Test questions:

Name the main causes of industrial injuries and occupational diseases. Define an accident and an occupational disease.

Formulate an axiom about the potential danger of life activity. How is the issue of production safety in the gas industry solved?

What is meant by labor protection? Formulate the main tasks of labor protection.

Give a classification of harmful and dangerous production factors. Make a nomenclature of dangers for a gas fitter.

Name the most dangerous work at industrial enterprises. Define hazard, injury and occupational safety.

Lecture 2. "Types and conditions of work"

Classification of working conditions according to the severity and intensity of the labor process

If the labor activity of a person is carried out in production, it is called production activity.

Production activity- this is a set of actions of workers using the means of labor necessary to turn resources into finished products, including production and processing various kinds raw materials, construction, provision of various types of services.

Labor activity can be divided into physical and mental labor.

Physical work characterized primarily by increased muscle load on the musculoskeletal system and its functional systems - the cardiovascular, neuromuscular system, stimulates metabolic processes in the body, but at the same time can have negative consequences, such as diseases of the musculoskeletal system, especially if it is not properly organized or is excessively intense for the body.

Brainwork associated with the reception and processing of information and requires tension of attention, memory, activation of thinking processes, is associated with increased emotional stress. For mental labor characterized by a decrease in motor activity - hypokinesia. Hypokinesia may be a condition for the formation of cardiovascular disorders in humans. Prolonged mental stress has a negative impact on mental activity - attention, memory, and environmental perception functions deteriorate.

Rice. 1. Views labor activity.

Human life is associated with energy costs: the more intense the activity, the greater the energy costs. So, when performing work that requires significant muscle activity, energy costs are 20...25 MJ per day or more.

mechanized labor requires less energy and muscle loads. However, mechanized labor is characterized by greater speed and monotony of human movements. Monotonous work leads to rapid fatigue and reduced attention.

Work on the assembly line characterized by even greater speed and uniformity of movement. A person working on a conveyor performs one or more operations; since he works in a chain of people performing other operations, the time for performing operations is strictly regulated. This requires great nervous tension and, in combination with high speed work and its monotony leads to rapid nervous exhaustion and fatigue.

On the semi-automatic and automatic production, energy costs and labor intensity are less than on a conveyor belt. The work consists in the periodic maintenance of the mechanisms or the performance of simple operations - the supply of the processed material, turning the mechanisms on or off.

Forms intellectual (mental) labor diverse - operator, managerial, creative, work of teachers, doctors, students. The work of the operator is characterized by great responsibility and high neuro-emotional stress. The work of students is characterized by the tension of the main mental functions - memory, attention, the presence of stressful situations associated with tests, exams, tests.

The most complex form of mental activity - creative work(work of scientists, designers, writers, composers, artists). creative work requires significant neuro-emotional stress, which leads to an increase in blood pressure, a change in the electrocardiogram, an increase in oxygen consumption, an increase in body temperature and other changes in the body's work caused by an increased neuro-emotional load.

Production activities are carried out in the working area.

Working area called the space (up to 2 m) above the floor or platform, on which there are places of permanent or temporary stay of workers.

Work zone is defined by arcs that can be described by a hand turning at the shoulder or elbow at the level of the working surface. In addition, the working area must necessarily be combined with an area convenient for the human eye. The optimal work area follows the worker and exists wherever he works. The highest height available for men and women should be taken equal to 1800 ... 2000 mm. And a comfortable height is within 900 ... 1500 mm.

Rice. 2 Classification of working conditions by severity

Factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor are mainly muscle efforts and energy costs: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working postures, body inclinations, movement in space.

Factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of labor are the emotional and intellectual load on human analyzers (auditory, visual, etc.), the monotony of loads, and the mode of work.

Labor according to the severity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: light (optimal working conditions in terms of physical activity), moderate (permissible working conditions) and heavy three degrees (harmful working conditions).

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are: the amount of external mechanical work (in kgm) performed per shift; the mass of the load lifted and moved manually; the number of stereotyped work movements per shift the value of the total effort (in kgf) applied per shift to hold the load; comfortable working posture; the number of forced bends per shift and the kilometers that a person is forced to walk when doing work. The values ​​of these criteria for women are 40...60% less than for men.

For example, for men, if the mass of weights lifted and moved (no more than twice per hour) is up to 15 kg - light work, up to 30 kg - moderate, more than 30 kg - heavy. For women, respectively - 5 and 10 kg.

The assessment of the severity class of physical labor is carried out on the basis of taking into account all the criteria, while the class is evaluated for each criterion, and the final assessment of the severity of labor is determined by the most sensitive criterion

Labor according to the degree of intensity of the labor process is divided into the following classes: optimal - tension easy labor degree, permissible - the intensity of labor of an average degree, hard work of three degrees.

