2.General concept management. Management as a social phenomenon. Types and categories of management.
The term management comes from the Latin word administracio and has many meanings. In its broadest sense, it means leading something or someone.
Control means to lead something or someone. It is carried out in organized systems of any nature in order to ensure the proper organization of the system and the necessary mode of its functioning, and, ultimately, the achievement of the tasks facing the system. Management is carried out in technical, biological and social systems.
Despite many fundamental differences in technical, biological and social systems, the control mechanism for these systems is the same and is associated with a certain impact. control subject (management subject) to a managed object (management object). Management will be real only when the object obeys the subject (either voluntarily or forcibly).
Currently, the following types of controlled systems are generally recognized:
1) mechanical (control of machines, technological processes, etc.);
2) biological (management of processes in living organisms);
3) social (managing the behavior of people and their teams).
The most difficult type of management is the management of social systems.
Under social management(management of social systems) is understood as the impact on the community of people in order to streamline society, improve and develop it, and achieve the tasks facing people. The objective need for social management is due to the social nature of people's existence: their work, other relationships, communication, interaction.
SIGNS OF SOCIAL MANAGEMENT
1. Social management is necessary whenever joint activities of people, to ensure its coordination and regulation, consistency of individual actions.
2. Human actions are conscious. And an essential sign of social control is the impact on the will. Hence the object of social control is behavior participants in the collective activity of people, the relationship between them.
3. Management is possible both vertically and horizontally.
Social management is subdivided intopublic administrationandnon-state administration.
Non-state management is carried out by local governments, the administration of non-governmental organizations and public associations citizens.
I know administrative law the focus is on public administration.
The object of control is various systems and their components (people, phenomena, events, etc.).
The subjects of management are always people. There are two groups of control subjects:
1) sole proprietors; 2) collegiate (groups of people).
The content of management is the legal relationship that arises in the course of management activities, including the impact on objects by coordinating, directing various actions, processes by the subject of management through the application of appropriate methods and mechanisms. 3. State administration, public administration and executive power as categories that determine the essence of administrative law.
Public administration - in a broad sense - the activities of all state bodies for the implementation of the assigned powers, in a narrow sense - by-law, legally imperious activities of executive authorities Russian Federation and its subjects to exercise the assigned powers.
signs government controlled:
This is a type of state management activity;
The activity is legally authoritative, executive-administrative in nature;
Activities are carried out continuously, continuously and according to plan;
Activities are carried out on the basis of and in pursuance of laws (legislative activities);
It is characterized by the presence of vertical (hierarchical) and horizontal links;
It is carried out in various forms (legal and non-legal);
Provided through a system of guarantees;
Violation of managerial activity entails the onset of negative consequences (legal restrictions).
Target public administration - the expected results that the subject seeks in the implementation of managerial activities. There are the following management objectives:
1) socio-economic - streamlining public life and satisfaction of the public interest; achieving economic well-being, building and maintaining a certain system of economic relations;
2) political - participation in the management of all political forces in the country, the development of positive proposals and processes in society and the state that contribute to the improvement of state and public structures, human development;
3) security - ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, legality in society, public order and public safety, the necessary level of well-being;
4) organizational and legal - the formation of a legal system that contributes to the implementation of all the main functions of the state.
Principles public administration - fundamental ideas, guiding principles.
General (social and legal) principles:
Democracy - the people are the only source of power; he exercises power both directly and through executive authorities; control over the activities of executive authorities is carried out by legislative and judicial authorities, the prosecutor's office, as well as the population (public control);
Legitimacy - the activities of the executive authorities should be based on the exact and strict observance and implementation of the Constitution and laws, the compliance of the attached regulatory legal acts with acts of higher legal force;
Objectivity - in the implementation of management activities, it is necessary to adequately perceive the ongoing processes, establish existing patterns and take them into account when making management decisions and their implementation;
Specificity - the implementation of management should be built taking into account specific life circumstances, i.e. in accordance with the real state of the management object and the resource of the management subject;
Separation of powers - the division of state power into legislative, executive and judicial with the assignment of specific functions to them in the prescribed manner;
Federalism - the activities of executive authorities are based on the normative consolidation of the delineation of competence and jurisdiction between the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
Efficiency - the achievement of the goals of management activities should be carried out with minimal effort, money and time.
