Private vehicle a. Features of mechanical vehicles: classification and characteristics. Water vehicles

The vehicle is technical device, the purpose of which is the transportation of people or goods over long distances. There are more than 10,000 such devices in the world today. Therefore, in order to distinguish one transport from another, people came up with a standard classification, thanks to which all types of vehicles can be conditionally divided according to their purpose, the energy used and the medium of movement.

Main types of vehicles

As mentioned above, depending on certain features, all types of vehicles can be divided into three main groups:

• by appointment;
• by energy used;
• on the medium of travel.

Since the above types of vehicles have their own classification, features and differ from each other in certain ways, they can be considered in more detail.

Types of transport by destination

Purpose refers to the area in which a particular mode of transport is used most often. That is, these vehicles can be:

• Special use. These include military (armored vehicles, tanks) and technological transport (track vehicles).
• Common use. This category includes all types of water, air and land transport used in the field of trade and provision of services. For example, a truck that transports goods is already a vehicle that fits into the general use category.
• Individual use, i.e. those vehicles that a person uses personally. The most common individual transport is a personal car or motorcycle.

In addition, there is also a separate subcategory of public transport. This includes urban (public) transport, that is, one that carries passengers on certain routes, according to a schedule and for a fee. These can be buses, trams, trolleybuses, etc.

Types of transport by energy used

Depending on the energy used, there are vehicles:

• Driven by wind power, for example, sailing ships (sailboats).
• Driven by muscular force (moved by a person or animal). The most common human-propelled vehicle is the bicycle, which is propelled by foot pedals. In addition, there are less used Everyday life small rowing boats and velomobiles, which also move with the help of human power. Animal-driven vehicles are described in more detail below under the appropriate heading.
• With a personal engine. This type, in turn, is divided into vehicles with a thermal and electronic engine.

Thermal engine transport - mechanical vehicle, which works by converting heat into energy needed for movement. The source of heat in such engines can be, for example, organic fuel. One of the most famous representatives of transport with a heat engine is a steam locomotive, which is set in motion by processing (kindling) coal.

An electronic vehicle is one whose engine is powered by electricity. The main vehicles of this type are trams, funiculars, monorails, electric cars and electric boats.

Modes of transport by travel medium

Depending on the medium of movement, transport can be:

• ground (road, rail, bicycle, pipeline, as well as transport driven by animals);
• air (aviation and aeronautics);
• water (surface and underwater vessels);
• space (devices and machines moving along airless paths);
• different kind.

Other modes of transport include stationary lifts (elevators), elevators, cable cars, etc.

Ground transport

There are various ground vehicles, which are divided according to a number of criteria:

• According to the type of mover, there are caterpillar (some types of tanks, tractors and cranes), wheeled (cars, bicycles, mopeds, motorcycles), as well as ground vehicles that are driven by animals.
• By the number of wheels, there are: monocycles (one-wheeled vehicles), bicycles (two-wheeled vehicles), tricycles (three-wheeled vehicles) and ATVs (four-wheeled vehicles).
• According to the types of roads, there are railway and trackless vehicles. Rail transport refers to any vehicle that carries goods and passengers on rail tracks. That is, it can be locomotives, wagons, trams, monorails and trestle transport. Any land transport, including vehicles that move on land, refers to trackless transport.

Automotive vehicles

The most popular and widespread type of land vehicles is considered to be automobile transport. Automobile includes all types of means by which cargo and passengers are transported along trackless tracks. Many cars are designed not only for transportation over short distances, but also over long distances, especially in cases where it is impossible to deliver passengers, products or materials in any other way.

All road transport is divided into:

• For racing cars, which are most often used in car and sprint races (drag racing, auto slalom, etc.). These include, for example, monoposts - single cars with open wheels used in Formula 1 racing.
• On transport vehicles that serve only for the transport of goods and passengers. Depending on the purpose of the destination, they are passenger cars (personal use cars), trucks (vans, tractors, etc.) and transportation (buses, fixed-route taxis, etc.).
• On special machines, which, among other things, are equipped with additional equipment designed for one purpose or another. These include, for example, ambulances or fire trucks.

