Cotton fibers Cotton is a fiber of plant origin obtained from cotton bolls. When the fruit ripens, the cotton boll opens. The fiber, along with the raw cotton seeds, is collected at cotton receiving points, from where it is sent to a cotton gin plant, where the fibers are separated from the seeds. Then follows the separation of the fibers by length: the longest fibers from 2025 mm are cotton fiber, and the shorter lint hairs are used to make cotton wool, as well as for the production of explosives.
Fabrics made from cotton fiber The range of cotton fabrics is very diverse, it includes the largest number of types and articles. Fabrics vary in structure, type of finish, properties, appearance and have versatile applications. Cotton fabrics are characterized by good wear resistance, hygiene, beautiful appearance, color fastness, and tolerate water and heat treatments well. The disadvantages of these fabrics are increased creasing and deformability when worn. All types of weaving are used to produce cotton fabrics.
Wool fibers Wool is the hair of animals: sheep, goats, camels. The wool is removed from the sheep using special scissors or machines. The length of wool fibers is from 20 to 450 mm. They cut it into an almost solid, unbroken mass called FLEECE.
Silk fibers Natural silk is obtained by unwinding silkworm cocoons. A cocoon is a dense, tiny egg-like shell that a caterpillar wraps tightly around itself before developing into a chrysalis. Four stages of silkworm development: 1. Testicle. 2. Caterpillar. 3.Doll. 4.Butterfly.
The silkworm, or silkworm, is a caterpillar and butterfly that plays an important economic role in silk production. The caterpillar feeds exclusively on mulberry leaves. A closely related species, the wild silkworm, lives in East Asia: in the northern regions of China and the southern regions of the Primorsky Territory of Russia. The silkworm is the only fully domesticated insect that is not found in the wild in nature. Its females even “forgot how” to fly. An adult insect is a thick butterfly with whitish wings with a span of up to 6 cm. The caterpillars of this silkworm eat only mulberry or mulberry leaves. Silkworm caterpillars curl cocoons, the shells of which consist of a continuous silk thread m long and up to 1500 m in the largest cocoons.
A little history The birthplace of silk is considered to be ancient China. According to many legends, the culture of sericulture arose around the 5th millennium BC. on the banks of the Great Yellow River. Most notable is the tale of Lei Zu, the first consort of the Yellow Emperor, the legendary ancestor of the Chinese who lived in central China about 5,000 years ago. Having moved to her husband from the southwestern part of the country, Lei Zu brought with her the secret of growing silkworms. At first, she taught people how to breed silkworms, unravel the cocoon and thus provide themselves with clothing. In the Celestial Empire, there was no longer such a misfortune as scratches and abrasions, and subsequent generations began to bring offerings to Lei Zu as the founder of sericulture... The legends are confirmed by archaeological excavations in the provinces of Hubei and Hunan: well-preserved 152 silk items were found, including 35 items of clothing in great condition. This means that sericulture existed approximately two thousand years before the birth of Christ (the Late Neolithic era), and silk production was already a developed industry years ago - this is precisely the age of the discovered remains of fabric!
More than 2,000 years ago, Emperor Wu Di sent an envoy to the west to pave the way for silk caravans to travel. This is how the Great Silk Road appeared. Naturally, the secret of making silk in China was guarded with special trepidation. Hence, by the way, the absolutely phantasmagoric ideas about the origin of silk threads among ancient thinkers: they say that they grow on trees, and are the product of the vital activity of an animal with large horns, and they are not threads at all, but the fluff of special birds... For smuggling mulberry leaves wood and silkworm larvae, according to Chinese law, a painful death was expected. But the thirst for profit (and silk was literally worth its weight in gold, pound for pound) took its toll. Around the 5th century, silk was exported from China, and at the same time its production began in several countries around the world. Again, according to legend, one cunning Indian rajah wooed a Chinese princess. And as a dowry he wanted - guess what? And the poor bride brought silkworm larvae and mulberry seeds... right in her high wedding hairstyle. In the Mediterranean countries, the production of silk fabric became widespread around the same time when silkworm eggs (eggs) of the silkworm were first brought to Constantinople from China. The role of pilgrims of good will was played by the monks, who hid the larvae in the hollows of their staffs. In the Middle Ages, silk became one of the main industries in Venice (XIII century), Genoa and Florence (XIV century), and Milan (XV century). And already in the 18th century, throughout Western Europe they were weaving their own silk with might and main.