Organizational principles:
Sectoral - the implementation of management activities, the organization of the management system is built taking into account the generality of the management object, which forms a certain industry (management of industry, transport, communications, agro-industrial complex, education, healthcare, etc.);
Territorial - the formation of a management system is based on a territorial basis (administrative-territorial division);
Functional - bodies and apparatuses of executive power carry out general subordinate management functions (finance, statistics, employment, etc.);
Dual subordination - a combination of the principles of centralized leadership, taking into account territorial conditions;
The combination of unity of command and collegiality is the most important questions concerning the fundamental aspects of management activities are taken collectively, and operational, current, not requiring collegial consideration, are decided individually.
public administration- the impact of the subject of management on society (social processes of relations) in accordance with the socially significant functions and powers assigned to it. The word "public" means public, open, public, not private.
The executive power is a relatively independent branch of the unified state power, closely interacting with its legislative and judicial branches. Executive power (i.e., the ability and ability to exert a decisive influence on behavior, the right and ability to subordinate others to oneself) is realized not by itself, but in relations with various individual and collective elements of a state-organizational society on a national scale and as a specific state enforcement functions.
State administration, public administration and executive power determine the essence of administrative law, because:
1.AP, its norms are designed to regulate social relations that arise in the process of exercising executive power, exercising public administration. Therefore, administrative law is called the right of management, or management law, because the content of the activities of executive authorities and executive bodies of local self-government is precisely state, or “public” management.
2. The AP is designed to regulate social relations that arise between the individual and the state, between the citizen and the executive authorities, ensuring the implementation and protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens in the field of public administration, their protection from possible arbitrariness, infringement or restriction of these rights and freedoms by the or other government official.
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Management is a universal category, used in various senses: in technical, biological, social. Management in the social sense determines the management of the social processes of society or the processes of social development.
Social sciences, including legal ones, study one of the types of management - social management. Society is an integral organism with a complex structure, with various kinds of individual manifestations, as well as with functions of a general nature.
Signs of social management:
Firstly, social management exists only where the joint activity of people is manifested.
Secondly, social management, by its main purpose, has an ordering effect on participants. joint activities, which gives organization to the interaction of people.
Thirdly, social management has as the main object of influence the behavior (actions) of participants in joint activities, their relationships.
Fourthly, social management, acting as a regulator of people's behavior, achieves this goal within the framework of public relations, which are essentially managerial relations.
Fifthly, social management is based on a certain subordination of the will of people - participants in managerial relations.
Sixth, social management needs a special mechanism for its implementation, which is personified by the subjects of management.
Due to the fact that subjects and objects social activities are the people themselves, their associations, social groups and even entire classes, then in social management it is customary to distinguish three mandatory elements:
1) the object of control - the behavior of people, their actions, i.e. who (what) is controlled;
2) the subject of management is the people themselves, since management is carried out by people and in relation to people, i.e. those who govern;
3) direct and feedback between the subjects and the object of management, the content of which is the organizing influence on the part of the subject on the behavior of people - participants in managerial social relations.
Social management in society can be represented in two ways:
public administration(organizational impact of the state on the development of processes and relations in society by power-legal methods);
non-state (public) management (carried out by non-state organizations, public associations, trade unions, etc.
Distinguish public administration in a broad and narrow sense.
Public administration in a broad sense is the regulatory activity of the state as a whole (the activities of representative authorities, executive authorities, prosecutors, courts, etc.). Public administration in a broad sense characterizes all the activities of the state in terms of organizing the influence of special subjects of law on social relations.
Public administration in the narrow sense is the executive and administrative activity of executive authorities.
Public administration is characterized by the following:
a) in its direct implementation, the interests of the state are realized;
b) the object of its influence is the whole organized society as a whole;
c) management functions are implemented by social subjects formed at the will of the state;
d) such subjects of management act on behalf of the state;
e) in order to exercise their powers, they are endowed with state will (power).
Among the characteristic features of public administration, the following can be distinguished:
Public administration is a special type of activity for the implementation of state executive power, which differs from the activity for the implementation of legislative and representative power in form, methods and content;
State administration is carried out by special bodies of state executive power, which are created by the state both at the level of the Russian Federation and in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and form a system of state administration bodies;
executive and administrative nature of management activities;
legally-imperious nature of management;
Daily and continuous nature of management;
legality and accountability of state administration.
