Presentation ""Chemical substances in everyday human life"" (Grade 9) in chemistry - project, report. Presentation on the topic "chemistry and everyday human life" Solutions in our life chemistry presentation

13.09.2020

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The presentation on the topic ""Chemicals in everyday human life"" (Grade 9) can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Chemistry. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 10 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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The purpose of the lesson

Summarize knowledge about chemicals used in everyday human life; Focus on environmental issues of clean water; Using testing to reveal the acquired knowledge on the topic.

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After the teacher announces the topic of the lesson and its purpose, all students are divided into 6 creative groups: “Water”, “Paper”, “Matches”, “ Salt”, “Glass”, “Ceramics”. Each group prepares a presentation on their topic using the slides. Moreover, in groups there is one student who prepared the message. Message topics: 1. "Problems of clean water" 2. "History of paper money» 3. «Who invented money» 4. «Salt» 5. «History of glass» 6. «Ceramics». After listening to all the material prepared by the groups on the topic, students begin to complete test tasks (slide No. 9). The lesson is summarized based on the results of the test and the assignments completed on the topic are set off.

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Water Fresh water Ice

Environmental problems of clean water

Water on a planet scale

Water in the human body

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Salt

The role of salt in human metabolism. Salt balance in the human body. Getting salt. The use of table salt in the chemical industry.

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History of matches. Types of matches. Processes that occur when a match is ignited.

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Paper. Paper

The history of paper. Types of paper. Cotton - paper fabrics. Waste paper.

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History of glass. Getting glass. Types of glass. Glassware.

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Ceramics

Terracotta. Majolica. Faience. Porcelain.

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1) The human body consists of water for: a) 70%, b) 65%, c) 90% d) 100% 2) Swamp water is a large reserve of fresh water because it contains: a) salt, b) alcohol, c) carbolic acid, d) sulfuric acid 3) The development of putrefactive bacteria stops when the content of sodium chloride in water: a) 10-15%, b) 5-10%, c) 3-6%, d) 1-3%. 4) The first match factory in Russia was registered in: a) 1837, b) 1848, c) 1913, d) 1858. 5) First paper production in the Moscow state it was established in: a) 1550, b) 1590, c) 1670, d) 1367. 6) Crystal is called: a) soda-potassium glass, b) lead-potassium glass, c) potassium glass, d) soda glass. 7) Terracotta translated from Italian means: a) burnt earth, b) salt glaze, c) freezing, d) firing.

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Introduction Everywhere we are surrounded by objects and products made from substances and materials obtained at chemical plants and factories. In addition, in everyday life, without knowing it, each person carries out chemical reactions. For example, washing with soap, washing with detergents, etc. Lighting a match, mixing sand and cement with water, burning bricks, we carry out real, and sometimes quite complex chemical reactions. Cooking is also a chemical process. It should only be noted that in any living organism various chemical reactions are carried out in huge quantities. The processes of digestion of food, respiration of animals and humans are based on chemical reactions.

Home first aid kit Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) is an excellent antiseptic. Ammonia (an aqueous solution of ammonia NH 3) excites the respiratory center. Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is one of the drugs that is widely used as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antirheumatic agent. Medicines for the treatment of the cardiovascular system are validol, corvalol, nitroglycerin. Means for the treatment of the digestive system. Antibiotics. Vitamins - a means of strengthening the body, increasing the general tone, resistance to diseases. Medicines - potent drugs.

Matches and lighters In a lighter, the fuel is ignited by the action of a spark resulting from the combustion of the smallest particle of "flint" cut off by a gear wheel. There are several varieties of modern matches. By purpose, matches are distinguished that are ignited under normal conditions, moisture-resistant (designed for ignition after storage in humid conditions, for example, in the tropics), wind (lighted in the wind), etc.

Pencils To make the working part of a graphite pencil, a mixture of graphite and clay is prepared with the addition of a small amount of hydrogenated sunflower oil. Depending on the ratio of graphite and clay, a stylus of different softness is obtained; the more graphite, the softer the stylus. Colored pencil leads contain kaolin, talc, stearin and calcium stearate (calcium soap).

Glass In glassmaking, only the purest varieties of quartz sand are used, in which the total amount of contamination does not exceed 23%. The composition of the glass includes oxides of SiO 2, Na 2 O and CaO, and also contains a little alumina A l 2 O 3. Boric acid oxide B 2 O 3 makes the glass more resistant to sudden temperature changes. The coloring of glass is carried out by introducing into it oxides of certain metals or by the formation of colloidal particles of certain elements.