The Old Northern Road arose on the initiative of Emperor Wudi, who needed thoroughbred horses for the army. I saw such horses during my embassy to Central Asia in the years. BC. dignitary Zhang Qian. He reported to the emperor about the absence of silk weaving in other countries and advised the emperor to export silk abroad in exchange for beautiful horses, as well as sweet fruits, wine, etc. In 121 BC. The first camel caravan with silk and bronze mirrors headed to the Fergana oasis through the Turfan depression along the spurs of the Tien Shan. But the ongoing trade was interrupted by devastating uprisings in that area in the years. AD However, trade soon continued, but along a new route - the Southern Road.
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Fiber classification
Animal fibers are classified as natural fibers. They are obtained from animals (wool) and insects (silk and spider fiber).
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Wool is the hair of animals.
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Wool composition
Wool consists of 2 types of hairs; 1.Hair and wool. 2. Pooh Hair – long and straight. The coat is wavy and varies in length (2 – 45 cm). The fluff is soft, curly and short.
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Types of wool
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Fiber properties
The thickness of the fiber affects the properties of the yarn. The thicker the fiber, the stronger the fabric. Undyed fiber can be white, gray, red and black. Wool fiber is hygroscopic, heat-protective and elastic, products made from it do not wrinkle. Wool is resistant to sunlight. When burned, wool fibers sinter and emit the smell of burnt feathers and burnt bone.
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Types of wool fabrics
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Silk is a thin fiber produced by the silkworm caterpillar.
A cocoon is a dense shell that a mulberry caterpillar spins before turning into a butterfly. When a butterfly emerges from the cocoon, it lays eggs from which caterpillars hatch. Egg – caterpillar – pupa – butterfly four stages of silkworm development
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Primary processing of silk
The pupae are killed with steam, and the cocoons are soaked and unwound on special machines. From 100 kg of cocoons you can get approximately 9 kg of silk thread.
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Silk processing process
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Properties of silk
The natural color is white, slightly creamy, hygroscopic, breathable, destroyed by exposure to sunlight, silk burns like wool, releasing the smell of burnt feathers.
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Types of silk fabrics
Satin Velvet Crepe de Chine Chiffon and others
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Spider fiber
Fabric woven from spider web thread is several times stronger than silk in terms of strength, lightness and beauty. Even in ancient times, it was made in China, where it was called “fabric of the eastern sea.” True, the process of making it was so labor-intensive that only a fabulously rich person could afford to dress in clothes made from it.
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In Europe, the industrial production of fabric from spider webs was first thought of in France at the beginning of the 18th century. The President of the Royal Court of Auditors of Montpellier Bock proposed extracting thread from the cross spider. As he established, the web can be pulled directly from its abdomen and immediately wound onto a reel. From one insect it is possible to obtain up to 500 meters of thread. To confirm his words, Bok presented to the Academy of Sciences the finest women's stockings and gloves made from this raw material, which amazed everyone with their beauty and grace. .
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German scientists from Medical School Hannover have created artificial skin from spider webs, which can be used for transplantation in reconstructive surgery.
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Madagascans created the largest canvas made of spider silk. Technology developed about a hundred years ago by a French preacher made it possible to collect golden webs from a million Madagascar spiders. A British historian and an American businessman used her to create the world's largest "tablecloth" made of spider silk. The rare handmade masterpiece will be exhibited in the USA and Great Britain. The handmade masterpiece was exhibited at the American Museum of Natural History in New York (AMNH). Next year the canvas will move to London (photo from discovery.com). Art critic Simon Peers and his American business partner Nicholas Godley hired several dozen workers to create a unique canvas measuring 3.4 by 1.2 meters.
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Domestic sheep have faithfully served man since ancient times. It was one of the main sources of tasty meat and high-quality wool. Sheep come in coarse-wool and fine-wool breeds. Since ancient times, the leadership in breeding coarse-wool sheep belongs to Great Britain, and fine-wool merino sheep to Spain.
