Large-scale production of synthetic detergents. Profitable business: production of detergents. How to open a detergent production? Ecological properties of synthetic detergents

02.04.2020

Production of household chemicals: classification of means + where to start your production + rent of a workshop + how to build an advertising campaign + whom to hire + production technology + purchase of equipment + cost calculation.

Our mothers and grandmothers had only two detergents for household purposes - powder and laundry soap. Even the shampoo was rarely used, and if it was used, it was herbal, and not based on chemistry.

Today we have before us wide range of household chemicals from brands from all over the world: dish detergent, household and industrial washing powders, washing and dishwasher cleaning tablets, etc. Every housewife today has 5-10 different cleaning products in the house and in the kitchen.

Despite the fact that there are many brands that have become famous all over the world, there is still a chance for success for a start-up enterprise. After all, the production of household chemicals is more than 40 products that can be manufactured and sold on the Russian market.

Household chemicals and its classification

Chemistry for home use (household) is a product that is used to remove dirt from fabric or any other surface (glass, stoves, cars, wooden tables, etc.)

Household detergents are based on a synthetic substance that enters the manufacturing enterprise in the form of an aqueous solution.

All chemistry for the home is divided into 4 types (according to the state of aggregation):

liquid;
pasty;
powder;
hard.

If we talk about the product range itself, it is currently very wide.

Let's name the most popular types:

Means for washing dishes.
Washing powder or gel.
Household soap.
Glass cleaner.
Means for removing dirt from tiles.
Carpet cleaning gel or powder.
Spray or gel for cleaning in the kitchen (for each type of dishes there is separate view household chemicals - for stainless steel, enamelled surfaces, hoods, ovens, stoves, etc.)

Powdered chemistry is in the greatest demand, because it has the highest concentration, so they easily cope with their direct task - removing dirt in everyday life. In addition, powder for any purpose does not require expensive packaging - a cardboard box or a plastic bag is enough.

The liquid product does not contain enzymes, alkaline salts or chemical bleach, therefore, such substances are considered safer. They are less likely to cause an allergic reaction in the consumer.

Household chemicals in the form of a paste are almost identical in composition to powder ones, but there is no chemical bleach among the ingredients.

Solid chemicals are sold in tablets, but are not in great demand on the market. It has several layers, which, depending on the temperature and time of interaction with water, dissolve gradually. First, chemical enzymes dissolve at a minimum temperature, followed by a layer of bleach that contains oxygen.

To create household solid chemicals in production, you will have to purchase additional equipment that will dry the tablet at high temperature at the final stage of production.

As you can see, the range of household chemicals is very wide. We suggest that you cover at first only the most popular options and implement them on the market. Choose one direction or several (TOP-5).

It will be cheaper to produce only household powder or dishwashing detergent, but the consumer likes to have plenty to choose from. In addition, this way you will reach a large audience and be able to generate income from production in a shorter time.

For example, focus on the kitchen. Produce household chemicals for cleaning the hob, washing dishes, tiles, hoods, caring for stainless surfaces, etc.

We enter the business - where to start the production of household chemicals?

According to law Russian Federation any business must be registered and make monthly contributions to the state treasury. To act according to the law, you have to seek help from the tax inspector. He will tell you what legal form to choose for your production of chemicals for the home.

There are two options - individual entrepreneur or a limited liability company. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages.

If you are new to the business and want to take your first steps in the production of home chemicals in small volumes, then an individual entrepreneur is suitable. To register, you need a minimum - a passport and TIN, a completed application (form No. P21001), an application for paying taxes according to the simplified tax system + you also have to pay a state duty (800 rubles) and present a receipt.

Within 5 days you will receive an extract from the USRIP and a certificate of. The data will be transferred to the Pension and Insurance Fund by the inspector.

Registration of an LLC is fraught with many difficulties that a beginner may not be able to overcome on their own (this includes the drafting of the Charter, the presence of a registered legal address, and an open bank account. Before submitting documents to the tax office, it is necessary to hold a meeting of participants and draw up a protocol).

If you still want to choose just such a form for your production of household chemicals, then ask for help from a specialist who, in short time for a fee will be able to collect all the documents for the Tax Inspectorate.

Be sure to indicate the code of activity for the production of household detergents when you fill out the application:

In addition to the business registration document, there is another important one - this is a quality certificate for chemistry and detergents. You will receive it only after all production samples have been tested in a special laboratory.

The cost of such a procedure differs in the regions of the country, and, of course, depends on the number of samples of household chemicals submitted. Without this certificate, you will not be able to enter the market. Also, the presence of the document will prove to the consumer that the product is not harmful, safe for the environment and can be used by people when cleaning the house.

A declaration for raw materials must also be present in your package of documents. It can only be obtained from the supplier. The document is valid for 1-5 years.

We also draw your attention to the fact that for reporting in the production of household chemicals, you will need a 1C program, which costs about 20,000 rubles.

Workshop rent

While the documents are being prepared, we advise you to start looking for premises for the production workshop. Its area largely depends on the dimensions of the equipment itself.

On average, for a small mini-factory for the production of household chemicals, you will need to rent an area of 300 m2.

Warehouse will be on site. finished products, components for the production of household chemicals, containers, a production workshop, several offices for staff, a locker room for workers and a bathroom with showers.

The average cost for such an area is from 150,000 rubles per month, but the price depends on the region and the condition of the building.

In addition, there are a number of requirements for the technical condition of the future premises for a household chemicals plant:

The wiring must withstand a voltage of 380 volts.
Good plumbing, sewerage and heating.
Strong extracts.
It is desirable that the workshop has windows and is well lit.
Cleanliness and order should always be in the workshop.
Every quarter, you need to check for the admixture of harmful chemicals in the room.
Ideally, the floor and walls should be tiled (at least in the production hall).
Each worker must receive an individual protective equipment that meets GOST 12.4.011 - 89.

Do not forget that the company will undergo inspections before starting work: by the Fire Inspectorate, SES, environmental supervision (after all, household chemicals can be harmful to the environment).

In order to avoid paying a fine for non-compliance, find out what requirements the plant must meet in order to receive approval before starting the inspection.

It is necessary to have a fire-fighting system, good ventilation and hoods, serviceable equipment, cleanliness and order, a drawn up evacuation plan, and comply with labor protection standards. Be sure to assign one of the workers responsible for conducting safety briefings at the plant.

Among other things, there will be a check of documents that confirm the fact of the lease of the workshop or its purchase by the owner of the enterprise.

Detailed technology for the production of household chemicals

Synthetic detergent and its mixtures are the main component of household chemicals.

Surfactants, which are also included in detergents, consist of the following components:

amphoteric;
anionic substances;
cationic;
non-ionic.

The main feature of surfactants and all its components is the ability to clean any type of pollution, and at the same time biodegrade without harming the environment.

To create liquid household chemicals, the following additional components are also needed:

Amplifier.
Concentrated detergent.
A bio-amplifier that is able to remove biological contaminants.
Alkali.
Bleach with oxygen.
Finishing agent.

Each type of household chemicals has its own recipe - some components are added, while others are replaced.

The technology for the production of liquid household cleaners is simple - all components are mixed according to the recipe in one container, and then bottled.

Each bottle must have a label with a description of the product, listing all components, expiration date, precautions, country of origin, GOST, barcode.