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are the degree of intellectual load, depending on the content and nature of the work performed, the degree of its complexity; the duration of concentrated attention, the number of signals per hour of work, the number of objects of simultaneous observation; load on vision, determined mainly by the size of the minimum objects of distinction, the duration of work behind monitor screens; emotional burden, depending on the degree of responsibility and significance of the error, the degree of risk to one's own life and the safety of other people; the monotony of labor, determined by the duration of simple or repetitive operations; work schedule, characterized by the length of the working day and shift work.

Thus, physical labor is classified according to the severity of labor, mental - according to tension.

2. Classification of working conditions according to the factors of the working environment

Human health largely depends not only on the characteristics of the labor process - severity and tension, but also on environmental factors in which the labor process is carried out.

To date, the list of really existing negative factors, both in the production environment, as well as domestic and natural, has more than 100 types.

The parameters of the working environment that affect the state of human health are physical, chemical and biological factors.

According to the factors of the working environment, working conditions are divided into four classes (Fig. 3):

1 class- optimal working conditions - conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions are created for high efficiency. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

Grade 2- permissible working conditions - are characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes in the functional state of the body pass during breaks for rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

3rd grade- harmful working conditions - characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring;

Fig.3 Classification of working conditions by production factors

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

Grade 1 - characterized by such deviations from acceptable norms, in which reversible functional changes occur and there is a risk of developing the disease;

Grade 2 - characterized by levels of harmful factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, the appearance of initial signs of occupational diseases .;

3 degree - characterized by such levels of harmful factors, in which, as a rule, occupational diseases develop in mild forms during the period of employment;

Grade 4 - conditions of the working environment, under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can occur, high levels of morbidity with temporary disability are noted.

Harmful working conditions include the conditions in which metallurgists and miners work, working in conditions of increased air pollution, noise, vibration, unsatisfactory microclimate parameters, thermal radiation; traffic controllers on highways with heavy traffic, who are in conditions of high gas pollution and increased noise throughout the entire shift.

4th grade- hazardous (extreme) working conditions - characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during work shift or even parts of it poses a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational diseases. Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Depending on the severity and intensity of labor, the degree of harmfulness or danger of working conditions, the amount of wages, the duration of vacation, the amount of additional payments and a number of other established benefits are determined, designed to compensate for the negative consequences of labor activity for a person.

The definitions of the main parameters used in the field of occupational health are given in Guideline R 2.2.013-94 "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process."

Occupational hygiene is a system for ensuring the health of workers in the course of their work, including legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, medical and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

Working conditions - a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent decrease in working capacity, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to a violation of the health of offspring.

Harmful production factors can be:

• - physical factors: temperature, humidity and air mobility, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet, visible, infrared, laser, microwave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electric and magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, industrial noise, vibration (local, general), ultrasound, aerosols, predominantly fibrogenic (dust), illumination (lack of natural light, insufficient illumination), increased ultraviolet radiation;
• - chemical factors, including some substances biological breed(antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);
• - biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producer microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations;
• - factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working posture, body tilts, movement in space;
• - factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, monotony of loads, mode of work.

A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process that can cause injury, acute illness or sudden deterioration in health, death.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics and duration of action, certain harmful production factors can become dangerous.

Hygienic standards of working conditions - levels of harmful production factors that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health, detectable modern methods research in the course of work or in the remote periods of life of the present or subsequent generations.

Safe working conditions - working conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards.

Depending on the ratio of the levels of dangerous and harmful factors and the maximum permissible levels, working conditions are divided into four classes according to the degree of harmfulness and danger:

• 1 class - optimal working conditions;
• Class 2 - permissible working conditions that can cause functional deviations, but after a regulated rest, the human body returns to normal;
• Class 3 - harmful working conditions characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards. They have an adverse effect on the worker and may adversely affect the offspring.
• Class 4 - hazardous (extreme) working conditions, characterized by such levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational injuries.

The main hygienic characteristics of harmful substances are: maximum allowable concentration (MPC), maximum allowable emission (MPE), toxodose, average lethal toxodose and average lethal dose. The maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area are the maximum concentrations that are within the established working hours (no more than 40 hours per week). The unit of MPC is milligram per cubic meter. meter (mg/cu.m.).

Depending on the degree of toxicity, all toxic substances are divided into 4 classes (GOST 12.1.007-76. SSBT. Harmful substances.

Classification and general safety requirements:

• - extremely dangerous (MPC less than 0.1 mg/m3),
• - highly hazardous (MPC 0.1 mg/m3 to 1.0 mg/m3),
• - moderately dangerous (MPC from 1.1 mg/m3 to 10 mg/m3),
• - low-hazard (maximum concentration limit more than 10 mg/m3).

Maximum allowable release - the maximum amount of a hazardous substance, the release of which industrial enterprise over a certain period will not yet lead to an excess of MPC.