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Prehistoric facts. Neolithic 8-3 thousand years BC. The first wool yarn, braided and woven products from it date back to the end of the Stone Age - at a time when giant mammoths and rock bears lived. These items were found by archaeologists in the ruins of an ancient settlement on the shores of a Swiss lake. 4200 BC The fact of sheep breeding is noted in the Euphrates River valley in Mesopotamia.
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In the burial mounds on the Oka River, a piece of woolen fabric was found, which ended up in the ground no later than 1000 BC. Our ancestors sheared sheep with spring shears, which were not particularly different from modern ones designed for the same purpose. They were forged from one strip of metal, the handle was bent in an arc. Slavic blacksmiths knew how to make self-sharpening blades that did not become dull during work.
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For the manufacture of outerwear in Rus', homespun cloth made from sheep's wool was widely used. From the report of the chronicle under 1425 it is clear that products made from such cloth - sarmyags - were the most common clothing of the general population (“everyone in sarmyags”). Thin cloth, called scurlat, or scorlat, came from abroad and was very expensive. In 1712, the tsar issued a decree that ordered “to expand the cloth factory in more than one place, so that in five years you will not have to buy an overseas uniform.” New cloth establishments were opened in 1718 and 1720, and Peter I’s decree of 1720 advised the “campaign” of merchants to pay attention to the finishing of cloth; to the fact that Russian people have already learned to spin and weave, but “dying, and polishing, and ironing, and squeezing cloth, shearing, and napping are not yet common.” The decree, an excerpt from which is given here, was the first printed decree on the development of the production of woolen fabrics in Russia. The manufactory of 1720 was called the “Big Cloth Yard”; in 1729 it had 130 weaving mills and employed 730 people.
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Felting is an ancient textile art, which in our time is experiencing a rebirth, in many ways transforming from a vital craft into a vibrant form of artistic expression. The history of felting goes back centuries. The first felts were found on the territory of modern Anatolia, they date back to 3 thousand BC. the only material from which felt can be made is wool, with sheep's wool being the best
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Kashmir is the finest down of high mountain goats, mainly distributed in Tibet and the adjacent regions of China and Mongolia. “Wool diamond”, “soft gold of Asia”, “royal yarn”, “precious thread”... Oh, Kashmir! Refined and chic, timeless and trendy, sophisticated and fairly expensive!
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Angora goats are an ancient breed of woolly goats. Since ancient times, Angora goats have been bred for their wonderful wool, which is called “mohair” (from the Arabic word for “chosen”). Mohair obtained from two-year-old goats (fineness 27-30 microns) is used to knit jumpers, cardigans, stoles, coats and accessories: hats, scarves, mittens, socks. Coarser mohair and its mixtures are used to make carpets, rugs, blankets, drapery materials, plush toys, wigs, slippers and other soft shoes.
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Angora - the fluff of Angora rabbits and no one else! Don't trust labels that say "angora" if you have a prickly coat with hairs sticking out in all directions! This is another attempt to confuse the terms and pass off the coarse hair of Angora goats as angora. It’s hard not to recognize a real angora – soft, fluffy, tender!
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Since ancient times, in the East, camel hair was considered sacred; its presence in the house brought happiness and good luck; under pain of death, it was forbidden to even step on it. Camel wool is obtained only from non-working animals. The camelid family is very ancient.
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The llama's coat consists of two layers: a rough outer layer and a softer inner layer. It is used to make rough rugs, blankets, ropes and carpets. Alpaca (lama pacos) is a species of llama that was domesticated about 6,000 years ago and has been bred for its wool ever since. The alpaca is smaller in size than the domestic llama. Its height is no more than 1 m, weight is about 70 kg. The colors are very diverse: white, cream, all shades of brown, gray, black, etc. Archaeologists discovered in one of the ritual burials of the Incas the mummified remains of an alpaca, the wool of which was finer than all species known today. Lama (lama glama) is a large, strong animal with a long neck, large sad eyes with long eyelashes and protruding ears.
