just a tool. The same tool as the plow. ... Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railroads, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people.
Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems that all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed to make the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft become slimmer and more precise, until they finally gained their original purity and smoothness of lines ... It seems that the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to polish and to smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a certain perfection of forms, naturally developed from a kidney, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is no longer a machine. So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.
(A. de Saint-Exupery. Planet of people)
1) Find in the text any three examples of the transformational activity of people.
2) Indicate and illustrate with the help of this text any two
distinctive features human activity.
3) Is it possible to consider the process of people's labor in creating machines captured in the document as creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.
4) What is the ultimate goal of human transformation
century, according to the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.
1. Engineers, designers crucian carp or attachment mechanism. They ripped off the wing. They created the original cleanliness and smoothness of the lines of the aircraft's body. 2. Maybe the laying of railway roads and the construction of factories is a materially educational activity. And the engineer's work on the drawings is creative (after all, he first thinks and imagines everything in his thoughts) 3. It's possible. After all, designers and engineers used fantasy and imagination in their activities. And also created something new, non-standard. Definition is an activity that generates something new that did not exist before. As well as combine the hands of already known knowledge for the sake of a new result. 4. .... according to the author, an invention (object, ...) is brought to perfection, as if created by nature itself.
Reply
Point out and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinctive features of human activity.
Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.
It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. (...) the car is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow.
(...) Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railroads, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people. (...)
Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems that all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed to make the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft become slimmer and more precise, until they finally gained their original purity and smoothness of lines (...). It seems as if the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but some kind of perfection of forms, naturally developed from the kidney , mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.
So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.
(A. de Saint-Exupery. "Planet of people")
Explanation.
The correct answer should contain two distinctive features of human activity, illustrated by the text.
Goal setting (all this was created to serve people)
Practical utility (Airplane is not a goal, it is just a weapon. Such a weapon, like a plow. Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously)
Creative, creative activity (All the labors of a person - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings ... are manifested in external simplicity ...)
Impact on the environment by specially manufactured means of labor. (railroads, oil drilling).
Other distinguishing features of human activity can be given.
Elements of the answer can be given in other formulations that are close in meaning.
C1–C4. Work with text.
Consciousness and activity
Like animal activity, activity is an information-directed process that involves the ability to navigate in the environment - to perceive meaningful messages, process them into command codes of behavior that cause, direct and control the physical reaction of the system ...
The informational behavior of a person is determined by consciousness, which is the highest form of development of the psyche of animals with a nervous system, capable of feeling, perceiving and representing the surrounding reality ...
Human consciousness is based on the ability to verbal-logical, "verbal" thinking, which is built on top of the system of conditional and unconditioned reflexes of behavior and completes the simplest forms of "prological" - visual-effective and visual-figurative thinking.
...Any "become" person, unlike an animal, has a certain minimum of abstract thinking, which allows him to display the environment through logical models, ideal patterns of action, relatively independent, independent of momentary behavioral situations.
The result of such work of consciousness is the presence in human activity of a special kind of goals, different from the objective goals of the adaptive activity of animals. We are talking about the conscious goals of activity related to the ability of a person to analyze the situation, i.e. reveal the implicit, not amenable to "live observation" causal relationships of its significant components ... This ability allows people to anticipate the results of their activities in advance, plan them, i.e. think over the most expedient ways of achieving them in the given conditions.
K.Kh. Momjian
3. Which of the two concepts - purposefulness and expediency - should be attributed to human activity? Justify your answer based on this text, as well as knowledge from the social science course.
4. Give the words of the text, which reflect the connection between consciousness and speech. Based on knowledge from the course of social science, show the importance of language for the joint activities of people.
C1–C4. Work with text.
Read the text and complete tasks C1-C4
It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. ... the car is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow.
... Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railroads, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people ...
Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems as if all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed so that the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft became more and more slender and chased, until they finally gained the original purity and smoothness of the lines ... It seems that the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and to smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a certain perfection of forms, naturally developed from a kidney, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.
So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.
A. de Saint-Exupery
1. Find in the text and write down any three examples of human transformational activity.
2. Point out and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinctive features of human activity.
3. Can the process of people's labor in creating machines captured in the document be called creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.
4. What is the ultimate goal of human transformative activity in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.
List four differences between humans and animals.
Name any three factors of socialization of the individual. (Another option: List any three social institutions that contribute to the socialization of the individual).
