Khokhloma painting is done in black (cinnabar and soot) and red paints on a golden background, or vice versa - there is a golden pattern on a black background.
To revive the pattern, the use of yellow, brown and green colors is allowed. Interestingly, when painting a tree, it is not gold powder that is applied at all, but tin silver, after which the tree is covered special composition and are processed several times in the oven, thus obtaining a honey-golden color, which gives the effect of massiveness to light wooden products.
The traditional elements of Khokhloma painting are twigs and flowers, strawberries and mountain ash. Often there are animals, birds and fish.
How Khokhloma painting appeared
The history of the emergence of Khokhloma painting is still a mystery. There are many theories and versions of the origin of Khokhloma, but the following two theories are most widely used. According to one of them, it is believed that the Old Believers who lived in the forest Trans-Volga region were the first to paint wooden dishes “under gold”, and Khokhloma painting, how the craft originated from them.
In ancient times, in small villages hidden in the wilderness of forests, there lived a lot of ukalets - people who fled from persecution for the "old faith". Many of these Old Believers were icon painters or masters of book miniatures, who brought with them handwritten books with bright pictures, ancient icons, brush calligraphy, fine painting skills and the richest examples of floral ornamentation.
Local craftsmen, in their turn, had an unsurpassed mastery of turning skills, passing from generation to generation the art of three-dimensional carving and the skills of producing dishware forms. So, at the beginning of the 18th century, the forest Trans-Volga region turned into a real artistic treasury. Khokhloma art inherited from local Trans-Volga craftsmen the unique forms of turning utensils and the flexible plasticity of the carved forms of spoons and ladles, and from icon painters - the mastery of pictorial culture, as well as the secret of creating “golden” utensils without the use of gold.
However, there are other documents that indicate that the imitation of "gilded" wood, very close in spirit to Khokhloma art, originated even before the appearance of the Old Believers in the 1640s. Even in those days, artisans living in the large Nizhny Novgorod villages of Murashkino and Lyskovo, as well as in the small village of Semenovskoye (now the city of Semenov, which is one of the centers of Khokhloma), made wooden utensils - dishes, ladles, brothers, painted with tin powder. It is believed that this method of coloring wooden utensils developed from the local traditions of the Volga region of utensil craft and was the progenitor of Khokhloma painting.
There is also a legendary explanation for the appearance of Khokhloma painting. There was a wonderful icon painter Andrei Loskut. He fled from the capital, dissatisfied with the church innovations of Patriarch Nikon, and began to paint wooden crafts in the wilderness of the Volga forests, and paint icons according to the old model. Patriarch Nikon found out about this and sent soldiers for the recalcitrant icon painter. Andrei refused to obey, burned himself in a hut, and before his death bequeathed to people to preserve his skill. Sparks went out, Andrey crumbled. Since then, the bright colors of Khokhloma have been burning with a scarlet flame, sparkling with golden nuggets.
Khokhloma painting technique
Where does Khokhloma begin? From beating bucks, but not in the sense of doing nothing, but in the sense of harvesting bars of wood, because in ancient times bucks were called stumps of wood, which were most often made of linden, birch or aspen. After the wooden blank is ready, the master removes excess wood from it (it used to be done by hand, now they use lathe) and gives the product the desired shape. Thus, an unpainted base or “linen” is obtained - cups, spoons, ladles, supplies, etc.
Then the products are dried and primed with purified liquid clay, which the craftsmen call vapa. After priming, the products dry for 8 hours and then they are necessarily covered with several layers of linseed oil (linseed oil). To do this, a special swab made of calf or sheep skin turned inside out is dipped into a bowl of drying oil, and then quickly rubbed into the surface of the product so that linseed oil distributed evenly. In the entire production process, this procedure is the most responsible, it is on it that the quality of future wooden utensils and the strength of the Khokhloma painting depend. During the day, a wooden product is covered with drying oil up to 3-4 times. The last layer is dried to the so-called “small tack”: it means that you need to catch the moment when the drying oil still slightly sticks to the fingers, but no longer stains them.
At the next stage, tinning is performed - aluminum powder is rubbed into the surface of the product. This procedure is also performed manually using a leather swab. After tinning, wooden products acquire an amazing white-mirror shine and are completely ready for painting. Khokhloma painting uses oil paints and thin brushes made from squirrel tails. Painted products are coated with a special varnish 4-5 times, and between each coating the previous layer is dried. Then they are placed in an oven for 3-4 hours and hardened at a temperature of +160°C until a golden oil-lacquer film is formed.