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Natural silk is one of the amazing wonders of nature. According to ancient Chinese legend, one day in 2640 BC, Princess Shi Linzi was sitting under a mulberry tree when suddenly a silkworm cocoon fell into her cup of tea. And when she tried to pull it out, she noticed that it was beginning to unwind in the hot liquid. The princess gave one end of the thread to her maid and told her to move away. The maid walked out of the princess's chambers into the courtyard, then passed the palace gates, and only when she was half a mile away from the Forbidden City did the thread end.
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Silk is a natural protein fiber produced by the caterpillar of an inconspicuous-looking butterfly - the silkworm (Bombix mori). The caterpillar looks very impressive: its body length is about 8 cm, its thickness is about 1 cm, and its weight is 3–5 g. When releasing the thread, the caterpillar quickly turns its head. Each turn requires 4 cm of silk thread, and the entire cocoon takes from 800 m to 1 km, and sometimes more! A caterpillar must shake its head as many as twenty-four thousand times to spin a cocoon. It takes about 4 days to make a cocoon. Having finished its work, the exhausted caterpillar falls asleep in its silk cradle and turns into a chrysalis there. The silkworm butterfly is not particularly beautiful. The color of its plump, furry body is either white with a light cream pattern, or dark grayish-brown.
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Silk production. The cocoons are collected and sent to factories. A small part of the cocoons are left alive - later butterflies are born from them and lay eggs. Most cocoons are killed by hot steam or exposure to an ultra-high frequency electromagnetic field. In a few seconds, the pupae inside the cocoon heat up to 80-90ºC. This must be done before the birth of the butterfly, which, hatching from the cocoon, gnaws through it, damaging the thread. To soften the cocoon, it is thrown into hot water, then washed and unwound using special machines.
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The color palette of cocoons is moderately varied and consists of cream, beige, brown and golden shades. These beauties are less skilled spinners - the silk from which they build a cocoon is rough to the touch and not as shiny as usual. It is difficult to dye and often requires spinning rather than unwinding, since it does not consist of a long thread, but of shorter, torn silks. Wild silk It turns out that not only the inconspicuous moths Bombyx mori, but also the luxurious peacock-eyes (Antheraea) from the Saturnadea family can spin silk.
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History of silk production in Russia Russia did not have its own sericulture for a very long time, so silk fabrics were not produced at home. Naturally, attempts to establish our own production of brocade and velvet began a long time ago, back in the 16th century. Byzantine and Italian craftsmen took part in establishing the first production facilities. In 1740, there were 26 silk weaving and one cane manufactories in Moscow. Silk establishments that opened in Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg and Yaroslavl usually did not exist for long and collapsed. At this time, the first silk weaving establishments appeared in Astrakhan, and later in Moscow, which became another center of the silk industry. In the pre-reform period, the role of the second center of silk weaving passed to St. Petersburg, since all Astrakhan factories were closed. Russian silk fabrics amazed visitors to the 1851 World's Fair in London, with brocades and furniture fabrics making the greatest impression. At the Russian Industrial Exhibition of 1853, the products of 20 silk weaving factories were presented.
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Advantages of silk. Shine. Natural silk has a unique shine that does not fade over the years. Ease. Silk is so light that 1 kg of finished fabric contains from 300 to 900 kilometers of thread. Softness. Tenderness, smoothness, pleasant to the touch. Low thermal conductivity and good air permeability. Silk clothing is pleasant to wear at any time of the year, as it warms you in cold weather and creates a feeling of coolness in hot weather. Durability and elasticity. Silk fiber, being very thin, has exceptional strength and good drape. This property allows silk to be used not only to create clothing of almost any shape, but also for curtains, bed linen and other home furnishings.
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sources http://www.katiagreen.ru http://fachionbook.ru http://www.materiamoda.ru Akhmetshin N.Kh. “Tifens of the Silk Road” M. 2002.
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COTTON
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Cotton is an annual plant with a tree-like form. It grows as a bush, the fruits are capsules containing seeds covered with long hairs. These fibers are called cotton or "white gold".
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Cotton fiber is a single plant cell that develops from the husk cell of the cotton plant after flowering. Cotton seeds are enclosed in a fruit boll, which, upon reaching full maturity, opens and the seeds along with the cotton come out, after which the cotton is immediately collected and processed.