Executive Power:
concept and relationship with public administration
Executive power as a legal category appeared in the domestic science of administrative law in the early 1990s. 20th century and was enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation in Art. 10, which establishes that "state power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of the separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial."
Signs of executive power, allowing to distinguish it from other branches of power:
1) the executive branch is a relatively independent branch of the unified state power of the Russian Federation, closely interacting with the legislative and judicial;
2) the executive power is independent, but only in the functional-competent sense. Its functions are related to practical implementation laws on a national scale (execution), for which a certain part of state power is used;
3) executive power - an indispensable attribute of the state-imperious mechanism, built on the principles of separation of powers;
4) executive power, like any other manifestation of power, is the ability and ability to exert a decisive influence on activity, behavior, the right and ability to subordinate others to one's will. It is distinguished by the fact that it is implemented in relation to various elements a state-organized society, i.e., on a national scale, and as a specific state function of a law enforcement nature;
5) executive power, being a branch of the unified state power, cannot be identified with the type of state activity. The corresponding type of such activity is not power itself, but only the form of its implementation;
6) executive power, expressed in a special type of state activity, is inherently law enforcement, and law enforcement, as a rule, is of a positive nature;
7) executive power has a certain subjective expression. This means that it is personified in the activities of special subjects endowed with executive competence, executive authorities;
8) executive power is not a system of organs, but their Practical activities;
9) the executive power is characterized by the fact that at the direct disposal of its subjects are the weight of the most essential attributes of state power, such as: finance; the most important means of communication; army and other military units, police, internal and external security services, etc.1
The essence of executive power lies in its organizing and administrative nature, and it is realized through the implementation of public administration.
Thus, the executive power is one of the branches of power, expressed in the implementation of the executive
administrative activities by specially authorized bodies of the state, aimed at the practical implementation of laws and other regulations.
Topic number 1. Management. Public administration.
Executive power.
Related questions:
1. General concept of control. Management as a social phenomenon.
2. Public administration.
3. Executive power: concept, mechanism, correlation with public administration.
General concept of management.
Control- this is a purposeful and constant process of influence of the subject of management on the object of management.
To manage means to “direct”, “to lead someone or something”, to execute and dispose. In the 60s of the twentieth century, a new scientific direction was formed - cybernetics, the subject of which was the control processes in various areas. This science studies the issues of management, communication, control, regulation, reception, storage and processing of information in any complex dynamic systems.
In connection with the foregoing, it becomes necessary to disclose the content of the manual and its functional purpose. From the point of view of theoretical and practical positions, the following can be done. conclusions:
First, management is a function of organized systems of various nature (biological, technical, social) that ensure their integrity.
Secondly, management serves the interests of the interaction of the elements that make up this or that system and represent a single whole with tasks common to all elements.
Thirdly, management is the internal quality of an integral system, the main elements of which are the subject (managing element) and the object (managed element), which constantly interact with each other.
Fourthly, management involves not only the internal interaction of elements, but also external, which involves the implementation of managerial functions of both an intra-system and inter-system nature.
Fifth, control in its essence is reduced to the control action of the subject on the object.
Sixth, control is real when there is a certain subordination of the object to the subject of control. Hence the power of control.
Seventh, in the management process, its functions find their direct expression, indicating that management has a functional structure.
Management functions are the main activities of the subject of management. Among them are:
1) Information Support activities government agencies;
2) forecasting and modeling;
3) planning;
4) organization;
5) coordination;
6) regulation;
7) management;
8) leadership;
9) control.
Management as a social phenomenon.
The main features that characterize the general concept of management are fully acceptable for understanding management in social sphere, where people and their various associations act as subjects and objects of management.
Firstly, social management exists only where the joint activity of people is manifested.
Secondly, social management, with its main purpose, has a streamlining effect on the participants in joint activities, giving organization to the interaction of people.
Thirdly, social management has as the main object of influence the behavior of participants in joint activities, their relationships.
Fourth, social management acts as a regulator of people's behavior.
Fifthly, social management is based on a certain subordination of the wills of people, where the will of the rulers takes precedence over the will of the ruled. Hence the power of social control. Consequently, power is a specific means that ensures that the will of the governed is followed by the will of the rulers.