Khokhloma ornaments
In Khokhloma, horse and “under the background” painting is distinguished. Horse painting is characterized by black and red flowers on a golden background. As a rule, in painting “under the background”, golden drawings on a colored background predominate. The main difference between these two types of painting lies in the technique of their application. When painting on horseback, the drawing is applied directly to the metallized surface, while in painting “under the background”, a background is applied, and the drawing remains unpainted, while such a drawing can be supplemented with a so-called postscript - a small pattern over the background.
It should be noted that painting “under the background” is more complex; in the old days, exclusive gift items, such as caskets for noblewomen, and expensive furniture were decorated with such painting.
From Khokhloma patterns and ornaments, the following types can be distinguished.
Grass - looks like a pattern of small and large blades of grass or twigs.
Gingerbread - most often found inside bowls or dishes, and is a geometric figure in the form of a rhombus or square, decorated with berries, flowers, grass.
Kudrina - a pattern of flowers and leaves that look like golden curls on a black or red background.
Leaf - images of oval berries and leaves, located, as a rule, around the stem.
The types of ornaments listed above are complex, but in some cases, masters use simplified ornaments. One of these ornaments is a speck, applied with a stamp, which is made from pieces of fabric folded in a special way or plates of a puffball mushroom. All Khokhloma products are painted by hand, while the painting is not repeated anywhere.
Khokhloma interior
For some reason, lately, very often, when talking about interiors in folk (ethnic) styles, people begin to imagine some unimaginable exotic things: masks of African natives, overseas mats underfoot, colorful Japanese screens and even bonsai growing in a bowl. Of course, all this is good, and the cultural traditions of other peoples can be no less attractive than Russian ones. But at times it becomes a shame that, unfortunately, we very rarely remember interior design made in the original Russian style, which, admittedly, is no less, and sometimes even more original and ethnic than foreign trends in interior fashion.
Designers argue that decorating an interior in the Russian style is not an easy task, where it is sometimes so difficult to avoid extremes and “not go too far.” After all, by negligence, you can easily turn your house into a museum of local lore or a souvenir shop. The main thing here is to find the key to your interior, and then Russian motifs will sparkle in it with bright colors.
As for Khokhloma painting, it can be safely called a win-win option for creating a colorful and colorful interior design. However, it should be noted here that Khokhloma in the interior is quite demanding on the environment, it is not always, not everywhere and not suitable for everything. Of course, there are also such lovers of Russian folk style who order completely “Khokhloma” rooms for themselves, however, we repeat, this should be done with caution.
In some rooms, Khokhloma painting will be appropriate in any form and with virtually no restrictions, for example, a children's room and a kitchen. Here, in the Khokhloma style, you can decorate not only a table and chairs, but also a washing machine, a refrigerator and even a computer, which happens quite often today. It is clear that in order to apply such drawings on household appliances it is not possible to use the “natural” method of making Khokhloma painting, so here you can use more modern methods such as airbrushing.
Chests, sideboards and supply cabinets decorated with Khokhloma painting will always fit in the Russian interior. Cups, dishes and swan buckets will look delightful on the shelves. Remarkable is the fact that dishes decorated with Khokhloma painting can be not only an element of decor, but also fulfill their intended purpose. The children's room, says Remont Pozitivny, is the best place for traditional Khokhloma matryoshka dolls. A Khokhloma wall panel will decorate any dining room or living room, invigorating the entire interior, no matter what style it is made in.
Ludmila Belousova
The elements of the grass pattern - curls, the leaves pattern - a herbal ornament, the berry pattern were used in the work. Khokhloma colors - Red, black, gold and green. To revive the pattern, a little white is allowed.
Target: Development of interest in folk arts and crafts "Golden Khokhloma".
Tasks:
1. To teach how to perform the elements of the grass pattern - curls, the leaves pattern - a herbal ornament, the berry pattern, to compose the composition correctly, to learn the main types Khokhloma ornament.
2. Learn to draw a thin branch with berries and an elegant ornament on the dishes.
3. Give a complete picture of the history of Khokhloma painting, its characteristic patterns and techniques.
4. To instill in children a love for Russian applied art.
5. To cultivate respect for the work of folk craftsmen.
6. Develop color perception, compositional skills.
For work you need material:
for the teacher: table "Step-by-step implementation of Khokhloma ornaments", a series of posters, postcards, reproductions of Khokhloma painting, sets of Khokhloma dishes.
for kids: silhouette of a cup with a yellow background applied, napkins, a thin brush, gouache - red, green and black, a simple pencil, a jar of water, cotton buds.
