Any profession can have a negative impact on human health. However, there are certain industries labor activity where employees directly risk life and health. The list of professions with harmful working conditions is established at the legislative level, such lists were compiled back in Soviet times and approved by the Cabinet of Ministers. For citizens employed in such industries, a number of social benefits are provided, including early access to a well-deserved rest.
Employers are now using a more productive system of rewards and compensation for physical injury. In addition, there are special state programs aimed at supporting this category of employed citizens.
Classification of working conditions
According to the current legislation, all labor activity is conventionally divided into 4 categories, each of which is based on the degree of risk factors for health and life:
- optimal - a healthy microclimate is maintained and maintained on the territory and in the interior, which positively affects labor productivity;
- acceptable - normal conditions are maintained, the level of harmful factors does not exceed acceptable standards;
- harmful - permissible norms are exceeded, which causes harm to human health;
- dangerous - working conditions can cause serious bodily harm, sometimes pose a threat to life.
In turn, harmful and dangerous industries are divided among themselves into 4 degrees of severity:
- The changes that have begun in the human body are reversible and usually appear after the end of work. Such ailments are called "occupational diseases" in medical slang;
- Pathological changes are more pronounced and often lead to temporary disability (a person regularly goes on sick leave). Here, chronic ailments caused by professional activities most often develop;
- Irreversible processes take place in the body that can lead to partial disability;
- Severe functional disorders of internal organs and systems occur, which in advanced cases leads to the assignment of a non-working disability group.
It must be understood that the classification of harmful working conditions is carried out at the legislative level, and the degree of harmfulness of a certain production is assessed by authorized organizations and supervisory authorities. Typically, inspections in this area are carried out by representatives labor inspectorate and Rostrud.
The activities of the employees of these departments are based on the following legal framework:
- Articles Labor Code RF;
- Government Decree No. 198;
- Government Decree No. 188;
- Federal bill No. 426 regulating the procedure for assessing working conditions.
These regulations govern labor Relations between employers and employees engaged in hazardous industries.
Determination of the degree of harmfulness
The following factors are considered to be normative indicators that determine the degree of harmfulness:
- increased concentration of dust on the territory and inside the premises, which leads to its settling in the lungs, making it difficult for the respiratory system to work;
- poor-quality lighting, depressing effect on the psyche, negatively affecting the organs of vision;
- loud noise;
- radioactive and other wave radiation capable of causing harm to health;
- constant vibrational vibrations;
- high humidity and high temperatures;
- interaction with pathogens, dangerous viruses, chemically active components and highly toxic substances;
- difficult working conditions, strenuous labor activity that can lead to mental disorders.
Of course, these are rather vague formulations, and for sure many citizens can classify their profession as harmful and dangerous. To avoid labor disputes and misunderstandings, there is a list of professions established at the state level, which takes into account all potentially dangerous areas of labor activity.
A complete list of professions that are recognized as harmful and dangerous
- Mining;
- Metallurgical, associated with ferrous and non-ferrous metals;
- Coke chemical and producing thermoanthracite substances;
- Engaged in the production of generator gas;
- Dinas products;
- Chemical enterprises;
- Production lines for the production of ammunition and explosives;
- Oil and gas processing, including extraction of gas condensate, coal, shale;
- Metalworking;
- Electrotechnical, including repair of electrical devices;
- Production of radio equipment and complex electronics;
- Enterprises engaged in the production of building materials;
- Manufacture of products made of glass or porcelain;
- Pulp and paper mills;
- Producing medicines, medicines and biomaterials;
- healthcare enterprises;
- Printing;
- Transport and technical services;
- Research laboratories associated with the study of radioactive radiation, any profession whose representatives are exposed to ionizing radiation;
- Nuclear industry and energy;
- Diving works;
- Employees directly associated with dangerous viruses and bacteria;
- Electric and gas welders performing work inside closed compartments, metal containers and tanks;
- Enterprises engaged in etching of metals in chemically hazardous solutions;
- Employees of workshops and production lines involved in cleaning metal surfaces with sandblasting machines using quartz sand;
- Mercury substations;
- Personnel employed at power plants and power trains;
- food industry;
- Organizations performing repair and restoration, restoration and construction work;
- Enterprises engaged in the provision of communication services;
- Film copying enterprises;
- Agrochemical complexes;
- The teaching staff involved in the training of personnel for the chemical industry.