Control over the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005 - 88. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area.

Hygienic requirements for the microclimate at workplaces are established by the standard GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area", SanPiN 2.2.4.548 - 96. Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises.

Meteorological conditions (or microclimate) are characterized by the following parameters:

• 1. temperature, t, oC;
• 2. relative humidity j, %;
• 3. air velocity at the workplace V (m/s).

In addition, it is necessary to take into account the atmospheric pressure P, which affects the partial pressure of the main components of air (oxygen and nitrogen), and, consequently, the breathing process.

The need to take into account the main parameters of the microclimate can be explained on the basis of consideration of the heat balance between the organism and the environment.

The value of heat release Q by the human body depends on the degree of physiological stress in certain meteorological conditions and ranges from 85 J/s (at rest) to 500 J/s (hard work).

The release of heat from the body environment occurs as a result of heat conduction through clothing Qt, convection near the body Qk, radiation to the surrounding surfaces Qred, evaporation of moisture Qisp. Part of the heat is spent on heating the exhaled air.

The amount of heat given off by the human body in various ways depends on the value of one or another microclimate parameters.

Heat transfer due to evaporation depends on relative humidity and air velocity.

At rest at an ambient temperature of 1800C, the share of Qk - (convection) is about 30%, Qexc ~ 45%, Qexp ~ 20% and Qin - (exhaust air heating) ~ 5%.

Normal thermal well-being ( comfortable conditions) corresponding to this type of work, are provided subject to the heat balance Q = Qtherm.od. + Qconv.. + Qred + Qexp + Qair. At t=30-350C, the heat transfer of convection and radiation basically stops.

Humidity is of great importance for the thermoregulation of the body. High humidity (j > 85%) makes thermoregulation difficult due to a decrease in sweat evaporation, and too low humidity (j< 20 %) вызывает пересыхание слизистых оболочек дыхательных путей.

Optimum humidity - 40 - 60%.

Air movement affects the state of the body. The minimum air velocity felt by a person is ~0.2 m/s.

AT winter time air speed should not exceed 0.2 - 0.5 m/s, and in summer 0.2 - 1.0 m/s.

In hot shops, it is allowed to increase the blowing speed up to 3.5 m/s.

GOST 12.1.005-88 establishes the optimal and permissible meteorological conditions for the working area of ​​the premises, the choice of which takes into account:

• 1. season - a cold period with an average daily temperature of less than +100C and a warm period - with an average daily temperature of more than +100C t0>+100C.
• 2. category of work:

a. light physical work;

b. physical work of moderate severity;

in. hard physical work.

• 3. permanent or non-permanent workplace.
• 4. Temperature, relative humidity and air velocity are measured at a height of 1.0 m from the floor or work platform when working while sitting, and at 1.5 m when standing.

Production (working) environment includes everything that surrounds a person in the course of labor activity: the technical equipment of the organization, the features of technological processes and production, the condition of buildings, structures, structures and utilities, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic environment, relationships in the work team, the level of occupational risk based on identified hazardous and harmful production factors, etc.

Dangerous and harmful production factors

Article 209 Labor Code The Russian Federation contains the concepts of harmful and dangerous production factors:

• Harmful production factor- this is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker can lead him to a disease.
• Hazardous production factor- this is a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to his injury.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics, duration and conditions of action, certain harmful production factors can become dangerous.

In accordance with GOST 12.0.003-2015 “SSBT. Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification” (hereinafter referred to as GOST 12.0.003-2015) and Guideline R 2.2.2006-05 “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of working environment and labor process factors. Criteria and classification of working conditions ”(hereinafter referred to as Guideline R 2.2.2006-05), dangerous and harmful factors of the production (working) environment are usually classified according to the nature of their impact on: physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.

1. Dangerous and harmful physical factors

Harmful physical factors of the working environment:

• increased or decreased air temperature of the working area;
• increased humidity and air velocity;
• thermal radiation - thermal load of the medium (THC-index);
• non-ionizing electromagnetic fields(EMF) and radiation, electrostatic field;
• permanent magnetic field (including hypogeomagnetic);
• electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency (50 Hz);
• broadband EMF created by PC;
• electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range;
• broadband electromagnetic pulses;
• electromagnetic radiation of the optical range (including laser and ultraviolet);
• ionizing radiation; industrial noise;
• ultrasound and infrasound;
• vibration (local, general);
• aerosols (dusts) of predominantly fibrogenic action;
• natural lighting (lack or insufficiency);
• artificial lighting (insufficient illumination, pulsation of the light flux, excessive brightness, high uneven distribution of brightness, direct and reflected glare);
• electrically charged particles of air - air ions.

Hazardous physical factors of the working environment:

• moving machines and mechanisms;
• lifting and transport devices and transportable goods;
• moving parts of production equipment;
• electricity;
• increased or decreased temperature of surfaces of equipment, materials;
• location of the workplace at a height, etc.