What meaning do social scientists invest in the concept of “human freedom”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about human freedom.
According to a number of researchers, human intelligence is characterized by a number of abilities. These include, in particular, the ability to deductive thinking.
Give two examples of deductive reasoning. What other intellectual ability of a person can you name?
C6. specification task.
Use the example of studying any school subject to reveal the three main characteristics of learning as an activity.
C6. specification task.
Scientists refer to the characteristics of personality as a person's relationship with other people. Explore the various manifestations of these relationships with the help of three examples from the life of your peer. In each case, first indicate the type of relationship, and then give an example.
C7. Task-task.
Domestic scientist-psychologist B.G. Ananiev and his followers argued that every person who was not subjected to artificial isolation in the first months of life (like a Mowgli child) is a person. Do you share this point of view? Give three reasons to support your opinion.
C7. Task-task.
It is known that the behavior of an animal in its main features is genetically programmed. As a result of social history, many human instincts have been shaken and erased. In the words of A. Pieron, "humanity has freed itself from the despotism of heredity." What is the manifestation of man's freedom from the "despotism of heredity"? Formulate three statements.
C7. Task-task.
The ability to act effectively in a non-standard situation, to find the optimal solution to a problem is not inherent in a person, like in an animal, in the genetic program, in instincts, but is acquired in ontogenesis, in the process of activity. Name any two activities that contribute to the development of this skill. Explain how to use it in non-standard situations.
C7. Task-task.
Considering the game as a kind of activity, the researchers characterize it as spontaneous, ever-renewing, changing, modernizing. Based on the course and social experience, give three evidences of the variability of the game as an activity.
You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the problem "Biological and social in man". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.
C8. Plan a response.
You have to speak at a school conference on the topic "Human activity in its diversity." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.
C8. Plan a response.
You are preparing for a test in social science on the topic "Socialization of the individual." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.
Compound tasks with fragments of original texts (option C)
Text #1
It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. / ... / a machine is not an end. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow.
/…/ Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railroads, built factories, oil wells were seething. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people./…/
Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems as if all the labors of the man-creator of machines, all his calculations, all his sleepless nights over drawings, only manifest themselves in outward simplicity; as if needed
there was the experience of many generations, so that the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft became more and more slender and chased, until they finally gained their original purity and smoothness of the lines /… /. It seems as if the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but some kind of perfection of forms, naturally developed from the kidney , mysteriously merged and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.
So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. With the simplest tools, little by little, the visible signs of the mechanism were erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the same is true of the car - using it, you gradually forget about it.
(A. de Saint-Exupery)
1. Find in the text any three examples of human transformational activity.
2. Indicate and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinctive features of human activity.
3. Is it possible to call the process of people's labor to create machines, recorded in a document, creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.
4. What is the ultimate goal of the transformational activity of a person in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.
Text No. 2
Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" (extracts)
Article 14. General requirements for the content of education
ensuring self-determination of the individual, creating conditions for its self-realization;
development of society;
strengthening and improvement of the rule of law;
adequate to the world level of the general and professional culture of the society;
formation of a student's picture of the world adequate to the modern level of knowledge and the level of the educational program (degree of education);
integration of personality into national and world culture;
the formation of a person and a citizen integrated into the society of his day and aimed at improving this society;
reproduction and development of the personnel potential of the society.
3. Vocational education at any level should ensure the acquisition of a profession and relevant qualifications.
State educational authorities ensure the development of exemplary educational programs based on state educational standards.
6. Educational institutions, in accordance with their goals and objectives, may implement additional educational programs and provide additional educational services (on a contractual basis) outside the educational programs that determine its status.
1. What guidelines does the Law of the Russian Federation put before the content of education?
2. What rights of participants in the educational process (students, educational institutions) are named in this fragment?
3. What are the three possible education options listed in the text of the law? Name them and illustrate with examples.
4. How do you understand the idea that education contributes to the improvement and strengthening of the rule of law? Give three examples to support your answer.
Text #3
The spiritual sphere appears before us as the most exalted /…/ Here spiritual needs are born, starting with the most elementary and ending with the most refined /…/; here the production of ideas unfolds /…/; here, to a large extent, their consumption also takes place /.../
For the sake of satisfying spiritual needs, spiritual production is carried out, the single, general goal of spiritual production is the reproduction of social consciousness and its integrity.