The production of household powders has a different technology:

1.	Surfactants are mixed with other useful substances that contribute to the removal of contaminants, depending on the further purpose.
2.	At the first stage, it is impossible to achieve that the consistency is homogeneous. To do this, already at the second stage, the mixture is passed through a mill (it is also called a colloid machine).
3.	Powder from liquid to dry state can be transferred by spray drying at high temperature (250-350 °C). Here you will need a drying bath, where drying will take place under a pressure of 30-50 atmospheric amperes and high temperature.
4.	This is how we get granular powder, which must be packed in cardboard or plastic packaging.

There are several more technologies that are used in the production of granulated household chemicals:

As you already understood, it is the cheapest way to produce liquid chemicals for the home. For its production, you need a mixer and a load cell. The finished raw material goes through pipes directly to the packaging machine. The automatic line is capable of measuring up to a gram how many and what components are needed to obtain the initial household chemical product.

The production of household powder will be more costly (high pay utility bills for the use of ovens) + you will have to buy powerful drying chambers, use a lot of packaging.

Equipment for the production of household chemicals

You need to purchase equipment after you decide on the assortment. In our business plan, we propose to consider 2 options: the purchase of a line for the production of liquid household chemicals and for powder for various purposes.

You can buy equipment in Russia or Europe. It all depends on how much capital you have to organize a business. As an option - to purchase turnkey equipment in Russia.

a) Equipment for the production of liquid chemicals for the home LZhMS-2.

The technique is capable of producing such liquid chemistry:

detergent for dishes;
household soap (liquid consistency);
soap with the addition of glycerin;
household detergent (universal), which is even added to the solution when building houses.

Together with the kit, there are 4 more recipes for the above products, a technological instruction and a database of suppliers of chemical components for detergent.

There must be documentation for the equipment - Certificate of state registration + declaration, compliance with standards and technical specifications of Russia.

The line can be easily serviced by 3 people. The equipment occupies up to 50 m2. The package also includes a packaging machine. Liquid household chemicals are poured into plastic bottles (volume from 0.25 to 5 liters). At the output, you can get 1 ton per hour of production. The cost of equipment - from 1,250,000 rubles.

The set of equipment for the production of liquid chemistry includes:

Mixer.
Pump.
Technological reservoir.
Filter.
Pipeline.
dispenser.

b) Equipment for the production of household powder chemicals.

For an hour of work, it is realistic to get 1 ton of powder or any other granular cleaning agent. Uniformity of mixing - up to 98%.

To reduce the cost of goods, a device was installed in the equipment to remove the liquid that binds the components. There is no expensive thermal oven here. Instead, the specialists improved the technology of production. When screening the powder, the granules are again crushed and re-granulation is carried out.

Specialists who sell such devices are, as a rule, ready to "go to the site", install the equipment, conduct explanatory work with the staff, and provide a recipe for obtaining chemistry for the home.

A set of equipment for the production of chemicals for the home consists of:

Mixer-granulator.
Stations for introducing liquid components into SMS.
Bunker.
Vibrating screen.
Hopper with vibrator and damper for finished powder.
Disintegrator.
return feeder.
Metal constructor.
Aspiration.
Feeder giving.
Packing machine up to 50 kg (with dispenser, clamp and table).

The approximate cost of the kit is from 2,400,000 rubles (floating price).

How to make successful sales in the production of household chemicals?

Many companies are engaged in the production of household chemicals, which have already managed to win their audience and are successfully thriving in this business. To catch up with competitors, you need to work hard and especially on the creation advertising campaign.

It is desirable that this be done by a marketer or other specialist in the industry who knows the methods of influencing the buyer and will be able to persuade wholesale buyers to conclude a deal.

Here are the main points that you should pay attention to when planning an advertising campaign:

You have to create a brand, a whole image of the company, for example, like Mr. Proper, but only something new and different. We recommend registering a trademark, coming up with a unique logo and an easy-to-remember name. For example, "Hostess", "Clean House", etc.
Make a catalog and list all products in it. The same catalog should contain information about the composition, volume in a package or bottle, benefits, areas of application, wholesale price.
You will send this catalog to all potential wholesale buyers - to shops, supermarkets, hotels, kindergartens and schools, etc.
Your main client is a wholesale dealer. Only through it you will be able to trade in such a way that you do not put all your strength into the process and at the same time receive a decent profit.
As a rule, household chemicals are of interest, first of all, to women aged 25-55. This does not mean that others do not use dishwashing detergents and powder. It's just that this category devotes more time to picking up household chemicals.
They rely on price, quality, read the composition, look for a product that does not cause allergies, especially in children. This is important information to consider when creating commercial on TV.
Advertising should attract a potential buyer. Include children and animals in the video. According to the scenario, they can stain the whole house, and your household chemicals will come to the aid of the hostess. The plot is simple, but it works and helps.
Promotions in stores will help to supplement advertising on television. Sell samples for minimum price, distribute leaflets, balloons, etc. If your product is really good, then the next time the client will come for it.
At the beginning of the formation of a business, it is better not to overprice household chemicals. Offer your partners profitable terms so that not only wholesalers buy your chemistry, but ordinary people can afford it.
At first, work only in your region. This will reduce the cost of producing household chemicals. If there is demand, you can safely expand the boundaries.
Buy a website and sell the product to a retail customer. Create an open discussion on your portal where people can easily leave feedback about household chemicals. Accept criticism and try to fix things right away.

№	Item of expenses	Amount (rub.)
TOTAL:		792,000 rubles
1.	Creating a logo, packaging design and name	25 000
2.	Advertising on television (regional television, advertising 30 seconds, 20 times a day)	From 700 000
3.	Shooting a commercial	From 40 000
4.	Purchase of the site and its content	From 9 000
5.	Create an online catalog	From 15 000
6.	Business cards (1,000 pcs.)	3 000

Personnel for work in the chemical production workshop

The equipment is fully automated, so the number of line workers will be minimal. You will need 3-4 workers behind the machine to produce household chemicals, and 2 people to pack the products.

You can not do without loaders in production. Be sure to hire a technologist who will monitor the correct connection of the components. He will also check the finished products and raw materials that the supplier brings.

You can not hire an accountant, but pay for the services of an outsourcing company. The cleaning lady can come at the end of working hours or stay on the territory throughout the working day.

Be sure to hire a driver (enough for part-time) on a personal truck that will deliver products to stores.

As already mentioned above, you can not do without a competent marketer. In order for him to really try to increase sales of household chemicals, offer him a rate + a percentage of sales.

№	Position	Quantity	Total salary (rubles/month)
TOTAL:			144 000 rubles/month
1.	Equipment adjuster	1	16 000
2.	line worker	5	70 000
3.	Technologist	1	20 000
4.	Marketer	1	14 000 + %
5.	Driver	½ rate	10 000
6.	Cleaning woman	1	6 000
7.	Outsourcing services	1	8 000

Laundry soap production as a business idea.

What is needed to implement this idea? Starting investment.

Calculation of costs and income from the production of chemicals for the home

Let's summarize. According to our calculations, in the first month of household chemicals you need to spend about 5,000,000 rubles.

