Category of industries with harmful working conditions. Hazards when working with cutting fluids in mechanical engineering shops. List of harmful professions for early retirement

12.11.2019

Dangerous and harmful production factors affecting the repairman include:

Chemical;

physical;

biological;

Psychophysiological.

Increased noise level is one of the most common harmful and dangerous production factors. Increased noise affects both the hearing organs and the whole body.

Means and methods of collective noise protection, depending on the method of implementation, are divided into: acoustic; architectural and planning (rational placement of jobs, equipment, machines, mechanisms, rational layout of the building); organizational and technical (use of low-noise technological processes, low-noise machines, equipping noisy machines with remote control and automatic control).

Acoustic means of protection against noise, depending on the design, are divided into: means of sound insulation; sound absorption (sound-absorbing linings); vibration isolation (vibration isolators, elastic pads); damping.

Soundproofing means are the main means of protection against noise in mechanical engineering. Soundproof partitions are installed where it is necessary to separate the source of increased noise from the rest of the room. Soundproof booths are installed in noisy rooms to monitor or control various technological processes. Soundproof hoods are installed on sources of increased noise located in the room, the maintenance of which does not require direct access to them or is automated. Acoustic screens are installed near noisy sources, creating an acoustic shadow zone behind them.

For protection against ultrasonic exposure, the same methods and methods are acceptable that are applicable to acoustic radiation in the audible range.

Increased vibration level adversely affects the human body, cause a headache, under its influence irritability develops, attention decreases, sensorimotor reactions slow down, increase, and with extremely intense action, excitatory processes in the cerebral cortex decrease.

To reduce vibration from a vibration source, it is necessary to carry out its vibration isolation. Vibration isolators form the basis of most vibration protection means. By design, vibration isolators used in mechanical engineering are divided into:

spring,

pneumatic,

all-metal,

combined,

rubber-metal,

rubber.

Rubber vibration isolators have the form of parallelepipeds or cylinders, which can be solid or hollow. Rubber elements must be of a design that allows deformation to the sides.

Elevated levels of harmful vapors acts on workers through the respiratory tract, digestive system, skin and mucous membranes of the organs of vision and smell.

To maintain normal parameters of the air environment in industrial premises, ventilation is arranged. Depending on the direction of the air flow, ventilation systems are divided into supply, exhaust or supply and exhaust, and according to the nature of the coverage of the production premises with air exchange, they are divided into general and local.

Lighting. The locksmith's workplace must have sufficient illumination; lighting should be constant during the working time, evenly distributed in brightness, not to have a glare effect. The optimal illumination depends primarily on the location of the light source. Correct ( a) and incorrect ( b, c, d) the location of the light source is shown in fig. 2. The first position is the most correct, since the lamp, being placed on the left above the worker's head, illuminates the desktop without causing dazzle and without casting shadows on the work area.

Figure 2

Personal hygiene carried out in order to prevent and eliminate factors that adversely affect health. Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene is an important condition for high-performance work.

After a working day, you need to wash your body with warm water and soap (take a shower). before eating, be sure to wash your hands with soap; Eat at a clean table and clean dishes. It should be remembered that dirt is the source of many diseases.

aesthetic conditions. It is necessary that the production premises, the external design of workplaces and clothing meet the requirements of technical aesthetics. Overalls should be comfortable, not restricting movements, easy to wash, elegant, beautiful, modern, not interfering with work. Preferred clothing - overalls or semi-overalls.

The main objectives of rational coloring are: reducing eye fatigue during work; improving the safety of work on equipment and tools; spending a minimum of time required to review equipment, tooling or surrounding objects in the workshop (workshop) due to the correct selection of paints with different light-absorbing and reflective properties; increasing the general tone of the worker by exposing him to light-psychological factors.

Favorably affect the vision and psychophysiological factors of a person, help increase labor productivity, reduce fatigue green, bluish-green and yellow colors.

The recommended background color for processing non-ferrous metals (copper, brass, bronze) is light or gray-blue. If the color of the stripped parts is gray, shades of green are recommended for the general background, which will not only allow you to better distinguish the details, but also reduce eye fatigue.

When hiring, during employment, as well as extraordinary, depending on the state of health. Such workers, in particular, include workers who work in jobs with harmful or dangerous working conditions. They undergo mandatory medical examinations when applying for a job and periodic medical examinations to determine the state of health. This is necessary to understand whether the employee can perform his job duties, as well as to timely diagnose the occurrence of occupational diseases.

Harmful and dangerous production factors

Order No. 302n regulates the procedure for conducting inspections and their frequency. However, the list of harmful and dangerous factors themselves, when working with which it is necessary to undergo examinations, is also approved by this order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia, adopted on 04/12/2011.

Harmful factors by order No. 302n

It is the responsibility of the employer to organize a pre-employment medical examination or a scheduled examination of employees during their working life. Harmful factors of production in order 302n, which make certain types of activities harmful and even hazardous to health, are contained in Appendix 1. The list of factors is presented in the form of a table divided into several columns:

p / p number;
a group of substances that are harmful to health;
frequency of medical examination;
specialists who take part in the inspection;
medical procedures and examinations that employees need to undergo;
additional medical contraindications.

Appendix 2 approved the directory of factors of order 302n by profession. It is also designed as a table with five columns:

activity, profession in which it is necessary to undergo an examination;
the frequency of medical examinations;
doctors who take part in the examination;
studies and procedures to be completed;
additional contraindications.

Table harmful factors by profession in order 302n is very detailed. Harmful factors are divided into chemical (among them are allergens, carcinogens, natural asbestos, clay and cement, etc.); biological factors including compound feed, biological toxins (animal or plant poisons), etc.; physical factors such as different kinds radiation, industrial noise, etc., as well as factors of the labor process, in particular, various overloads.

For each factor, it is prescribed how often and which medical specialists should conduct a medical examination of workers who have to work in harmful or dangerous conditions in accordance with the listed factors.

The table of order No. 302n with harmful production factors by profession from Appendix 1 can be downloaded below.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

TVER STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

(FGBOUVPO "TSTU")

Course work

in the discipline "Industrial Sanitation"

Topic: Harmful production factors affecting the repairman

Petrov Ivan Alexandrovich

Work checked:

Volkova Polina Andreevna

Introduction

1. Harmful production factors affecting the worker

1.3 Industrial noise

1.4 Ultrasound and infrasound

1.5 Industrial vibration

1.7 Laser radiation

1.8 Insufficient workplace lighting

2. The impact of the main factors on the body

3. Class of working conditions

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Description of the technological process

A great many different machines and mechanisms are concentrated at the enterprises of various branches of the national economy. The uninterrupted operation of all these mechanisms, and hence the production output, depends on repairmen.