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Professions that give the right to early retirement
The second list includes less harmful professions, but long-term employment in this area can adversely affect health. These include:
- positions related to the processing of minerals;
- metallurgy;
- gas electric welders;
- railway workers;
- persons employed in food industry enterprises;
- health workers;
- peat mining;
- employees of agrochemical complexes;
- communication enterprises;
- electrical engineers and specialists involved in the repair of electrical equipment;
- construction specialties.
The following conditions apply for early retirement benefits:
- Men - at least 12 and a half years of experience, retirement at 55;
- Women - at least 10 years of experience, retirement at 50.
List of benefits and compensations
For representatives of dangerous and harmful professions there are a number of benefits that must be strictly observed by the employer. This includes the following items:
- free and regular provision of overalls, footwear and personal protective equipment in accordance with the regulations of the enterprise;
- providing extra days to paid annual leave;
- additional payment for special working conditions: at least 4% of the official salary;
- abbreviated work week: such citizens cannot be employed more than 36 hours per week;
- extradition medical nutrition: dairy and sour-milk products, material compensation paid monthly is allowed;
- an annual medical examination at the expense of the enterprise, in some cases an additional medical examination is allowed before performing certain duties.
These measures are mandatory for every employer whose employees are involved in industries hazardous to health and life. The heads of enterprises have no right to refuse to issue medical nutrition to employees or material compensation for not receiving it. In addition, the employer cannot oblige such employees to purchase personal protective equipment and other equipment necessary for safe execution work at your own expense.
working and the prerequisites are being created to maintain high level performance..."
Source:
"Manual on labor protection for a road foreman" (approved by Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation dated 01.29.2003 N OS-37-r)
Official terminology. Akademik.ru. 2012 .
See what "Optimal working conditions" are in other dictionaries:
WORKING CONDITIONS- a set of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of an employee (Article 209 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). UT are classified according to the hygienic criteria established in the Guidelines R 2.2.2006 05 ... ... Russian encyclopedia of labor protection
- (ideal conditions for manual handling): conditions that include optimal body position for manual handling, stable grip of the load in the neutral position of the wrist and a favorable working environment ... Source: GOST R ISO ... ... Official terminology
Optimal conditions and nature of work (1st grade)- 19. Optimal conditions and nature of labor (grade 1) The conditions and nature of labor, in which the adverse effects on the health of workers of dangerous and harmful production factors are excluded, prerequisites are created for maintaining a high ... ...
optimal conditions for manual cargo handling- 3.7 ideal conditions for manual handling conditions that include optimal body position for manual handling, firm grip on the load in a neutral wrist position, and favorable… … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
The combination of quantitative indicators of the microclimate, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, ensures the preservation of the normal thermal state of the body without straining the mechanisms of thermoregulation. They provide… … Official terminology
Optimal microclimatic conditions- 7. Optimal microclimatic conditions Combinations of quantitative indicators of the microclimate, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to humans, ensure the preservation of the normal thermal state of the body without stress ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
ACMEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS- - significant, optimal external and internal conditions, situations and circumstances (or their complex, or hierarchy), on which the achievement of high professionalism and productivity by a person depends. As significant U.a. performing: ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
Labor market- (Labor market) The labor market is the sphere of formation of supply and demand for labor Definition of the labor market, definition of the labor force, structure of the labor market, subjects of the labor market, labor market conditions, the essence of the open and hidden market ... ... Encyclopedia of the investor
GOST 12.2.016.1-91: Occupational safety standards system. Compressor equipment. Determination of noise characteristics. General requirements- Terminology GOST 12.2.016.1 91: System of labor safety standards. Compressor equipment. Determination of noise characteristics. General requirements original document: 22. 1st degree of danger Conditions and nature of work that cause ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
GOST R ISO 11228-1-2009: Occupational safety standards system. Ergonomics. Manual handling of goods. Part 1. Lifting and carrying. General requirements- Terminology GOST R ISO 11228 1 2009: Occupational safety standards system. Ergonomics. Manual processing cargo. Part 1. Lifting and carrying. General requirements original document: 3.6 unfavorable factors of the working environment (unfavourable ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
Books
- Managing the mood of the staff in the organization. Tutorial. Vulture UMO MO RF , Zakharov N.L.. V study guide revealed the essence organizational behavior in a company, at an enterprise, in an institution, the specifics of complex managerial work, ways of identifying and influencing the mood ...