This amount includes the following costs:

№	Item of expenses	Amount (rub.)
1	Workshop rent	150 000
2	Preparation of premises, purchase of furniture and equipment for workers, purchase of special uniforms	From 120 000
3	Collection of documents and purchase of an accounting program	From 35 000
4	Communal payments	From 15 000
5	Wage	144 000
6	Equipment	3 750 000
7	Advertising	792 000

We did not include one important item in the expense item - this is the purchase of raw materials. The fact is that this item of expenditure depends entirely on the choice of household chemicals that you are going to produce.

Let's give an example of calculating the cost liquid soap in a 5 liter bottle:

It is necessary to purchase components for 9 rubles for the production of 1 liter of soap. For 5 liters of soap - 45 rubles.
The cost of a plastic bottle with a handle and a cap (5 liters) is 17 rubles.
Sticking a label will cost 2 rubles.
Total - 64 rubles.

The cost of household soap on the market will be at least 100 rubles (and this is for a wholesale buyer). We will be able to produce 154 tons of household chemicals per month, i.e. about 30 thousand bottles of 5 liters, subject to work 7 hours 5 days a week.

Approximate income excluding raw material costs - 1,080,000 rubles, subject to full implementation.

Don't forget about paying taxes, fuel costs, shipping chemicals, and many other unforeseen costs that may arise when setting up a household chemicals business.

The business will be able to pay for itself within two years, but it takes a lot of work to develop this business from scratch.

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Starting capital - from 5.5 million rubles.

According to the OKP, synthetic cleaners are:

Multifunctional products designed for washing / cleaning various products (linen, cotton and other fabrics, as well as fabrics of artificial and synthetic origin);
Means for specialized purposes (including for household purposes).

In addition, they are classified according to the initial state of aggregation. Means are allocated solid, liquid, in the form of powder and paste. In terms of production volumes, the leading positions are occupied by granular detergents (produced in powder form), because they are the most concentrated, and therefore more effective. The technological process is relatively simple, expensive packaging is not required, high demand among the population. Cleaning products that are produced in tablets are almost never manufactured in Russia.

However, experts assure that the future lies precisely with detergents produced in tablet form, as they have a number of undeniable advantages:

Ease of use;
Possibility of precise dosing;
Hypoallergenic.

The tablet often consists of two or more layers - this makes it possible to adjust the speed and other parameters of dissolution of each of them. For example, if 1-layer tablets can dissolve evenly and with high speed, then in multilayers, enzymes will first dissolve at a low temperature range, and when heated, oxygen-containing bleaches will be released. Such a complex complex significantly increases the effectiveness of the cleaning agent. Among the disadvantages of the technological process for the production of “tablets”, high energy costs can be noted, since at the last production stages the compressed components must be dried at a high temperature range in order to remove excess moisture. 2nd place in terms of economy in use is occupied by liquid products. Such products do not contain bleaches, enzymes and alkalis of chemical origin. On the one hand, this can be an advantage because (compared to laundry detergents) they are more hypoallergenic. On the other hand, the effectiveness of cleaning / washing decreases significantly. Paste cleaners can contain up to 35% moisture. In composition, they are almost no different from powders. The only significant difference is the rejection of unstable chemical bleaches.

Compound

Synthetic cleaners are made in various variations:

Without the use of peroxide compounds and biological additives;
With biological additives;
With peroxide compounds;
Combined;
For different types of fabric;
With the addition of polymers that prevent molting;
With various flavors, etc.

Granular products may have a different composition. There are means of the following varieties: anionic, nonionic surfactants with additional reagents. If the former are intended for washing and washing / cleaning cotton and linen fabrics, then the latter are for synthetic products.

Modern washing / cleaning products are complex chemical complexes consisting of many components. Detergents are based on synthetic components that increase the ability to form foam and emulsify and reduce surface tension. The key ingredient can be anionic, amphoteric, cationic and nonionic surfactants. Them distinctive features– high cleansing action and biodegradability. The higher these indicators, the more effective the cleaner will be. The dissociation of anionic surfactants in water occurs with decomposition into a hydrophobic anion, which has a washing effect, and an inorganic cation, which allows it to dissolve in water. For example, olefin sulfonate has good cleaning power even in water with high hardness.

Also, olefinsulfonate hydroxide, sulfonates of fatty organic acids, sulfates of fatty organic alcohols, alkyl sulfate compounds are added to detergents. The latter “ingredients” are mainly used in Europe and the USA - in Russia they are not yet very popular, despite the fact that they have good degradability and high cleaning power. Amphoteric surfactants (for example, carboxy betaine) will be included in many foaming agents (including various shampoos). Nonionic surfactants - ethylated 1-ary fatty organic alcohols, characterized by high biodegradability, high wetting ability. Among the shortcomings, one can note the low stability (stability) of the foam, as well as weak foaming. Cationic surfactants are manufactured in smaller volumes compared to anionic and nonionic substances, but they have a number of advantages. The most common of these are 4-ary bases with an ammonium cation. These surfactants act as an antistatic component, corrosion inhibitor, water repellent and emulsifier.

Naturally, in addition to surfactants, the composition of cleaning products includes a huge number of other components. For example, liquid detergents are made from a base, bio-wash enhancers (to better break down various bio-contaminants), alkaline-based wash enhancers, complexers (to prevent excess lime in the washing plant), oxygen-containing bleach, as well as finishing components.

At first glance, it may seem that similar components are used in the production of shampoos. You can find this business plan in our article “”.

Technological process

The manufacturing process can be divided into the following stages:

Preparation of a composite mixture;
Drying;
Packaging;
Packaging

At the first stage, surfactants are mixed with useful components. A non-homogeneous solution is obtained. To achieve uniformity, the solution is passed through a special installation - a colloid mill. The most common method for producing powders is spray drying at high temperatures. In this case, the procedure is carried out by spraying the mixture in a drying plant at a pressure of 30-55 atm. with a temperature range of 275-375°C. Among the shortcomings, it can be noted: high energy costs, the negative impact of the enterprise on the environment due to pollution with dust particles, the entry of sodium tripolyphosphate into the decomposition reaction (toxic compounds are released). An alternative method - crystallization - implies a lower temperature range.

Cleaning agents in the form of powders are produced in various ways: dry mixing in specialized mixers (the disadvantage is that the resulting product may contain a huge variety of dusty fractions); spraying liquid compounds on a dry base in suspension (good alternative with lower energy consumption); the same spraying, but already in mechanized mixers (not relevant today). Powder products are more expensive to manufacture than liquid detergent products.

For the production of liquid products, industrial mixers are required, which are additionally equipped with a strain gauge. The feedstock fed through the pipes into the loading capacity of the mixer is weighed using a tensometric system. This makes it possible to control the mass of each individual ingredient as accurately as possible. At the enterprise for the production of liquid cleaning agents, several separate lines for packaging finished products should be placed (their number may vary - it all depends on the range of products produced). A separate ruler is intended for containers of various capacities. Each of them is additionally equipped with tanks for liquid settling. This is done in order to prevent mixing of different mixtures with each other. In addition, there are settling tanks with a capacity of up to 5 tons.

The quality of manufactured products is influenced by many factors: the quality of the raw materials used, technological process, production method, types of useful additives. The tower method can have a negative impact on the environment - for this reason, manufacturing companies are actively looking for alternative technological solutions.

Pay due attention to the packaging of the finished product. Powders for household and household purposes weighing from 0.2 to 0.5 kilograms are packed in rectangular cardboard packages, plastic bags, polymer film. To create a bright, unique package, you can use the services of professionals: you can hire an in-house designer or resort to the help of “freelance” designers. Remember that the profit of your enterprise depends on the marketability of your products. So, you need to do everything so that your cleaning products are not lost on store shelves.