Vehicles driven by animals

People learned to use animals as means of transportation when other types of land transport did not yet exist. Although years have already passed, modern vehicles have appeared, many still prefer to ride a horse or harness an animal to a wagon to transport any cargo.

Vehicles driven by animals include:

• Horse-drawn transport. Horses, dogs, camels, buffaloes, elephants and other mammals that can be tamed and trained for transportation are mainly used as vehicles for moving cargo and passengers on wagons, carts.
• Pack transport. The very name of pack transport comes from the packing luggage (pack), which is attached to the back of the animal. Such a vehicle is used in cases where horse-drawn transport is impractical, for example, in mountainous areas where the slopes are too steep and narrow roads, which greatly complicates the movement of wagons and carts. In addition to mountainous regions, beasts of burden are used in rural and swampy areas, as well as in deserts or in northern regions where there are poor roads or there are practically none.
• Horse transport, which is designed both for the transport of passengers and for participation in special sports competitions and competitions. Horses, camels and elephants are the main types of riding transport.

Pipeline vehicles

The main purpose of pipeline vehicles is only the transportation of goods ( chemical substances, liquid and gaseous products) through special channels (pipes). This type of land transport is the cheapest and most popular, which has no analogues in the world. For example, on the territory of the Russian Federation, pipelines are used to transport more than 95% of the oil produced.

In addition to low cost, pipeline transport has other advantages:

• fast shipping;
• low cost of transportation;
• no loss of cargo during delivery;
• pipelines can be laid anywhere and in any way (not counting airways).

The main types of pipeline vehicles: sewerage, water supply, garbage chute and pneumatic transport (pneumatic mail).

Air Transport

Airplanes appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and quickly gained popularity around the world. This type of transport also includes helicopters, airships, airbuses, airplanes. It is one of the fastest but expensive species vehicles intended for passenger and freight traffic over long distances (more than 1 thousand km) by air. In addition, there are airplanes and helicopters that perform official functions (for example, extinguish fires, spray insecticides over fields, air ambulance, etc.). Typically, air transport is used by tourists and businessmen who want to quickly get to another country or even to another continent. These vehicles transport large and heavy items, products with a short shelf life, as well as valuable items.

Although this mode of transport is a noisy, expensive pleasure, it is indispensable for scientific expeditions that go to distant continents or other hard-to-reach places where it is difficult or impossible to reach in any other way.

Water transport

This is one of the classic types of vehicles. Such transport is intended for transportation along artificial (reservoirs, canals) and natural (lakes, rivers, seas, etc.) waterways.

Unlike air transport, water transport is one of the cheapest after pipeline transport. That is why almost everything is transported by such vehicles: from building materials to minerals. And such watercraft, such as, for example, ferries, are even capable of transporting other vehicles.

But passenger traffic has recently become much less. This is justified by the rather low speed with which ships move from one seaport to another.

The main types of vehicles moving along the waterways: surface (boats, boats, liners, ships) and underwater vessels.

Space transport (spacecraft)

Space transport (spacecraft) - a mechanical vehicle designed to transport goods and passengers in airless space (in space). Of course, speaking of the transportation of people, it is understood that they are both passengers and the crew that controls the spacecraft. Basically, such transport is intended for more specific purposes. For example, space stations are designed for various studies of the terrain, oceans and atmosphere that cannot be done on Earth, and satellites allow people to watch international television programs and make weather forecasts for meteorologists. In addition, some spacecraft are used for military purposes (surveillance of war zones, reconnaissance of the activities of other countries, detection of approaching space objects, etc.).

From the main space transport can be distinguished: satellites, spaceships, orbital and interplanetary stations, planetary rovers.

Stylish, versatile and technologically advanced - these vehicles are the embodiment of the technologies of the modern world. Of course, such devices are not suitable as a vehicle for every day or for long trips, but with their help you can have fun and certainly attract the attention of others.

double round skate

Unlike standard skateboards, the double round model allows you to freely control your legs, turn and spin. The skateboard is based on two wheels with a diameter of 25 cm and comfortable foot platforms.

flying skateboard

Floating an inch above the ground, the Hendo skateboard is equipped with four disc-shaped motors that create a magnetic field that repels the skateboard from the ground, more specifically, from the non-ferromagnetic material it floats over.