Repairmen carry out current, medium and major repairs, as well as installation, testing and adjustment of various equipment, machines and assemblies. It is impossible to list the mechanisms that repairmen have to deal with. It's true creative work. Repairmen identify malfunctions, disassemble, repair and assemble various components, mechanisms and machines in general. They also make some parts and fixtures for repair and assembly. In this regard, the repairman must have a large stock of knowledge and skills. locksmith work harmful production

The profession of a locksmith originates from the moment when mankind began to invent machines, mechanisms, when specialists were needed to assemble, maintain and repair them. For the first time, locksmithing was mentioned in 1463 in the Vienna archives, and in 1545 a locksmith shop was formed in Germany. The name of the profession comes from the German word schlos - castle. Schlossers - the so-called craftsmen who made locks.

Personal qualities:

The work of a repairman belongs to the category of work with an average physical load. He must have good health in the field of the cardiovascular system and the musculoskeletal system. He must have good eyesight, memory and an accurate eye. Education (What do you need to know?):

In addition to the device and principles of operation of the machines being repaired, you need to know the basics of metal technology, be able to use a wide variety of metalwork and control and measuring tools, lifting and transport vehicles, know the methods of metalwork processing and assembly of parts, and safety rules.

The basis of the work of a repairman is observation and technical ingenuity. A worker in this profession must correctly determine the cause of the malfunction and develop a plan to eliminate it. The labor productivity of a repairman largely depends on the correct solution of these problems.

Place of work and career:

The working conditions of a mechanic-repairman can be very different. He can work in a mechanical repair shop or a team, as well as individually as a repair mechanic on duty. Repairmen work both indoors at stationary workplaces and outdoors, in particular when repairing agricultural equipment.

1. The main harmful factors affecting the employee

Harmful production factor (VPF) is such a production factor, the impact of which on a worker under certain conditions leads to illness or reduced ability to work. Diseases that occur under the influence of harmful production factors are called professional.

Harmful production factors include:

* adverse meteorological conditions;

* dust and gas contamination of the air;

* exposure to noise, infra- and ultrasound, vibration;

* the presence of electromagnetic fields, laser and ionizing radiation, etc.

All dangerous and harmful production factors in accordance with GOST 12.0.003-74 are divided into physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.

To physical factors include electricity, kinetic energy of moving machines and equipment or their parts, increased pressure of vapors or gases in vessels, unacceptable levels of noise, vibration, infra- and ultrasound, insufficient illumination, electromagnetic fields, ionizing radiation, etc.

Chemical factors are substances harmful to the human body in various states.

Biological factors are the effects of various microorganisms, as well as plants and animals.

Psychophysiological factors are physical and emotional overload, mental strain, monotony of work.

1.1 Meteorological conditions of the working environment

The microclimate of industrial premises is determined by a combination of temperature, humidity, air mobility, the temperature of the surrounding surfaces and their thermal radiation. Microclimate parameters determine the heat exchange of the human body and have a significant impact on the functional state of various body systems, well-being, performance and health.

The temperature in industrial premises is one of the leading factors determining the meteorological conditions of the industrial environment.

The parameters of the microclimate of industrial premises depend on the thermophysical features of the technological process, climate, season, heating and ventilation conditions.

Thermal radiation (infrared radiation) is an invisible electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 0.76 to 540 nm, which has wave, quantum properties. The intensity of heat radiation is measured in W/m 2 . Infrared rays, passing through the air, do not heat it, but being absorbed by solids, the radiant energy turns into heat, causing them to heat up. The source of infrared radiation is any heated body.

Meteorological conditions for the working area of industrial premises are regulated by GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" and Sanitary norms for the microclimate of industrial premises (SN 4088-86).

Of fundamental importance in the norms is the separate rationing of each component of the microclimate: temperature, humidity, air velocity. In the working area, microclimate parameters must be provided that correspond to the optimal and permissible values.

The group of sanitary measures includes means of localization of heat release and thermal insulation, aimed at reducing the intensity of thermal radiation and heat release from equipment.

Measures to prevent the adverse effects of cold should include heat retention - prevention of cooling of industrial premises, selection of rational modes of work and rest, use of personal protective equipment, as well as measures to increase the body's defenses.

1.2 Harmful chemicals

Harmful is understood as a substance that, when in contact with the human body, causes occupational injuries, occupational diseases or deviations in health. Classification of harmful substances and General requirements safety introduced by GOST 12.1.007-76.

The degree and nature of the violations of the normal functioning of the body caused by the substance depends on the route of entry into the body, the dose, the time of exposure, the concentration of the substance, its solubility, the state of the perceiving tissue and the organism as a whole, atmospheric pressure, temperature and other environmental characteristics.

Harmful substances enter the body through the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract and through the skin. The most likely penetration into the body of substances in the form of gas, vapor and dust through the respiratory system (about 95% of all poisoning).

The release of harmful substances into the air is possible during technological processes and work related to the use, storage, transportation of chemicals and materials, their extraction and manufacture.

Dust is the most common adverse factor in the working environment, Numerous technological processes and operations in industry, in transport, in agriculture accompanied by the formation and release of dust, large contingents of workers may be exposed to it.

Maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area are established by GOST 12.1.005-88.

Particular attention should be paid to the use of personal protective equipment, primarily for respiratory protection (filtering and insulating gas masks, respirators, goggles, special clothing).

1.3 Industrial noise

In production conditions, noise sources are working machines and mechanisms, manual mechanized tools, electrical machines, compressors, forging and pressing, lifting and transport, auxiliary equipment (ventilation units, air conditioners), etc.

Permissible noise characteristics of workplaces are regulated by GOST 12.1.003-83 "Noise, general safety requirements" (change I.III.89) and Sanitary standards for permissible noise levels at workplaces (SN 3223-85) as amended and supplemented on 03/29/1988 year No. 122-6 / 245-1.

According to the nature of the spectrum, noise is divided into broadband and tonal.

According to the temporal characteristics, the noise is divided into permanent and non-permanent. In turn, intermittent noise is divided into time-varying, intermittent and impulsive.

As characteristics of constant noise at workplaces, as well as to determine the effectiveness of measures to limit its adverse effects, sound pressure levels are taken in decibels (dB) in octave bands with geometric mean frequencies of 31.5; 63; 125; 250; 1000; 2000; 4000; 8000 Hz.

As general characteristics noise at workplaces, a sound level estimate in dB(A) is used, which is the average value of the frequency response of the sound pressure.

A characteristic of intermittent noise at workplaces is an integral parameter - the equivalent sound level in dB(A).

Considering that with technical means currently it is not always possible to solve the problem of noise reduction great attention should be given to the use of personal protective equipment (antiphons, plugs, etc.). The effectiveness of personal protective equipment can be ensured by their correct selection depending on the levels and spectrum of noise, as well as control over the conditions of their operation.