Chemical enterprises use specialized equipment used to synthesize complex organic complexes and other compounds. Such production facilities are equipped with special production lines for mixing compositions with hydrotropic components, which prevent the separation of components with different densities.

Organizational moments

To accommodate everything necessary equipment, including molds for creating packaging containers, a room with an area of at least 500 square meters is required. A water supply and a three-phase voltage source must be provided (many high-power installations operate exclusively on a 380 V production voltage).

The monthly production capacity of an average enterprise can reach 1,000 tons of finished product. The total cost of implementing a business project is from 5.5 million rubles. The approximate payback period is 2-2.5 years. The last crisis has put small Russian manufacturers in a rather difficult position: banks have set more stringent rules for issuing loans to individual entrepreneurs, and stores have begun to delay payment for sold products. For these reasons, many small firms have decided to end their own production and start working with third parties in a contract form.

Where to sell?

Both wholesale bases and retail stores may be interested in high-quality cleaning products. In addition, carpet or car cleaning businesses may also be interested in your products if you intend to produce specialized products for this very purpose.

Analyze the situation in your region - in any case, you will need to start from your city and region. Don't forget to try to offer your goods to laundries or organize an additional branch - creating your own small network. How to do this, you can read in our article "".

Galileo - Detergent

Recipient countries and their shares in total exports are shown in fig. 3.

Rice. 3 Main countries receiving SMS from Russia in 2007.

Let us consider at what average contract prices synthetic detergents are supplied from Russia to the recipient countries.

Table 6. Average export contract prices by recipient countries in 2007

The value of the average export contract price is 747 dollars per ton of CMC. The cheapest products are shipped from Russia to Poland, at a price of approximately $370 / ton; about $900 per ton of synthetic detergent.

1.2 Composition of synthetic detergents

In modern SMS, surfactants are used that have a degree of biodegradation of at least 90%: alkylsulfonates R- - sodium salts of fatty sulfonic acids; alkanesulfonates (R - alkyl C11 - C18) with high detergency and high biodegradability (up to 99%); olefinsulfonates (R - alkyl C10 - C14) have a good washing effect, including in hard water; hydroxyolefinsulfonates (R - alkyl. C10 - C14), etc.

Alkyl sulfates R - 0S03Na - sodium salts of sulfate esters of higher animal alcohols (R alkyl C11 C17). Sulfates of ethoxylated fatty alcohols have a high detergent effect and are 100% biodegradable. Alkyl sulfates and alkyl sulfonates belong to the class of anionic surfactants.

From cationic surfactants practical use have quaternary ammonium compounds with various functional groups for a hydrophobic purpose. Cationic surfactants are used as corrosion inhibitors (to protect washing machines), antistatic agents, emulsifiers; they also have a disinfectant effect. In combination with non-ionic surfactants, they are used in detergents with bactericidal action.

To enhance the action of surfactants, alkaline salts are introduced into SMS - carbonate and sodium silicate. When hydrolyzed, they create an alkaline environment, which softens the water. In addition, anionic surfactants show their effect only in an alkaline environment. Alkaline electrolytes are introduced into the composition of SMS for cotton and linen fabrics. Sodium silicate slows down the corrosion of metal parts of washing machines, enhances the anti-resorptive ability and reduces the hygroscopicity of powdered SMS.

Neutral salts are introduced into SMS - sodium sulfate and phosphate. Sodium sulfate is used to improve the flowability of the powder and its solubility in water, increases the washing power of the SMS, it is included in all types of SMS. Detergents also contain up to 30% phosphorus salts - trisodium phosphates and polyphosphates to reduce the alkalinity of detergent solutions to pH ≈ 7. This is necessary for the action of additives such as enzymes. The action of phosphates is that they eliminate plaque on tissues formed by poorly soluble compounds, reduce the ash content of tissues. Polyphosphates enhance the action of surfactants. Phosphates have, however, a disadvantage - they pollute wastewater.

Carboxymethylcellulose (the sodium salt of cellulose ether and glycolic acid) is added to the composition of SMS for linen fabrics. It prevents the re-deposition of contaminants on the surface of cotton fabrics. To prevent the resorption of dirt on woolen and silk fabrics, polyvinylpyrrolidone is added to SMS.

The washing power of modern SMS is not determined by the amount of foam formed during washing, since there are low-foam surfactants with a high washing power. A large amount of foam is a tradition of hand washing. For hand wash SMS, the foaming capacity is provided by the addition of foam stabilizers (alkylolamides).

To preserve the whiteness of white products, chemical and physical (optical) brighteners are added to the composition of SMS. Of the chemical bleaches that are used in SMS for linen and cotton fabrics, salts of peroxide acids (persalts), for example, sodium perborate, are usually used. When the temperature of the washing solution is above 60 ° C, this substance is hydrolyzed, releasing atomic oxygen, which is a bleaching and disinfecting agent. Chemical bleaches are strong oxidizing agents, they destroy tissues with prolonged and repeated exposure. To protect the fibers from destruction, sodium silicate is added to the SMS. Recently, methods have been found for activating peroxide salts at lower temperatures of the washing solution.

For fabrics made of mixed fibers, synthetic and natural protein fabrics - wool and silk, to increase the whiteness and eliminate the yellow tint of white fabrics, optical brighteners are used - colorless fluorescent organic compounds that are adsorbed from the solution. Optical brighteners have the ability to absorb invisible ultraviolet rays of sunlight (300 - 400 nm) and convert them into visible rays of the blue part of the reflected light with a longer wavelength (400 - 500 nm), giving blueness to tissues; under artificial lighting, the effect of optical whitening does not appear.

Modern SMS contain special dietary supplements to remove contaminants of fatty origin and protein substances containing protein (traces of blood, egg white, milk) - enzymes (enzymes). Proteolytic enzymes (proteases) carry out enzymatic hydrolysis of polypeptide groups in large protein molecules and break them down to small amino acid residues that are easily removed from the fibers during washing. Detergents containing proteases cannot be used for washing items made from natural silk and wool, since they also have a protein nature. Amylases are enzymes that hydrolyze carbohydrates, lipases are enzymes that promote the destruction of fatty contaminants. The effectiveness of detergents with enzymes depends on the temperature of the washing solution and the pH of the medium.

In the composition of SMS for washing synthetic fibers, antistatic agents are sometimes additionally introduced, which remove the charges of static electricity. Nonionic and cationic surfactants are usually used as antistatic agents.

The unpleasant smell of powdered SMS, especially those containing enzymes, is eliminated by the introduction of fragrances. As disinfectant additives, substances (or surfactants) that have a fungicidal (antifungal), bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect are most often used.

The use of dyes in the composition of SMS is based on the optical effect, since the dyes are adsorbed on the surface of tissues without a chemical effect on the tissue. For this purpose, ultramarine, indigo, synthetic organic pigments are used. In this case, the fabric acquires greater whiteness and brightness due to the blue tint.

1.3 Technology for the production of synthetic detergents

The peculiarities of their production have a certain influence on the consumer properties of SMS. The manufacturing technology of synthetic detergents includes the preparation of compositions, drying, packaging and packaging.