Practical part:
Before inviting children to draw Khokhloma ornaments, it is necessary to draw a silhouette of a glass and cut it out.
Then each cup silhouette is covered with yellow paint.
On a yellow background with a simple pencil, an element of the grass pattern is applied - curls.
Ready-made cups are offered to children for further painting. Children gradually perform the drawing of mural elements. With the help of black gouache, children draw an element of the grass pattern - curls, previously applied with a simple pencil.
Then, with red gouache, children apply elements of the berry pattern - mountain ash and strawberries.
After drying the berries with a cotton swab, small dots are applied with black gouache.
A line of red gouache is drawn along the top and bottom of the cup. The final touch is to draw green leaves. Works are ready!
Related publications:
Summary of the lesson "Golden Khokhloma" (senior group) Goal: Familiarize children with different types folk decorative applied arts(Khokhloma). Tasks: Educational: continue to introduce.
Synopsis of GCD in the group preparatory to school "Miracle - wonderful, marvelous marvel - golden Khokhloma" Objectives: - to introduce the history of fishing, the features of Khokhloma painting, to expand children's knowledge about folk art, - to form ideas.
Purpose: Expanding children's ideas about products of folk arts and crafts (Khokhloma). Tasks: Educational: - to acquaint.
Abstract of the OOD on drawing in the preparatory group “Golden Khokhloma. Pattern on the vase» Synopsis of OOD for drawing in preparatory group Topic: “Golden Khokhloma. The pattern on the vase "Educational tasks: - contribute to the receipt.
Synopsis of OD with children of senior preschool age "Golden Khokhloma" Synopsis of OD with older children preschool age within project activities on the topic: "Golden Khokhloma" Purpose: To continue to educate.
Abstract of a lesson on fine arts in the senior group “Golden Khokhloma. Painting Khokhloma plates" Purpose: development of children's interest in folk arts and crafts; artistic creativity in decorative drawing. Tasks:.
Abstract of the lesson in the senior group "Golden Khokhloma""Golden Khokhloma" Program content: -Introduce painting on Khokhloma products; - Learn to highlight the elements of the Khokhloma pattern (leaf, berry,.
A pattern of flowers, herbs and berries is called a floral ornament. Khokhloma artists say so: “I am painting under a floral ornament.” But there are several types of this ornament in Khokhloma painting.
The most beloved and ancient of them is “grass ornament”, or simply “grass”. These are elongated, slightly curved blades of grass, written in threes, fives or more - in a bush.
"Grass" remotely resembles a resident of water meadows, coastal lakes and rivers - sedge. One of the types of this ornament is called "sedge". But still, it resembles this living grass very remotely, or, as the artists say, the form of real grass in this ornament is generalized - the artist retained only its most general and main features.
Weed is usually written in red and black. Its main wide and long leaves are juicy, because a lot of paint is taken on the brush, and it lies tightly on the surface of the object. The tips of the leaves are written thinly, they curl, as if bending from the wind. Thin and frequent strokes of blades of grass on the sides of the main bush and beads-berries on long stems make this painting especially lively and elegant.
"Grass" is an independent type of painting, but it is an indispensable part of any Khokhloma floral ornament. Very often, among the bushes and twigs of black, red, green or yellow grass, the artist places berries, flowers, birds and fish.
Such an ornament is also called "herbal", or the name of a berry or flower.
Like a fiery wheel, rolls along the bottom of the bowls beautiful ornament"gingerbread". It consists of a diamond with a rosette and really looks like an old patterned printed gingerbread. Herbs swirl around the rhombus.
A pattern of single herbs running along the inner surface of plates and large bowls is called "saffron milk"; and the bushes of herbs, emanating from one center in a circle, form a rosette.
Khokhloma patterns are both similar to living plants and unlike them. Them appearance and all the numerous properties of their form and structure are never depicted in the ornament in detail and absolutely accurately. This is how a song differs from a detailed story, and a story from a recording of an observation.
The artist in the structure and form of plants shows only the most noticeable, or, as they say, the most characteristic. You will always recognize grass, although it is written in red or black, and the master did not draw the veins that, if you look closely, cover the leaves with a patterned mesh.
Khokhloma paintings adorn objects - bowls, ladles, cups, vases, the rounded bodies of which, as it were, tell the artist where to bend the twig, where to scatter berries. The painting is subject to the form of the object.