1.4 Ultrasound and infrasound

Recently, technological processes based on the use of ultrasound energy have become more and more widespread in production. Ultrasound has also found application in medicine. In connection with the growth of unit powers and speeds of various units and machines, noise levels increase, including in the ultrasonic frequency range.

Ultrasound is called mechanical vibrations of an elastic medium with a frequency exceeding the upper limit of hearing -20 kHz. The unit of sound pressure level is dB. The unit of measurement for the intensity of ultrasound is watts per square centimeter (W/cm2).

The degree of severity of the changes depends on the intensity and duration of exposure to ultrasound and increases in the presence of high-frequency noise in the spectrum, while a pronounced hearing loss is added. In the case of continued contact with ultrasound, these disorders become more persistent.

Small doses - sound level 80-90 dB - give a stimulating effect - micromassage, acceleration of metabolic processes. Large doses - a sound level of 120 dB or more - give a striking effect.

In accordance with GOST 12.1.01-89 "Ultrasound. General safety requirements", "Sanitary norms and rules for working on industrial ultrasonic installations" (No. 1733-77), sound pressure levels in the high-frequency region of audible sounds and ultrasounds at workplaces are limited ( from 80 to 110 dB at geometric mean frequencies of one-third octave bands from 12.5 to 100 kHz).

Ultrasound transmitted by contact is regulated by the "Sanitary norms and rules for working with equipment that creates ultrasounds transmitted by contact to the hands of workers" No. 2282-80.

When designing ultrasonic installations, it is advisable to use operating frequencies that are the furthest from the audible range - not lower than 22 kHz.

To avoid exposure to ultrasound during contact with liquid and solid media, it is necessary to install a system for automatically shutting down ultrasonic transducers during operations during which contact is possible (for example, loading and unloading materials). To protect hands from the contact action of ultrasound, it is recommended to use a special working tool with a vibration-isolating handle.

The development of technology and Vehicle, the improvement of technological processes and equipment is accompanied by an increase in the power and dimensions of machines, which leads to a tendency to increase low-frequency components in the spectra and the appearance of infrasound, which is a relatively new, not fully understood factor in the production environment.

Infrasound is called acoustic vibrations from a frequent! below 20 Hz. This frequency range lies below the threshold of audibility and the human ear is not able to perceive vibrations of these frequencies.

Production infrasound arises due to the same processes as the noise of audible frequencies. The greatest intensity of infrasonic vibrations is created by machines and mechanisms that have large surfaces that perform low-frequency mechanically! vibrations (infrasound of mechanical origin) or turbulent flows of gases and liquids (infrasound of aerodynamic or hydrodynamic origin).

The maximum levels of low-frequency acoustic oscillations from industrial and transport sources reach 100-110 dB.

In accordance with the Hygienic Standards for Infrasound at Workplaces (No. 2274-80), according to the nature of the spectrum, infrasound is divided into broadband and harmonic. The harmonic nature of the spectrum is established in octave frequency bands by exceeding the level in one band over the neighboring ones by at least 10 dB.

According to temporal characteristics, infrasound is divided into permanent and non-permanent.

The normalized characteristics of infrasound at workplaces are sound pressure levels in decibels in octave frequency bands with geometric mean frequencies of 2, 4, 8, 16 Hz.

Permissible sound pressure levels are 105 dB in the octave bands 2, 4, 8, 16 Hz and 102 dB in the octave band 31.5 Hz. In this case, the total sound pressure level should not exceed 110 dB Lin.

For intermittent infrasound, the normalized characteristic is the overall sound pressure level.

Done recently theoretical background The flow of nonlinear processes in resonant-type absorbers opens up real ways to design sound-absorbing panels, casings that are effective in the low-frequency region.

As individual means protection, it is recommended to use headphones, earmuffs that protect the ear from the adverse effects of accompanying noise.

The preventive measures of the organizational plan should include compliance with the regime of work and rest, prohibition overtime work. If contact with ultrasound is more than 50% of the working time, breaks of 15 minutes are recommended every 1.5 hours of work. A complex of physiotherapeutic procedures gives a significant effect - massage, UT-irradiation, water procedures, vitaminization, etc.

1.5 Industrial vibration

Vibration is a mechanical oscillatory motion of a system with elastic bonds.

Vibration according to the method of transmission to a person (depending on the nature of contact with vibration sources) is conditionally divided into: local (local), transmitted to the hands of the worker, and general, transmitted through the supporting surfaces to the human body in a sitting position (buttocks) or standing (sole legs). The general vibration in the practice of hygienic regulation is designated as the vibration of workplaces. In production conditions, there is often a combined effect of local and general vibration.

Production vibration according to their physical characteristics has a rather complex classification.

According to the nature of the spectrum, vibration is divided into narrow-band and broad-band; in terms of frequency composition - to low-frequency with a predominance of maximum levels in the octave bands of 8 and 16 Hz, mid-frequency - 31.5 and 63 Hz, high-frequency - 125, 250, 500, 1000 Hz - for local vibration; for workplace vibration - respectively 1 and 4 Hz, 8 and 16 Hz, 31.5 and 63 Hz.

According to the temporal characteristics, vibration is considered: constant, for which the value of the vibration velocity changes by no more than 2 times (by 6 dB) during the observation time of at least 1 min; variable, for which the magnitude of the vibration velocity changes by at least 2 times (by 6 dB) during the observation time of at least 1 min.

Non-constant vibration, in turn, is subdivided into oscillating in time, for which the level of vibration velocity continuously changes in time; intermittent, when the operator's contact with the vibration during operation is interrupted, and the duration of the intervals during which the contact takes place is more than 1 s; impulse, consisting of one or more vibrational effects (for example, shocks), each with a duration of less than 1 s at a repetition rate of less than 5.6 Hz.

Production sources of local vibration are manual mechanized machines of percussive, percussion-rotary and rotational action with pneumatic or electric drive.

Impact tools are based on the principle of vibration. These include riveting, chipping, jackhammers, pneumorammers.

Rotary impact machines include pneumatic and electric rotary hammers. They are used in the mining industry, mainly in the drilling and blasting method of extraction.

Manual mechanized rotary machines include grinders, drilling machines, electric and gasoline-powered saws.

Local vibration also occurs during grinding, emery, grinding, polishing work performed on stationary machines with manual feed of products; when working with hand tools without motors, for example, leveling work.

The main regulatory legal acts regulating the parameters of industrial vibrations are:

"Sanitary norms and rules for working with machines and equipment that create local vibration transmitted to the hands of workers" No. 3041-84 and "Sanitary norms for workplace vibration" No. 3044-84.