Electromechanical unicycle skateboard

Onewheel is a self-balancing one-wheel electromechanical skateboard. In simple words - new toy for adult boys and girls. It develops a speed of about 19 km / h.

Aeyo

Segway has opened up a stream of personal mobility device designs, some of which are crazy. Aeyo is a cross between a scooter, a bike and a pair of inline skates that falls in the middle of this scale.

half bike

Riding a Half Bike is a combination of running and cycling because you are in a standing position and the bike responds better to your body's movements and turns. More maneuverability, more fun and more surprised looks from passers-by.

Aero-X air bike

The Aero-X bike is cooler than ATVs and an off-road scooter - with it it doesn’t matter at all whether the road is under you or an impassable bog. The bike with a rotary engine and two propellers reacts to body movements like a normal motorcycle and flies at a speed of 70 km/h. Aero-X fulfills the dream of flying, and without any flying licenses. The cost is $85,000.

Suitcase Scooter

In China, there is a convenient means of transporting luggage that will carry not only your suitcase, but also you. Suitcase Scooter by inventor He Liengkai can carry up to two people, accelerates to 19 km/h, and travels up to 59 km on a full battery. At the same time, the scooter-luggage weighs only 7 kg.

One wheel scooter

The self-balancing scooter from Airwheel weighs only 9.8 kg, has a comfortable handle and foldable footrests. The scooter takes up no more space than a normal suitcase, speeds up to 16 km/h and charges in 80 minutes.

segway

Electric self-balancing scooter with two wheels located on either side of the driver. Segway scooter transforms its owner from an ordinary pedestrian into a more "advanced" participant traffic, allowing him to move faster, farther, and with less effort. Segway has a speed of about 20 km/h, and the battery provides a range of up to 39 km.

jetpack

Despite the fact that quite a lot of quite working and efficient specimens have already been created in the world, jetpacks have not yet been released for free sale. The New Zealand company Martin Aircraft promises to fix everything in the first quarter of 2017, when the first production jetpacks will be delivered to the owners.

You walk around the city. Then a teenager silently rushes past you, standing on a crossbar with small wheels on the sides. He does not push off the ground - he just rides. The next minute, when you are standing at a traffic light, a bicycle passes along the road at great speed, overtaking cars, while its owner sits upright and does not think to press the pedals. Nearby is a girl who, as soon as the green light turns on, gets on her scooter and ... just rides. What's happening?

The thing is, the future is already here. Human laziness and the desire to make life as comfortable as possible have led to the fact that almost all mechanical means of transportation around the city that are familiar to us, such as bicycles and scooters, have already been transferred to an electric drive - they are powered by electric motors. In parallel, civilization came up with a huge number of new opportunities to move around the city, of course, with the help of electricity.

Electric bike

In principle, we have known about the existence of electric bicycles for a long time. We take an ordinary bicycle, adapt an electric motor to it, which is capable of accelerating our city vehicle without our help, and enjoy life. If you want, pedal, if you want, you turn on the engine and catch the wind in your face and the envious glances of other cyclists.

Today, the electric bike is becoming not some kind of curiosity, but a very fashionable means of transportation. Moreover, in big cities, where it is necessary to overcome 10-15 kilometers from home to work in traffic jams, an electric bike is not a whim or a tribute to fashion, but a real necessity. This solution is especially relevant for those who do not want to be stuck in a traffic jam in a car, cannot ride a motorcycle, do not have a place to store a small scooter and live far from the nearest metro station. An e-bike that can hide on your balcony is a real way out.

Now the prices for modern electric bicycles start from 25 thousand rubles and go almost to infinity. And when we say "almost to infinity", we mean it. Today you can buy an electric bike, the figure on the price tag of which will significantly exceed 500 thousand rubles - the amount for which you can buy a good, albeit slightly used, foreign car.

motor wheel

Do you already have a regular bike that costs a lot and you don't want to buy another one just because it has an electric motor? But sometimes you want to move around the city faster or spend a little less energy on going uphill?