The preparation of the composition consists in mixing surfactants with useful additives. The solution is then filtered and passed through a colloid mill to make it homogeneous. When spraying the solution in a drying tower under a pressure of 30 - 50 at. and a temperature of 250 - 350 ° C, drying occurs - the powders are obtained in granular form. For the production of detergents, the crystallization method is used: spraying plants operate at low temperatures in a drying tower.

The bulk of powdered SMS in our country and abroad is produced by high-temperature spray drying, which provides a granular product. High Quality. However, this method is characterized by energy consumption, the possibility of decomposition of sodium tripolyphosphate, a large consumption of packaging material, pollution environment dust CMC from the exhaust air.

In addition to the non-tower method for the production of powder detergents, there are also: dry mixing of the initial components in mixers (the resulting product, however, contains a significant amount of dust fraction), spraying liquid components on a dry base in suspension (a granular product can be obtained, according to quality indicators as good as a spray-dried product, but at a lower cost).

Along with powder detergents, liquid detergents are produced that dissolve better in water, are easily dosed, and their production is less expensive.

The quality of the manufactured products directly depends on the increase in the purity of the raw materials used - improvement in color, reduction in the content of impurities; expanding the production of useful additives and improving their quality, improving the technology for the production of SMS. New environmental requirements have led to the creation of technologies alternative to tower technology, tableting, extrusion, granulation, agglomeration in "boiling" SMS, etc. the resulting products are more in line with new types of washing machines, do not contain filler, require less packaging material.

Powder SMS weighing from 200 to 500 g for household consumption are packed mainly in cardboard packs with a capacity of 1100 cm³. In addition, the so-called economical packaging of 1 is used; 3 and 5 kg. The larger the package, the lower the cost per unit of mass.

Liquid and pasty detergents are packaged mainly in polymer containers - bottles, jars, tubes, etc.

1.4 Environmental propertiessynthetic detergents

For the hygienic characteristics of SMS, it is very important to establish the degree of biological degradability of surfactants. This is of particular importance for maintaining the purity of water bodies, since the chemicals entering them adversely affect the processes of natural self-purification of water and aquatic organisms. Currently, it is believed that detergents can be used in everyday life if they decompose in water bodies by at least 80%.

The most rapidly and completely destroyed in water bodies are alkyl sulfates and sulfates of ethers, more slowly - NP 1 sulfonic acid. NP 1 sulfonic acid decomposes only by 38%; sulfonic acid NP 3 - by 76%. Phosphates are easily biodegradable. However, their content in SMS and their accumulation in sewage leads to increased growth of algae. Therefore, in a number of countries (Canada, USA), the production of SMS containing phosphates has been reduced. A promising substitute for them has not yet been found, and since the reason for the increased growth of algae is not only phosphates, but also other compounds, phosphates have not yet been removed from detergents.

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Commodity characteristics and quality examination syntheticdetergentsfunds

Abstract >> Culture and art

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Analysis assortment and quality assurance syntheticdetergents means

Abstract >> Culture and art

… assortment, quality syntheticdetergentsfunds and their evaluation competitiveness … improvementassortment and quality syntheticdetergentsfunds. The object of the study are syntheticdetergentsfacilities … directions activity... raising …

Synthetic detergents: benefits and harms
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Coursework >> Physical culture and sports

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I want more like this...

Own business - production of cleaning and detergents

Cleanliness is a highly demanded factor in almost all areas of human life and activity. Liquid soaps, fabric softeners, washing powders, stain removers, shampoos, multifunctional pastes and gels - products that effectively cope with dirt, degrease and disinfect are used frequently, everywhere and in huge quantities.

The production of detergents and cleaning products has always been, is and will be very profitable, because their consumption in Russia, as market statistics show, is constantly growing.

Top Selling Products

Allocate solid, liquid, powder (granular) and pasty synthetic detergents. Leadership among this group of funds in terms of production and sales belongs to powdered products. High demand for products is provided due to:

ease of opening production and mastering manufacturing technology,
high concentration of active substances,
low cost for manufacturers and reasonable price for consumers.

Liquid products occupy the second most popular position in the market. Hypoallergenicity, the absence of "hard" ingredients and an affordable price are the properties that ensure such a high demand. Due to the large number of constituent components, liquid detergents are more difficult to manufacture than powder detergents. However, you can always limit yourself to the release of a product with the simplest composition of water, surfactant, flavor and dye.

Also, the popularity of specialized detergents for washing and disinfecting equipment in the production of food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products is currently growing.

The formation of the assortment of the enterprise and its development depends on:

availability of raw materials and energy resources;
the cost of these resources;
changes over time in the designs of household and industrial washing equipment;
applicable environmental protection standards.

Production technology

Modern detergents and cleaners are multi-component mixtures that are quite complex in composition and action, the main ingredient in which is biodegradable surfactants. The quality of the finished product directly depends on the feedstock, the production technology used, and the presence of additives.

Stages of production of synthetic detergents:

composition preparation,
drying (for powder formulations),
packing,
package.

When mixed, as a rule, the composition comes out heterogeneous, with a large particle size. The problem is solved by running through a colloid mill. Drying of powdered products in a semi-liquid form is carried out in special chambers under pressure up to 50 atmospheres and a temperature of 250-350°C.

It should be noted that this method of production of detergents is characterized by high energy consumption, it is characterized by high manufacturability, moreover, contamination with dust particles will ensure close supervision by regulatory authorities.

The way out is the use of the crystallization method, for which drying towers operating at low temperatures are used. Also, in order to save money, spraying of dissolved anionic surfactants on a pre-prepared dry base with a fragrance and an abrasive is used.

Equipment

The more equipped your production will be, the wider will be the opportunities for the range of products. On one production line, not only cleaning products, but also shampoos and hair balms, shower gels, bath foam, liquid soaps can be produced.

Please note that to open the production of detergents and cleaning products, you will need a considerable list of modern equipment.

Universal mixers.
vacuum chambers.
homogenizing plants.
Containers for detergents.
Mixers.
Pumps, dispensers.
Capping devices.
Labeling plant.
Other distribution equipment.

Where to place production

The production line for liquid detergents is very large. A medium-sized enterprise produces about 700 tons of products per year, so warehouses must be large enough. It is impossible to use the area to accommodate production and administrative personnel together with finished products, therefore, rooms for changing, resting and eating workers will be separate from the warehouses and the production workshop and have a separate ventilation system. As a result, you will need at least 500 sq. m. area with a ceiling height of at least 3 meters. The premises are usually located on the ground floor of the building.

Due to the rather stringent requirements of the supervisory authorities, some entrepreneurs choose the workshops of larger enterprises as the location of production, paying them high rents, which has a direct impact on the final cost of the product.

Packing funds

The complexity of opening the production of detergents and cleaning products is that to ensure that different compositions do not react, the products of which can be very dangerous for humans, at least two lines for bottling and packaging of finished products are required.

for pouring liquid and gel-like formulations into containers with a volume of 250 ml or more,
for pouring into containers up to 1000 ml.

Separate storage tankers will be required for each of the lines.

For powder products, packaging is important. The most economical options are cardboard containers and plastic bags.

Employees

First of all, you will need a technologist or operator (one for each shift).

Business for the production of household chemicals and detergents

Also, you can not do without the help of a marketer, designer, sales manager, loaders and forwarding drivers, handymen and a mechanic.

