The profession of a road worker belongs to the category of harmfulness. Early retirement for an electrician for maintenance of turbine shop equipment. Harmful and dangerous working conditions - list of professions

12.11.2019

Hello! In this article we will tell you what working conditions are considered harmful or dangerous.

Today you will learn:

Who can work in enterprises with harmful conditions labor (VUT);
How such conditions are prescribed in labor contracts;
What are the benefits for employees.

What is the difference between harmful and dangerous working conditions

Note that there is a significant difference between these two terms: if we are talking about harmful working conditions, then it is understood that the human body is affected by factors that can further adversely affect the state of health.

If we are talking about dangerous conditions, then it means that harm can be done not only to health, but also to the life of the employee.

How to determine how harmful production is

In order to identify how harmful or dangerous production is and how these factors affect workers, workplaces are certified. This process affects all jobs that are in the enterprise.

What if the organization has recently started its activities? In this case, certification is carried out 2 months after the start of work.

For each workplace, it is established to what extent it complies with safety requirements, labor protection, and to what extent employees are provided with protective equipment. An assessment of working conditions in the complex is also carried out.

VUT factors

Subdivided into several groups. We will take a closer look at each.

Chemical.

Associated with various chem. mixtures, enzymes, hormones and biological substances that are obtained as a result of chemical synthesis.

Physical.

Humidity;
Radiation;
Vibration;
Dust;
Lighting (insufficient or excessive), while uneven, with pulsation.

Biological.

The presence of microorganisms, bacteria;
Associated with biological mixtures and substances

Labor.

Tension of activity;
High duration of the working process;
Severity level of work.

How are they classified

It is clear that difficult working conditions can cause negative consequences of a different nature: disability, exacerbation of diseases that already exist, the acquisition of work-related diseases, and so on.

The degrees of harmful working conditions are divided as follows:

1 class: these are conditions that provoke various functional changes. At the same time, health is restored when a person stops contacting harmful factors;
Grade 2: changes in the body take on a stable character and lead to the fact that prof. diseases;
3rd grade: these conditions can cause disability (albeit temporary) during the implementation of activities;
4th grade: such conditions provoke the development of prof. diseases in severe form, stimulate the development of existing diseases and can cause complete disability.

In the Russian Federation, a list of works that are harmful has been developed and is in force. It is he who is addressed when it is necessary to determine the harmfulness of working conditions in a particular industry.

List of occupations with harmful working conditions

This register is valid for the current year. Initially, it was developed and fixed back in the USSR.

It includes the following range of professions:

Persons who work in enterprises related to the mining industry;
Working in the field of metallurgy;
Mining black and non-ferrous metal;
Persons employed in enterprises for the production of thermoanthracite, coke and coke chemicals;
Those who produce generator gas;
Workers creating dinas products;
Employees of companies with a chemical line of business;
Working with ammunition, gunpowder, explosives;
Employees of oil refineries;
Employees of gas processing enterprises;
Persons processing coal, gas condensate and shale;
Employed in metalworking enterprises;
Persons employed in electrical industries and repairing electrical devices;
Persons engaged in the manufacture of electronics and radio equipment;
Persons who create glass and porcelain objects;
Citizens working with synthetic fibers;
Employees of enterprises producing paper and pulp;
Working in healthcare institutions;
transport service employees;
Persons who deal with substances with radioactivity;
Carrying out activities in the field of nuclear industry and energy;
divers;
gas cutters;
Welders who work inside the tank or ship compartments;
Persons who interact with dangerous microbes;
Specialists in etching metal in solutions that are dangerous;
Specialists who clean metal with quartz sand;
Specialists of mercury substations;
Citizens who are employees of power plants;
Employees of enterprises related to the food industry;
engaged in the restoration, repair and construction of facilities;
Employees of enterprises in the field of communication services;
Employees of agricultural organizations interacting with agrochemicals;
Specialists in training in the chemical industry;
Specialists in training in the mining industry;
Specialists in training in the coal industry;
Lime removers;
locksmiths;
Vulcanizers;
Stokers;
Solderers;
machinists;
Varnishers.