Among the functions of spiritual production, we single out, first of all, spiritual activity aimed at improving all other spheres of society (economic, political, social).
However, the process of spiritual production cannot be considered complete as soon as new ideas, applied and fundamental, are received. Here everything is the same as in material production: the product must reach the consumer, that is, go through the stages of distribution and exchange, which in spiritual production take on a specific form. In this regard, we can talk about the function of producing knowledge about these ideas in the dissemination (transmission) of this knowledge. This function is carried out by general education and higher schools, cultural and educational institutions, and the media.
There is another important function of spiritual production - production public opinion. It is not difficult to guess that this function is inseparable from the function of production and distribution of knowledge, as if woven into it, while singling it out as a relatively independent one, we emphasize the important circumstance that the ideological moment is more clearly expressed in it.
1. Name the three elements of the spiritual sphere of public life, highlighted by the author.
2. Based on the content of the text, name the goal and any two functions of spiritual production.
3. Give one example of spiritual activity aimed at improving the economic, social and political spheres of public life.
Text #4
What is crime? In the most general form, as formulated by criminological science, crime is not the sum of crimes, but a massive, historically changing, relatively independent social and legal phenomenon that obeys certain laws, has its own reasons ... To understand the nature of crime, it is important to keep in mind that it reflects the characteristics , contradictions and deformations of social life. It is legitimate to say that crime is an extreme expression of the contradictions of social development, entailing such negative consequences for society and its members that none of the other phenomena of the social process entails. Crime damages economic, ideological, socio-cultural and other relations in society, law and order in it, life, health, interests of the individual, "removes" its members from the normal life and creative activity of society. Crime is a social phenomenon, because it is rooted in the depths of social relations, but it is also a legal phenomenon, because only those acts that are provided for by criminal law are considered criminal ...
All human experience says that the overestimation of criminal penalties, the overabundance of criminal laws has never led to positive results in the fight against crime. Rather the opposite. Cruelty breeds reciprocal cruelty. Criminal legislation and criminal repression must be economical, reasonable and humane.
(V.I. Karpets)
2. Write out from the text a phrase containing a list of aspects of public life and the lives of citizens who are harmed by crime. Give any example that illustrates the negative impact of crime on public life or the lives of citizens.
3. Based on the text and knowledge of social science, give three arguments confirming the relationship between the level of crime and the state of society, living conditions.
4. Based on the knowledge of social science, confirm or refute the author's statement about the connection between the humanization of criminal law and the reduction of crime. Give three arguments in defense of your position.
Text #5
What do we mean by politics? This concept has an extremely broad meaning and covers all types of self-management activities. They talk about the monetary policy of the banks, about the policy of the trade union during the strike; one can speak of the school politics of an urban or rural community, the politics of corporate governance, and finally, even the politics of a smart wife who seeks to rule her husband. Of course, now we do not take such a broad concept as the basis of our reasoning. We intend in this case to speak only of the leadership or influence on the leadership of the political union, that is, in our day, the state.
So “politics” seems to mean the desire to participate in power or to influence the distribution of power, whether between states, whether within a state between the groups of people that it contains ...
The state, as well as the political unions that historically preceded it, is a relation of domination of people over people, based on legitimate (that is, considered legitimate) violence as a means ...
Any domination, as an enterprise that requires constant management, needs, on the one hand, the installation of human behavior in subordination to the masters, and on the other hand, through this subordination, the disposal of those things that, if necessary, are involved in the use of physical violence: a personal headquarters controls and material controls…
1. Write out from the text the definitions of the concept of "politics" in the broad sense and in the sense in which the author characterizes it.
2. Based on the text and knowledge of social science, indicate any three areas of modern public policy and illustrate each of them with an example.
3. What are the subjects of politics in the "extremely broad sense" are named in the text? List any four.
4. Find in the text two characteristics of the state as an institution of political power and two conditions for the exercise of power by the state. Specify them.
Text #6
In a social system, processes are constantly taking place that can lead both to the emergence of new elements and to the disappearance of previously existing elements and relationships. It's about social change.
There are two main forms of social change: evolution and revolution. The equilibrium model of social change is evolution. Even the sociologist G. Spencer defined evolution as a gradual process of the emergence of more and more complex social forms.
Revolution is a non-equilibrium model of social change. A social revolution is a way of transition to a new quality, in which the social system is in an unstable state: it is destabilized, the balance of social forces is disturbed.