2. Dangerous and harmful chemical factors

Chemically hazardous and harmful production factors: chemicals, mixtures, including some substances of a biological nature (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, protein preparations) obtained by chemical synthesis and (or) for the control of which chemical analysis methods are used, numerous vapors, gases and dust, which According to the nature of the action on the human body, they are divided into general toxic, irritant, sensitizing (causing allergic diseases), carcinogenic (causing the development of tumors), mutagenic (causing hereditary changes in the body) and affecting reproductive function (acting on the sex cells of the body).

3. Dangerous and harmful biological factors

Biologically dangerous and harmful production factors: microorganisms - producers, living cells and spores contained in bacterial preparations, pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, spirochetes, fungi, protozoa) and their metabolic products, as well as macroorganisms (plants and animals).

4. Dangerous and harmful psychophysiological factors

Psychophysiological hazardous and harmful production factors (labor severity and intensity): physical activity (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic overload (mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overload).

Hygienic standards of working conditions

All factors of the production environment are normalized in order to establish hygienic standards. The heyday of the concept of threshold exposure to harmful factors falls on the middle of the last century. The concept of threshold exposure to harmful factors in the working environment is aimed at compliance with hygienic standards of working conditions, which include:

• MPC- maximum permissible concentration chemical substances;
• remote control– maximum permissible level of physical pollution;
• PDZ– maximum allowable value;
• SDA- the maximum allowable dose of hazardous factors.

Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MACs) were established on the basis that there is a certain limit value of a harmful factor, below which it is completely safe to stay in a given area or use the product.

To establish the MPC, calculation methods, the results of biological experiments, as well as materials from dynamic observations of the health status of lindens exposed to harmful substances are used. To establish MPC, calculation methods, results of biological experiments, as well as materials of dynamic observations of the health status of persons exposed to harmful substances are used. Recently, computer modeling methods using databases or information-predictive systems, biotesting on various objects, etc. have been widely used.

MPC standards for pollutants are calculated according to their content in the atmospheric air, soil, water and are set for each harmful substance (or microorganism) separately. MPC values ​​are set based on the impact of harmful substances on humans, and these values ​​are generally accepted for the entire territory and water area. Russian Federation.

MPC levels of the same substance are different for different environmental objects:

• For atmospheric air populated areas and enclosed spaces are set MPC s.s. – average daily, MPC m.r. - maximum one-time;
• For the air of the working area MPC r.z. - in the working area, MPC r.s. - average shift in the working area;
• For the aquatic environment MPC v1 - water bodies of the first category of water use, MPC v2 - water bodies of the second category of water use, MPC for fish farms - for reservoirs for fisheries;
• MPC p. - for the soil;
• MPC p.p. - for food.

The maximum one-time MPC value is set to prevent human reflex reactions during short-term exposure to impurities. The average daily value of MPC is set to prevent the general toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic effects of a substance on the human body.

Hygienic standards of working conditions (MPC, MPD)- these are the levels of harmful factors of the working environment, which, during daily (except weekends) work for eight hours, but not more than 40 hours per week, during the entire working experience should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected by modern research methods, in the process of work or in the remote periods of life of the present and subsequent generations. Compliance with hygienic standards does not exclude health problems in people with hypersensitivity.

The maximum permissible value of the fire hazard factor (IDZ OFP)- this is the value of the dangerous fire factor, the impact of which on a person during the critical duration of the fire does not lead to injury, illness or deviation in the state of health for a normatively established period of time, and the impact on material values does not lead to the loss of their target functions or consumer qualities. The critical duration of a fire is understood as the time during which the maximum permissible value of a dangerous fire factor is reached.

Maximum allowable doses (SDA) of ionizing radiation- this is a hygienic standard that regulates the highest permissible value of an individual equivalent dose in the entire human body or in individual organs, which does not cause adverse changes in the health of persons working with sources of ionizing radiation.

This standard is established by law. In the Russian Federation, the main regulatory legal acts in the field of radiation safety are the federal law dated 09.01.1996 N 3-FZ "On Radiation Safety of the Population" (hereinafter referred to as the Law on Radiation Safety of the Population), San Pi N 2.6.1. 2523-09 "Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009)" and SP 2.6.1. 2612-10 "Basic sanitary regulations ensuring radiation safety (OSPORB-99/2010)”.

The effect of ionizing radiation is difficult process and when exposed to the human body, it can cause two types of effects that clinical medicine refers to diseases:

• deterministic(causally determined) threshold effects (radiation sickness, radiation burn, radiation cataract (clouding of the lens), radiation infertility, anomalies in the development of the fetus, etc.), in relation to which the existence of a threshold is assumed, below which the effect is absent, and above - the severity of the effect depends from the dose;
• Stochastic(random, probabilistic) non-threshold effects (malignant tumors, leukemia, hereditary diseases), the probability of which is proportional to the dose and for which the severity of the manifestation depends on the dose.