Crystal This is a silicate glass containing varying amounts of lead oxide. Lead content is often indicated on product labels. The greater its quantity, the higher the quality of the crystal. Crystal is characterized by high transparency, good brilliance and high density.

Foam glass Foam glass is a porous material, which is a glass mass penetrated by numerous voids. It has heat and sound insulation properties, low density and high strength, comparable to concrete. Foam glass is an exceptionally effective material for filling the interior and exterior walls of buildings.

Soaps Soaps The French chemist Chevrel discovered stearic, palmitic and oleic acids as decomposition products of fats during their saponification with water and alkalis. The sweet substance was named glycerin by Chevrel. Rosin has long been used in the manufacture of soap. The introduction of rosin in large quantities makes the soap soft and sticky. In addition to using soap as detergent it is widely used in the finishing of fabrics, in the production of cosmetics, for the manufacture of polishing compounds and water-based paints.

Cleaning agents Under the influence of cleaning agents on the surface layer of the material, a complex set of physico-chemical processes occurs, including wetting, dispersion and sorption of contaminant particles, preventing their re-deposition on the treated surface. Cleaning agents are used in the form of powders, liquids, pastes, suspensions, emulsions. The composition of powder preparations may include surfactants, sodium metasilicate and tripolyphosphate, Na 2 CO 3, fragrances, glycerin and ethylene glycol, sodium tripolyphosphate, Na 2 CO 3, surfactant disinfectants, urea, organic solvents, etc.

Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics Chemical means of hygiene and cosmetics Cosmetics and hygiene are in close contact, as there are cosmetics (lotions, creams, shampoos, gels) that perform a hygienic function. Important hygiene products include, above all, soaps and detergents.

Dental care products The most important means of dental care are toothpastes. The main components of toothpaste are abrasives, binders, foaming agents and thickeners. The first of them provide mechanical cleaning of teeth from plaque and polishing. Most often, chemically precipitated calcium carbonate, as well as calcium phosphates and polymeric sodium metaphosphate, are used as an abrasive.

Deodorants Deodorants are available in solid, roll-on and aerosol form. Aerosol cans use liquefied gases, the boiling point of which is very low. They easily pass into the gas phase and not only push the base out of the cylinder, but, expanding, spray it into small droplets. For a long time this role was performed only by fluorochlorocarbohydrates.

Cosmetics The pearlescent effect in cosmetics is created by bismuthyl B iO C l and BiO(NO3) salts or mother-of-pearl powder containing about 40% T iO2 titanized with mica. Zinc oxide ZnO is used to create special cosmetics (make-ups). In medicine, it is used in powders and for the manufacture of ointments. As a hair dye, dilute aqueous solutions of highly soluble salts of lead, silver, copper, bismuth are used. Hair lightening is done with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. Coloring shampoos contain p-phenylenediamine, resorcinol and other similar compounds.

Candle and light bulb Candles are made from a mixture of paraffin and ceresin. The light bulb consists of a glass container into which the holders of the spiral are inserted, and of the spiral itself. The spiral is made of tungsten, one of the most refractory metals. The holder is made of molybdenum. When heated, it, like glass, changes dimensions synchronously, the latter does not crack and therefore the sealing is not broken.

Fats Fats make up an essential part of our food. They are found in meat, fish, dairy products, grains. Components of natural fat, important of which are phosphatides, sterols, vitamins, pigments and odor carriers. Phosphatides are, in fact, also esters, but they contain residues of phosphoric acid and amino alcohol. Sterols are natural polycyclic compounds of a very complex configuration. The representative is cholesterol. Vitamins. They are rich in the liver of fish and sea animals, vegetable fats, and butter. Pigments are substances that give color to fats. The odor carriers are very diverse and complex in structure, there are more than 20 of them in the composition of butter.

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the human body. We get carbohydrates from grains, legumes, potatoes, fruits and vegetables. Glucose is a monosaccharide (C 6 H 12 O 6). Glucose is easily absorbed by the body. Glucose is found in fruits and berries. Fructose (C 6 H 12 O 6) is also a monosaccharide, an isomer of glucose. Sucrose is a disaccharide (C 12 H 22 O 11). In real life, it's just sugar. Lactose is a disaccharide (C 12 H 22 O 11) Mostly found in animal milk. Starch is a polysaccharide ((C 6 H 10 O 5) n) - the main carbohydrate of food. Found in potatoes and grains. Glycogen (“animal starch”) Cellulose ((C 6 H 10 O 5) n) is a plant polysaccharide. Enters the body with plant foods.