Sixth, social management needs a special mechanism for its implementation, which is personified by the subjects of management.
Social management in society is divided into two types:
1) state (management of state affairs);
2) non-state(management of affairs of private organizations, public formations).
Management, understood in the social sense, is diverse. In its broadest form, it can be understood as a mechanism for organizing public relations.
Social management also has a special meaning. In this version, it is usually characterized as public administration, which is understood as a type of state activity that is different from its other manifestations.
Topic 1. Basic concepts of management
The first lecture introduces students to the basic concepts that are used in management. We use the word "management" in a variety of its meanings. You can manage the car and the enterprise. We use the word "management" only in relation to socio-economic systems, namely, an enterprise, an organization, a team of people. Management activities – specific kind labor, the result of which is the decision and actions to implement it. Managerial work exists in a wide variety of forms: heuristic, administrative, operator work.
The most complete, in our opinion, is the definition of the concept of "management", proposed by the professor of the Ural State Technical University L.D. Gitelman in his book Transformative Management. The main task of management is to ensure effective management of the organization in a changing environment.
After studying the material of the lecture, try to answer the questions posed.
Lecture plan:
1. Management as an activity.
2. Types of management.
3. Management science or art?
4. Definition of the concept of "Management".
5. Tasks of management.
6. Management functions.
7. Principles of management.
8. Questions and tasks.
Management is diverse, there is technical management- control of machines and mechanisms; public administration - the management of people's lives through various institutions; ideological management - the introduction of various concepts into the consciousness of society; management of social processes - movement in defense of peace; economic management - management of production and economic activities.
Under management is understood as the influence of the leader on his object, aimed at achieving the goal.
Control object has spatial and temporal boundaries. This is a part of the environment, the company's personnel, to which (whom) specific management actions (processes) are directed.
Subject of management- a leader, a group of persons, an organization, a unit that manages, develops management decisions.
Subject of management activity– individual, a living person, through him the managerial decision is realized.
The subjects of management activity are managers of various ranks and performers. The need to manage the organization is determined by the needs: to plan work; arrange staff and coordinate their actions; accept best solutions; to activate and stimulate the activity of the staff; to control and record the work performed; analyze the results and apply it to improve performance. The listed needs of managerial influence are extremely complex. They should reflect the interests of the population, the organization's personnel, the patterns of economic development, the intricacies of financing and lending, the mysteries of foresight and risk. It becomes especially difficult to manage an organization in a modern market system. Organization management in a market economy is called management.
Management activities- this is a specific kind of labor process and is characterized by its inherent elements: the subject of labor (information, decisions); means of labor
(computers, pens ... people); labor itself (complex, brainwork); its results (achievement of the set goals). managerial labor exists in the following forms. Heuristic involves the analysis and study of problems, the development of solutions, mainly of a strategic nature; typical for managers of various levels and specialists. Administrative labor - the destiny of managers, involves the current coordination and evaluation of the activities of subordinates, is carried out in the form of: orders (oral, written, for the execution of decisions made); control over the work of subordinates; information exchange. Operator labor aimed at technical support of production and management processes with the necessary information, covers such activities as: documentation (formulation, reproduction, storage of documents); accounting (collection of statistical information); communicative and technical (information processing).
A.S. Matveev
Management in the structure of social action
The modern world, as a single "living" system, consists of many institutions (families, states, etc.) that function due to the interconnection and interpenetration of each other. Imagine how inefficient the educational process of an individual would be in isolation from his upbringing in the family and his socialization as a subject of society.
But in the context of the constant acceleration of world development, which is expressed in the unthinkable speed of progress (only 10 years ago it was almost a fantasy to hold in the palm of your hand a device that containsinternet, digital television,GPSnavigation, a video camera, a mobile phone, and much more), the scale of increasing scientific and practical knowledge, which is simultaneously covered in the media (the hadron collider and discussions about the formation, in connection with this, of a black hole on planet Earth), transnational corporations, where People of completely different religious concessions work side by side, when the cultural isolation of the subject is lost, it is more and more difficult for the individual to integrate, to socialize in this vast ocean called the World. Imagine that huge flow of information that every minute, starting from the very awakening, a person receives, processes and remembers (this problem is devoted to the work of Toffler Futurochok ).