And the production environment that affects the employee of the enterprise.
Characteristics of the production process and are determined by the equipment used, objects and products of labor, technology, and the system of servicing workplaces.
Work environment, first of all, it is characterized by sanitary and hygienic working conditions (temperature, noise, illumination, dustiness, gas contamination, vibration, etc.), safety of work, work and rest regime, as well as the relationship between employees of the enterprise.
Labor intensity characterizes the amount of labor expended per unit of working time.
The main factors affecting the intensity of labor include:- the degree of employment of the employee during the working day;
- pace;
- the efforts required in the performance of work, which depend on the mass of the goods being moved, the features of the equipment, and the organization of labor;
- the number of serviced objects (machines, jobs, etc.);
- the size of the objects of labor;
- specialization of the workplace;
- sanitary and hygienic working conditions;
- forms of relationships in production teams.
Classification of working conditions
Working conditions- a set of factors of the production and labor process that affect the performance and health of a person.
Based on hygienic criteria R 2.2.2006-05 “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of factors in the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions” working conditions are divided into four classes: optimal, permissible, harmful and dangerous.
Optimal working conditions
Optimal working conditions (1st class) are such conditions under which the health of workers is maintained and prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of efficiency.
Permissible working conditions
Permissible working conditions (class 2) are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during regulated breaks or by the beginning of the next shift and should not have an unfavorable actions in the near and long term on the health of workers and their offspring. Permissible working conditions are conditionally classified as safe.
Harmful working conditions
Harmful working conditions (3rd class) - the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and his offspring. Harmful working conditions according to the degree of excess of hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers are divided into four degrees of harmfulness.
Hazardous working conditions
Hazardous (extreme) working conditions (4th class) - the levels of production factors, the impact of which during work shift poses a threat to life, a high risk of developing acute occupational diseases, including severe forms.
The class of working conditions is determined by the degree of deviation of the parameters of the production environment and the labor process from the current hygienic standards in accordance with the identified effect of these deviations on the functional state and health of workers.
Hygienic standards of working conditions (MPC, MPD) - levels that during daily (except weekends) work, but not more than 40 hours a week, during the entire working experience should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected modern methods research, in the process of work or in the long-term life of the present and subsequent generations. Compliance with hygienic standards does not exclude a violation of the state of health in persons with hypersensitivity (hygienic criteria).
Ensuring comfortable living conditions in industrial premises
The meteorological conditions in the room or the microclimate, which depends on the thermophysical characteristics, have a significant impact on performance. technological equipment, season of the year, heating and ventilation conditions. The microclimate is determined by combinations of temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, temperature of surrounding surfaces, and intensity of thermal radiation acting on the human body.
Temperature is the main microclimate factor. air temperature. The change in air temperature in industrial premises is affected by heat (the kinetic energy of molecules) coming from various sources mainly due to thermal radiation from heated surfaces and convection.
Humidity
Humidity - the content of water vapor in it, it is characterized by the following concepts:
- absolute humidity (expressed as water vapor pressure (Pa) or in weight units in a certain volume of air (g / m3) at certain pressure and temperature);
- maximum humidity (the amount of moisture at full saturation of air at a given temperature, g/m3);
- relative humidity (characterizes the degree of air saturation with water vapor and is defined as the ratio of absolute humidity to maximum),%.