Proteins Proteins are natural macromolecular compounds, the structural basis of which is polypeptide chains built from alpha-amino acid residues. Proteins are the basis of all life on Earth and perform various functions in organisms. Proteins that enter the body with animal and plant foods are ultimately hydrolyzed to alpha amino acids. Protein hydrolysis and the synthesis of new ones from hydrolysis products can reduce the risk of protein deficiency; The body itself creates what it needs.

Development Food Industry Doctors recommend for rational and dietary nutrition to include in the menu bread from flour containing finely ground bran. Now often talk about artificial food. Although this term does not mean obtaining food by chemical reactions. It is about giving natural protein products the taste and look of traditional products, including delicacies. Food additives contribute to the preservation of the product, give it a flavor, the desired color, etc.

Food additives Food additives E 100- E 182- dyes E 200- E 299- preservatives E 300- E 399- substances that slow down the processes of fermentation and oxidation in food E 400- E 409- stabilizers (ensure long-term preservation of consistency) E 500 - E 599 - emulsifiers E 600 - E 699 - flavors (enhance or give taste to food products) E 900 - E 999 - antiflaming agents that do not allow flour, granulated sugar, salt, soda, citric acid, dough baking powder to cake, as well as such substances that prevent the formation of foam in drinks.

Conclusion Chemistry, possessing enormous possibilities, creates unprecedented materials, multiplies the fertility of the soil, facilitates the work of a person, saves his time, clothes, preserves his health, creates coziness and comfort for him, changes the appearance of people. But the same chemistry can become dangerous to human health, even deadly.

Synopsis of a chemistry lesson

2 course on the topic

"Chemistry and everyday life human"

Target:

Create meaningful and organizational conditions for independent application of a complex of knowledge and methods of activity on the example of chemicals that surround a person in everyday life; organize the activities of students to generalize knowledge and methods of activity.

Tasks:

– generalization of students' knowledge about the practical significance of chemicals in everyday human life;

– development of cognitive interest in the subject, development of skills to apply the knowledge gained in the lessons in practice;

– the formation of communicative competencies - the ability to work in a team, group, express and defend one's own point of view;

– creation comfortable conditions taking into account the individual mental characteristics of students and the individual pace of work, the organization independent work students with reference material and other information resources, the formation of skills healthy lifestyle life.

During the classes .

1 . Organizational moment, setting the goal of the lesson

Our today's lesson is devoted to the topic "Chemistry and everyday human life." In any branch of human activity, therefore, in any professional activity associated with the material world, we inevitably come into contact with substances and use their properties and interaction with each other. Chemistry, having enormous potential, creates materials never seen before, increases the fertility of the soil, facilitates the work of a person, saves time, clothes, preserves his health, creates coziness and comfort for him, changes the appearance of people. The use by people of the achievements of modern chemistry requires a high general culture, great responsibility and, of course, knowledge. It is for this purpose that we are conducting this lesson, and I hope it will also be interesting and useful for those who consider chemistry a boring, useless school subject, far from the everyday life of an ordinary person.

As M.V. Lomonosov "Chemistry stretches its hands wide into human affairs." And indeed it is. It is impossible to embrace the immensity, so we will break the indicated problem into several topics,

Early in the morning we get up and go to wash and clean ourselves up, so the first topic is"Hygiene and cosmetics"

Then we run to the kitchen for breakfast, the second topic is "Chemistry and food."

And of course, no one will argue that it is in"Home First Aid Kit"there is the quintessence of what even grandmothers call the word "Chemistry".

And in today's lesson we will discuss only these three topics. In addition, a sacred date for us is approaching - the 65th anniversary of the Great Victory. This Victory was won by our people very hard. The price of Victory is many millions of human lives, this is pain, this is suffering, this is a great feat not only for soldiers, but also for those who remained in the rear. Chemistry also made its contribution to the common cause of the Victory. Today we will not talk about metal smelting, gunpowder production, etc. - this is so obvious. But how and what substances helped to live and survive in those difficult years - you will be offered additional tasks on this topic. Depending on how hard we work today, you can do them in class, or you can do them at home.

So, let's begin.

2. The main stage is the presentation of information projects.

You came to the lesson not only with a baggage of theoretical knowledge gained over four years in our lessons, some of you prepared information projects for these topics, so you have the first word.

1 project "Hygiene and cosmetics"

After each project, tasks are voiced, they are also presented on a slide, and on printouts for each.

Task number 1 -During the Great Patriotic War and in the first post-war years When there was a shortage of soap, many washed their hair with a filtered infusion of wood ash. How can one explain the use of ash for these purposes? Write the equations for the corresponding reactions.