At higher levels of functioning (for example, political organizations), this system also works due to well-built organizational links between parts of the system. This system requires constant attention and control for successful operation, because incorrectly built connections, incorrect presentation of information by the managing entity can lead to global cataclysms, a wave of protest against the current political regime (for example, information about the demolition of the Berlin Wall).
Since ancient times, man, as a thinking being, has been striving to adapt the nature and reality around him for the most convenient existence (Greek “manus” - hand, manage). Since ancient times, management has been associated with the forcible subjugation of individual consciousness in order to achieve collective interests. Hammurabi is a code of laws, consisting of 282 articles affecting in its regulation all spheres of society.
Management like separate view knowledge, stood out from the structure of scientific knowledge and became widespread only in the middle of the 19th - beginning. 20th century and was associated with the works of A. Fayol, F. Taylor, G. Ford, L. Urvik, Frank and Lillian Gilbraith and others. It was then that 4 main management functions were identified: planning, organization, motivation and control.
There are a huge number of definitions of management in the scientific literature, which is constantly increasing with the arrival of new authors in the scientific theory of management, due to the fact that management itself (as a kind of tool for achieving goals) is at the intersection of several sciences. Thus, a specialist in the field of sociology of labor, having given his definition of management, will be just as right as a specialist in the field of financial analysis, which defines the concept of "portfolio management". The concretization of the concept, the narrowing or generalization of the definition depends on the tasks that are supposed to be solved. Let us give a general definition for the concept of "management" in the philosophical aspect.
Management - actionssubject reality aimed at change and manipulationobjects and subjects of this (but no other)reality ( control systems ) according to a predeterminedprogram ( approach , worked outprinciples , concepts , "mortgaged"genetically and othersinevitable factors ).
This is the most common processconscious activities carried outsentient beings . The essence of management is manifested in the fact that it is a specific type of human activity that arose as a need and a necessary condition for achieving results in individual and joint activities.Management efficiency is determined byto what extent it is correctly understood and in fact ensuredinteraction of conscious guiding activity and lenslaws of development of social production.The task of the subjects of management is to, having learnedobjective laws, consciously, in strict accordance with them,affect the controlled object.Management is an element of organized systems of various nature (biological, social, technical) and its products are connections: positions, dependencies, structures, as well as objects such as target groups, organizations, social institutions.
There are 2 types of management, similar in functions, achieved tasks (missions), but different in methods of implementation and implementation of management decisions. This is the management of firms and social management.
"Social management is a complex type of activity associated with the voluntary or forcible subordination of people to common interests, ensuring the existence of social organizations and the solution of complex social problems" .
Social management aims to streamline the organization of the system, achieve optimal functioning and development, and achieve the set goal.
At the same time, social problems are understood as situations that are incompatible with the values of the majority (or a significant number) of the members of the organization, or deviations from generally accepted social norms. The concept of a social problem serves to express the corresponding social need.
How can such a strict science of management help in the development of society, in resolving interpersonal conflicts? To understand the essence of a phenomenon (for example, society), it is necessary to understand its structure.
Like any natural structure, the structure of society includes not only individual elements, parts in the form of individuals and their associations, but also their properties and relationships, which allow us to separate some social objects from others. There is no and cannot be a society without certain groups, associations of people, as well as without separate individuals acting as further indivisible "social atoms", "first bricks" of social life. Man acquired his basic generic qualities as a collective being. Therefore, man and society have always been and will be inextricably linked with each other, like two sides of the same coin. But still man and society are different phenomena, they are far from being identical to each other. Just as a living organism has properties that none of the many cells that make it up have, so society is not only something more than a single individual, but also something more complex than the simple sum of all its constituent individuals. Therefore, each social community is not only a set of individual qualities of its constituent people, but also a set of some of its own qualities that none of its constituent individuals have and which give this community its originality, uniqueness.
Thus, the social structure of society is an inseparable unity of two main components: 1) it is a set of individuals, people, their associations, 2) a set of interactions, connections, relations between people and social groups.
It should be noted that the study of social relationships turned out to be much more difficult for sociologists than the study of individuals, their organizations and associations, which were not so difficult to detect and study. The fact is that the connections and relationships between people are invisible, incorporeal, immaterial. So, any interaction of individuals is a kind of integral system, the functioning of which works due to the built organizational connection. For example, the simplest communication model includes: a communicator (who transmits?), a message (what transmits?), a recipient (to whom does it transmit?), a channel (how does it transmit?), a reaction (what is the effect of the transmission?).