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Cotton is the oldest spinning plant, native to India. It was grown in the Indus and Ganges valleys on the East coast of the Hindustan Peninsula and the Deccan Plateau on extensive plantations
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fabrics
Ivan Tames was the first to produce cotton fabrics in Russia in 172. The Russified Dutchman had a linen establishment in Moscow. By the end of the 18th century, cotton production spread to the Tver, Ivanovo, Vladimir and Moscow regions. The competing era of linen and cotton began, in which cotton fabrics took the leading position.
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Properties of cotton
Cotton is characterized by relatively high strength, chemical resistance (it does not deteriorate for a long time under the influence of water and light), heat resistance (130-140 ° C), average hygroscopicity (18-20%) and a small proportion of elastic deformation, as a result of which cotton products are very wrinkled. Cotton's abrasion resistance is low. Advantages: Softness Good absorption capacity in warm weather Easy to paint Disadvantages: Easily wrinkles Tends to shrink Turns yellow in light
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TYPES OF FABRICS
Cotton fabrics are divided into two main types: household and technical. Household fabrics are intended for sewing clothes, and you can also find decorative fabrics used for making curtains and upholstery. Cotton fabrics can be of different widths: 80, 90, 140 and 160 cm. Summer flannelette blankets, tablecloths, bedspreads and gauze are also made from cotton. Technical fabrics can be used for packaging and containers.
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Fleece is a dense soft fabric with thick pile. Used in the manufacture of lightweight blankets, pajamas, warm underwear and home clothing. Flannel is a soft fabric. Has double-sided brushing. Flannel is used to make pajamas, underwear, women's dressing gowns, children's clothing and diapers. . Bumazeya is a fabric that has one-sided brushing, usually on the wrong side. They sew children's clothing and women's dresses from paper.
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Corduroy is a fairly dense fabric. On the front surface there are longitudinal scars from the sewing of light coats, suits, skirts, trousers and men's shirts. Corduroy with a rib of more than 5 mm is called corduroy cord, and with a narrow rib it is called corduroy rib. Velvet is a soft fabric. There is a thick pile on the front side. It is used in sewing jackets, trousers, women's dresses, and is also used in interior decoration and the production of curtains.
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Waffle fabric is a fabric distinguished by its original weave, visually reminiscent of waffles. Has good absorbent properties. Therefore, it has found its application in the manufacture of towels. Calico is a dense unusual fabric. Its warp threads are much thinner than the weft threads. They sew workwear, men's and bed linen from calico. Satin has a shiny and smooth face. Used in sewing men's underwear, shirts, women's and children's dresses. Chintz, crinkled chintz - fabric with a printed variegated pattern of plain weave. Used in sewing shirts, light children's and women's dresses.
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LINEN
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Flax is a herbaceous annual plant from the flax family. This is one of the most important industrial crops. In our country, two forms of flax are grown: fiber flax, which contains flax fiber in its stems, and oil flax, whose seeds contain a lot of fatty oil. Flax farming is a branch of crop production concerned with the cultivation of flax. Fiber flax forms a straight, thin stem 60-160 cm high, branching at the top.
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Fiber flax is a very ancient culture... In the X-XIII centuries. Fiber flax became the main spinning plant in Rus'. Trade in flax fiber and linen fabrics developed, with its centers in the 13th-16th centuries. became Pskov and Novgorod. Later, fiber flax began to be grown throughout almost the entire territory of the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia. Flax is the most ancient cultivated plant after wheat.
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Flax cleaning
Since time immemorial, the center of flax production has been the outskirts of the city of Yaroslavl, especially the village of Velikoye, as well as the Pskov and Vladimir provinces, where flax was sown and processed in large quantities
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Flax was removed only in dry weather and knitted into sheaves
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Flax ratchet.
In order to separate the remains of the bone from the fiber and achieve proper separation of the fibers, the flax was ruffled immediately after creasing.
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Combed flax
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Folk spinning
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Folk weaving
In the old days, Russian silk was the name given to thin linen fabrics that could only be woven in Russia.