Social progress should be understood as one of the forms of development of society, based on such irreversible changes in it, as a result of which the transition to a more high level material well-being and spiritual development personality.
Progress as a concept can be applied both to the system as a whole and to its individual elements. Attitudes toward the results of social progress in science are far from unambiguous. Some scholars believe that hopes for unlimited progress have not been justified, that social changes are more complex and contradictory, their types and rates are different. Perhaps stagnant, backward development of society, movement in a circle. However, the concept of "progress" is still used to characterize social change.
To determine the level of progressiveness of a society, two criteria have traditionally been used: the level of labor productivity and the degree of freedom of the individual in society. The more progressive the society, the higher these criteria.
In modern social science, both of these criteria are questioned due to the changing nature of labor (labor is becoming more and more intellectual, and therefore more difficult to quantify) and the complication of human social behavior (the phenomenon of "escape from freedom" discovered by E. Fromm). In scientific discussions about the "price of progress", the third criterion - level morality in society. Apparently, this criterion will, having developed and taken shape, become an integral criterion that reflects the most important trends in changes in social relations.
(A.B. Bezborodov, V.P. Filatov and others)
2. Explain why the attitude of scientists to the concept of "progress" is ambiguous. Give any two explanations based on the text.
3. Illustrate with examples any three properties of social progress mentioned in the text. Give one example for each property.
4. Based on the content of the text and knowledge of the course, give three confirmations that the level of morality is an integral criterion for progress.
Text #7
The first question that I will dwell on is the question of the significance of the category of activity for understanding the psyche, human consciousness.
In psychology, there are two approaches to this big problem. One of them postulates a direct dependence of the phenomena of consciousness on certain influences on a person. The main task on which the efforts of researchers were directed was to establish the quantitative dependence of sensations as elements of consciousness on stimuli. affecting the sense organs. Thus, the following principle scheme served as the starting point for these studies: “an irritant is a subjective experience”.
In behaviorism, i.e. applied to behavioral research, this approach was expressed in the famous "stimulus-response" scheme.
The limitation of the approach in question lies in the fact that for it there are, on the one hand, things, objects, and, on the other hand, a passive subject subject to influences. In other words, this approach is abstracted from the connection of the subject with the objective world, from its activity.
There are many attempts to overcome the theoretical difficulties of the considered approach. Thus, it is emphasized, for example, that the effects of external influences depend on their refraction by the subject. If a change in the internal states of the subject is implied, then this essentially does not introduce anything new. On softened ground, traces will be buried, on compacted ground, no, a hungry animal will react to food, of course, differently than a full one; and in a person who has learned to read, the letter he receives will, of course, cause a different behavior than in an illiterate person. Another thing is if the features of active processes on the part of the subject are understood.
/…/ these processes that carry out real life a person in the world around him, his social being in all the richness and diversity of its forms, i.e. his activity...
Now only one thing is important for us: that activity /…/ appears to psychology as a process in which a mental reflection of the world is generated in a person’s head, /…/ and, on the other hand, as a process that, in turn, is itself controlled by mental reflection.
(A.N.Leontiev)
1. What two approaches to understanding the psyche, human consciousness does the author write about? Based on the text, give one sentence reflecting the essence of each of them.
3. What approach to understanding the psyche, human consciousness does the author share? Based on the text, formulate any three fundamental provisions of this approach.
I have already noted that in the examination paper the elements of the two content lines "Society" and "Man" are combined into one block - module. And this gives this material a special complexity. In this article, we will consider some of the most difficult questions for graduates of the content line "Man".
This submodule contains the following questions:
man as a result of biological and social evolution; human existence; needs and interests; human activity, its main forms; thinking and activity; purpose and meaning of life; self-realization; individual, individuality, personality; socialization of the individual; inner world person; conscious and unconscious; self-knowledge; behavior; freedom and responsibility of the individual.
Brief conclusions on the section
1. Man is a creature that embodies the highest stage of development of life, an active participant in labor, social and even historical activities. With certain inclinations and education (self-education), he is able to creatively transform himself and the world around him, create new material and spiritual values. In man, the body (physical) and mind (mental) form an indissoluble unity. The separation of man from the animal world took several million years. During this time, two parallel processes took place: anthropogenesis- the formation of man and sociogenesis- the formation of society. Modern theories have combined these two processes - anthroposociogenesis. Biological nature is the only real basis on which a person is born and exists. Each separate individual, each person exists from that time until his biological nature exists and lives. But with his biological nature, man belongs to the animal world. And man is born only as an animal species of Homo Sapiens; is not born a man, but only a candidate for a man.