Currently about 40 state standards regulate technical requirements to vibration machines and equipment, vibration protection systems, methods for measuring and evaluating vibration parameters and other conditions.

In order to prevent the adverse effects of local and general vibration, workers must use personal protective equipment: mittens or gloves (GOST 12.4.002-74. "Personal protection of hands against vibration. General requirements"); safety footwear (GOST 12.4.024-76. "Special vibration-proof footwear").

At enterprises with the participation of sanitary and epidemiological supervision of medical institutions, labor protection services, a specific set of medical and biological preventive measures should be developed, taking into account the nature of the influencing vibration and related factors of the working environment.

1.6 Electromagnetic, electric and magnetic fields. Static electricity

Electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies (60 kHz-300 GHz) and electric fields of industrial frequency (50 Hz) can have a dangerous effect on workers.

The source of electric fields of industrial frequency are the current-carrying parts of existing electrical installations (power lines, inductors, capacitors of thermal installations, feeder lines, generators, transformers, electromagnets, solenoids, pulse installations of a half-wave or capacitor type, cast and metal-ceramic magnets, etc.).

The source of electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies are:

in in the range of 60 kHz - 3 MHz - unshielded elements of equipment for induction metal processing (hardening, annealing, melting, soldering, welding, etc.) and other materials, as well as equipment and devices used in radio communications and broadcasting;

in the range of 3 MHz - 300 MHz - unshielded elements of equipment and devices used in radio communications, broadcasting, television, medicine, as well as equipment for heating dielectrics (welding plastic compounds, heating plastics, gluing wooden products, etc.);

in the range of 300 MHz - 300 GHz - unshielded elements of equipment and instruments used in radar, radio astronomy, radio spectroscopy, physiotherapy, etc.

Long-term exposure to radio waves on various systems of the human body has a variety of consequences in terms of consequences.

An effective means of protection against the effects of electromagnetic radiation is the shielding of radiation sources and the workplace with the help of screens that absorb or reflect electromagnetic energy. The choice of screen design depends on the nature of the technological process, the power of the source, and the wavelength range.

For the manufacture of reflective screens, materials with high electrical conductivity are used, such as metals (in the form of solid walls) or cotton fabrics with a metal base. Solid metal screens are the most effective and already with a thickness of 0.01 mm provide attenuation of the electromagnetic field by about 50 dB (100,000 times).

For the manufacture of absorbing screens, materials with poor electrical conductivity are used. Absorbing screens are made in the form of pressed rubber sheets. special composition with conical solid or hollow spikes, as well as in the form of plates of porous rubber filled with carbonyl iron, with a pressed metal mesh. These materials are glued to the frame or to the surface of the emitting equipment.

Important preventive measure on protection against electromagnetic radiation is the fulfillment of the requirements for the placement of equipment and for the creation of premises in which there are sources of electromagnetic radiation.

Protection of personnel from overexposure can be achieved by placing RF, UHF, and microwave generators, as well as radio transmitters, in specially designed rooms.

Screens of radiation sources and workplaces are blocked with disconnecting devices, which makes it possible to exclude the operation of radiating equipment when the screen is open.

Permissible levels of exposure to workers and requirements for monitoring at workplaces for electric fields of industrial frequency are set out in GOST 12.1.002-84, and for electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies - in GOST 12.1.006-84.

Enterprises widely use and receive in large quantities substances and materials with dielectric properties, which contributes to the occurrence of static electricity charges.

Static electricity is formed as a result of friction (contact or separation) of two dielectrics against each other or dielectrics against metals. At the same time, electric charges can accumulate on rubbing substances, which easily drain into the ground if the body is a conductor of electricity and it is grounded. Electric charges are held on dielectrics for a long time, as a result of which they are called static electricity.

The process of occurrence and accumulation of electric charges in substances is called electrification.

The phenomenon of static electrification is observed in the following main cases:

in flow and splashing of liquids;

in a jet of gas or steam;

upon contact and subsequent removal of two solid dissimilar bodies (contact electrization).

A discharge of static electricity occurs when the strength of the electrostatic field over the surface of a dielectric or conductor, due to the accumulation of charges on them, reaches a critical (breakdown) value. For air, the breakdown voltage is 30 kB/cm.

Permissible levels of electrostatic field intensity are established by GOST 12.1.045-84 "Electrostatic fields. Permissible levels at workplaces and requirements for control" and Sanitary and hygienic standards for permissible electrostatic field strength (No. 1757-77).

These regulatory legal acts apply to electrostatic fields generated during the operation of high-voltage DC electrical installations and electrification of dielectric materials, and establish permissible levels of electrostatic field strength at personnel workplaces, as well as general requirements for monitoring and protective equipment.

Permissible levels of electrostatic fields are set depending on the time spent at the workplace. The maximum permissible level of electrostatic fields strength is set equal to 60 kV/m for 1 hour.

When the intensity of electrostatic fields is less than 20 kV / m, the time spent in electrostatic fields is not regulated.

In the voltage range from 20 to 60 kV/m, the allowable time for personnel to stay in an electrostatic field without protective equipment depends on the specific level of tension at the workplace.

1.7 Laser radiation

A laser or an optical quantum generator is a generator of electromagnetic radiation in the optical range, based on the use of stimulated (stimulated) radiation.

Lasers due to their unique properties (high beam directivity, coherence, monochromaticity) are extremely widely used in various fields of industry, science, technology, communications, agriculture, medicine, biology, etc.

The classification of lasers is based on the degree of danger of laser radiation for service personnel. According to this classification, lasers are divided into 4 classes:

class 1 (safe) - output radiation is not dangerous for the eyes; class II (low-hazardous) - direct or specularly reflected radiation is dangerous for the eyes;

class III (moderately hazardous) - direct, specularly, as well as diffusely reflected radiation at a distance of 10 cm from the reflective surface is dangerous for the eyes and (or) direct or specularly reflected radiation is dangerous for the skin;

class IV (highly hazardous) - diffusely reflected radiation is dangerous for the skin at a distance of 10 cm from the reflective surface.

The power (energy), wavelength, pulse duration and irradiation exposure are taken as the leading criteria in assessing the degree of danger of the generated laser radiation.

Maximum permissible levels, requirements for the device, placement and safe operation lasers are regulated by "Sanitary norms and rules for the design and operation of lasers" No. 2392-81, which allow developing measures to ensure safe working conditions when working with lasers. Sanitary norms and rules make it possible to determine the maximum remote control values for each operating mode, section of the optical range using special formulas and tables. The energy exposure of irradiated tissues is normalized. For laser radiation in the visible region of the spectrum for the eyes, the angular size of the radiation source is also taken into account.