2 project "Chemistry and food"

What was the war, living today, fortunately, it is difficult to imagine. But even in those difficult times, life did not stop.

From the memoirs of Irina Ivanovna Korshunova, an excellent student of education in the USSR and the RSFSR, a resident of besieged Leningrad: “I often dream at night of 125 blockade grams of bread with fire and blood in half. This piece for us was worth its weight in gold, white-white - it was baked from bran and paper. Bread is still sacred to me.”

Task number 2 - Calculate what percentage of daily requirement in energy for an adult (average rate of 3000 calories) was a blockade ration of bread weighing 125 g, if its energy value is 200 calories per 100 g.

3 project - "Home First Aid Kit"

During the Second World War, many chemists created drugs needed to treat the wounded. So, the polymer of vinyl butyl alcohol obtained by M.F. Shostakovsky - a thick viscous liquid - turned out to be a good tool for healing wounds, it was used in hospitals under the name "Shostakovsky's balm". Academician A.V. Pallady synthesized means to stop bleeding. Scientists at Moscow University have synthesized the enzyme trombone, a drug for blood clotting. In the USSR, the first penicillin was obtained by Z.V. Ermolyeva in 1942. The development of methods for the biological synthesis of penicillin on a mass scale, its isolation and purification, the elucidation of the chemical nature, and the manufacture of drugs created the conditions for the medical use of antibiotics. During the war years, penicillin was used to treat complicated infected wounds and saved the lives of many Soviet soldiers.

Task number 3 - During the Great Patriotic War, a solution of 0.018 g of penicillin (C 16 H 18 N 2 O 4 S) in 1 liter of glucose solution (density is 1 g/ml). Calculate the molar concentration (C, in moles per liter) of this solution.

3. Summarizing

Our conversation has come to an end. In the next lessons, we will continue to discuss questions about the importance of chemistry in the modern world, but now, as a reflection of today's lesson, I will ask you to discuss the following problematic question "Science Chemistry does a person do more good than harm?" You have two fields on your worksheets - "Arguments" for "and" Arguments "against". Give at least three arguments in each field. You can discuss this in pairs and then talk together.

Work in pairs, individual - at the choice of students.

General discussion - express their opinion all students

What is more weighty - "Arguments" for "or" Arguments "against"?

On the board are statements:

True science knows neither likes nor dislikes: its only goal is truth. (Grove William)

The material success that mankind owes to science is even the least of the benefits that are the result of its activity: it claims legal rights to an incomparably larger area, to the moral and social area. (Berthelot Pierre Eugene Marcellin)

So, I think that today each of you is convinced that chemistry as a science, as well as substances, their interactions, the phenomena that accompany these interactions, not only benefit a person, but are an integral part of everyday life.

Table salt - sodium chloride NaCl is not without reason an important component of food. This substance in a dissolved state is part of the blood and intercellular fluid. With severe bleeding, the volume of circulating blood is replenished with the so-called isotonic solution - 0.9% sodium chloride solution.

The well-known potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate KMnO 4) is one of these "mysterious natures". For those who first get acquainted with this substance, it presents many surprises: Solid potassium permanganate is a black-violet crystals that are readily soluble in water. In medicine, aqueous solutions of potassium permanganate of various concentrations are used. For rinsing and washing the stomach in case of poisoning - 0.01-0.1% solutions of a pale pink color, for washing wounds - 0.1-0.5% - e (pink), For the treatment of ulcers and burns - 2- 5% (violet). Potassium permanganate solutions are used to treat burns. Potassium permanganate will also help with a snake bite.

Iodine. The name of the new element was given in 1813 by the French chemist Joseph - Louis Gay-Lussac () for purple its vapors ("iodos" in Greek means "violet"). Sodium iodide from algae, interacting with sulfuric acid, releases iodine (I); at the same time, sulfur dioxide is formed - sulfur dioxide SO2: 2NaI + 2H2SO4 \u003d I2 + SO2 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O For a long time, iodine was not used in medicine.It was only in 1904 that the Russian military doctor Filonchikov introduced 5-10% alcohol solutions of iodine into practice for treating wounds.

Drinking soda. For the first time, this compound of the composition NaHCO 3 (sodium bicarbonate) was obtained in its pure form by the French scientist Henri-Louis Duhamel de Monceau (). Later chemists different countries obtained this substance by passing carbon dioxide through an aqueous solution of soda - sodium carbonate. Alkaline solutions of baking soda soften living tissues, so soda gargles of the throat and mouth contribute to the mechanical removal of the infection. It is even better to use soda - saline solutions with the addition of iodine. Soda baths (1 tablespoon of baking soda per 1 liter of warm water) are good for softening corns on the hands and feet. They can be done 2-3 times a week. Fresh burns are treated with dry baking soda.