2.
Personality -
product of cultural rather than biological evolution. Therefore, society has a maximum influence on the individual. When they talk about a person, they mean his social individuality, uniqueness.
Personality is a person as a carrier of consciousness, endowed with a number of important social properties: the ability to learn, work, communicate with their own kind, participate in society, have spiritual interests, experience complex feelings, etc. Moreover, a person receives all these social properties under the influence of society in the process of socialization. Socialization is the process of assimilation by an individual of a certain system of knowledge, norms, values and social roles, during which the formation of a full-fledged and full member of society takes place.
Personality is the totality of the spiritual world of a person inextricably linked with his biological nature in the process of social life. A person is a being who, with knowledge of the matter, makes decisions and is responsible for his actions and behavior. The content of the individual is his spiritual world, in which the central place is occupied by the worldview.
3. Being - a category that means existence based on the position "I am". Activity is a form of activity that is not limited to adaptation to environment, but transforms it. Types of activity: practical (aimed at the transformation of real objects of nature and society) and spiritual (associated with a change in people's consciousness).
Activity structure: motive, purpose, means, actions, results.
4. Needs are a perceived and experienced by a person dependence on the conditions of his existence. Human needs can be divided into three groups:
Biological (the need for food, water, normal heat exchange, movement, procreation ...);
- social (needs for labor activity, social activity, self-realization and self-affirmation in society);
- spiritual (needs for cognition, knowledge, other elements of spiritual culture).
Another classification of human needs was proposed by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. He distinguished primary (innate) needs from secondary (acquired) needs.
The first group includes:
A) physiological (needs for the reproduction of the species, food, water, clothing, breathing, housing, rest ...);
b) existential (needs for the security of one's existence, comfort, confidence in tomorrow, in job security).
The second group includes:
A) social needs social connections communication, participation in joint activities with other people);
b) prestigious (needs for self-respect, respect from others, achievement of success, career growth);
c) spiritual (needs for self-expression).
Needs should be distinguished from the interests of people.
5. Socialization and education of the individual:
A) adaptation of a person to society (society);
b) the process of assimilation of cultural norms and development of social roles;
c) the transformation of a person into a social individual, i.e. personality.
6 . Deviant behavior - deviant behavior that is not consistent with the expectations of society regarding human behavior. By itself, the deviation, as it were, does not exist, it occurs only if there is already a norm and a pattern (standard) of behavior described by it. Any deviation is always a deviation from the standard.
Deviant behavior includes a variety of phenomena, and not necessarily negative ones. The punishment for deviant behavior depends on the severity of the violation, as well as how great its consequences are.
Deviations can be:
1) absolute (violation of norms that are fair for all members of society without exception - criminal offenses);
2) relative (actions or behavior that do not meet the expectations of only some individuals or some social groups).
Tasks for systematizing the material
Level C assignments
C1. Name at least three features of the human body that make up the biological basis of human activity as a social being.
C2. A human child at the moment of birth, according to the apt expression of A. Pieron, is not a person, but only a “candidate for a person”. Explain what A. Pieron meant by naming the child "candidate for man"? Formulate three judgments.
SZ. It is known that the behavior of an animal in its main features is genetically programmed. As a result of social history, many human instincts have been shaken and erased. According to A. Pieron, "Humanity has freed itself from the despotism of heredity". What is the manifestation of man's freedom from the "despotism of responsibility"? Formulate at least three statements.
C4. Build a logical chain based on the statement of the Russian publicist and critic V.G. Belinsky: “Without a goal there is no activity, without interests there is no goal, and without activity there is no life”.
Explain what role interests, goals, activities play in a person's life? What is the connection between them?
C5. Read the text and do the tasks for it.
It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. ... the car is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as the plow. ... Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railroads, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created in order to serve people.
Even a machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more modestly and inconspicuously. It seems that all the labors of a man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only manifest themselves in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed to make the column, the keel of the ship or the fuselage of the aircraft become slimmer and more precise, until they finally gained their original purity and smoothness of lines ... It seems that the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to polish and to smooth, to lighten and simplify the attachment mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a certain perfection of forms, naturally developed from a kidney, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. A machine at the limit of its development is no longer a machine. So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. In the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we found an object, as if created by nature itself, like pebbles turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable in the same way - using it, you gradually forget about it.