The maximum permissible levels of exposure are differentiated taking into account the mode of operation of lasers - continuous mode, monopulse, pulse-periodic.

The effect of laser radiation on the organ of vision (from minor functional disorders to total loss vision) depends mainly on the wavelength and localization of exposure.

With the use of high-power lasers and the expansion of their practical use, the risk of accidental damage not only to the organ of vision, but also to the skin and even internal organs has increased, with further changes in the central nervous and endocrine systems.

The main regulatory legal acts in assessing working conditions with optical quantum generators are:

"Sanitary norms and rules for the design and operation of lasers" No. 2392-81; guidelines"Occupational health when working with lasers", approved by the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR on April 27, 1981;

GOST 24713-81 "Methods for measuring parameters of laser radiation. Classification"; GOST 24714-81 "Lasers. Methods for measuring radiation parameters. General provisions"; GOST 12.1.040-83 "Laser safety. General Provisions"; GOST 12.1.031-81 "Lasers. Methods of dosimetric control of laser radiation".

1.8 Natural and artificial lighting

Light is a natural condition of human life, necessary for maintaining health and high performance labor, and based on the work of the visual analyzer, the most subtle and universal sense organ.

Light represents visible to the eye electromagnetic waves optical range with a length of 380-760 nm, perceived by the retina of the visual analyzer.

There are 3 types of lighting used in industrial premises:

natural (its source is the sun), artificial (when only artificial light sources are used); combined or mixed (characterized by a simultaneous combination of natural and artificial lighting).

Combined lighting is used when natural lighting alone cannot provide the necessary conditions to carry out manufacturing operations.

The current building codes and regulations provide for two systems of artificial lighting: a system of general lighting and combined lighting.

Natural lighting is created by natural light sources, direct solid rays and diffuse light from the sky (from the sun's rays scattered by the atmosphere). Natural lighting is biologically the most valuable type of lighting to which the human eye is most adapted.

The following types of natural lighting are used in industrial premises: side - through light openings (windows) in the outer walls; upper - through skylights in the ceilings; combined - through skylights and windows.

In buildings with insufficient natural light use combined lighting - a combination of natural and artificial light. Artificial lighting in a combined system can function constantly (in areas with insufficient natural light) or turn on at dusk.

artificial lighting on industrial enterprises It is carried out by incandescent lamps and gas-discharge lamps, which are sources of artificial light.

General and local lighting is used in industrial premises. General - to illuminate the entire room, local (in the combined system) - to increase the illumination of only work surfaces or individual parts of the equipment.

The use of other than local lighting is not allowed.

From the point of view of occupational health, the main lighting characteristic is illumination (E), which is the distribution of the luminous flux (F) on a surface area (S) and can be expressed by the formula E = F / S.

Luminous flux (F) - the power of radiant energy, estimated by the visual sensation it produces. Measured in lumens (lm).

In the physiology of visual perception, importance is attached not to the incident flux, but to the level of brightness of illuminated production and other objects, which is reflected from the illuminated surface in the direction of the eye. Visual perception is determined not by illumination, but by brightness, which is understood as the characteristic of luminous bodies, equal to the ratio of the luminous intensity in any direction to the projection area of the luminous surface on a plane perpendicular to this direction. Brightness is measured in nits (nt). The brightness of illuminated surfaces depends on their light properties, the degree of illumination and the angle at which the surface is viewed.

Luminous intensity - the luminous flux propagating inside a solid angle equal to 1 steradiant. The unit of light intensity is the candela (cd).

The luminous flux incident on the surface is partially reflected, absorbed or transmitted through the illuminated body. Therefore, the light properties of the illuminated surface are also characterized by the following coefficients:

reflection coefficient - the ratio of the light flux reflected by the body to the incident;

transmittance - the ratio of the luminous flux that has passed through the medium to the incident;

absorption coefficient - the ratio of the light flux absorbed by the body to the incident.

The required levels of illumination are normalized in accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting" depending on the accuracy of the production operations performed, the lighting properties of the working surface and the part in question, and the lighting system.

Hygienic requirements that reflect the quality of industrial lighting include:

uniform distribution of brightness in the field of view and limitation of shadows;

limitation of direct and reflected brilliance;

limitation or elimination of fluctuations in the light flux.

Uniform distribution of brightness in the field of view is essential for maintaining human performance. If there are constantly surfaces in the field of view that differ significantly in brightness (illuminance), then when looking from a bright to a dimly lit surface, the eye is forced to readjust. Frequent re-adaptation leads to the development of visual fatigue and makes it difficult to perform production operations.

The degree of non-uniformity is determined by the coefficient of non-uniformity - the ratio of the maximum illumination to the minimum. The higher the accuracy of the work, the lower the coefficient of unevenness should be.

Excessive blinding brightness (brilliance) - the property of luminous surfaces with increased brightness to violate the conditions of comfortable vision, worsen contrast sensitivity, or have both of these effects at the same time.

Luminaires - light sources enclosed in fittings - are designed to properly distribute the luminous flux and protect the eyes from excessive brightness of the light source. The armature protects the light source from mechanical damage, as well as smoke, dust, soot, moisture, provides fastening and connection to the power source.

In terms of light distribution, luminaires are divided into luminaires of direct, diffused and reflected light. Direct light fixtures direct more than 80% of the luminous flux into the lower hemisphere due to the internal reflective enamel surface. Diffused light fixtures emit a luminous flux into both hemispheres: some - 40-60% of the luminous flux downwards, others - 60-80% upwards. Reflected light luminaires direct more than 80% of the luminous flux upwards to the ceiling, and the light reflected from it is directed downwards into the working area.

To protect the eyes from the brilliance of the luminous surface of the lamps, the protective corner of the lamp is used - the angle formed by the horizontal from the surface of the lamp (the edge of the luminous thread) and the line passing through the edge of the armature.

Luminaires for fluorescent lamps generally have a direct light distribution. A measure of protection against direct glare is a protective corner, shielding grilles, diffusers made of transparent plastic or glass.

With the help of the appropriate placement of lamps in the volume of the working room, a lighting system is created. General lighting can be uniform or localized. The general placement of lamps (in a rectangular or checkerboard pattern) to create rational illumination is carried out when performing the same type of work throughout the room, with a high density of jobs (assembly shops in the absence of a conveyor, wood finishing, etc.) General localized lighting is provided to provide a number of jobs illumination in a given plane (thermal furnace, blacksmith's hammer, etc.), when an additional lamp is installed near each of them (for example, oblique light), as well as when performing work of various types in the workshop or in the presence of shading equipment.

Local lighting is designed to illuminate the work surface and can be stationary and portable; incandescent lamps are more often used for it, since fluorescent lamps can cause a stroboscopic effect.