But even on a flat surface, they lie in a wavy pattern, because, like many Russian ornaments, they are based on an intricately curved branch.
The most intricate patterns are called "Curls". The grasses have turned into large curls here. Fanciful flowers are surrounded by small fraction of rings. Flowers and curls are always golden; like the feathers of a fabulous firebird, they light up on a black or red background. Sometimes, among the whimsical flow of Kudrin, modern masters really draw this bird from a folk tale.
For a long time in Russia, images of flowering bushes and fruits were considered a wish for good, prosperity and happiness. This wonderful tradition is preserved today by Khokhloma artists, decorating ordinary objects with elegant paintings. And with them, beauty and joy come to our house, which are generously given to us by craftsmen.
N. Bednik, Khokhloma
Khokhloma painting is recognizable no less than Gzhel. Luxurious patterns and combinations of shades, a characteristic tandem of red and gold, flowers and berries, outlandish birds - all this cannot but attract attention and study each line with fascination. Professionals assure that Khokhloma painting is very simple to perform, and if you understand the principles of its creation, even a person who has never held a brush in his life can master the technology.
To understand the implementation of this technology, it is important to understand its essence and features: not only the combination of certain lines and curls makes “Khokhloma” “Khokhloma”, but also what is invested in them, how they are connected, and what image they create in general. The development of Khokhloma painting was significantly influenced by oriental ornaments of carpets and shawls, as well as Russian patterns of house carvings in the form of stems and leaves. The Church also contributed in the form of a common colors: black and pure red, gold - deep, strong tones. All this gave rise to the original technology of the Volga masters and remained at the heart of the current "Khokhloma".
- The drawing in Khokhloma painting is built on the “leading”, represented by a smooth spreading branch. It is gradually expanding by adding a variety of elements, divided into main (large flowers, clusters of berries, etc.) and secondary (small leaves, single berries, blades of grass). In this case, the main element should be in the center.
Initially, Khokhloma painting was divided into 2 categories, differing in the style of execution of patterns: “riding” writing and “kudrin”. The latter has become the most famous - it is a dark (red or black) background, on which graceful and complex curls and natural elements are drawn. The scheme of work is the same - first the leading branch, then additional details. “Kudrina” looks heavier and fuller than “horse” writing, which is characterized by a golden background with an abundance of blades of grass of different sizes, and the rest of the ornaments are made either under a berry or under a leaf. In addition, the very location of the picture should be a square that can stretch into a rhombus.
- As for the technology of work, there are also some nuances here: Khokhloma painting is never written in clear lines, and there is no preliminary sketch stage in it. The master immediately fulfills the idea with paint, which causes a certain softness of even the smallest and finest patterns.
It should also be noted that some ornaments are not made by hand: more precisely, they are drawn, of course, with a brush, but through a stencil - this technique has been used for a long time and can be combined with stamping, for which a felt or wooden tool is used.
Despite the fact that some patterns can be created through a stencil, it is still worth learning Khokhloma painting with the simplest ornaments with a brush. To do this, pick up a few very thin and small (00, 01) brushes with squirrel or pony hair (it should be soft), and, guided by the prescriptions, first circle the proposed patterns several times, then try to draw them on hatched tips, and after - on the same paper or clean glass.
- Blade of grass or sedge. The simplest and most basic pattern: a slightly curved line, maximum brush pressure in the middle, disappearing at the edges. Thickening is very smooth and has a minimum degree.
- Curl. The next most difficult element; the pressure of the brush does not change, remains the same along the entire length of the pattern; the line is twisted like a snail.
- droplet. It is good to train pressure on it: the brush is placed with the base of the pile, after which it turns 180 degrees and begins to be carefully removed from the surface. At the same time, it must be pulled forward. When a single pattern is obtained, try to perform 2 drops in a mirror.
- Bush. It is a droplet collected by a fan, at the base of which a small dot is placed with the tip of a brush.
- leaflet. The easiest way to complete this pattern is to bring out the mirror-reflecting blades of grass, curved outward, and then fill the inner void with the same color. A more complex version - without lifting the brush, adjust the pressure and direction, displaying an oval with pointed ends.
After mastering those patterns that are drawn only with a brush, it is recommended to try berry elements: they need a stamp made by yourself - it will create the basis of the picture. And small details will also be added with a brush. To make a stamp, just take a straw tube, attach a circle of paper down, and dip this part into the paint.
- cowberry is performed by simple stamping of scarlet circles that do not need additions.