You will need to keep accounts - you can hire a personal accountant or turn to the services of organizations that provide accounting services. It is advisable to conclude maintenance and repair contracts with equipment manufacturers.

Investments

7-8 million rubles– the approximate amount of the initial investment, including:

production line,
permits,
room rental,
additional expenses.

3-4 years- the average payback period for projects for the production of cleaning and detergents.

Rospotrebnadzor requirements for the production of cleaning and detergents

The production of synthetic detergents is a potentially hazardous activity for humans and the environment, and therefore the requirements for it are quite stringent. Here are the main ones:

Production should be located only in those premises, the decoration of which does not allow the accumulation of active substances. Simply put, the walls, ceiling and floor must be finished with materials that are easy to clean (plastic, tile or water-based paint).
All employees must be provided with protective clothing, footwear and respirators and undergo regular medical examinations.
The workshop in which the installation of production lines was carried out must be located at a distance of at least a kilometer from residential buildings.
Workshops should be equipped with a powerful forced ventilation exhaust system and a set of engineering networks: electricity, water supply, sewerage, as well as fire alarm call buttons and fire extinguishing equipment.

Sales of products

Competition in this area is quite tough, so a qualified sales manager is the key to successful product sales and the viability of the business as a whole.

At the initial stage, it will be necessary to launch an effective advertising campaign.

High quality and affordable cost are factors that attract the attention of a large mass of potential consumers.

2500
pieces of equipment in production
all around Russia

Own business: production of detergents and cleaning products

Production - synthetic detergents

C page 2

For the production of synthetic detergents in powder form for the period 1959 - 1965. it is planned to build 20-22 workshops and factories with high productivity and equipped with modern means of mechanization and automation of processes. At present, such enterprises are being built in Shebekino, Volgodonsk, Krasnovodsk, Kazan, Moscow and other regions.

For the production of synthetic detergents will be used different kinds organic raw materials. The most important of these are alkyl sulfates, alkyl aryl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, and non-iopogenic surfactants.

Trill-type surfactants, such as alkyl benzene sulfenates (ABS), primary alkyl sulfates and alkyl sulfunates, are of primary importance for the production of synthetic detergents and will remain so in the future. Secondary alkyl sulfates can only be used to prepare liquid detergents, but secondary alcohols are of particular importance for the production of biodegradable nonionic surfactants.

For the production of synthetic detergents, it is necessary to impart water solubility to a high molecular weight aliphatic residue. This is achieved indirectly by conversion to alkyl benzene, the aromatic nucleus of which is easily sulfonated.

The development of the production of synthetic detergents contributed not only to an overall significant increase in the consumption of detergents, but also to a change in the ratio of synthetic detergents and soap - the production of soap decreased to the level that was reached 20 years ago.

In the production of synthetic detergents (CMC), which make up the largest and most important group of household chemicals, wastewater is generated during the preparation of sodium silicate, during the preparation and drying of the composition - as a result of cooling and washing equipment and containers.

In the production of synthetic detergents, spray dryers produce 60,000 Nm3/h of gas emissions containing detergent dust and organic matter.

Over the past 20 years, the production of synthetic detergents has been greatly developed abroad.

The rapid development of the production of synthetic detergents in all countries of the world is due to a number of reasons. The main ones are: a) shortcomings of fatty soap; b) the need to release natural fats for food purposes; c) the need for special detergents in connection with the development of the synthetic fiber industry; d) the high merits of synthetic detergents and the possibility of their large-scale production based on the development of the organic synthesis industry.

For the development of the production of synthetic detergents in various countries, along with price fluctuations, the national characteristics and capabilities of the economies of these countries are of great importance.

An analysis of the state of production of synthetic detergents indicates a steady expansion of its production in all countries of the world.

It is used in the production of synthetic detergents.

It is used in the production of synthetic detergents as a surfactant to stabilize the foam and increase the washing power of detergent solutions.

It is used in the production of synthetic detergents as a surfactant, in the production of bleaching and stain-water products.

It is used in the production of liquid synthetic detergents, shampoos, cleaners and shoe care products.

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List of manufactured equipment for the manufacture of detergents

universal mixers;
vacuum equipment;
pumps, homogenizers;
dissolvers;
storage tanks: vacuum and atmospheric;
vacuum reactor and homogenizer mixer;
melters, fat melters, pumps, accumulators and much more.

List of detergents produced on Molpromline equipment

shampoos;
conditioners;
conditioners, gels;
bath foams;
soap cosmetic and children's and the like.

For the production of products, equipment is needed for the production of household and technical detergents, which allows to ensure a uniform structure and heating during the technological cycle.

Advantages of the equipment offered by our company:

small production area for equipment installation;
simplicity of the technological process;
high degree of product composition homogeneity;
greater technological flexibility (oils, fatty acids, and their mixture can be used);
fast production start-up and easy handling;
no emissions into the environment;
relatively low energy costs for heating.

We produce modern, high-tech and advanced products. The catalog of the enterprise presents many options for equipment, specific equipment is calculated individually for each customer request.

The entire line of developed and manufactured equipment will not disappoint the most demanding buyer of professional products.

Small capital investment and small space required to run the equipment ideal for companies with limited space and capital investment, a real opportunity to start a small business.

LLC "NZPO" - Molpromline™ has been on the market of the Russian Federation and the CIS countries for many years, special conditions for our partners can be found by phone and information on the website.

Technical characteristics of equipment for the production of detergents:

№	A set of equipment for the production of detergents
1	Mixer SMU-1000 Mixer SMU-1000 V-slave=1000 l. three-layer vacuum tank made of stainless steel, with a jacket, thermal insulation with mineral wool, on supports, bottom and lid - cone with a cone height of 200 mm (cock for draining the product Du-80), sealed lid. Heating is carried out by means of electric heating elements made of stainless steel. Composition and production technology of synthetic detergents steel, power 45 kW. working hatch 400 mm - airtight, viewing window with illumination, with three loading fittings DN 50, frame-type agitator for 1/3 of the height (repeats the shape of the bottom), 60 rpm. / min, geared motor 2.2 kW., with agitator support, cooling water inlet fitting 3/4", lugs for a glass dipstick 1/2" with external thread, product inlet pipe to a depth of 2/3. The second mixing device is high-speed "cutter" type. The rotation speed of the cutter is adjustable from 0 to 1500 rpm. Mill drive power 22 kW. Control panel including stirrer starter, heating and cooling control.
2	Pump Pump for transferring from the brewing tank to the storage tank
3	Technological tank RT-1000 Technological tank RT-1000 Vrab-1000l, single-layer stainless steel, cone bottom, frame-type agitator, 20-30 rpm 2.2 kW., 2" outlet fitting with ball valve
4	Filter Quick release filters
5	Pipeline Strapping and shut-off valves Du-80
6	dispenser Dosing device UD-2 double

It is possible to buy equipment for the production of soap, detergents according to pre-agreed options for technologies, dimensions and productivity.

The price of equipment for the production of detergents is always negotiable due to the unpredictability of costs.