In radiobiological experiments at the cellular and molecular levels, the possibility of even single ionization acts to cause a violation of some hereditary mechanisms has been shown. In addition, it is impossible to exclude the possibility of the occurrence of disorders in cellular structures at low doses of radiation and somatic-stochastic and genetic effects caused by these disorders.

In the absence of direct evidence of the influence of exposure to low doses or the safety of this exposure, and taking into account the need for a careful, humane approach to standardizing radiation exposure when developing radiation safety standards, a hypothesis was proposed that there is no threshold for stochastic effects of exposure according to a linear relationship between dose and effect in the region of small doses. This hypothesis, in the form of an official concept, was accepted by the International Committee on Radiation Protection and the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation as the basis for assessing and predicting damage from the use of ionizing radiation and for implementing practical developments in the field of radiation protection. Most often, this hypothesis is called the concept of a non-threshold linear dose-response relationship.

All hygiene standards are justified taking into account an 8-hour work shift. With a longer shift, but not more than 40 hours per week, in each specific case, the possibility of work must be agreed with the territorial department of Rospotrebnadzor, taking into account the health indicators of workers (according to periodic medical examinations etc.), the presence of complaints about working conditions and the obligatory observance of hygienic standards.

It should be noted that the excess of hygienic standards in the process of labor activity of workers leads to an increase in accidents at work, occupational diseases, work-related diseases, loss of working capacity and professional capacity for work of a significant number of workers.

The state of the production environment has a significant impact on human performance, primarily due to changes in the balance of energy costs. Unfavorable working conditions cause increased energy costs for the basic metabolism and resistance of the human body external influences form a negative attitude towards work. Accordingly, the possibilities of energy consumption for the performance of labor actions are reduced, which also leads to a decrease in working capacity. A decrease in the overall resistance of the human body is not excluded, which leads to the development of both occupational and general diseases.

A decrease in the level of working capacity, loss of time due to illness and injury, an increase in the time spent on rest, an increase in defects and a decrease in product quality, the appearance of excessive staff turnover due to unsatisfactory working conditions, this is a far from complete list of the consequences of an unfavorable production environment leading to a decrease in efficiency. activities of organizations.

We should not forget about the colossal social damage: deterioration in the health of workers (and often, as a result, their offspring), partial or complete disability as a result of injuries and illnesses, a drop in work motivation, a decrease in income and consumption levels of people who have lost their ability to work prematurely, and their families. That is why the problems of creating healthy and safe working conditions are of particular relevance in our country.

test

Analyze working conditions in the industry in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process (make an analysis for a specific example)

Working conditions play an important role in a person's working life. Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of the employee. One of the most important components of labor protection is protection from industrial hazards - that is, factors that negatively affect the health of workers. Working conditions are divided into 4 classes:

b Optimal working conditions (1st class) - conditions under which

the health of employees is preserved and prerequisites are created to maintain high level performance. Optimal standards of production factors are established for microclimatic parameters and factors of the labor process.

l Permissible working conditions (2nd class) - are characterized by such

the level of environmental factors and the labor process, which does not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse impact in the near and long term on the health of workers. Permissible working conditions are conditionally classified as safe.

b Harmful working conditions (3rd class) - characterized by the presence

harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker. Harmful working conditions according to the degree of excess of hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness:

1st degree of the 3rd class - working conditions are characterized by such deviations in the levels of harmful factors from hygienic standards that cause functional changes that are restored with a longer (than by the beginning of the next shift) interruption of contact with harmful factors and increase the risk of damage to health;

2nd degree of the 3rd class - working conditions under which the level of harmful factors causes persistent functional changes, leads in most cases to an increase in occupational morbidity, to the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational diseases that occur after a long period of work (often after 15 years or more);

3rd degree of the 3rd class - working conditions characterized by such a level of harmful factors, the impact of which leads to the development of occupational diseases of mild and moderate severity (with loss of professional ability to work) during the period of employment, the growth of chronic (production-caused) pathology, including increased levels of morbidity with temporary disability;

4th degree of the 3rd class - working conditions under which severe forms of occupational diseases can occur (with loss of general ability to work), there is a significant increase in the number of chronic diseases and a high level of morbidity with temporary disability.

b Dangerous (extreme) working conditions (4th class) -

are characterized by levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of developing acute occupational injuries, including in severe forms.

Work environment factors include: microclimate parameters; the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area; the level of noise, vibration, infra - and ultrasound, illumination, etc.

Fig.1 The main elements characterizing the working conditions in production.

The labor process is determined by indicators of the severity and intensity of labor. In a general assessment, the factors of the working environment are divided into:

· A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, and even death.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which, under certain conditions (intensity, duration, and others), can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent disability, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.). Indicators of the severity of labor are the physical dynamic load, the mass (weight) of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the working posture, body inclinations, and movements in space.