The individuals listed on this list are eligible citizens.

Who cannot work in positions with VUT

There are a number of restrictions on the implementation official duties of such kind. Moreover, these restrictions are established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with it, restrictions apply to the following persons:

For employees under the age of 18;
For people with health problems;
For females. In particular, they cannot work with mercury, in boiler rooms, in jobs where you need to manually move heavy objects, and maintain equipment at heavy engineering enterprises.

Harmful working conditions in an employment contract

If the profession involves the possibility of causing damage to the health or life of a person, the following items should be included in:

Information on the payment of benefits, compensation and leave to the employee;
Information about all existing risks (with their classification);
Information about the measures that the employer takes to preserve the life and health of its employees.

In addition to the specified information, the contract specifies all the guarantees that are provided to the employee.

Be sure to stipulate the mode of working hours, which is reduced. It should not be more than 36 hours per week. The maximum daily work can last 8 hours or even 6.

How is it paid

For persons harmful professions there is an increase in wages. What it is exactly, the employer establishes, taking into account the opinion trade union organization or relying on collective and labor agreements.

Employee rights

Persons who work in enterprises with harmful and difficult working conditions have a number of rights and benefits.

Therapeutic and preventive nutrition, obtaining vitamins.

Meals and vitamins are provided to employees absolutely free of charge. Issued on the day that was actually worked out by the person, or when the employee lost his ability to work, but was not hospitalized.

Meals can be provided as breakfast or lunch.

Milk.

Milk is issued free of charge if the employee writes a statement to this effect, or the issue can be replaced by compensation, if this does not contradict the collective agreement.

Passing a medical examination.

An employee engaged in hazardous and hazardous work not only has the right, but also the obligation. The order of passage is regulated by regulatory documents.

In addition, some categories of workers are examined by a psychiatrist. It is held once every 5 years. It is usually carried out if a person works with harmful substances or with sources of increased danger.

Availability of PPE.

The employer provides special clothing, footwear, disinfecting and washing substances. All this at his expense, and for employees - free of charge. In addition, he must ensure that clothes are washed, dried, and replaced.

Appointment of a pension before the appropriate age.

Men over the age of 50 and women over the age of 45 are eligible for early retirement. In this case, it is taken into account in what conditions they carried out their labor activity. If a person worked in a hot shop, in other jobs with harmful or difficult working conditions, he can exercise this right.

Persons of what professions can apply for a preferential pension, we will analyze further.

No. p / p	Field of activity	Requirements
1	agricultural production	Men working as machinists can retire at 50
2	healthcare	Regardless of gender and age, if there is a work experience of 25 years in a village or 30 years in an urban environment
3	Educational sphere	For teachers, 25 years of experience is enough to accrue a preferential pension
4	Textile industry	The retirement age is reduced if a woman has worked for 20 years
5	FSIN system	For men - age 55 and experience 15 years, for women - 50 years and experience 10 years
6	Sphere civil aviation and fishing industry	For men - the experience of 25 years, for women - 20 years, and the age of 55 and 50 years
7	Fire Service, Ministry of Emergency Situations	Similar to the previous paragraph
8	Public transport workers	For female and male drivers - age 55 and 50 years, experience - 20 and 15 years
9	underground production	For men - the age of 50 years, if he has worked in this area for 10 years, and his total experience is 20 years. For women - 7 years in this field, total experience - 15 years. She can retire at 45
10	Persons working as drivers of locomotives and diesel locomotives	Men - experience 25 years, age 55, women - experience 20 years, age 50
11	Exploration workers	Men - age 55, experience 12.5 years, women - age 50, experience - 10 years

The FIU may require a certificate confirming the harmfulness of the profession. It must be taken to work.

Leave for harmful working conditions

To get this vacation workplace a person should be assigned to the 2nd, 3rd or 4th hazard class. Then this right is prescribed immediately at the conclusion of the employment contract.

If the certification of workplaces was carried out before 2014, such employees can also apply for.

Any employee has the right to know whether the working conditions in which he works are harmful. To do this, after the certification, the management acquaints all employees with its results against signature.