How to open the production of detergents and cleaning products

Companies / Chemical production / Soap production; washing, cleaning and polishing agents; perfumery and cosmetics / Production of glycerine; soaps; detergents, cleaners, polishes / Manufacture of soap and detergents

Soap and detergent production

1.LLC "NPF "GENIKS" Mari El, Republic, Yoshkar-Ola
2.LLC "ECO-STANDARD-K" Omsk region, Omsk
3. LLC "CLEAN URAL SERVICE" Chelyabinsk region, Chelyabinsk
4.LLC "PLANT OF DETERGENTS" Belgorod region
5. OJSC "VKhZ" KRISTALL", OJSC "VKhZK" Rostov region, Volgodonsk
6.OOO "NPF CHIMITEK" St. Petersburg
7. OOO "LIG" Moscow
8. OOO "HIMSINTEZ" Rostov region, Novocherkassk
9.LLC "YUG PENA" Rostov region, Novocherkassk
10.OOO "SITRA-T" St. Petersburg
11.LLC "NPF "RIVT" St. Petersburg
12. OOO "PROM.KHIMIYA" Krasnoyarsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk
13.JSC "ARKTIKA" Saratov region, Engels
14. LLC "PK "ELFOR" Kemerovo region, Kemerovo
15.LLC "PROMBYTHIM" Ulyanovsk region, Ulyanovsk
16.LLC "NEO-ECOBLESS" Mari El, Republic, Yoshkar-Ola
17. LLC FIRMA "PAOLS" Kursk region
18. CJSC "PROMOS" Nizhny Novgorod region, Dzerzhinsk
19. CJSC "BILLAR" St. Petersburg
20.JSC "NEFIS COSMETICS" Tatarstan, Republic, Kazan
21.LLC "VOLGOGRADBYTHIM" Volgograd region, Volgograd
22. LLC "TDK" Nizhny Novgorod region, Dzerzhinsk
23. CJSC "ASSOCIATION OF HOUSEHOLD CHEMISTRY" Tula region, Novomoskovsk
24.LLC "EUROPEAN CHEMICAL COMPANY" Volgograd region, Volgograd
25. CJSC "KOSTROMSKOY CHEMICAL PLANT" Kostroma region, Kostroma
26. LLC NPP "FLOREAL" Krasnodar Territory, Krasnodar
27. CJSC "AIST" St. Petersburg
28. CJSC "FACTORY OF HOUSEHOLD CHEMISTRY" Nizhny Novgorod region, Dzerzhinsk
29.LLC "GRASS" Volgograd region, Volgograd
30.LLC "ALL GREEN" Rostov region
31.LLC "FINIST-MYLOVAR" Voronezh region, Voronezh
32. LLC "PKP" PROMTEKHSNAB "Omsk region
33.FL JSC "NEVSKAYA COSMETICS" Irkutsk region, Angarsk
34.LLC "CONCEPT-COSMETICS" St. Petersburg
35.LLC "FLORALIS" St. Petersburg
36. LLC "CLEAN HOUSE" Chelyabinsk region, Chelyabinsk
37.LLC "SIBTECHNOSOYUZ" Tomsk region, Tomsk
38. OOO "COMPANY" NPH "Moscow
39. CJSC "LENKAB" St. Petersburg
40.LLC "EXPERIMENTAL AND PRODUCTION COMPANY "SIBEKOKHIM" Omsk region, Omsk

The production of detergents and liquid soap in Russia, which is organized at a plant in the Moscow region, not far from Moscow, has been carried out by the Conferum company for the second decade. We started with the production of liquid soap and synthetic detergents and disinfectants, but since then we have stepped much further, expanding the range of products. Today, in addition to professional and household liquid detergents and disinfectants, acid, alkaline, biodegradable, and other household chemicals, we can offer customers formulations for from paint and difficult pollution, , , and much more. Today we are selling, offer , household chemicals and liquid soap.The plant for the production of professional acid and alkaline technical, household detergents for dishes, cleaning of premises, for the food, dairy industry and industrial cleaning, special high-performance liquid detergents for Russian Railways and much more works rhythmically, a highly qualified team has developed. Leading scientists of the country are engaged in the development of new recipes and the improvement of old ones according to our orders. Here you can buy wholesale or retail detergents Russian production for industrial and domestic use of high quality at a low price. We pack technical and household compositions in plastic containers from 0.5 to 5 liters. The manufacturer of liquid synthetic detergents and disinfectants and other household chemicals works for you.

Production of detergents and disinfectants in the Moscow region

Thus, the production of detergents and disinfectants is one of the main activities of the Conferum company and can be divided into several areas. For dairy and Food Industry, related sectors of the national economy, we organized the production of highly efficient and , such as Foral-ST, Foral-J and others. They are widely used not only for washing and disinfection food equipment, but also cope well with the internal and external washing of any other technological equipment. In our offer you will find both alkaline and acid detergents, as well as neutral compositions for washing food equipment and utensils by hand without using gloves.We produce liquid professional detergents for cleaning and cleaning heavily soiled floors and other surfaces.

Manufacturer of liquid technical and household detergents in Moscow

Widely represented in our line of products for and , including well-established special means for washing clothes, other. Conferum is a well-known manufacturer of professional and household synthetic detergents and liquid soap in the country, its products are in high demand. Interested buyers are invited to pay attention to Ecolan-1 - a universal cleaner, detergent and disinfectant, which is designed to clean any surfaces of aggregates, parts, assemblies, mechanisms, plastics and fabrics from various operational contaminants. It can be dust, dirt, oil and grease and oil stains, or the remains of soot and soot. Ecolan-1 will cope with everything. Our hygienic products proved to be excellent - for washing heavily soiled hands at work and for domestic use. We pay special attention to the production of professional technical detergents, cleaners and disinfectants. We produce and sell special liquid detergents and disinfectants in our assortment, such as, for example, wastewater disinfectants, pool cleaners and common areas cleaners.

Production of professional and household cleaners, detergents, disinfectants

We draw attention to the fundamental point that our company produces detergents, high quality liquid soap at a plant in the Moscow region and sells its products at a low price. You can quickly clarify it with our online consultant. He will tell you which composition to stop if you are at a loss with the choice. Good quality and low price of the company's products make them popular and competitive in the world. Russian market. We actively cooperate with wholesale buyers and offer them additional preferences. for the production of liquid soap, professional and household synthetic cleaners and detergents, you can easily find on the site. Our representative offices, in addition to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, are waiting for wholesale or retail buyers of professional detergents made in Russia in Krasnoyarsk, Rostov-on-Don, Nizhny Novgorod, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Kazan, Barnaul, Kurgan, Kaluga, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Tyumen , Yoshkar-Ola, Abakan, Sayanogorsk, Cheboksary, Novocheboksarsk, in Almaty, Minsk, Chisinau.

The preparation of the composition consists in mixing surfactants with useful additives. The solution is then filtered and passed through a colloid mill to make it homogeneous. When spraying the solution in a drying tower under a pressure of 30 - 50 at. and a temperature of 250 - 350 ° C, drying occurs - powders are obtained in granular form. For the production of detergents, the crystallization method is used: spraying plants operate at low temperatures in a drying tower.

The bulk of powdered SMS in our country and abroad is produced by high-temperature spray drying, which ensures the production of a high-quality granular product. However, this method is characterized by energy consumption, the possibility of decomposition of sodium tripolyphosphate, a large consumption of packaging material, environmental pollution with CMC dust from exhaust air.

Along with powder detergents, liquid detergents are produced that dissolve better in water, are easily dosed, and their production is less expensive.