For saturated air, relative humidity is taken as 100%. To determine relative humidity, there are psychrometric tables, graphs and charts that allow you to find the value of relative humidity depending on air temperature using dry and wet bulbs.
Air mobility
The mobility of air in the premises is created by convection currents due to the difference in temperatures inside and outside the room, as well as the operation of mechanical ventilation. The unit of measurement is m/s.
Thermal irradiation intensity
The intensity of thermal irradiation of the human body - thermal energy source per unit surface of the human body, W/m2.
Thermoregulation of the human body
Thermoregulation of the human body. The human body has a constant temperature of 36.6 °C. To maintain its constancy, there are two types of analyzers on human skin: some react to cold, others to heat. Temperature analyzers protect the body from hypothermia and overheating, help maintain a constant body temperature. The totality of the processes of heat generation and heat transfer that occur in the body and allow maintaining a constant body temperature is called thermoregulation.
The mechanism of heat generation has chemical thermoregulation, and heat transfer has physical thermoregulation. The increase in heat generation is achieved by increasing the intensity of energy metabolism, and the main contribution to it is made by muscle activity. So, at rest, heat generation is 111.6-125.5 W, and during intense muscular work - 313.6-418.4 W.
Heat dissipation in the body environment depending on meteorological parameters, the following happens:- in the form of infrared rays emitted by the surface of the body in the direction of surrounding objects with a lower temperature (radiation);
- heating of the air washing the surface of the body (convection);
- evaporation of moisture (sweat) from the surface of the body (skin) and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract;
- thermal conductivity through clothing;
- heat transfer from exhaled air.
Deviation of microclimate parameters from normative values significant impact on health and productivity. High temperature causes intense sweating, which leads to dehydration, loss of mineral salts and water-soluble vitamins. The consequence of this is blood clotting, violation of the water-salt balance, changes in gastric secretion, the development of vitamin deficiency. High temperature causes increased breathing (up to 50%), weakening of attention, deterioration in coordination of movements, slowing down of reaction. Prolonged exposure to high temperature leads to the accumulation of heat in the body, and body temperature can rise to 38-40 °C. As a result, heat stroke with loss of consciousness can occur. Low temperatures can cause cooling and hypothermia of the human body. When the body is cooled, heat transfer decreases reflexively and heat generation increases due to the intensity of oxidative metabolic processes. Compensation for heat loss occurs until the energy reserves run out. Trembling of the body is an attempt by the body to generate additional heat and speed up the movement of blood due to micro-movements.
Hygienic regulation of the microclimate
The norms of microclimate parameters are established by SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 “Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises”, which present the optimal and permissible values of the microclimate parameters in the working area of industrial premises in warm, cold and transitional periods of the year for work various categories severity - mild, moderate and severe. The warm period of the year is characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature above 10°C, the cold (transitional) period of the year is less than or equal to 10°C.
Optimal microclimatic conditions
Optimal microclimatic conditions are a combination of microclimate parameters that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provides a feeling of thermal comfort and creates the prerequisites for high performance.
Permissible microclimatic conditions
Permissible microclimatic conditions are a combination of microclimate parameters that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause tension in the mechanisms of thermoregulation that does not go beyond the limits of physiological adaptive capabilities. At the same time, there are no disturbances in the state of health, but quickly normalizing uncomfortable heat sensations are observed.
According to the norms, the optimal relative humidity does not depend on the season and the severity of the work and is 40-60%.
The optimal parameters of the microclimate in industrial premises are provided by air conditioning systems, and the permissible parameters are provided by conventional ventilation and heating systems.
Aeroionic composition of air
Along with temperature, humidity and air mobility in industrial premises, the aeroionic composition of the air affects human life. Negatively charged air ions have a beneficial effect on the human body, increase labor productivity. In rooms with negative ions, the number of micro-organisms decreases, the concentration of dust in the air decreases, electrostatic charges on the surface of the equipment are eliminated, and some gases are neutralized. Air ions in the air are called light ions. Light air ions, meeting suspended particles on their way, combine with them, imparting their charge to them. As a result of such compounds, charged particles are formed, which are called heavy ions, which are harmful to health.