When determining the duration of such leave, it must be taken into account that it cannot be less than seven calendar days. But you can set more days on an individual basis.

In order for the main and additional leave to be issued, they initially develop a vacation schedule, which is logical. Whether there will be specific dates in it, or only the month in which the employee goes on vacation is indicated, the manager decides.

If an employee performing hazardous work is a part-time worker in a particular organization, he also has the right to additional. vacation. But its duration will be calculated based on how much he actually worked in production with harmful or dangerous working conditions.

Cannot replace add. leave with financial compensation. Compensation is only allowed if the person did not use their vacation. Then he gets the money.

Conclusion

Dear readers! Today we tried to tell as much as possible about harmful and dangerous working conditions. We also considered how to conclude an agreement with employees working in difficult conditions, what to fix in it.

We hope that this article will be useful and will help managers not to make mistakes.

Main technological process in machine shops is cold metal cutting on various types of machine tools: turning, milling, planing, drilling, slotting, grinding, polishing, etc. Machine workers engaged in cold metal working - cutting, make up approximately 13-14% of all production workers in the engineering industry.

From a hygienic point of view Work on the machine tools attracts attention in relation to the impact on the body of coolants widely used in metal cutting, and when working on grinding and grinding machines - in relation to the impact of the resulting dust. There is also a significant risk of traumatic injury, especially when servicing stamping, pressing, grinding and drilling machines.

Occupational hazards when working with cutting fluids. The most pronounced unfavorable factor when working with cutting fluids is contamination of exposed body surfaces and excessive wetting of clothing.

Included in coolants mineral petroleum oils (spindle, machine, diesel, fresol, sulfofresol, etc.) and emulsols prepared on their basis and 3-10% aqueous solutions of emulsols or emulsions, with more or less prolonged contact with the skin, cause damage to the skin in the form of so-called oil folliculitis or oil acne. Clinically, they are expressed by lesions of the comedo type and are localized mainly on the extensor surfaces of the forearm and thighs. Petroleum oils, if irritating substances in the form of turpentine, kerosene and alkalis are not added to them, do not cause either dermatitis or eczema.

Oily folliculitis are caused by mineral oils as such, and not by mechanical contamination of oils and infectious diseases found in oils, as German researchers believe. Work with cooling mixtures such as emulsion is also accompanied by comedo-type lesions and follicular rashes, but to a much weaker extent.
Diseases skin such as comedo, dermatitis and maceration of the skin of the fingers and hand are also observed when working with 1.5-2% soda ash solutions.

emergence dermatitis usually associated with an increase in the concentration of alkaline solutions and, as a rule, is not persistent. In addition to the specific local effect on the skin, lubricating oils and their aqueous mixtures - emulsions can irritate the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and, most importantly, have a general resorptive effect on the body, entering the air in the form of mist. In the study of this fog, which is formed during grinding and milling of drills, oil vapors were found during grinding 40.3 mg/m3 of air, during milling - 4.4 mg/m3.

Among cutting fluids used in the processing of metal cutting, a significant place is occupied by kerosenes obtained after the purification of kerosene oil distillates. As a result of their thin spraying, when used on metal-cutting machines, a kind of fog is formed, which is an aerosol of kerosene. The concentrations of this aerosol, according to A. N. Anisimov, fluctuated in the breathing zone from 37 to 148 mg/m up to 10u.

According to literary data, as a result of inhalation of kerosene vapors, the development of cases of both acute and chronic poisoning of workers is possible. The latter are described when working with American kerosene for 5 weeks to 3-4 years and, on objective examination, were expressed by severe weight loss, significant anemia, slight leukocytosis, disorders of the intestinal tract, irritation of the skin, mental depression, etc.

In experiments on rabbits and rats(Institute of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases - N. I. Sadkovskaya, O. N. Syrovadko), seeded with sprayed commercial kerosene (a mixture of Baku, Kuibyshev, etc.) at concentrations up to 200-300 mg / m3 for 3 months, 4 hours daily, it was found: a decrease in the weight of rabbits, starting from the 2nd month of seeding, a drop in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, a pronounced neutrophilic leukocytosis, monocytosis and lymphopenia. After 2.5 months, the rabbits experienced hair loss.