Emergency lighting is arranged in industrial premises and in open areas for temporary continuation of work in the event of an emergency shutdown of working lighting (general network). It must provide at least 5% of the illumination from the normalized one for the general lighting system.

2. Impact of the main factors

Microclimate

High temperatures have a negative impact on human health. Working at high temperatures is accompanied by intense sweating, which leads to dehydration of the body, loss of mineral salts and water-soluble vitamins, causes serious and persistent changes in the activity of the cardiovascular system, increases the frequency of breathing, and also affects the functioning of other organs and systems - is weakened attention, coordination of movements worsens, reactions slow down, etc.

Prolonged exposure to high temperatures, especially when combined with high humidity, can lead to a significant buildup of heat in the body (hyperthermia). With hyperthermia, there is a headache, nausea, vomiting, sometimes convulsions, a drop in blood pressure, loss of consciousness.

The effect of thermal radiation on the body has a number of features, one of which is the ability of infrared rays of various lengths to penetrate to different depths and be absorbed by the corresponding tissues, providing a thermal effect, which leads to an increase in skin temperature, an increase in pulse rate, changes in metabolism and blood pressure, disease eye.

When the human body is exposed to negative temperatures, there is a narrowing of the vessels of the fingers and toes, the skin of the face, and the metabolism changes. Low temperatures also affect the internal organs, and prolonged exposure to these temperatures leads to their permanent diseases.

Harmful chemicals

The effect of harmful substances on the body can be anatomical damage, permanent or temporary disorders and combined effects. Many highly effective harmful substances cause a disorder in the body of normal physiological activity without noticeable anatomical damage, effects on the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, on the general metabolism, etc.

Intense noise impact on the human body adversely affects the course of nervous processes, contributes to the development of fatigue, changes in the cardiovascular system and the appearance of noise pathology, among the various manifestations of which the leading clinical sign is a slowly progressive hearing loss of the type of cochlear neuritis.

Ultrasound and infrasound

Ultrasound has mainly a local effect on the body, since it is transmitted by direct contact with an ultrasonic instrument, workpieces or media where ultrasonic vibrations are excited. Ultrasonic vibrations generated by ultrasonic low-frequency industrial equipment have an adverse effect on the human body. Long-term systematic exposure to airborne ultrasound causes changes in the nervous, cardiovascular and endocrine systems, auditory and vestibular analyzers. The most characteristic is the presence of vegetovascular dystonia and asthenic syndrome.

Under the action of local ultrasound, there are phenomena of vegetative polyneuritis of the hands (less often of the legs) of varying severity, up to the development of paresis of the hands and forearms, vegetative-vascular dysfunction.

The nature of the changes that occur in the body under the influence of ultrasound depends on the dose of exposure.

Studies of the biological effect of infrasound on the body have shown that at a level of 110 to 150 dB or more, it can cause unpleasant subjective sensations and numerous reactive changes in people, which include changes in the central nervous, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the vestibular analyzer . There is evidence that infrasound causes hearing loss mainly at low and medium frequencies. The severity of these changes depends on the level of infrasound intensity and the duration of the factor.

Vibration

Prolonged exposure to high-level vibration on the human body leads to the development of premature fatigue, a decrease in labor productivity, an increase in morbidity, and often to the emergence of an occupational pathology - vibration disease.

Electromagnetic and electric magnetic fields. Static electricity

Prolonged exposure to an electric field on the human body can cause a violation of the functional state of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. This is expressed in increased fatigue, a decrease in the quality of work operations, pain in the heart, changes in blood pressure and pulse.

The most characteristic when exposed to radio waves of all ranges are deviations from the normal state of the central nervous system and the human cardiovascular system. Subjective sensations of the irradiated personnel are complaints of frequent headache, drowsiness or general insomnia, fatigue, weakness, excessive sweating, memory loss, absent-mindedness, dizziness, darkening of the eyes, unreasonable feeling of anxiety, fear, etc.

People working in the area affected by an electrostatic field have a variety of complaints: irritability, headache, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, etc.

laser radiation

Depending on the specifics of the technological process, work with laser equipment may be accompanied by exposure of personnel mainly to reflected and scattered radiation. The energy of laser radiation in biological objects (tissue, organ) can undergo various transformations and cause organic changes in the irradiated tissues (primary effects) and non-specific functional changes (secondary effects) that occur in the body in response to irradiation.

Natural and artificial lighting

Insufficient lighting affects the functioning of the visual apparatus, that is, it determines visual performance, the human psyche, his emotional state, causes fatigue of the central nervous system resulting from the efforts made to recognize clear or dubious signals.

3. Class of working conditions

Protocol for assessing working conditions in terms of intensity of the labor process

Indicators	Working condition class

1. Intelligent loads

	Perception of signals and their evaluation
	The distribution of the function according to the degree of complexity of the task
	The nature of the work performed
2. Sensory loads
	Duration of focused observation
	Signal density for 1 hour of operation
	Number of objects of simultaneous observation
	The size of the object of distinction during the duration of concentrated attention
	Work with optical devices during the duration of concentrated observation
	Monitoring the screen of the video terminal


3. Emotional loads
	The degree of responsibility for the result of their own activities. The significance of the error.
	The degree of risk to one's own life
	Responsibility for the safety of others
	Number of conflict production situations per shift
4. Monotony of loads
	The number of elements required to implement a simple task or repetitive operations
	Duration of simple tasks or repetitive tasks
	Action time
	The monotony of the working environment
5. Mode of operation
	Actual working hours
	Shift work
	Presence of regulated breaks and their duration
Number of indicators in each class
General assessment of labor intensity

Conclusion: more than 6 indicators belong to the 2nd class, the rest - to the 1st. Therefore, the overall assessment of the intensity of the work of the master corresponds to class 2 - "Permissible"

Class of working conditions in terms of microclimate for working premises

Based on the fact that the outside air temperature is 24 With a relative humidity of 85%, an air velocity of 0.5 m/s, it follows that according to SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises", the microclimate parameters correspond to the permissible (class 2) working conditions.

Class of working conditions depending on the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area

Class of working conditions depending on noise levels

Factor name, indicator, unit of measurement	Working condition class
	admissible

	Exceeding the MPD, times

Noise, equivalent sound level, dBA

The noise level at the workplace of an electric welder is 83 dBA, which corresponds, according to SN 2.2.4 / 2.1.8.562-96 "Noise at Workplaces", to an acceptable class (class 2) of working conditions.

The final table for assessing the working conditions of an employee according to the degree of harmfulness and danger

	Working condition class
	Optimal	Permissible

Chemical
Biological
PFD aerosols
Acoustic
	infrasound
	Ultrasound
Vibration general
Vibration local
ultrasound contact
Non-ionizing radiation
ionizing radiation
Microclimate
Lighting
The severity of labor
Labor intensity
General assessment of working conditions

Based on the data of the final protocol, it follows that the limiting indicator in assessing the working conditions of a locksmith is the chemical factor of the labor process, therefore, referring to the general provisions of Guidelines P 2.2. .