There is a way out - the motor-wheel. It is able to turn an ordinary bicycle of a standard design into an almost full-fledged electric bicycle. You buy a wheel that already has an electric motor built into it that drives it. Then it remains only to install such a wheel on your bike so that it turns into an electric bike. Consider reinventing the wheel.

That's just the cost of such wheels will be only a little less than full-fledged electric bikes. The price tag on them starts from 19 thousand. More advanced models can be bought for 26-30 thousand rubles.

electric scooter

Remember, at the beginning we mentioned the girl who, having got on the scooter, went from the traffic light herself, without starting from the ground? She used an electric scooter.

Its essence is almost the same as that of an electric bicycle: an electric motor is built into the scooter, which is located under the footwell. It sets the rear wheel in motion, which pushes the entire structure with you on it forward. To start the movement, it is enough to transfer the weight to the back of the scooter - in this way you will press the pedal, which will set the vehicle in motion.

On such a scooter it is very convenient to move from home to the subway and from the subway to the place of work. Scooters are not prohibited from being brought into the subway, so you will not have problems with an electric scooter. The main thing is not to ride it inside the stations. This is not only prohibited, but also unsafe.

Prices for adult electric scooters start at 15 thousand and end at about 100. By the way, you can buy an electric scooter with large wheels, like a bicycle. But such a luxury will cost you no less than 200 thousand rubles.

electric skateboard

The next urban vehicle on our list is very similar to an electric scooter, only it has twice as many wheels, and there is no steering rack - an electric skateboard.

We are already accustomed to ordinary skateboards and longboards on city streets. It's time to get used to the fact that skaters will rush past us, who do not need to push off with their feet to move - I clicked on the back of the skate and went.

The essence is the same as in the scooter - an electric motor built into the design, which sets the wheels in motion.

The cost of this miracle of technology starts from 23 thousand rubles. True, the range of such vehicles on our market is still scarce. But electric skateboards have only just begun to gain popularity.

Single wheel electric skateboard

Yes, there is such a curiosity - a one-wheeled electric skateboard. Based on their name, we understand that this is a kind of electric skateboard described above, but with one wheel instead of four. But how is this possible?

Single wheel electric skateboard. A photo: Frame youtube.com

It's simple - the only wheel, large enough in size, is located in the slot - along the board. Its upper part sticks out of the board, and the lower part touches the ground. A low center of gravity helps maintain balance. Such a vehicle looks truly cosmic. You immediately begin to believe that the future has already come.

Prices for these unusual vehicles start at about 30 thousand rubles.

Monowheel

Very similar to a one-wheeled electric skateboard, the monowheel is another futuristic means of transportation around the city. The only difference from a skateboard is that the board from the skateboard is not attached to the wheel. A person moves, standing on one wheel.

If in the case of a skateboard you stand along the wheel on the board, then the unicycle is equipped with two small footrests, which are located on the sides of this wheel. It is necessary to stand on them in such a way that the body is located across the wheel - crosswise. Get up and go.

Prices for monowheels start from 22-24 thousand rubles and rest on the amount of about 75-80 thousand rubles.

Gyroscooter

One of the most popular toys among urban youth today is the gyro scooter. In some ways, it resembles a unicycle. The difference is that there are twice as many wheels, and the legroom is not on the sides of the wheels, but between them is a small platform, like on a skateboard, only not along, but across with small wheels on the sides.

The movement must be controlled by tilting the feet forward and backward. Slightly pressed on the "board" with socks - I went faster. Focused on the heels - slowed down. In principle, there is nothing complicated in driving - even small children, after a few minutes of experiments, begin to drive through the streets at a speed of 15-20 kilometers per hour.

This miracle of technology costs from 15 thousand rubles and more. There are already a huge number of offers on the market. The only negative is the small size of the wheels, for which even a small obstacle on the street, a pothole or a ledge will be insurmountable. The price can increase up to 60 thousand rubles. There are also versions with large wheels.

Segway

One of the most familiar types of urban transport of the future, which has already become our present, is the Segway. Russians have long been amused by the fact that they rent it in parks. It looks exactly the same as a gyro scooter, only with a handle, a steering wheel, which you can hold on to with your hands and control the movement.