Part rabbits died from a purulent infection (pleurisy), which may have been the cause of neutrophilic leukocytosis. However, it is impossible to exclude the irritating effect of kerosene on the hematopoietic organs and its influence on the state of the protective functions of the reticuloendothelial system.

“Milk for harmfulness” is an expression that has been heard by more than one generation.

This meant and means that people work in enterprises and industries where there are high health risks. The negative that a person receives from such work was smoothed out, at least with free milk (we are talking about the Soviet Union, where milk was given out free of charge, according to the established norm, depending on the impact of an aggressive environment on a person).

Today, milk is not given for harmfulness, however, other additional payments and benefits are required “for harmfulness”, compensating for hard and harmful work.

Legislative regulation

Unfortunately, not many can boast of excellent or satisfactory knowledge of the regulatory framework. Accordingly, few people know what types of work fall under the category of harmful, and employees do not know what rights and benefits, rights and additional payments they can receive.

To date, this area governs:

Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
Government Decree No. 198/P-22.
Government Decree No. 188.
Federal Law No. 426 “On a special assessment of working conditions”.

Lists with lists of professions

Hazard at work subdivided into levels, namely:

1 degree. It implies changes in the body that take place after a person stops such activities.
2 degree. With such a degree of harmfulness, persistent changes occur in the body, leading to the development of chronic ailments, especially if a person has been working in production for more than 15 years.
3 degree. This degree entails a persistent destruction of health, in which disability is possible.
4 degree. This degree denotes a functional disorder and other things that entail complete loss disability.

The impact that harmful production has on a person cannot be estimated.

Such harm is usually measured by objective indicators, namely:

To date, there is a Government Decree, according to which people working in conditions of harmful effects have the right to receiving certain benefits. The first list was approved more than 60 years ago and applies to those people who began their labor activity under the Soviet Union, the second list of hazardous professions is intended for people working in modern Russia.

List 1- critical severity and harmfulness. List 2- a list of harmful professions, has many subsections, with a clear description of harmful professions, enterprises, as well as positions held.

List 1

The law establishes that men who are 50 years old can apply as they accumulate a specific length of service, namely from 20 years. Moreover, from this experience, the period of work with harmful conditions should be equal to 10 years.

For women, a different age range is established, namely, reaching the age of 45, with a total work experience of 15 years. At the same time, on harmful production they must have worked for at least 7 years.

AT list of this list includes employees who are involved in:

Mining work.
In the production of metal, gas, and oil products. In the construction, chemical and glass industries.
Health care, transport and printing.
Other professions specified in the Government Decree.

List 2

At the Government level, it is approved that List 2 allows you to obtain the right to enter a well-deserved rest on legal grounds upon reaching a certain age.

Namely:

men are allowed to receive the right to early retirement only at the age of 55. This becomes possible, taking into account the presence of experience in hazardous work for at least 12 years, with a total experience of 25 years.
women can start preparing for early retirement at the age of 45. At work with harmful conditions, such persons must work for at least 10 years with a total experience of 20.

The resolution determines that List 2 allows you to exercise your right to early retirement for such categories of citizens who have carried out their labor activity:

Mining and industry.
Employed in the production and processing of metal, coal and shale.
engaged in activities in the field of communications, as well as Food Industry, rail transport and social security.

It is important to note that this will vary depending on the work experience. Thus, the higher the seniority and level wages, the higher the charge will be.

About harmful working conditions in the workplace is described in the following video:

Each profession in some way negatively affects human health. Most activities can lead to psychophysical problems. Emotional, moral tension - all this only exacerbates the resulting physical load. But a number of specialties associated with negative physical, chemical and biological factors are singled out in a special group. People working in such areas receive appropriate compensation for harm.

List of occupations with harmful working conditions

Specialties associated with the industrial sphere are distinguished by a high detrimental effect on a person. For example, the preparation of chemical mixtures, compositions, processing of raw materials, the manufacture of non-ferrous / ferrous metals - all this negatively affects physical health due to the chemical additives used. Professions related to medical, laboratory research, including the use of harmful reagents, do no less damage to the human body.