Work intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, emotional sphere employee and the degree of its severity. Indicators characterizing the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, the degree of monotony of loads, mode of operation, duration and intensity of intellectual load (on special scales).

If, for example, we analyze the working conditions of the printing industry in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process, then on the basis of the Order of the State Committee of Ukraine on industrial safety and labor protection dated December 03, 2007 No. 287, labor protection rules for enterprises and organizations of the printing industry:

Sanitary microclimate standards (temperature, humidity and air velocity) at workplaces must be in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005-88 and DSN 3.3.6.042-99 "State sanitary norms for the microclimate of industrial premises", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 42.

· The intensity of infrared radiation from heated equipment and insolation at workplaces should not exceed the standards specified in GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" and DSN 3.3.6.042-99.

The temperature of the surfaces of heated equipment accessible to touch should not exceed 43 Cº, according to DSTU EN 563-2001 "Safety of machines. Temperatures of surfaces accessible to touch. Ergonomic data for setting the temperature limits of hot surfaces (EN 563: 1994, IDT) ". Heating devices and equipment elements with an external surface temperature above 43Сє must be provided with thermal insulation or a fence and signal paint should be applied to them in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76.

· In production and auxiliary buildings and premises, natural lighting should be used as much as possible.

· The level of vibration that affects workers at the workplace should not exceed the values ​​in DSN 3.3.6.039-99 "State sanitary standards for industrial general and local vibration", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 39.

· The permissible noise level at workplaces should not exceed the values ​​of DSN 3.3.6.037-99 "Sanitary norms for industrial noise, ultrasound and infrasound", approved by the decision of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 37.

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STATE SYSTEM OF SANITARY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
REGULATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2.2. OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE

Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions by indicators
harmfulness and danger of factors of the production environment,
severity and intensity of the labor process

Hygienic Criteria for Evaluation of Labor Conditions by
Indexes of Harmfulness and Danger of Industrial
Environment and Working Process Difficulty and Intensity

Management

Introduction date 1994-01-01

1. DEVELOPED by the Research Institute of Occupational Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Department of Occupational Health of the Moscow Medical Academy. THEM. Sechenov.

Head: N.F. Izmerov.

Responsible executors: N.N. Molodkina, A.I. Korbakov.

Performers: O.G. Alekseeva, R.F. Afanasiev, G.A. Bogdasaryan, V.V. Elizarova, L.T. Elovskaya, A.A. Kasparov, G.N. Lagutina, V.V. Matyukhin, Yu.V. Moikin, Yu.N. Fingers, L.V. Pokhodzey, L.V. Prokopenko, G.A. Suvorov, L.A. Tarasova, V.V. Tkachev, I.P. Ulanova, A.I. Khalepo, E.F. Shardakova, G.B. Steinberg, E.G. Yampolskaya.

Starring:

Ivanovo Research Institute of Occupational Safety (S.V. Voronkova, E.I. Ilyina, T.I. Chastukhina), Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education (V.Ya. Golikov, E.N. Yermolina), All-Russian Research Institute of Railway Hygiene (V. A. Kaptsov, E.S. Freiman).

2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED by the First Deputy Chairman of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia - Deputy Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on July 12, 1994

Valid for three years from the date of approval.

3. Introduced to replace the "Hygienic classification of labor (in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process)", approved by the USSR Ministry of Health on August 12, 1986 No. 4137-86.

1. Scope and general provisions

1. Scope and general provisions

1.1. Hygienic criteria are intended for hygienic assessment of existing conditions and nature of work depending on harmful factors in the workplace in order to:

- establishing priorities in the implementation of recreational activities;

- creation of a data bank on existing working conditions at the level of an enterprise, district, city, region, republic;

- determination of administrative and economic sanctions in connection with unfavorable working conditions;

- certification of workplaces.

1.2. The use of hygiene criteria for other purposes is possible upon agreement with the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Russian Federation.

1.3. Hygienic assessment criteria and classification of working conditions are based on the principle of differentiation of working conditions according to the degree of deviation of the parameters of the working environment and the labor process from the current hygienic standards in accordance with the revealed influence of these deviations on the functional state and health of workers. Working with pathogens of infectious diseases, with substances for which inhalation or contact with the skin should be excluded (antineoplastic drugs, estrogen hormones, narcotic analgesics) gives the right to classify working conditions as a certain hazard class for potential danger.

1.4. Work in conditions of exceeding hygienic standards is possible subject to the use of means personal protection and while reducing the time of exposure to harmful production factors - time protection.

The determination of the permissible time of contact with harmful production factors for a work shift and / or period of labor activity (limitation of work experience) is carried out by the state sanitary and epidemiological supervision bodies on the proposal of the administration in relation to professional groups specific enterprise. In the latter case, working conditions can be classified as less harmful.