Air ionization
Air ionization- the process of transformation of neutral atoms and molecules of the air into electrically charged particles (ions). Natural ionization occurs as a result of the impact on the air environment of cosmic radiation and particles emitted by radioactive substances during their decay. Technological ionization- when exposed to the air environment of radioactive, x-ray and ultraviolet radiation, thermal emission, photoelectric effect and other ionizing factors due to technological process. Artificial ionization is carried out by special devices - ionizers, which provide a given concentration of ions of a certain polarity in a limited volume of air.
In the breathing zones of personnel at workplaces where there are sources of electrostatic fields (video display terminals, copiers, televisions), the absence of air ions of positive polarity is allowed.
To normalize the air ion composition of air, air ionizers are used that have passed a sanitary and epidemic assessment and have a valid sanitary and epidemic conclusion. In this case, it is also necessary to use supply and exhaust ventilation, devices automatic regulation ionic regime of the air.
Lighting in industrial premises
The main task of industrial lighting- maintenance of illumination at the workplace, corresponding to the nature of visual work.
Illumination (E) is the surface density of the light flux; the unit of illumination is lux (lx). This is the illumination of 1 m2 of the surface when a luminous flux of 1 lumen (lm) falls on it. Lumen is a unit of measurement of the luminous flux of a light source.
Luminous flux (F)- the power of light energy, estimated by the light sensation experienced by the eye.
Light intensity (I) is the spatial density of the light flux within the solid angle. The unit of light intensity is the candela (cd).
Brightness (B) is the surface density of light intensity in a given direction. The unit of brightness is candela per square meter (cd/m2).
Glare value (P) is a criterion for evaluating the glare of a light source. Unit of measurement - %.
Pulsation coefficient of illumination of the gearbox is a criterion for assessing the change in surface illumination due to periodic changes in time of the luminous flux of the light source. Unit of measurement - %. The need for the indicator “ripple factor” is caused by the widespread use of gas discharge lamps. When powered by alternating current, there is a ripple in time of the magnitude of the light flux of these sources with a frequency twice the frequency of the current in the network.
Natural lighting and its regulation
Natural lighting and its regulation. Lighting in industrial premises during daylight hours is provided by a natural light source - the sky. Natural lighting is created in rooms with a constant stay of people. It may be absent in rooms with a short stay of people and where the presence of light is unacceptable due to technological conditions work.
Kinds natural light there are: lateral (through windows), upper (through antiaircraft lamps) and combined. The use of a particular system of natural lighting depends on the purpose and size of the room, its location in the building plan, as well as the light climate of the area.
With a lack of natural light, artificial lighting is used, the combination of which is called combined lighting.
The intensity of natural lighting is estimated by the coefficient of natural lighting (KEO), showing how many times the illumination in the room is less than the illumination of the outside, as a percentage. The KEO value is standardized according to SNiP 23-05-95 “Natural and artificial lighting” and SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1278-03 “Hygienic requirements for natural, artificial and combined lighting of residential and public buildings”taking into account the nature of visual work, the category of visual work, the type of natural and combined lighting, the light climate where the building is located. KEO is in the range from 0.1 to 6%.
Artificial lighting and its regulation. Artificial lighting according to its purpose is divided into working, emergency, security and duty. Working lighting is provided for all premises, buildings intended for work.
Artificial lighting system- for systems of general, local and combined lighting.
General lighting - general uniform and general localized. The general uniform illumination provides the required visibility conditions over the entire illuminated area as a result of the uniform arrangement of the luminaires at a relatively high height under the ceiling. General localized lighting is determined by the location of the equipment.
The combined lighting system is used where the accuracy of the process being performed is required and general lighting creates shadows on work surfaces located vertically or obliquely. In combined lighting, in addition to general lighting fixtures, local fixtures with non-translucent reflectors are used. The use of one local lighting is not allowed. This is due to the fact that a sharp uneven illumination in the workplace and in the room reduces the efficiency of vision and causes fatigue.