The special conditions observed in such industries cannot fully reflect the negative impact. Therefore, state and private enterprises assume material compensation for the work done (allowances, bonuses, allocation of funds for visiting boarding houses). These areas of activity with harmful conditions include:

metallurgy (production and processing of metals);
chemical industry;
rubber processing;
military sphere;
protective or rescue professions.

No less harmful can be considered the conditions under which there is a strong psychophysical load. For example, working with the seriously ill, prisoners, and developmentally retarded people can have a negative impact on the morale of employees. In particular, this applies to employees of narcological and oncological centers, psychiatric clinics, specialized boarding houses for military personnel who have been in hot spots.

Harmful and dangerous working conditions - list of professions

Productions associated with chemical and biological factors of influence can be not only harmful, but also dangerous. Specialties associated with heavy physical exertion are no less a threat to the human body. The world's most dangerous following directions:

Installation and repair of electrical networks.
Shipbuilding, ship repair, mechanical engineering, aircraft building.
Extraction and processing of coal, stone breeds.
Oil and gas industry.
Extraction of hazardous chemical elements.
Forestry work.

Some types of professions (for example, in chemical laboratories, in metal production shops) are prohibited to women. A direct effect on the body, a decrease in immunity can lead to problems with childbearing. In some cases, insufficient physical fitness is another contraindication for women to work in production.

List of professions with especially harmful working conditions

The manufacture of explosives, ammunition, work with radioactive elements, radiation sources belongs to the section of especially dangerous. They can cause irreparable harm to health. Of particular danger is working with elements that can irradiate cells and lead to their mutation. This category also includes work at nuclear, thermal power plants.

List of harmful professions for early retirement

Receiving an early pension is determined not only by the type of activity of a specialist, but also by the length of service. Recalculation of the retirement age is made according to the following rules: for men, one year full work is counted for 2 years, for women 1 year of harmful work is counted for 2 years and 4 months. The following types of activities and types of production fall under these benefits:

glass, porcelain, faience;
printing, pulp and paper;
electrotechnical;
building;
transport.

Special attention should be paid to institutions involved in health control, checking the safety of individual elements and sources. They are also dangerous and involve receiving a preferential pension due to the high harmfulness.

The conditions in which the worker is located can have an impact on his health. It is important to know whether a certain profession affects the life and health of an employee. If the harmfulness does not exceed the permissible rate of negative impact on the body of an employee, then such conditions can be considered harmless.

Many factors can have a negative impact on the health of an employee. If a environment or the work process is harmful and unfavorable, it can cause a number of negative consequences for the employee.

These consequences include: exacerbation of chronic diseases, the emergence of new diseases, negative changes in the psyche, complete or partial disability. In order for the employee to clearly understand what working conditions he will have to deal with, and what the consequences may be, they introduced a special classification of the conditions of workers according to the degree of its harmfulness.

What are harmful working conditions?

There are such degrees of harmfulness of work:

first degree of harm.

Unfavorable factors of the working environment can cause a number of negative health changes that disappear if the employee interrupts contact with them for a long time;

second degree.

Significant changes occur in the work of the employee's body due to the influence of various factors during work. They relate mainly to those organs that suffer the most from this type of activity. An employee may be temporarily unable to work. It recovers some time after stopping. labor activity;

third degree.

The employee receives occupational illnesses. Their severity can be mild or moderate. The employee loses his professional ability to work during the performance of his work;

fourth degree.

Working in such conditions suggests the occurrence of serious diseases. They may be chronic. The employee loses the ability to work in any field.

Harmful factors affecting the health of the worker:

physical factors;
chemical factors;
biological factors;
labor factors.

All these factors can significantly affect the health and well-being of an employee.

For example, if the production temperature is very low, the worker may experience acute respiratory diseases. And if the employee has to work at night, or the working day exceeds allowable norms, there may be difficulties with concentration and well-being in general.