The first ideas about organic integrity, systemic nature and society originated already in ancient philosophy. So, in ancient Chinese philosophy (Lao Tzu, Confucius) they were defined by the category of Tao, and in ancient Greek (Plato, Aristotle) - by the concept of Logos. Both of these concepts expressed the same idea about the orderliness, organization of the world, the organic unity of its constituent parts, heaven and earth, nature and society, personality and power.
But the thinkers of the 19th-20th centuries developed the problem of systematicity most deeply: Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Pitirim Sorokin, Talcott Parsons and others. They deserve the merit of a detailed development of the basic concepts of modern social philosophy.
An element or part of society is the smallest particle of a social system or some combination of them. Elements and parts can be either individuals or their associations, or certain relations between them, as well as organizations and institutions arising from these relations.
Relations are understood as a certain connection, interdependence between parts, elements of society. Relationships are a kind of invisible cementing material that unites people into a society, turns it into an integral monolith.
The structure, therefore, can be defined as a historically established form of organization of society, internal order, consistency of its various parts.
When characterizing social life the paired categories "subject" and "object" are often used. They are closely related, although they are opposite in meaning.
The subject in social philosophy is understood as a person or group acting as a carrier of activity directed at an object, which is a more passive phenomenon.
Both things and people can act as an object. But in any case, the object is understood as a phenomenon, to which the activity of the subject, cognitive or subject-practical, is directed at the given moment.
And finally, a generalizing concept of social philosophy -
category social structure covers the entire set of connections and relationships social subjects(about certain objects) that form an integral social organism.
Already this list of basic categories, with the help of which modern philosophy describes the social organism, reveals that the social system differs significantly from natural systems.
For social philosophy, the study of human activity is one of the main tasks. But human activity is the result of interaction in social system, i.e. in society. Effective interaction depends on well-built organizational links between the subjects of interaction.Efficiency of social or joint labor of peopleis ensured by the presence of management as a mandatory compositionelement of total labor performing special functionsin the overall production process. From the implementation of management tothe efficiency and effectiveness of joint actions depend largely. Production as a whole as a system involvesmanagement of means of labor and management of employees.
It is well known that the development of society is carried out with the necessary participation of a person, his conscious activity, as a result of which transformative activity is often associated with the movement of the social form of matter. But it is obvious that the general theoretical category of activity has a certain divisibility into various types and forms.
In this regard, the study of the phenomenon of social activity is presented as the study of one of the forms of conscious human activity, the specificity of which lies in the disclosure of the essence of "social" as its definition, i.e. relevant area of activity.
Obviously, the rapidity of social changes in the age of information and technological revolutions activates the process of scientific reflection, dictates the need for a significant adjustment of the initial social science postulates, which naturally raises the question of transforming the conceptual and categorical system in terms of expanding its differentiating and integrating capabilities.
The relevance of the development of the philosophical foundations of social activity, the appeal to its heuristic and methodological potential is dictated by the needs of modeling, forecasting the phenomena of social life, constructing the actual subjective foundations of activity in a complex social system.
The problem of activity, including social activity, occupied one of the central places in Western theoretical sociology and social philosophy of Marxism. If in the first case the problem of social activity ( social action) was a logical consequence of understanding the nature of Western liberalism, then Marxism synthesized this concept from the categories of "activity", "practice", "social practice".
The study of social activity in the tradition of Western theoretical sociology is due to the emergence of so-called theories of social action. In particular, F. Znanetsky and M. Weber proceeded from general nominalistic ideas related to the transfer of the analysis of social reality to the micro level - to the plane of interaction between individuals and small social groups. At the same time, the social action was made by the presence of a reaction to it from the side of another subject. T. Parsons and J. Habermas tried to overcome the subjectivist understanding of determinative moments in social action, revealing the objective factors of its formation.