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Modern weaving
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Application of flax fiber
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Internet resources
http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_colier/6915/COTTON http://www.valleyflora.ru/hlopok.html http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/60538/ Len http://www.valleyflora.ru/len.html pictures http://conceptiobiznes.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/hlopok.jpg http://world.fedpress.ru/sites/fedpress/ files/vladimir_vladimirovich/news/hlopok.jpeg http://royalfabrics.ru/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/velvet1.jpg http://blog.textiletorg.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/ 06/velvet.jpg http://www.conkorde.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/hlopok.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=1&text=%D1%82%D0 %BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%20%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D1%84%D0%BE %D1%82%D0%BE&pos=37&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timira.ru%2Fgallery%2Ftkani.jpg http://cdn.gollos.com/files/6785/Nameless.jpg http:/ /images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=1&text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=45&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fslavlen.com%2Fd%2F45545%2Fd%2F003..jpeg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=25&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitbichi.by%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010 %2F08%2Fw690-300x225.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=3&text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=108&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.prom .ua%2F2229010_w100_h100_lno_volokno.jpg
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Sections: Technology
Class: 6
Class 6 “B”.
Educational and methodological support technology textbook for grade 6, edited V.D.Simonenko.
Lesson time: 2 lessons, 45 minutes each.
Purpose: to familiarize students with natural fibers of animal origin; teach to distinguish fibers by their composition; cultivate aesthetic taste and attentiveness; instill neatness skills; develop spatial understanding.
Lesson objectives:
- Introduce animal fibers
- Introduce the properties of wool and silk fibers
- To develop the ability to recognize wool and silk fibers.
Necessary equipment and materials for the lesson: computer (laptop), projector, screen, tissue samples, fireproof cup, tweezers.
Problematic question: How to recognize wool and silk fabrics?
Suggested solutions:
- Wool and silk fabrics can be recognized by their appearance.
- Wool and silk fabrics can be recognized by touch.
- Woolen and silk fabrics can be recognized by knowing their properties.
Lesson type: lesson on introducing new material.
Lesson form: problem lesson.
Forms of training: group work, frontal work.
Teaching methods: problem-heuristic, explanatory and illustrative.
Terms: wool, fleece, silk, cocoon, silkworm.
Progress of the lesson
Stage I of the lesson (2 minutes).
Organizing time.
- Greeting students;
- Availability of students in class;
- Checking students' readiness for the lesson;
- Communicate the topic, purpose and objectives of the lessons.
Stage II of the lesson (3 minutes).
Teacher: From the first days of birth, man was faced with various fabrics.
Your undershirts and diapers were made from cotton fabric; in cold weather they wrapped you in a woolen blanket and wrapped the blanket with a beautiful nylon ribbon, etc.
Nowadays, when you have already grown up, you can choose your own fabric for a dress, suit, etc.
Stage III (5 minutes).
The teacher invites the children to answer the question: What do all the presented models have in common and how do they differ from each other? Textbook: Page 177–178, Fig. 126–130.
Students answer.
Stage IV (3 minutes).
The teacher summarizes the children's answers. Announces the topic of the lesson.
Fizkudbitminutka.
Stage V (10 minutes).
The teacher gives the children samples of fabrics from different fibers and asks them to answer the question.
Teacher: How to recognize wool and silk fabrics?
To resolve the problem, group work is organized.
As a result, several solutions appear, all of them are discussed.
1. Woolen and silk fabrics can be recognized by their appearance.
2. Wool and silk fabrics can be recognized by touch.
3. Woolen and silk fabrics can be recognized by knowing their properties.
Stage VI (5 minutes).
The teacher asks you to remember the properties of cotton and linen fabrics.
Students answer.
Exercise for a minute.
Stage VII (15 minutes).
Learning new material.
The teacher invites the children to get acquainted with wool and silk fibers. Presentation.
Teacher: Fibers are divided into natural - those given by nature (wool, silk, cotton, linen) and chemical, obtained as a result of chemical processes.
Today we will study natural fibers of animal origin - wool and silk. Fabrics made from these fibers have a positive effect on human health. (Slide 3)
Wool is the hair of animals: sheep, goats, camels. The bulk of wool comes from sheep (95%). The fur is removed with scissors or clippers. The length of the wool fibers is from 2 to 4.5 cm. It is sheared into an almost solid, unbreakable mass, which is called rune.(Slide 4)
The types of wool fibers are hair and wool, which are long and straight, and fluff, which is softer and crimped.