- Currant- several circles-berries collected near a blade of grass, on which single golden dots are then placed with a brush.
- Pock- in addition to berry circles, it is necessary to draw very narrow and elongated droplets and leaves at the base of the bunch. Speckles with a brush with gold paint are also required.
- Malinka. A bunch of 6 circles-berries, which are already placed without observing the distance, through overlapping each other. Glare is drawn using the technique of blades of grass, after which points are put down with the tip of the brush. The sepals are blades of grass gathered together, the twig is leaves and a thin line.
Well, after the vase drawing is completely finished, you can draw a flower, a rose for example. I myself tried to paint in the style of Khokhloma, I understand how difficult it is. As a rule, Khokhloma painting in this technique uses a “gingerbread” pattern - a large pattern in the center, which is surrounded by circles of smaller ornaments.
Khokhloma painting is a special type of drawing that appeared around the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The main technology for creating products to which Khokhloma painting is applied consists of several stages.
Step by step drawing - Khokhloma painting on the board
Beginners, due to lack of experience, can use stencils to make Khokhloma painting beautiful. You can learn another simple technique for painting Khokhloma products at home from the following video tutorial.
Exercise 5. Pattern "leaves" In the Khokhloma pattern "leaves", in addition to red and black, green and yellow are also used. In the painting, the main thing is various petals and curls. But the drawing is difficult for schoolchildren if they do not live in Semenov and the poke method is not used to speed up and simplify the painting. Let's try to draw a vase step by step and learn how to draw three-dimensional objects.
The name of this work was due to the town of Khokhloma - a large center at that time, in which merchants from all over the district converged. Having united, both human skills gave rise to the most beautiful tableware painting. Supporters of the second version argue that the Nizhny Novgorod people used the method of making kitchen utensils golden and then painting them even before the appearance of the Old Believers. This technology prepares the object for the next stage - tinning, which consists in rubbing aluminum powder into the product.
However, masters often resort to animal ornaments, depicting fabulous birds, animals and insects in motion, forming uncomplicated scenes. Despite the fact that the theme of the painting is clearly defined, the masters must be creative in the process, inventing unique drawings each time.
Khokhloma painting - technology
By repeating the pattern several times, you will fill your hand and creating interesting drawings with oil paints will be as easy for you as learning how to draw with a pencil. The diagrams show that when drawing, not only brushes of different sizes and shapes are used - some drawings can be made with stamps. In the same way, Khokhloma is painted on a souvenir plate, spoons or any other product.
Khokhloma painting - the history of creativity
The study of Russian folk crafts, with the history of crafts and works of decorative and applied art, with the technology of painting and the features of the Khokhloma pattern. Templates for painting. Here are the main techniques of Khokhloma painting. The material is presented according to the principle from simple to complex, from studying the basic elements of Khokhloma painting and repetition exercises, to tasks for improvisation and painting three-dimensional images.
Exercise 2. “A gift for a bear” In all improvisation tasks, first they consider the painting made by the master, then they independently paint the drawing of the product. The festive and solemn color of the painting is given by a combination of gold, red and black colors. Invent and decorate the spoon with elements of herbal ornament yourself, using two colors - black and red. Exercise 4. Painting a cup When looking at a salt shaker with a herbal pattern, pay attention to the rhythmic alternation of ornamental elements.
4. Refine the contours of the vase pattern
Exercise 9. Ornament with "berries" and "leaves" Practice drawing a Khokhloma ornament using previously studied elements, drawing an ornamental strip according to the model. Exercise 10. A vase for flowers When considering a vase painted by a masturist, pay attention to the correspondence between the pattern and the shape of the object. In this exercise, use everything you have learned so far. Then these blanks can be cut out and made into an appliqué in the form of a colorful Khokhloma bouquet.
Khokhloma - old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod. So today we will try to paint a plate and a spoon with Khokhloma patterns. The painting is not complicated, and with the possibilities of the Internet there will be no problems with the composition, instead of a plastic plate, you can take a paper one or paint a porcelain one (with special paints).
And in your work the whole process is very well shown and told. I admire masters - artists who have the skills of Khokhloma painting! As a child, I looked at dishes painted with Khokhloma painting and was surprised how beautifully and naturally it was possible to convey leaves, curls, berries.
For example, many designers have Khokhloma painting in their collections, which attracts with its bright, almost fabulous pattern. Only after these preparatory stages is Khokhloma performed - painting a picture in a floral or animal ornament. In this lesson we will learn how to draw flowers in a bouquet in stages with a simple pencil.
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