Instead of pushing with your toes to increase speed and braking with your heels, in a Segway you only need to tilt your body forward slightly, pressing the handlebars to go forward, and shifting your weight back a little to slow down.

Despite not a small difference in design, segways are noticeably more expensive than hoverboards. The fact is that they are really considered a means of transportation, and not just another toy and have larger wheels and a battery with a large power reserve.

Prices for full-fledged segways start from 50-60 thousand rubles and have practically no upper bar, going beyond the horizon of 300 thousand rubles.

Since the dawn of mankind, people have been thinking about means of transportation that would allow them to travel long distances. After all, the speed of walking and running a person is low, respectively, even a trained individual can walk about thirty kilometers over rough terrain (resting and snacking along the way). Therefore, each vehicle of a person is a separate interesting story that you can talk about for hours.

A bit of history

Until the time when people invented the wheel, domestic animals were the means of transportation: horses, donkeys, camels, elephants. Cavalry, as was used in the middle of the last century, during the Great Patriotic War. And elephants and camels as human helpers are quoted to this day (but already, rather, in terms of exoticism).

Wheel

With the advent of the wheel, the world is changing. All sorts of wagons, carts, carriages, chariots were invented, which gave man the greatest freedom of movement. They were attached to a living draft force (it was possible, for example, to fasten three or six horses to the carriage, which greatly increased the speed and range of movement). Later, mechanical ones also appear - a steam locomotive, a car, which can already be classified as "modern vehicles".

At sea and in the air

From time immemorial, people have traveled by sea with the help of boats and ships, which also undergo modifications over time. If in ancient times ships used the power of the wind and the muscular strength of slaves, then the latest ships - the means of transportation of modern man - the physical power of combustion and even the power of a split atom!

About the desire and dreams to fly like birds, a special conversation. Throughout its history, man has invented both wings and Balloons, and gliders, and planes, and helicopters, and spaceships. The last three positions can also be considered as means of transportation. Thus, current planes can fly around the globe without refueling, and helicopters can deliver food or medicine to hard-to-reach mountainous areas.

And now imagine the top popularity.

Automobile

This is probably the most popular one. There are hundreds of thousands of them in every major city. Every year new concept cars and models for the middle class are born. Family cars are used for country holidays, and sports cars are used for competitions. According to sociologists, a good half of the male population of the planet dreams of buying a new car.

A bike

Oddly enough, the bicycle is the most popular for many people. Especially in Europe, where even high-ranking officials go to work on a "bike". And in China, workers and peasants alike ride bicycles to and from work. Thus, a bicycle, as a city bike, can be safely classified as a “means of transportation for a modern person”. And he is still in demand among the boys from every yard!

A train

Railway communication between cities is developed in any country. Those who are used to traveling a lot choose the train as a relatively inexpensive and comfortable way to travel. After all, in a compartment car, for example, you can lie down, and sleep, and eat, and watch a movie on your laptop so as not to get bored on the road. And for special workaholics there is also an opportunity to work in modern conditions.

Bus

Traveling by bus will be less comfortable than traveling by train. However, there are advantages here: if the bus passes through cities and areas with sights, then this is also an additional excursion. So the bus can be classified as a "means of transportation of modern man."

Airplane

Traveling by air is fast, but expensive. Therefore, not everyone can afford this method. The plane easily flies huge distances, which would have taken ancient travelers months and years to overcome. In addition, it is possible to fulfill the long-standing dream of mankind: to fly like birds. Add to everything magnificent landscapes and opening from the porthole.

Water vehicles

They remain quite popular in modern world. All kinds of ships, yachts, boats for motor boats and even sailboats. Travel on water and enjoy various types, very nice. But not for those who suffer from seasickness. They, of course, choose land methods of transportation.

Vehicles for the elderly

Elderly people sometimes find it difficult to move around. Therefore, for them (initially - for people with disabilities) the "ecomobilic" was invented. This unique tool slightly resembles a motor scooter on three wheels. He charges his batteries from electrical network 220 volt. The charge does not last too long, but it is quite enough to go to the country or to the store for shopping, take a ride along the embankment on vacation. Moreover, this means of transportation for the elderly is environmentally friendly! This is really a godsend for the elderly and people with disabilities. Also, the eco-car is relevant for parks, shopping centers, gardens, reserves.