4. Measures to protect against harmful production factors

Microclimate

The fight against the adverse effects of the industrial microclimate is carried out using technological, sanitary and medical and preventive measures.

In the prevention of the harmful effects of high temperatures of infrared radiation, the leading role belongs to technological measures: the replacement of old and the introduction of new technological processes and equipment, automation and mechanization of processes, remote control.

Effective means of reducing heat generation are:

coating of heating surfaces and steam and gas pipelines with heat-insulating materials (glass wool, asbestos mastic, asbothermite, etc.); equipment sealing; the use of reflective, heat-absorbing and heat-removing screens; arrangement of ventilation systems; use of personal protective equipment. Medical and preventive measures include: organization of a rational regime of work and rest; ensuring the drinking regime; increasing resistance to high temperatures through the use of pharmacological agents (taking dibazol, ascorbic acid, glucose), oxygen inhalation; passing pre-employment and periodic medical examinations.

Harmful chemicals

The basis for carrying out measures to combat harmful substances is hygienic regulation.

Reduced exposure to non-working harmful substances wm achieve its complete elimination? by carrying out technological, sanitary, medical and preventive measures v use of personal protective equipment.

Technological measures include such as the introduction of continuous technologies, automation and mechanization production processes, remote control, pressurization of equipment, replacement of hazardous processes and operations with less hazardous and safe ones.

Sanitary measures: equipping workplaces with local exhaust ventilation or portable local exhausts, covering equipment with solid dust-proof casings with effective air aspiration, etc.

When technological, sanitary and technical measures do not completely exclude the presence of harmful substances in the air, there are no methods and devices for their control, therapeutic and preventive measures are taken: organization and conduct of preliminary and periodic medical examinations, breathing exercises, alkaline inhalations, provision of therapeutic and prophylactic food and m...

List of professions: retirement on harmfulness

Approximately 50% of companies in the production sector in our country belong to the group of harmful ones. More specifically, in the country as a whole, approximately 40% of all positions in the manufacturing sector involve early retirement for the employee due to adverse conditions. Respectively legislative acts, which regulate the accrual of benefits to those employees involved in work with difficult conditions, early retirement is accompanied by compensatory payments of benefits for damage to the body. These include:

chronic diseases that were acquired during activities in hazardous workplaces;
incomplete/perfect disability;
fatal diseases received.

List of the most harmful professions

Today, to understand the fact whether a certain type of work belongs to harmful, one should read the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation (November 20, 2008 No. 870). True, it is a framework, only obliging the Ministry of Health and Social Development to approve required documents, of which there are not so many adopted today.

Therefore, insofar as it does not contradict current legislation, the Decree of the USSR State Labor Committee, the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (October 25, 1974 No. 298 / P-22), instructions for using this list, approved by the Decree of the USSR State Labor Committee, the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated November 21, 1975 No. 273/P-20.

In addition, there are positions in which work is regarded as harmful, they are specified in industry agreements or collective agreements the organizations themselves.

What kind of work is considered harmful

It has already been said that such work is considered harmful, which leads to an increase in the number of diseases, a deterioration in the immunity of an employee, the appearance of occupational diseases, a decrease in a person’s working capacity, a negative impact on the ability to reproduce, and a decrease in the chances of having healthy children.

It is curious that, in accordance with all resolutions and instructions, only representatives of working specialties that are associated with physical labor in the production process have the right to additional payments. At the same time, office workers do not have additional funds. There is only the possibility of obtaining those - to prove that workplace is detrimental to human health. Such situations occur when the company is located near the operating harmful production or places where waste is buried.

At the same time, the work of an office worker, even when it is associated with the use of unfavorable digital equipment such as a PC monitor, will not be a reason for accruing additional funds. It is not used to recognize an activity as harmful for its significant duration. Many people work full or almost full days, then having 2 days off. Such a regime is bad for the body, but employees employed according to such a schedule are not certified as involved in hazardous production.

To carry out certification of workplaces, an agreement is required with the employer, who can initiate it himself. True, the labor protection service can only recommend such a study. If it has already been made, there is a possibility of introducing additional payments for the person involved in such an environment. Cancellation of such payments is made only in case of changes in conditions.

Harmful conditions according to the employment contract

According to Art. 57 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, in those situations where the specifics of the work performed involve the presence of harmful or especially dangerous conditions, in employment contract the following information is indicated:

labor function (activity according to position according to staffing, professions, specializations; it is necessary to clarify qualifications, a clear type of work assigned). And if the performance of a set of works for such a position (profession, specialization) is also associated with compensation, benefits, certain restrictions, their list should be indicated according to the names prescribed in the qualification reference books;
working hours when they differ from the general ones approved by this employer;
payment terms (volumes tariff rate or salary ( official salary), surcharges, allowances, incentive accruals);
compensation for harmful and (or) dangerous conditions (characteristics of the working circumstances of this workplace are prescribed).

What are the harmful conditions

In accordance with legal documents, working conditions are all derivatives of the labor process in which the employee takes part. They have an impact on the state of his health, ability to work, relate to the performance of a person's production tasks.

Such conditions are accompanied by significant severity, as well as danger, risk of injury, factors that can cause chronic diseases, partial or complete disability, even death. These factors include:

dust level;
the degree of gas contamination;
high humidity;
significant background radiation;
lack of natural lighting;
high degree of noise;
activities with mobile machines, mechanisms, harmful chemical or bacteriological substances, etc.

List of professions with harmful working conditions in 2016-2017

Each of us from childhood knows the expression "milk for harm", but few people realized the real content of this phrase. Some Russian citizens have worked and continue to work in conditions that cause irreversible damage to their health. Just in order to somewhat mitigate the negative results of the influence of negative factors on a person, in the USSR it was decided to give workers in hazardous professions milk in the amounts prescribed by the norm.

Today, milk is issued for harmful conditions only at selected enterprises of the Russian Federation, and even then more as a memory of the past, and not for medical purposes. But even now, in order to determine whether a given position or work is harmful, an appeal to the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR dated January 26, 1991 No. 10, which is still relevant, is necessary. It suffered only minor adjustments in 2016. 2 lists (1, 2) are attached to the Decree, they are also called lists of privileged professions. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 665 dated July 16, 2014 extended the validity of the provisions that are listed in these lists, leaving them legally valid.

According to List No. 2 (list harmful professions) a pension for activities in dangerous, harmful conditions is due to those men who have worked in this production for at least 12.5 years; women working under similar circumstances are at least 10 years old. In addition, there are requirements related to the total length of service. The latter should not be less than 25 years for men, not less than 20 years for women:

for males, retirement is possible at age 55;
for the female - at 50.