Ammonia is an aqueous solution of ammonia. The name "ammonia" comes from the name of the Ammon oasis and was assigned to this substance after 1787. Ammonia released from ammonia causes excitation of the respiratory centers. However, large amounts of ammonia can cause respiratory arrest. Ammonia is used as a first aid to bring a person out of a faint.

Proteins In the processes of metabolism between external environment and the body takes a leading place in the metabolism of proteins. Proteins enter the human and animal body with various food products where the protein content varies widely. Protein molecules are large, so they are called macromolecules. In addition to carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, proteins can contain sulfur, phosphorus, and iron. Proteins differ from each other in the number, composition and sequence of monomers. Protein monomers are amino acids.

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates (sugars) are one of the most important and widespread groups of natural organic compounds. They make up 80% of the dry matter mass of plants and about 2% of the dry matter of animal organisms. Animals and humans are not able to synthesize sugars and get them from various food products of plant origin. In plants, carbohydrates are formed from carbon dioxide and water in the process of a complex photosynthesis reaction carried out by solar energy with the participation of the green pigment of plants - chlorophyll.

Fats Fats make up an essential part of our food. They are found in meat, fish, dairy products, grains. Any natural fat contains: phosphatides, sterols, vitamins, pigments and odor carriers. Usually, only a small part of the fat is stored in the reserve, but due to the wrong lifestyle, the balance between the intake of substances and their expenditure is disturbed, and this leads to obesity.

Cosmetics Today's cosmetic "products" are used in great demand among women. Any kind of cosmetics has a very complex composition. Despite the fact that these products make girls and women even more beautiful, they are still chemicals that adversely affect the body! Natural beauty is better.

Gabrielyan O.S. Chemistry Grade 11 M. Drofa, 2004 BB%D0%BA%D0%B8&lr=194&stpar2=%2Fh1%2Ftm5%2F s3&stpar4=%2Fs3&stpar1=%2Fu0http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0% BB%D0 %BA%D0%B8&lr=194&stpar2=%2Fh1%2Ftm5%2F s3&stpar4=%2Fs3&stpar1=%2Fu

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Every day we do things that seem normal at first glance: we salt our food, we write on the blackboard with chalk, we boil water. But in fact, we perform chemical actions with various chemicals!

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The well-known potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate KMnO4) is one of these "mysterious natures". For those who first get acquainted with this substance, it presents many surprises: Solid potassium permanganate is a black-violet crystals that are readily soluble in water. In medicine, aqueous solutions of potassium permanganate of various concentrations are used. For rinsing and washing the stomach in case of poisoning - 0.01-0.1% solutions of a pale pink color, for washing wounds - 0.1-0.5% - e (pink), For the treatment of ulcers and burns - 2- 5% (violet). Potassium permanganate solutions are used to treat burns. Potassium permanganate will also help with a snake bite.

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Iodine. The name of the new element was given in 1813 by the French chemist Joseph - Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) for the purple color of its vapors ("iodos" in Greek means "violet").Sodium iodide from algae, interacting with sulfuric acid, releases iodine (I); at the same time, sulfur dioxide is formed - sulfur dioxide SO2: 2NaI + 2H2SO4 = I2 + SO2 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O iodine solutions for wound treatment.

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Drinking soda. For the first time this compound of composition NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) was obtained in its pure form by the French scientist Henri-Louis Duhamel de Monceau (1700-1781). Later, chemists from different countries received this substance by passing carbon dioxide through an aqueous solution of soda - sodium carbonate. Alkaline solutions of baking soda soften living tissues, so soda gargles of the throat and mouth contribute to the mechanical removal of the infection. It is even better to use soda - saline solutions with the addition of iodine. Soda baths (1 tablespoon of baking soda per 1 liter of warm water) are good for softening corns on the hands and feet. They can be done 2-3 times a week. Fresh burns are treated with dry baking soda.

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All these substances are in every person's first aid kit. Chemical compounds also exist in the body of each of us, and they play a huge role in human life and health.

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Proteins In the processes of metabolism between the external environment and the body, the leading place is occupied by the exchange of proteins. Proteins enter the body of humans and animals with various foods, in which the protein content varies widely. Protein molecules are large, so they are called macromolecules. In addition to carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, proteins can contain sulfur, phosphorus, and iron. Proteins differ from each other in the number, composition and sequence of monomers. Protein monomers are amino acids.

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