Artificial lighting is standardized according to SNiP 23-05-95 and 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1278-03, taking into account the nature of visual work, the category and sub-class of visual work, the contrast of the object with the background, the characteristics of the background, the lighting system and is in the range from 5,000 to 20 lux for any observation of the production process.
Sources of light
Sources of light. For artificial lighting, incandescent and gas-discharge (fluorescent) lamps are used. When choosing sources of artificial lighting, their electrical, lighting, design, operational and economic indicators should be taken into account.
Lamps are placed in lighting fixtures (together they are called lamps), designed to redistribute the luminous flux, protect the eyes from glare and the lamp from pollution, ensure electrical, explosion and fire safety, and protect against moisture.
Important characteristics of the luminaire are the protective angle and the efficiency of the luminaire (COP). The protective angle of the lamp is the angle within which the observer's eye is protected from the glare of the lamp and which is formed by a horizontal line and a line tangent to the luminous body and the edge of the reflector edge. The smallest value of the angle is 15 degrees.
The efficiency of a luminaire is the ratio of the luminous flux of the luminaire to the luminous flux of the lamps in this luminaire. In modern lamps, the efficiency is 60-80%.
At each enterprise, regardless of whose ownership it is, the degree of danger and harmfulness of working conditions must be determined (FZ No. 426). In the presence of negative factors, it is necessary to reduce their impact by using means personal protection and other methods (Article 210 of the Labor Code). Indicators of the production environment must be under vigilant control and not exceed the established limits. Ensuring safety in the labor process and training employees in the rules for its observance is the responsibility of the labor protection department (Article 212 of the Labor Code).
Evaluation of working conditions
To determine the class of hazard present in the workplace, a commission is created, including experts from licensed companies. Based on the results of the inspection and the measurements made, the degree of deviation of the existing indicators from the established standards is established. Thus, a conclusion is made on the assignment of a certain hazard class to the working conditions. You can read more about conducting a special assessment of working conditions at the link.
Work environment evaluation parameters
Working conditions refers to the cumulative impact on a person environment and the labor process itself. When assessing them, the classification of working conditions is carried out according to the factors of the working environment. These include (GOST 12.0.002-80):
Excessive excess of indicators leads to poor health, loss of strength and loss of concentration, which is fraught with injury. Harmful working conditions also contribute to the development of occupational diseases, including reproductive disorders. The employee will not be able to effectively perform his duties or will completely lose his ability to work.
The video presents the classification of harmful and dangerous production factors
Working conditions
Depending on how the parameters of the production environment deviate from the established standards, the working conditions are divided into four classes (Article 14 of the Federal Law No. 426):
- Optimal.
- Permissible.
- Harmful.
- Dangerous.
Of these, the first class and permissible working conditions - class 2 refer to safe working conditions.
Optimal (I class)
The first class includes the production environment, in which the microclimate and labor loads comply with the standards. At the same time, other harmful factors are absent or do not exceed safe limits. Under such conditions, a person feels easy and comfortable and is able to concentrate all his mental and physical forces on work. He does not risk damage to health or work injury. Optimum conditions differ in the working environment in offices, banks, trading companies.
It is worth noting: the first group - optimal working conditions - is extremely rare, since it is very difficult to find a place of work where conditions are created for high efficiency of employees, and employees do not get tired by the end of the working day. If the audit determined the working conditions as safe and harmless, then most likely it will be the second group - acceptable working conditions.
Permissible (II class)
A safe environment includes class 2 working conditions, which means there are some harmful factors at work, but their degree does not exceed. To restore the body that has been negatively affected, enough time is provided for rest. This impact does not have far-reaching consequences and does not affect the health of the worker and his future offspring. More about the concept safe conditions labor and their provision in production, read.