With prolonged observance of such a regimen of work, sleep disturbance occurs. The degree of influence of these factors on the life and health of an employee will directly depend on the strength of their influence.

Harmful working conditions by class

List of hazard classes.

First grade. The conditions are optimal. This category includes workplaces where there are no factors that threaten the life and health of employees. This is a perfectly safe job;
second class. The possibility of harm to the health of employees is negligible. Recovery of the body should occur by the beginning of the next working day;
third class. Working conditions are harmful to the health of employees. The impact of adverse factors on the health of the employee is significant. The third class of production hazard is divided into four subgroups:

The first subgroup of harmful working conditions of the third class. The body of an employee is exposed to the harmful effects of working environment factors. Normalization of all body systems does not have time to occur before the start of the next work shift. The health risk is significant.
Second subgroup. Persistent changes in the health status of the worker begin. They are harmful to moderate severity, can cause various diseases. The employee completely or partially loses his ability to work after fifteen or more years of work in such conditions.
Third subgroup. During the performance of work duties, illnesses of mild to moderate severity may occur. Action negative factors on the body is persistent and destructive.
fourth subgroup. Assumes a threat to the life and health of the employee, loss of ability to work in this professional field;

fourth grade. Dangerous working conditions. The work activity of an employee poses a danger to life and health.

Under such conditions, chronic diseases can worsen. Severe occupational ailments appear.

Assessment of harmful working conditions

SOUT has replaced certification of workplaces.

SOUT - special assessment working conditions. This is a set of activities that are carried out in order to assess the conditions in which employees work at a particular enterprise.

When the assessment of working conditions takes place, the members special commission check all possible factors under the influence of which the employee is. All parameters of the production environment are subject to verification.

After their detailed study, the commission assigns one of the hazard classes to the enterprise. Depending on the assigned hazard class, employees are paid benefits, special conditions labor.

The level of hazard can be reduced if employees use personal protective equipment.

These protective equipment are subject to mandatory certification.

Benefits for harmful working conditions

Employees are entitled to benefits.

Those factors that affect the employees of the enterprise during work often have an adverse effect on the body, disrupting its proper functioning. Sometimes adverse conditions in the workplace can threaten not only the health, but also the life of the employee.

Therefore, each employee who performs his labor duties in conditions of harmfulness is entitled to benefits. Accounting is responsible for calculating them. The size and form of benefits are determined depending on the class and degree of harmfulness of working conditions.

Benefits that are due for working in harmful conditions: timely pension on special conditions, provision of milk and other products to employees, changes in working hours, monetary compensation.

For example, the usual work week is 40 hours. If there are harmful working conditions, the working week is reduced to 36 hours.

Labor legislation allows a significant reduction in hours in the presence of exposure to harmful factors.

If the length of the working week is 36 hours, one shift can last no more than 8 hours. If the working week is 30 hours, then the shift can last no more than 6 hours.

Leave for harmful working conditions

Extra leave available.

An employee of any enterprise necessarily receives a well-deserved paid vacation. Those workers whose activities are associated with hazards at work are entitled to receive additional leave. Such leave is given to the employee in addition to the main one.

Additional leave is available to those who:

works in adverse conditions, for example, in conditions of low air temperature;
is employed in an enterprise where there is a harmful effect during the performance of labor activity;
performs work of a special nature;
has an irregular work schedule.

Certificate of absence of harmful working conditions

An employee may request a certificate.

Each employee can receive a certificate in which the conditions of his work will be prescribed. You can get it by contacting the accounting department. Help is written in free form.

It must clearly spell out all the nuances of working at a particular enterprise: how harmful are the working conditions; how long should the shift be? what benefits and compensation rely for specific working conditions.

Such a certificate may contain information that the employee, due to any factors of labor activity, is entitled to special seniority and early retirement. A certificate of this nature must contain complete information about the enterprise and the employee.

It is mandatory to attach the data of job evaluations and personal card employee. Sometimes employees need a certificate stating that their work does not have a negative impact on their health. If the working conditions meet these requirements, the accounting department will issue such a certificate.

From this video you will learn about compensation payments for harmful working conditions.

Question form, write your