Before being sent to textile factories, the wool is subjected to primary processing: sort, that is, they select fibers according to quality; prattle– loosen and remove clogging impurities; washed hot water with soap and soda; dried in dryers. (slide 5) Then yarn is made, and from it fabrics are dyed in different colors and applied in different patterns. (slide 6) Dress, suit and coat fabrics are made from wool fibers. (Slide 7) Woolen fabrics are sold under the following names: drape, cloth, tights, gabardine and cashmere. (Slide 8)
Natural silk is thin threads obtained by unwinding the cocoons of silkworm caterpillars. The silkworm is a nocturnal moth. When the time comes for the caterpillar to turn into a chrysalis and then become a butterfly, it releases a thread from itself, attaches it to a dry branch and weaves a nest out of this thread, which is called - cocoon.(Slide 9) The silk thread is laid in a cocoon in 40–50 layers. Silk cocoon thread consists of two silks glued together with a special substance - sericin. (Slide10)
Four stages of silkworm development - egg, caterpillar, pupa, butterfly.(Slide 11)
Cocoons are collected from the day of curling on days 8–9 and sent for primary processing. (slide 12) The purpose of primary processing is to unwind the cocoon thread, which is 600–900 meters long, and connect the threads of several cocoons simultaneously into one thread. This thread is called raw silk. Textile factories produce fabric from raw silk. (Slide 13, 14)
Silk began to be produced in China back in the third millennium BC; history knows the Great Chinese Silk Road. This is evidenced by the modern name of one of the silk fabrics “crepe de chine”, which translates as “fabric made in China” (crepe is a rough fabric made of twisted threads; shin - China.) The production of silk in Russia was started by Peter the Great in the 17th century, “ in order to have brocade products from your own silk”.
Dress and blouse fabrics, as well as scarves and surgical threads are made from natural silk fibers. (Slide 15)
Silk fabrics are sold under the following names: satin, velvet, crepe de Chine, chiffon. (Slide 16)
VIII stage (20 minutes).
The teacher invites the children to answer the question.
Teacher: What are the properties of wool and silk fabrics?
Group work is organized.
Children work with information sources (text and paper resources), with the help of which they can find answers to the question posed. After completion of the work, a collective discussion of the results obtained is held under the guidance of the teacher. (Annex 1) (Slide 17,18)
Physical education minute.
Stage IX (20 minutes).
The teacher invites the children to complete practical work “Comparing wool fibers and natural silk” and “Studying the properties of wool and silk fabrics.” After completion of the work, a collective discussion of the results obtained is held under the guidance of the teacher. (Slide 19–22)
Phys. just a minute
Stage X (3 minutes).
At the end of the lesson, the teacher conducts reflection, offering to determine the value of the lesson, its usefulness, the understandability of the material studied, the students’ own activity and independence, and their responsible attitude to the lesson.
Reflection. The “snake” technique was used, when each student expresses his opinion about the lesson conducted, the material studied, and draws his own conclusion. You can help with questions:
What new have you learned?
- Can you now recognize wool and silk fabrics?
- Students answer the questions: (Slide 23)
Stage XI (2 minutes).
Children are offered multi-level homework:
- Make a collection of wool and silk fabrics.
- Develop a crossword puzzle on a covered topic
List of information sources. (Slide 24)
- Technology. Service work: Textbook for 6th grade students of secondary schools/ V.D.Simonenko, Yu.V.Krupskaya, O.A.Kozhina and etc.; Ed. V.D. Simonenko. – M.: Ventana-Graf, 2008. – 208 p.: ill. “Technology 6th grade (for girls). Lesson plans based on the textbook edited by V.D.Simonenko”.
The employer is prohibited from establishing the duration of working hours per week or (in case of cumulative accounting of working hours) for the accounting period, exceeding the 40 hours per week provided for by law.
Recruitment Non-traditional recruitment technologies
Sample letter of guarantee for payment of goods: writing algorithm
What documents are needed to open an LLC?
Formation of a holistic picture of the world