A. de Saint-Exupery. planet of people
Find in the text any three examples of the transformational activity of people.
Point out and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinctive features of human activity.
Can the process of people's labor in creating machines captured in the document be considered creative? Justify your answer with the text. Define creative activity.
What is the ultimate goal of human transformative activity, in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.
C6. The conflict between beliefs and immediate interests lies in wait for a person at every turn: the conviction that it is necessary to tell the truth, and the unwillingness to offend a person; the conviction that one must come to the aid of a person who has been attacked, and the fear that by helping, one may suffer oneself ...
Continue this list. What are the types of conflicts in this case? Are these conflicts to be avoided? How do you see the manifestation of the conscious and the unconscious in this example?
C7. Otto von Bismarck wrote: "Freedom is a luxury that not everyone can afford".
Do you agree with the author? Why?
How are freedom and necessity related? Support your answer with examples.
Answers:
C1. The correct answer may contain the following characteristics:
upright posture; developed hand; complex brain; the ability to see in three dimensions; plasticity of needs.
Other characteristics may be given.
C2. The correct answer may contain the following statements, for example:
man is a social, social, and not just biological being;
the concepts of individual - individuality - personality are different aspects of the consideration of the problem of "human", they differ;
a person becomes a personality in the process of socialization (upbringing, training, communication with his own kind);
outside of society - communication with their own kind, the development of thinking, speech is impossible.
Other reasonable judgments may also be given.
NW. The correct answer may contain the following statements:
man is a social and conscious being;
unlike the animal, it has goal-setting; a person's ability to be creative is not hereditary; a person is able to consciously control his instincts.
Other wordings of the answer are allowed.
C4. The response must contain the following items:
logical chain: interest - goal - activity - life; interests underlie the goal, the goal determines the activity and meaning of life;
the goal is what actions are taken for, the ideal of the desired result, it is based on motives determined by interests;
motives are motivations for activities related to the satisfaction of needs - biological, social, ideal;
interests play a special role in motivation - conscious needs that are essential for people, it is they that give the value meaning of human activity.
Other formulations of positions are allowed that do not distort the meaning of the answer.
C5. The content of the correct answers to the tasks to the text.
1) Can be specified: the creation of machines, tools, mechanisms, railways, factories, oil wells.
2) The answer can indicate and illustrate, based on the text, such features of human activity as: expediency, practical usefulness, the presence of a result; conscious, productive, transformative, social nature of activity.
3) The correct answer must be affirmative; argument: the author describes the emergence of a new, more perfect quality of the results of human labor;
creative activity should be defined as an activity, as a result of which something new, which did not exist before, appears.
4) According to the author, “all this was created in order to serve people”; the ultimate goal of any transformational activity is service to people. For example: labor activity aimed at meeting the fundamental needs of people.
Other examples may be given.
C6. The correct answer is as follows:
there may be a conflict between desires and possibilities; between conscience and desire; duty and mood, etc.;
we are talking about internal conflicts;
in this case, we are talking about a conflict between unconscious feelings, intuition, the source of which is conscience, and reason (consciousness), sometimes evaluating our good deeds as inappropriate, unprofitable, and sometimes stupid.
Other formulations are allowed without distorting the meaning.
C7. With an affirmative answer to the first question, it should be indicated that freedom is the ability to choose a method of action to achieve some goal, which depends on a person, his education, upbringing, attitudes, motives, interests.
In the second answer, definitions of freedom and necessity in human activity should be given. Necessity is the dependence of the individual on objective circumstances. The freedom of a person implies his responsibility to society for his actions and deeds. For example, being late for classes entails censure, violation of traffic rules is fraught with consequences. As freedom develops, the measure of responsibility increases. Today there is a shift in the center of gravity of responsibility from the collective to the individual. When answering the second question, both the knowledge of the concepts of the social science course and their application for the analysis of specific situations (examples) are equally important.
Used materials:1. Codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of training of graduates of educational institutions for the 2011 unified state exam in social studies.
2. Analytical report on the results of the USE in 2010. Social science. (www.fipi.ru/view/sections/138/docs/522.html)
3. Open segment FBTZ. Social studies - (www.fipi.ru/view)
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