Harmful (III class)
The level of harmfulness of production conditions of the third class exceeds the indicators established by law. Such conditions lead to the occurrence of occupational diseases and the loss of reproductive abilities. There are many types of hazards. For example, direct contact with infected material by healthcare workers, negative radiation in X-ray rooms, or bright lighting during gas welding. Therefore, the third class of hazard is further divided into subclasses depending on the severity of the damage caused.
Subclass 3.1 (harmful conditions I degree)
When a person is exposed to harmful conditions of the first degree, the body needs more time to return to its normal state. The standard period until the next working day or shift is not enough. In this connection, the physical condition of the body worsens and prerequisites for the occurrence of diseases are created. This allows you to define the class of working conditions as the first degree of the third class of hazard.
Subclass 3.2 (harmful conditions II degree)
The second degree of harmfulness is characterized by the presence of production factors that leave irreversible changes in the body of the worker, provoking frequent sick leave. These changes relate to those organs and systems that are most susceptible to the influence of existing circumstances. They go to the beginning occupational disease or its mild form without disability. The development of the disease takes for a long time over fifteen years.
Subclass 3.3 (harmful conditions III degree)
The presence of harmful factors of the third degree in the workplace contributes to the development of mild and moderate occupational diseases with the loss of the ability to perform this work. The likelihood of disease overflowing into a chronic form increases.
Subclass 3.4 (harmful conditions IV degree)
Working conditions of the fourth degree of harm lead to the appearance of chronic pathologies and severe occupational diseases, accompanied by total loss employment and disability.
Dangerous (IV class)
The classification of working conditions ends with the fourth class of hazard. It occurs infrequently, since it is characteristic of enterprises where work involves contact with chemicals and radiation that can create a situation that threatens the life of an employee. A harmful working environment causes the appearance of serious diseases that occur in an acute form and are a direct consequence of the performance of job duties. If conditions of the fourth class of harm have been identified at the workplace, it must be eliminated or re-equipped in accordance with lower hazard indicators.
On guarantees and compensations for workers employed in harmful or hazardous work see the next video
Benefits for workers in hazardous professions
Employees working in hazardous conditions labor should be provided with benefits in accordance with the class of harmfulness (Article 210 of the Labor Code). The amount of benefits cannot be less than that provided by law. Their specific meaning (for example, the amount of surcharge or additional leave) is indicated in employment contract, Regulations on wages and internal regulations (Article 57 of the Labor Code). If desired, the employer can increase compensation by recording this fact in the same documents.
Types of benefits and precautions:
Payout taxes
All types of compensation payments that are intended to compensate the employee for the resulting damage to health are not taxed, and are not withheld from them. insurance premiums. These payments are not part of the employee's salary, but are aimed solely at maintaining health in the face of the harmful effects of the working environment.
- Reduction of working hours to 36 hours per week (instead of the prescribed 40 hours). It is applied if there are classes of working conditions according to SOUT (special assessment of working conditions) 3.3 and 3.4. (Article 92 of the Labor Code).
- Annual with preservation of the average wages lasting at least a week. Designed for employees working in harmful conditions 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 classes (Article 117 of the Labor Code).
- An additional payment of 4% of earnings for positions accompanied by a third class of danger, regardless of the subclass (Article 147 of the Labor Code).
- Issuance of milk in an amount of at least 1.5 liters per day or another product to workers in hazardous professions (indicated in List No. 1) of the third hazard class (Government Decree No. 168).
- Walkthrough periodic medical examinations in order to detect an occupational disease at an early stage (Article 212 of the Labor Code). In addition, employees working in conditions of the third class of hazard are subjected to additional examinations designed to identify the following diseases:
- tuberculosis (Federal Law No. 77);
- HIV (Federal Law No. 38);
- mental (FZ No. 3185-1).
- Insurance of persons whose work is carried out in conditions of the third class of hazard, against injuries and accidents (FZ No. 125). In the event of such occurrence, the employee is compensated for the treatment and is provided with a rehabilitation course in a resort facility (Article 17 of the Labor Code).
- Persons whose working conditions belong to the third class of harmfulness are prohibited from combining work with another, carried out in similar circumstances.