1.5. The validity of this manual is three years from the date of its approval. The experience of applying hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions should be used in the preparation of a new version of the document.

2. Basic concepts used in hygiene criteria

2.1. OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE - a system for ensuring the health of workers in the course of work, including legal, socio-economic, organizational and technical, sanitary and hygienic, medical and preventive, rehabilitation and other measures.

2.2. WORKING CONDITIONS - a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health and performance of a person in the labor process.

2.3. HARMFUL PRODUCTION FACTOR - a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent decrease in efficiency, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of offspring.

Harmful production factors can be:

- physical factors: temperature, humidity and air mobility, non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation (ultraviolet, visible, infrared, laser, microwave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electric and magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, industrial noise, vibration (local, general), ultrasound, aerosols of predominantly fibrogenic action (dust), illumination (lack of natural light, insufficient illumination, increased ultraviolet radiation);

- chemical factors, including some substances of biological nature (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);

- biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producer microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations;

- factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor: physical dynamic load, weight of the load being lifted and moved, stereotyped work movements, static load, working posture, body tilts, movement in space;

- factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of work: intellectual, sensory, emotional loads, monotony of loads, mode of work.

2.4. DANGEROUS PRODUCTION FACTOR - a factor of the environment and the labor process, which can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, death.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics and duration of action, certain harmful production factors can become dangerous.

2.5. HYGIENIC STANDARDS OF WORKING CONDITIONS - levels of harmful production factors that, during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week during the entire working experience, should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected by modern methods of research in the process of work or in the long term of the life of the present and subsequent generations.

Compliance with hygienic standards of working conditions does not exclude health problems in hypersensitive individuals.

2.6. SAFE WORKING CONDITIONS - working conditions under which the impact on workers of harmful and dangerous production factors is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards.

3. Classes of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and danger

Based on hygienic criteria and principles for classifying working conditions, the latter are divided into four classes.

1 class - OPTIMAL conditions labor - such conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of efficiency.

Optimal standards of production factors are established for microclimatic parameters and factors of the labor process. For other factors, conventionally, such working conditions are taken as optimal, under which adverse factors do not exceed the levels accepted as safe for the population.

Grade 2 - PERMISSIBLE working conditions are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during a regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse effect in the near and remote period on the health of workers and their offspring.

The optimal and permissible classes correspond to safe working conditions.

3rd grade - HARMFUL conditions labor are characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and / or his offspring.

Harmful working conditions according to the degree of excess of hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers are divided into 4 degrees of harmfulness.

1 degree 3rd class (3.1) - working conditions characterized by such deviations from hygienic standards, which, as a rule, cause reversible functional changes and determine the risk of developing a disease.

2 degree 3rd class (3.2) - working conditions with such levels of production factors that can cause persistent functional disorders, leading in most cases to an increase in morbidity with temporary disability, an increase in the frequency of general morbidity, the appearance of initial signs of occupational pathology.

3rd degree of the 3rd class (3.3) - working conditions characterized by such levels of harmful factors that lead to the development, as a rule, of occupational pathology in mild forms during the period of employment, the growth of chronic general somatic pathology, including increased levels of morbidity with temporary disability .

4 degree of the 3rd class (3.4) - working conditions under which pronounced forms of occupational diseases can occur, there is a significant increase in chronic pathology and high levels of morbidity with temporary disability.

Grade 4 - DANGEROUS (EXTREME) working conditions, characterized by such levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of severe forms of acute occupational injuries.

Table 1

Classes of working conditions depending on the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area (excess of MPC, times)

Harmful substances*	Working condition class
	Admit- my	Harmful - 3				dangerous (extreme)
		1st degree	2 degrees	3 degrees	4 degrees
____________ * - In accordance with the list "Maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area" and additions to it, GOST 12.1.005 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area", "List of substances, products, production processes and household factors that are carcinogenic to humans.
Harmful substances other than those listed below
Substances with sharp lazy mechanism of action. Substances of irritating action						>10*
______________ * - Exceeding the specified level for substances with a highly directional mechanism of action can lead to acute fatal poisoning.
Allergens
Carcinogens
Aerosols predominantly fibrogenic action
Anticancer drugs, hormones (estrogens)*
__________________ * - Substances, when working with which contact with respiratory organs and skin should be excluded with mandatory control of the air in the working area by approved methods (in accordance with the list "Maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area" and additions to it).
__________________
Narcotic analgesics *
__________________ * - Substances, when working with which contact with respiratory organs and skin must be excluded with mandatory control of the working area by approved methods (in accordance with the list "Maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area" and additions to it).
__________________ ** - Working with these substances in their production, as well as in oncological dispensaries and departments, gives the right to classify working conditions as this class.
Metals, metal oxides

table 2

Classes of working conditions when working with a biological factor

Name		WORKING CONDITION CLASS
		Tolerance timid	Harmful - 3				Dangerous (extra- small)
			1 degree 3.1	2 degrees 3.2	3 degrees 3.3	4 degrees 3.4
Pathogenic micro- organisms	Particularly dangerous infections
	pathogens of other infectious diseases
_______________________ * - Work in specialized medical, veterinary institutions and units, specialized farms for sick animals gives the right to classify working conditions to the specified class.
Microorganisms-producers, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms; (exceeding MPC, times)
Protein preparations (exceeding MAC, times)