The quality of manufactured products directly depends on the increase in the purity of the raw materials used - improvement in color, reduction in the content of impurities; expanding the production of useful additives and improving their quality, improving the technology for the production of SMS. New environmental requirements have led to the creation of technologies alternative to tower technology, tableting, extrusion, granulation, agglomeration in "boiling" SMS, etc. the resulting products are more in line with new types of washing machines, do not contain filler, require less packaging material.

Powder SMS weighing from 200 to 500 g for household consumption are packed mainly in cardboard packs with a capacity of 1100 cm?. In addition, the so-called economical packaging of 1 is used; 3 and 5 kg. The larger the package, the lower the cost per unit of mass.

Liquid and pasty detergents are packaged mainly in polymer containers - bottles, jars, tubes, etc.

Ecological properties of synthetic detergents

The most rapidly and completely destroyed in water bodies are alkyl sulfates and sulfates of esters, and sulphonol NP_1 is slower. Sulfonol NP_1 decomposes only by 38%; sulfonic acid NP_3 - by 76%. Phosphates are easily biodegradable. However, their content in the composition of SMS and their accumulation in wastewater leads to increased growth of algae. Therefore, in a number of countries (Canada, USA), the production of SMS containing phosphates has been reduced. A promising substitute for them has not yet been found, and since the reason for the increased growth of algae is not only phosphates, but also other compounds, phosphates have not yet been removed from detergents.

The rate of decomposition of an anionic surfactant depends on the length and degree of branching of the alkyl group. With its strong branching, the processes of biochemical oxidation of surfactants are inhibited. The process of cleavage of branched alkylbenzenesulfonate is especially complex. The biological destructibility of nonionic substances depends on the nature of the hydrophobic part of its structure, the amount of ethylene oxide attached. The maximum permissible concentration of surfactants in the water of reservoirs should not exceed 0.5 mg / l for anionic substances, 0.05-0.1 mg / l for nonionic substances.

The biological destruction of SMS proceeds faster in summer than in winter. Surfactants at a temperature of 0-5 ° C are not biologically destroyed, and at 35 ° C they are quickly utilized by microorganisms.

The period of biological destruction of SMS is significantly extended and the reaction rate slows down with an increased concentration of detergent.

In and abroad, SMS, which include enzymes, has recently been in great demand among the population. They have a high cleaning power and have a bactericidal effect. However, the effect of these drugs on the human body has not yet been studied enough.

The Henkel Toxicological Laboratory confirmed that in the course of clinical observations, 11,000 women using SMS with enzymes to wash clothes did not find irritation of the skin of the hands and forearms. Similar results were obtained during observations of the health of housewives who used enzyme-containing detergent preparations from 2 weeks to 3 months. Diapers washed in solutions of the same products did not cause changes in the skin of babies. At the same time, in men engaged in physical labor, wearing shirts washed in SMS solutions with enzymes, reddening of skin areas was observed.

In Sweden, an appeal was published to stop the production and consumption of SMS with enzymes, as they are dangerous to health. US Federal Chamber of Commerce and FDA food products and medicines investigated the toxicity of CMC with enzymes in connection with the receipt of reports of asthma and dermatitis among workers and an allergic reaction in those using these drugs.

Research results have shown that SMS, which include enzymes derived from even harmless bacteria, and active additives, can have a harmful effect on humans. In our opinion, such a negative effect is not due to the enzyme itself, but rather to the surfactant and other components that make up the detergent formulation and their combination with the enzyme.

In England, workers with asthma are observed at work during spraying of enzymes, as well as finished products of enzyme-containing SMS. The danger can be significantly reduced by using various technical devices for spraying enzymes and ready-made detergents, as well as conventional medical means to prevent signs of dermatitis.

Of the surfactants in the production of SMS, the following are used: alkyl sulfates of higher fatty alcohols, alkylbenzene sulfates (sulfonol NP_1, sulfonol NP_3, arylbenzenesulfonate); alkylsulfonates.

In subsequent years, alkyl sulfates of higher fatty alcohols, which, in terms of detergent effect and completeness of biological degradability, are superior to all other surfactants used in the production of SMS, will receive predominant development.

Sulfonol NP_1 is biologically poorly decomposed, and therefore, further expansion of the production of this product is not planned. Sulfonol NP_3 based on a-olefins is well utilized by microorganisms. Arylbenzenesulfonate is the main raw material for the production of SMS; biologically, it is destroyed within the allowed norm.

Of other chemical products, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium perborate, sodium silicate, soda ash, CMC, optical brighteners, perfume fragrance, sodium sulfate are widely used. Sodium acid pyrophosphate is added to universal detergents in order to increase the content of sodium silicate in them. It is planned to increase the content of sodium perborate in powdered SMS up to 20%, and in universal detergents - up to 15%.

The creation of new samples of SMS, surfactants and additives, as well as their introduction into production and everyday life, require a comprehensive study of their biological action. SMS must be prepared in accordance with the recipes and specifications, agreed with the Ministry of Health of the USSR, and meet the following hygienic requirements. All SMS recommended for use in everyday life, and their components, must be harmless to human health. They should not cause a local knee-irritating effect, have a toxic, skin-resorptive and allergic effect on the body. SMS and components included in their composition should not have a mutagenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic and carcinogenic effect on the body, should not be able to accumulate in the body. SMS should be easily and quickly removed from human skin and tissues, products (clothes, shoes), etc. Detergents can be produced in the form of powders, liquids, pastes and granules. When developing new SMS formulations, preference should be given to biodegradable synthetic surfactants, i.e. those that decompose in water bodies by at least 80%. SMS should have high detergent properties and be characterized by good solubility in water, should not have a strong odor.

The applied concentrations of CMC should be such that would not cause intense degreasing of the skin; the active reaction (pH) of the solutions should not exceed 9. Some SMS should be characterized by bactericidal properties.

To increase the effectiveness of SMS, it is advisable to introduce proteolytic, amylolytic and other enzymes into their composition and formulation. This will ensure faster and more efficient removal of protein, fat, and carbohydrate contaminants.

SMS used for processing products should not reduce the physical and hygienic properties and chemical stability of fabrics and materials for clothing and footwear (air permeability, moisture capacity, vapor permeability, etc.), be adsorbed on the surface of the skin and products that are being processed.

Prepared for sale to the public, each sealed unit of SMS must contain its characteristics, prescription composition, rules and conditions for use in everyday life.

When hygienically assessing household chemicals, it is necessary to establish the degree of toxicity of the test substance with a single intake into the body. Doses are determined upon admission through the respiratory system and skin.

In the toxicological determination of household chemicals, among which may be preparations of low intensity effects on the body, it is necessary to take into account not only the so-called integral indicators, but also the results of studies based on knowledge of the primary mechanisms of action of the studied substances. This allows you to identify the initial shifts in the body.

Most of the most common anionic and nonionic surfactants with a single oral administration have a low toxic effect, LD 5 about them is expressed in grams per kilogram of animal weight. Many of them do not show cumulative properties under a single exposure, and accumulate in the body during chronic exposure. For mice and rats, when administered orally, LD 5 o SMS containing 10-35% alkylbenzene sulfonate, up to 60% phosphates and 5-10% sodium silicate, is 2.2-4.6 g / kg, and for detergents, containing a mixture of alkylbenzenesulfonate and alkyl sulfate 3.8-7.5 g/kg. At a dose of 0.4 g/kg, SMS caused vomiting in dogs, and no other toxic effects were observed in these animals even at 5 g/kg.