In addition, it should be remembered: the amount of a preferential pension is calculated taking into account the length of service in general, that is, the longer it is, the better it will be, the higher it was wage, all the better.

According to list No. 1 (significant level of severity, harmfulness), male representatives have the right to retire early - at the age of 50, however, in cases where their work experience as a whole is not less than 20 years, under harmful conditions - more than 10 years. The weaker sex can retire before the term - at 45 years old, with a total length of service starting from 15 years, working in hazardous conditions - from 7.5 years.

Rights of the worker under harmful conditions

This list contains mainly such professions, regular stay in the conditions of which is harmful to a person. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that those who work in such harmful conditions have the right to retire earlier than the period prescribed in the ordinary position. Workers, specialists involved in certain types of ships of the sea, river, fleet of the fishing industry, have the right to accrue pensions for length of service.

The conditions in which the worker is located can have an impact on his health. It is important to know whether a certain profession affects the life and health of an employee. If the harmfulness does not exceed the permissible rate of negative impact on the body of an employee, then such conditions can be considered harmless.

Many factors can have a negative impact on the health of an employee. If a environment or the work process is harmful and unfavorable, it can cause a number of negative consequences for the employee.

These consequences include: exacerbation of chronic diseases, the emergence of new diseases, negative changes in the psyche, complete or partial disability. In order for the employee to clearly understand what working conditions he will have to deal with, and what the consequences may be, a special classification of the conditions of workers was introduced according to the degree of its harmfulness.

What are harmful working conditions?

There are such degrees of harmfulness of work:

first degree of harm.

Unfavorable factors of the working environment can cause a number of negative health changes that disappear if the employee interrupts contact with them for a long time;

second degree.

Significant changes occur in the work of the employee's body due to the influence of various factors during work. They relate mainly to those organs that suffer the most from this type of activity. An employee may be temporarily unable to work. It is restored some time after the termination of employment;

third degree.

The employee receives occupational illnesses. Their severity can be mild or moderate. The employee loses his professional ability to work during the performance of his work;

fourth degree.

Working in such conditions suggests the occurrence of serious diseases. They may be chronic. The employee loses the ability to work in any field.

Harmful factors affecting the health of the worker:

physical factors;
chemical factors;
biological factors;
labor factors.

All these factors can significantly affect the health and well-being of an employee.

For example, if the production temperature is very low, the worker may experience acute respiratory diseases. And if the employee has to work at night, or the working day exceeds allowable norms, there may be difficulties with concentration and well-being in general.

With prolonged observance of such a regimen of work, sleep disturbance occurs. The degree of influence of these factors on the life and health of an employee will directly depend on the strength of their influence.

Harmful working conditions by class

List of hazard classes.

First grade. The conditions are optimal. This category includes workplaces where there are no factors that threaten the life and health of employees. This is a perfectly safe job;
second class. The possibility of harm to the health of employees is negligible. Recovery of the body should occur by the beginning of the next working day;
third class. Working conditions are harmful to the health of employees. The impact of adverse factors on the health of the employee is significant. The third class of production hazard is divided into four subgroups:

The first subgroup of harmful working conditions of the third class. The body of an employee is exposed to the harmful effects of working environment factors. Normalization of all body systems does not have time to occur before the start of the next work shift. The health risk is significant.
Second subgroup. Persistent changes in the health status of the worker begin. They are harmful to moderate severity, can cause various diseases. The employee completely or partially loses his ability to work after fifteen or more years of work in such conditions.
Third subgroup. During the performance of work duties, illnesses of mild to moderate severity may occur. The effect of negative factors on the body is persistent and destructive.
fourth subgroup. Assumes a threat to the life and health of the employee, loss of ability to work in this professional field;

fourth grade. Dangerous working conditions. The work activity of an employee poses a danger to life and health.

Under such conditions, chronic diseases can worsen. Severe occupational ailments appear.

Assessment of harmful working conditions

SOUT has replaced certification of workplaces.

SOUT - a special assessment of working conditions. This is a set of activities that are carried out in order to assess the conditions in which employees work at a particular enterprise.

When an assessment of working conditions takes place, members of a special commission check all possible factors under the influence of which the employee is. All parameters of the production environment are subject to verification.

After their detailed study, the commission assigns one of the hazard classes to the enterprise. Depending on the assigned hazard class, employees are paid benefits, special conditions labor.

The level of hazard can be reduced if employees use personal protective equipment.

These protective equipment are subject to mandatory certification.

Benefits for harmful working conditions

Employees are entitled to benefits.

Those factors that affect the employees of the enterprise during work often have an adverse effect on the body, disrupting its proper functioning. Sometimes adverse conditions in the workplace can threaten not only the health, but also the life of the employee.

Therefore, each employee who performs his labor duties in conditions of harmfulness is entitled to benefits. Accounting is responsible for calculating them. The size and form of benefits are determined depending on the class and degree of harmfulness of working conditions.

Benefits that are due for working in harmful conditions: timely pension on special conditions, provision of milk and other products to employees, changes in working hours, monetary compensation.

For example, the usual work week is 40 hours. If there are harmful working conditions, the working week is reduced to 36 hours.

Labor legislation allows a significant reduction in hours in the presence of exposure to harmful factors.

If the length of the working week is 36 hours, one shift can last no more than 8 hours. If the working week is 30 hours, then the shift can last no more than 6 hours.

Leave for harmful working conditions

Extra leave available.

An employee of any enterprise necessarily receives a well-deserved paid vacation. Those workers whose activities are associated with hazards at work are entitled to receive additional leave. Such leave is given to the employee in addition to the main one.

Additional leave is available to those who:

works in adverse conditions, for example, in conditions of low air temperature;
is employed in an enterprise where there is a harmful effect during the performance of labor activity;
performs work of a special nature;
has an irregular work schedule.

Certificate of absence of harmful working conditions

An employee may request a certificate.

Each employee can receive a certificate in which the conditions of his work will be prescribed. You can get it by contacting the accounting department. Help is written in free form.

It must clearly spell out all the nuances of working at a particular enterprise: how harmful are the working conditions; how long should the shift be? what benefits and compensation rely for specific working conditions.

Such a certificate may contain information that the employee, due to any factors of labor activity, is entitled to special seniority and early retirement. A certificate of this nature must contain complete information about the enterprise and the employee.

It is mandatory to attach the data of job evaluations and personal card employee. Sometimes employees need a certificate stating that their work does not have a negative impact on their health. If the working conditions meet these requirements, the accounting department will issue such a certificate.

From this video you will learn about compensation payments for harmful working conditions.

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