program (Mansurovsky is the largest) and more than 30 stone sawing enterprises.

5. The method of extracting granite blocks is different from the types I am used to in iron ore, limestone quarries or coal mines. If in the latter a mineral is hammered, crumbled and crushed, then here the opposite is true. The geological features of the rock occurrence make it possible to extract it in sufficiently large blocks, which are convenient to work with in the future. This explains the relatively low cost of such a beautiful and high-quality material, although, of course, the concrete casting technology is cheaper.

6. The more you can chip off a block, the more it costs. But not everything is as easy as it seems. It is not for nothing that granite is one of the most durable rocks. The average rock density is 2600 kg/m, 3 . To break off such an even piece, you need to try hard.

7. The process of mining granite is similar to the process of eating truffle cake in layers. Granite lies in layers. A part of the rock is separated from the massif, which is then divided into smaller blocks.

8. There are several methods for cutting pieces of the "cake". One of them - large gas burners. The composition of granite includes quartz, which, under the influence of temperature, peels off and flies off. Thus, the burner gradually cuts through the granite. The more quartz in granite, the larger the grains, and the faster the rock is cut. In this way, a cross section of the piece is made.

11. A special chemical solution is poured into the drilled holes, which creates a "soft explosion". Inside the tight hole, the mixture expands, splitting and shearing the granite block.

13. All workers are local (albeit tanned).
- Guys, let me take a picture of you now. Can you somehow hit with sledgehammers at the same time?
- Listen, let's better give you a sledgehammer, and we'll take everything off ourselves?

14. Gradually hammering a series of wedges, the rock cracks and voila, the new block is separated.

15. There is another method - wire sawing. It is used in the Yuzhno-Sultaevsky quarry. The bottom line is that instead of gas burners, a tricky rope cutter is used.

16. The rope is passed through the drilled holes. Gradually, the installation drives off along the guides, and a huge piece is cut out in a few hours.

17. Whoa!

21. Finished blocks are transported by loaders or dump trucks to the quarry sawing shop. Or sold as is to other sawmills.

23. Until recently, the entire stone industry was in a deplorable state. Due to the crisis, the demand of other cities for granite products fell. On the other hand, private traders began to look more and more towards the Russian stone. The course has changed, and the price of Chinese granite has risen sharply.

This is what a standard granite curb and tile production shop looked like two years ago.

24. After the launch of the My Street program Ural enterprises began to come to life. If before the Moscow order, the Mansurovsky quarry produced about 3,000 cubic meters of granite per month, but now this figure is twice as high.

25. With the first money from orders, new equipment was purchased, new workshops were built. The high order volume breathed life into the entire industry. Pulled up and related enterprises for the production of packaging, wire rod, wood, fuels and lubricants, various equipment, etc. The equipment, however, was purchased entirely imported (except for dump trucks and cranes). Here is such an import substitution, however.

27. Among other things, the number of workers in the quarries was increased. On Mansur from 300 to 400 people. You have to work in three shifts. And in general, more than 4,000 people all over the Urals are now working on the production of granite for Moscow.

28. Mining companies are doing well. Even a photographer from Moscow was booked for a few days. After all, the money earned could simply be eaten away or stolen, but as we can see, production is developing and equipment is being updated.

29. If marble slabs are cut at one time, then granite has to be cut for a very long time. The saw blade moves back and forth on the slab with a drop of only 1 cm at a time. Large pieces of granite are sawn for hours.

30. Massive blocks are sawn into slabs, smaller blocks are dissolved into curbs. Every little thing, such as paving stones, does not require large blanks and is sawn (or pricked) from scraps of slabs.

32. To speed up the sawing process, there are such large and tricky wire saws.

33. On such machines, it is possible to cut slabs into 10 blocks with a height of more than two meters.

36. The cut quality is perfect.

37. An Italian master monitors the equipment settings.

38. So that passers-by do not slip on the tiles in winter, heat treatment of the surface is carried out.

39. Tiles become rough, and not as slippery as polished granite.

40. So far, heat treatment is carried out manually, but a special machine has already been installed in the workshop, and soon this process will be automated.

41. New workshop, and finished products career. This curbstone is already being laid on Tverskaya Street today. Over 3 kilometers of a straight side and 500 meters of a radius were ordered for it.

42. These borders and tiles are 350 million years old, wait a minute!

44. Chipped paving stones.

46. ​​It took 364 trucks to deliver tiles and curbs to Tverskaya, which brought 7271 tons of granite - this is an area of ​​33.5 thousand m 2.

By weight, this is how to decompose thirty Boeing 747s along Tverskaya.

47. In total, Moscow ordered 47,500 tons of granite products this year. This is 2,374 trucks or 220,000 m2 of coverage. What is comparable to the area 30 football fields! This is the question that the Muscovites snickering. In a sense, this is certainly true, the capital is the richest city in the country, but the money for its renovation goes to the regions where production is rising.

48. In terms of the cost of its extraction, processing and delivery, granite is inferior to similar concrete products. But there are also some advantages:
- Granite has low water absorption and high resistance to frost and pollution. Concrete absorbs moisture better.
- concrete is abraded, it dusts more than granite.
- concrete slabs are produced at the factory, and granite is produced by nature itself.

49. Each quarry has its own texture and shade of granite. If you look at the scheme of laying tiles on the streets of Moscow, you can see a certain pattern in the picture. Tiles of different colors came from different quarries.

50. Darker granite is mined at the Tashmurunsky quarry than Mansurovsky. The quarry itself is smaller.

54. Kambulatovsky quarry.

56. This quarry ranks first in terms of efficiency in extracting cubic meters of product per worker.

58. Yuzhno-Sultaevsky quarry with large beautiful cranes.

60. In general, I have everything. I would just like to clarify that if you choose granite instead of concrete, this does not mean that everything will automatically be perfect. Nothing like this. Without the right laying technology, anything will fall apart. If you make a substrate of shit and branches, then after the first winter the sidewalk / steps / curbs will float and burst from uneven loading.

62. It is not enough to buy a granite curb, it still needs to be properly installed. This curb, although crooked, was installed 10 years ago.

63. And this is his age, a concrete curb.

64. Here it is, granite. Meet on the streets of Moscow, Novosibirsk, Salekhard, Tyumen, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kazan, Astana, Baku and so on in the list.

65. So if you walk along Tverskaya or any other reconstructed street, remember that you are touching a history that is 350 million years old!

66. Thank you for your attention!

I express my gratitude to the company "Granit Invest" and separately to Alexei Stepanchenko for interesting work and a detailed tour of the granite quarries!
I won't tell you a secret. That's why she's a secret.

When writing the text, an article from the site was used