In the domestic socio-philosophical thought, the consideration of social activity as a phenomenon of social reality and the corresponding philosophical category for a long time did not find proper support. Only from the second half of the 1960s and 70s did studies begin to appear that somehow addressed this problem - in connection with the development of the concepts of "social relations", "public relations", " social form matter”, etc. In the works of the most authoritative authors (I.V. Boichenko, A.V. Drozdov, S.A. Kislov, V.I. Kutsenko, M.V. Lashina, M.N. Perfiliev, Yu.K. .Pletnikov , V.P. Ratnikov, V.P. Rozhin, M.N. Rutkevich, T.I. Yashchuk and others) social activity was usually associated with the interaction of social subjects - social communities (class, nation, nationality, gender , tribe, family).
Analysis of the concept of social activity is determined by two main factors. Firstly, the inclusion in the context of general philosophical knowledge, its methodology, methods of cognition and description of reality. Secondly, the specifics and definitions of social philosophy proper, which, according to the just statement of V.S. Barulin, "...is associated with a double - sociological and philosophical - interpretation of each individual law and category" .
We proceed from the fact that - precisely because of integrativity - within the framework of social philosophy, there are two complementary levels of research. 1) Within sociological boundaries, social philosophy deals with the study of the phenomena of social life: their forms, content, structure, patterns of development, methods of implementation, etc. This aspect of the study makes it possible to identify and systematize the main categorical-conceptual schemes that reflect social reality in its interrelations; view society as a whole organism.
2) The philosophical content of this scientific discipline is determined by the ability to penetrate into the essence of the phenomenon.
The purpose of this level of research is to identify the determinative moments of the objective and subjective, which determine the way the organization and functioning of social objects, as well as the ratio of material and ideal components as the backbone of this object.
Activity is defined as a specifically human form of an active relationship to the surrounding world, the content of which is the expedient development and transformation of this world. This content is realized by the main structural elements of social activity, which are already present in its simplest individual form, that is, in the interaction of a person with a thing or with another person.
The first element in the structure of any social action, the most important and necessary factor of any activity is a person, people, individuals. Without man, no social activity is possible. He is the active side of this activity, its subject - this is determined solely by the presence of his consciousness and will, the conscious setting of a goal and ways to achieve it.
The second element of social action is the objects of activity - things that, in turn, are clearly divided into two subgroups. One of them is tools and means of material production. In other words, this group of objects of activity includes all things with the help of which a person changes environment in order to adapt it to their diverse needs.
Another group of objects are means that are no less necessary for human activity than things, but do not have a material, material character. These objects of activity are so peculiar, different from things, that when considering the structure of social action, they are usually distinguished into a special, third component. It is a sign language, sound and written speech, information contained in various kinds of paper and electronic media, books, magnetic tapes, floppy disks, etc. These are symbols, signs. They, like things, are a necessary condition for all human activity. Influencing our consciousness, symbols and signs provide purposefulness. individual activities, and in the case of collective - also its consistency. If physical things serve directly to adapt a person to the surrounding reality, then symbols make it easier for him, sometimes many times over, to solve this problem.
In addition to these three, there is another, fourth, necessary element of social action.
These are connections, relations between the indicated main factors of social action. As experience shows, the mechanical set of the three elements considered - people, things and symbols - does not yet form either social action or social life as a whole, if there is no connection, interaction between them. That is why stable, repeatedly repeated connections between people, things and symbols, gradually developing both at the level of individual action and at the level of social groups and the whole society, are of exceptional importance for social life.
For effective management of the system, it is necessary to build the above organizational links between the parts of the system. In this connection, a clear idea of the specific properties of these parts is necessary (in our case, this is an idea of the object and subject of activity).
Control functions have three general characteristics. First, they have a unity of purpose. Second, they require decision making. Thirdly, everyone needs information and communication. Because these characteristics link all managerial functions, providing their interdependence, goals, decision-making and communication in the scientific literature are often called integration processes.
In the management of social activity, the main goal will be the formation of a connection between the subject and the object. The goal is an ideal image of the state of the managed system. This image is formed on the basis of the desired results of the activity.
If we talk about society, then in this case, the management function can be considered such interaction of individuals and social groups that would lead to the development of society, to the smoothing and elimination of social conflicts and social tensions within it. If the goal set by the subject of management reflects the coinciding interests of all or most of the social groups, then the goal is an integrating factor, unites people, makes them look for rational options for joint activities, and allows them to obtain certain results related to the general direction in moving towards the goal. That is why management in the structure of social activity is the most important factor in the activity of society, which allows organizing the interaction of parts of the "society" system.
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