- Early retirement of workers in the professions listed in Lists No. 1 and No. 2. Namely, at the age of 55 for men and 50 for women (Article 30 of the Federal Law No. 400). Valid if you have a certain amount of experience in this position.
It must be borne in mind that the issuance of products can be compensated in monetary terms, according to the cost of these products (Order No. 45n). However additional leave cannot be replaced with cash (Article 126 of the Labor Code). Otherwise, the employee will receive less days off, relieving him from exposure to harmful factors.
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In general, working conditions are called working aspects that directly or indirectly affect the health and quality of human life.
According to the provisions labor law, according to the degree of harmfulness and danger, the working environment is divided into four main classes: optimal, permissible, harmful, dangerous. More details in the article below.
Optimal working conditions
Optimal are the conditions of the first class. At the same time, the influence of harmful or unsafe aspects is minimized or absent. Let us assume the level of a harmful factor that does not exceed the sanitary and hygienic standards and is not hazardous to the health of the individual. Aspects for increasing the level of working capacity of the worker are high.
Harmful working conditions
Harmful factors are those that affect the health and vital activity of the human body in an unfavorable, destructive way. In this case, there is a general dysfunction of the body systems, a deterioration in the functioning of internal organs, acute conditions of chronic pathologies, and a decrease in life expectancy.
Working Condition Factors
Factors of working conditions are formed by combining various aspects on the health and livelihoods of a working person. Four factors influencing the formation of the working environment have been identified:
The first - socio-economic - determining the status of a working person in society. The position defined in labor law, organizational norms, pay, work environment and safety, guarantees, benefits, compensation payments.
Second - organizational - technical influencing the formation of material and material labor aspects. Working tools and objects, manufacturing process, production organization work, production and management
Third - natural. The impact on workers of the climatic, geographical, geological and biological factors in the area where production is located.
Fourth- household. Nutrition, sanitary and domestic environment at the workplace
Classification of working conditions
In general, the working environment is divided into 3 main classes, which in turn have subclasses.
Safe , includes the optimal and permissible positions of labor activity in which the negative impact of working factors on the body is minimal or within the normal range.
Harmful
- provoking temporary dysfunction of the body;
- provoking chronic diseases and disorders;
- causing pathology associated with the peculiarities of work in a simple form, and an increase in permanent pathology in the body.
traumatic - creating a danger to life and health during the working day.
Hygienic classification of working conditions
Why is hygienic classification needed? Hygienic classification is needed to evaluate certain aspects and types of activities. According to the classification, actions are taken to reduce negative production aspects. Four aspects are accepted:
Optimal - maintaining health and increasing efficiency during the working day;
Permissible - this is a situation in which the degree of influence of harmful and unsafe factors on health does not exceed the established labor sanitary standards, and the working capacity and health, which have changed due to the situation at the workplace, is restored by the beginning of the next day;
Harmful - the presence of unsafe factors that adversely affect the health and vital activity of the body of the worker and his future children;
extreme - an environment that negatively affects the life of an employee, and life-threatening, suggesting the possibility of injury, exacerbation of pathological conditions, etc.
Classification of working conditions by factors of the working environment
By production factors labor positions are classified in three aspects:
Physical – climatic conditions, i.e. humidity, air circulation and temperature range, electromagnetic impulses (ultraviolet, direct, radio frequency, radiation, infrared, thermal, laser, microwave, vibration waves, noise, dust and aerosol, light level in the room, etc. .P.;
Chemical - toxic elements of synthetic and natural origin;
Biological - the presence of microorganisms of various origins, agents with viable spores and cells, preparations from protein;
Classification of working conditions according to the severity and intensity of the labor process
The division of physical work according to the level of workload is calculated according to the degree of energy costs for the activity, the type of loads (static or dynamic) and the total amount of muscular-muscular load on the body. According to the level of workload, work is divided into:
- Light - under optimal conditions;
- Average - on admissible;
- Heavy - on harmful and dangerous.
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