The latest vehicles

The so-called transport of the future includes an electric car that uses environmentally friendly electricity instead of gasoline as energy. Under development and

Vacuum train is a worthy alternative to modernity! High technologies will allow transport to move at high speeds. The construction of the first branch is planned to be completed in China by 2020.

If a own car frightens you with the price and the prospect of being stuck in traffic jams for half a day, and moving in the classical way given to us by evolution seems archaic to you, then you should choose alternative options for traveling around the city. In some cases, it is not only faster, but also much more useful, practical and gives a lot of positive impressions.

1. Gyroscooter

The progenitor of all hoverboards was the Segway. Once it became clear that you can do without steering, leaving only two wheels and a platform for the feet. So at the beginning of the second decade, the first gyro scooters appeared, which almost immediately became the most popular mode of transport throughout the world.

And there is nothing to be surprised here, because the gyro scooter looked (and still looks) very futuristic, drawing attention and attention. But its purpose, of course, is not only this. Most importantly, it's a great way to get around the city. We advise you to pay attention to the model, which can be found in the eKoleso.SU specialized store. SUV in the name stands for increased cross-country ability. This is ensured by inflatable 10-inch wheels - potholes and rural roads will be quite up to them. In city driving, you'll find great ride smoothness and reduced vibration. Max speed is about 15-20 km / h and the same amount - power reserve. All this is complemented by built-in bluetooth speakers, a remote control or an application for monitoring and fine-tuning the scooter. And this model has a self-balance, so it can be ridden with any weight.

2. Bicycle

Bicycle can hardly be called an alternative transport, but that's exactly what it is in relation to cars and your two, we're just too used to it. You have probably heard the history of this vehicle more than once, so we’d better advise those suitable for any budget.

If it does not exceed 20 thousand, then look at the popular Stels. In this price segment, these are the best and inexpensive options for city bikes that will do their job well. If you need a higher class, and the budget allows you to spend 20-40 thousand, then the best option would be the Merida brand. Under urban conditions, mountain models from the Big.Seven series are perfectly sharpened, with 27 speeds, hydraulic brakes and amateur-level components. In the budget of 40K and above, Cube will be the leader among high-end bikes - the German company has its own research laboratories, a lot of interesting technological solutions and produces some of the most popular bikes in its class. Look at the Aim models - you will be pleased not only with the cool designs of these bikes, but also with reliable components and quality materials.

3. Electric scooter

Scooters have not been left without the attention of technology. Since the early 2000s, they have regained the status of a full-fledged transport, which is suitable not only for children, but also for adults. As soon as they were electrified, they stood on a par with all other alternative transport.

In terms of practicality, scooters do a lot of vehicles, including electric ones. Take, for example, - all models have a really interesting modern design, thoughtful folding mechanisms, high-quality slim batteries. The E-tow has several modifications that differ in battery size, speed from 27 to 30 km / h and maximum mileage on a single charge from 27 to 35 kilometers. All models have a battery hidden in the deck, shock absorbers and a small display on the steering wheel to control operating modes and gauge readings. Such a scooter is easy to fold and put in a backpack or bring into transport - the weight does not exceed 12 kilograms.

A more budget option is the FitRider T1S electric scooter. The battery is attached to the steering rack, and the trick is that it can be replaced in a few seconds with another one (if you buy another one). Then you can drive about 50-60 km a day - more than enough for urban conditions.

4. Longboard

In recent years, longboards have been gaining popularity at a breakneck pace, because they are light and compact, and the rider feels like a surfer on a wave on the long. But what is a longboard? It's like a skateboard, only slightly longer and much more comfortable: a wide wheelbase gives stability, and large and soft wheels make moving from point A to point B incredibly comfortable. A huge plus is the choice of disciplines: dancing or boardwalking (dancing and intricate stepping on the board), freestyle (stunts that amaze passers-by), freeride and downhill (blowing slopes for adrenaline lovers).

If you are a beginner, then do not be afraid - in a week you will feel confident on the board, and we will help you make your choice: the coolest dance, freestyle and just cruise boards are created in a Russian workshop