Table 3

Classes of working conditions depending on the level of noise and vibration of workplaces

Factor	WORKING CONDITION CLASS
	Tolerance timid	Harmful - 3				Dangerous (extra- small)
		1 degree 3.1	2 degrees 3.2	3 degrees 3.3	4 degrees 3.4
Exceeding the MPD up to:
Noise (equivalent sound level, dBA)
_______________________ * - In accordance with the "Sanitary Norms for Permissible Noise Levels at Workplaces".
Vibration local (equivalent corrected- vibration velocity level, dB)
_______________________ * - In accordance with the "Sanitary norms and rules for working with machines and equipment that create local vibration transmitted to the hands of workers."
Vibration overall (equivalent corrected level of vibration velocity, dB)
_______________________ * - In accordance with the "Sanitary Vibration Standards for Workplaces".
Infrasound (total sound pressure level, dB Lin)
_______________________ * - In accordance with the "Hygienic Standards for Infrasound at Workplaces".
_______________________ * - In accordance with GOST 12.1.001 SSBT "Ultrasound. General requirements security."
Ultrasound contact (vibration velocity, m/s; logarithmic level of vibration velocity, dB; intensity, W/cm)
_______________________ * - The combination of local vibration with a cooling microclimate and / or static stress increases the class of working conditions by one.

Table 4

Classes of working conditions under the influence of electromagnetic radiation (exceeding the MPD, times)

FACTOR	WORKING CONDITION CLASS
	Tolerance timid	Harmful - 3				Dangerous (extra- small)
		1 degree 3.1	2 degrees 3.2	3 degrees 3.3	4 degrees 3.4
Permanent magnetic field
electrostatic field
Power frequency electric fields (50 Hz)	Remote control (for the whole working day)
Power frequency magnetic fields (50 Hz)	Remote control (for the whole working day)
Radio electromagnetic radiation frequency range:
0.01-3MHz
300 MHz - 300 GHz
laser radiation	PDU (for chronic whom to influence actions)	>PDU PDU (for single exposure)
In accordance with the "Maximum permissible levels of exposure to permanent magnetic fields when working with magnetic devices and materials."
In accordance with GOST 12.1.045 SSBT "Electrostatic fields. Permissible levels in the workplace and requirements for monitoring."
In accordance with the "Sanitary norms and rules for performing work under the influence of electric fields of industrial frequency (50 Hz)".
In accordance with the "Maximum permissible levels of magnetic fields with a frequency of 50 Hz".
In accordance with GOST 12.1.006 SSBT "Electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies. Permissible levels in the workplace and requirements for monitoring", "PDU exposure to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range 10-60 kHz".
For remote control with an exposure time equal to or less than 0.2 hours.
In accordance with the "Sanitary Norms and Rules for the Design and Operation of Lasers".

Note: For persons working in shielded (with a decrease in the natural electromagnetic field of the Earth) and especially clean rooms, the class of working conditions is set in accordance with the levels of all available environmental factors and the labor process, increasing the degree of harmfulness by one step.

Table 5.1

Classes of working conditions in terms of microclimate for industrial premises and open areas in the warm season

Index	WORKING CONDITION CLASS
	Optimal- ny	Tolerance timid		Harmful - 3					Dangerous (extra- small)
				1 degree 3.1	2 degrees 3.2	3 degrees 3.3		4 degrees 3.4
Air temperature, °С				According to the WBGT index, see table. 5.1.1.
_______________________ * - "Sanitary standards for the microclimate of industrial premises".
Air speed, m/s
Air humidity, %
Thermal radiation, W/m

Table 5.1.1

Classes of working conditions according to the WBGT index for industrial premises and open areas during the warm season (°С)

		WORKING CONDITION CLASS
Category- number of works*	General energy spending,	Opti- mal- ny	Tolerance timid	Harmful - 3						Dangerous (extra- small)
				1 degree 3.1		2 degrees 3.2		3 degrees 3.3	4 degrees 3.4	[email protected] If the payment procedure on the site payment system not completed, cash funds will NOT be debited from your account and we will not receive confirmation of payment. In this case, you can repeat the purchase of the document using the button on the right. An error has occurred The payment was not completed due to a technical error, funds from your account were not written off. Try to wait a few minutes and repeat the payment again.