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Until recently, the largest charitable organizations in the world were concentrated exclusively in the United States. According to 2013 data, the annual amount of funds provided by US funds reached $30 billion.
This was before the emergence and development of the European Foundation Center, which currently unites more than 400 of the largest charitable foundations in Europe. The statistics collected by the center in 2010 confirmed the effective results of European philanthropists:
There are more than 110,000 charitable organizations in Europe;
the funds employ about 1 million employees;
annually about 100 billion euros are allocated to charity in Europe.
Focusing on the amount invested in charity, we can name the three largest funds in the world according to 2013 data. Among them: the Dutch Stichting INGKA Foundation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust from the UK.
Stichting INGKA Foundation
The fund's assets are estimated at 36 billion dollars, and at the moment it is the largest charitable organization in the world. Its founder is the founder and owner of IKEA, Swedish businessman Ingvar Kamprad, who owns 207 branches of the company around the world.
The Foundation was established in 1982 primarily to support modern solutions and the development of the architecture and interior design industry. At the same time, a significant part of the fund's assets is spent not on charity, but on investing in projects. The amount of charitable assistance is about 10 million dollars annually.
Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation
The fund's assets are more than 33 billion dollars. The organization was founded by Microsoft owner Bill Gates together with close people - his wife and father (later the founders expanded). Although the date of creation is relatively recent - 1994 - the organization almost immediately outstripped the oldest charitable foundations world in terms of the amount of capital invested in charity.
The fund was created primarily to help the poor, finance the search for new methods of dealing with serious diseases, support programs in the field of health and education. Every year, the foundation spends almost $2 billion on charity.
The fund's assets amount to more than 22 billion dollars. The London-based charity was founded in 1936 in memory of Henry Wellcome, the pharmaceutical magnate. The main purpose of the fund is to finance research activities aimed at ensuring the protection of human life, as well as animals.
This foundation has practically put charity in Europe on a professional basis, becoming the largest and most authoritative. The organization offers a large number of grants for scientific research, educational programs for medical professionals.
A little about charity in Europe
European funds finance a variety of industries - from science and medicine to help vulnerable people. In the last 15 years, the number of funds and the amount allocated to charity have increased several times. According to statistics, every month a new fund is created in Europe. Germany is the leader in this direction.
One of the most promising directions charity - allocation of funds for international programs(in particular, those devoted to internationalization).
An important feature of the philanthropic movement in Europe is the cooperative work of foundations - the unification of individual organizations in order to strengthen their positions, exchange experience, expand cooperation with business structures and government organizations. It is this position that makes it possible to popularize charitable organizations in the world and solve global international problems.
Another trend is the division of funds into specialized funds operating in separate sectors. As an example, Europeans cite DAFNE (European Network of Donor Associations), which includes 22 associations of charitable organizations. The network already has its own standards of work, and management is built on the principles of self-regulation.
The creation of such global structures not only makes charity much more effective, but also influences state social policy: in particular, some organizations acted as lobbyists for bills submitted by public organizations.
The largest number of branches
We talked about the three largest philanthropic organizations on the planet - but these are far from all the charitable foundations in the world that donate billions of dollars to social causes. It is worth mentioning the organization, whose representative offices operate in 46 countries - the charitable foundation United Way Worldwide, whose budget exceeded 5 billion dollars. The organization employs about 3 million volunteers, almost 10 million people donate money to charity.
At the moment it is not the largest, but remains the most developed - the organization was founded in the United States in 1887, over the years it has become a global international non-profit non-governmental structure. At the moment, the organization, which includes two funds (United Way of America, as well as United Way), works in three directions:
Education (reducing the number of children dropping out of school);
Income (assistance to large and low-income families);
Health (increase in the number of healthy population by 1%).
Among the world's leading philanthropists
Howard Hughes Medical Institute is a foundation founded by tycoon Howard Hughes in 1953. The organization's current budget exceeds $19 billion. The main areas of charity are funding research in the field of molecular biology, immunology, and genetics.
The Ford Foundation is a non-profit charitable organization founded in 1936 by Edsel Ford, son of the legendary Henry Ford. The value of the fund's assets exceeds $11 billion. Modern organization has nothing to do with the Ford family or the company of the same name. Main activities: financing programs to combat serious diseases (in particular, AIDS), educational programs, assistance in the economic reform of developing countries.
Charity in the world: the largest foundations in Europe and Asia
The Robert Bosch Foundation is a foundation founded in 1969 in Germany. The budget of the organization is about 7 billion dollars. The founder of the foundation is Robert Bosch. The main capital of the organization is the shares of the company of the same name (about 92%). Directions of charity: raising the level of education, funding for historical research, grants for medical activities, humanitarian aid.
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Foundation is an organization founded in the UAE in 2007 with a budget of about $10 billion. The leading activities are the dissemination of knowledge about the Arab history of culture, investment in the construction and development of cultural projects in Dubai.
Children of captains - Grants
Are you able to change the world, but your knowledge does not bring income? Take part in the competition for a grant - material support provided by various foreign charitable foundations.
The main condition of Western philanthropists sounds pathetic - your activities must benefit Russia...
Why Western entrepreneurs are investing millions in Russian science and business is hard to say. Perhaps someone really counts on the discovery of a cancer vaccine and its international use. Some, apparently, really dream of popularizing their native language. And someone atones for the sins of stormy youth. There are those who do not want to share with the tax authorities and, in extreme cases, prefer to patronize.
Among the most famous sponsors are American billionaires George Soros, Henry Ford and Andrew Carnegie, Senator MacArthur, King Albert of Belgium, the Queen of Great Britain and the Prince of Wales.
George Soros, when he created the Central European branch of the Open Society Foundation in 1990, said: "I want to teach Russian government take care of your own people. For 1990, I allocated $12 million. For the second and third years I will invest half and a quarter of this amount, respectively. But only if the rest of the money comes from the Russian side."
Whether or not the Russian government complied with this condition is unknown. Another thing is important: to date, the Soros Foundation has allocated more than $ 100 million for the needs of Russian science. According to the employees of the International Science Foundation in Russia (another charitable organization created by Soros), Mr. Soros managed to stop the wave of emigration of Russian geneticists. Perhaps that is the way it is.
According to the estimates of the Russian representative office of the International Science Foundation, the largest number of charitable donations in Russia come from American foundations (more than 80), followed by English (about 55 institutions) and German (30).
They arose in different ways.
One such charitable organization - "United Way" - appeared after a giant fire in Delaware. Different religious leaders applied 5-6 times for material assistance to the same moneybags. After several oddities, they decided to unite in the fund. And, having received the support of local millionaires, they rebuilt the city. Today, United Way chapters operate around the world to help the hungry, the homeless, and refugees. Only in Russia the cost of the Fund's programs is 62 million ECU (about $79.1 million).
A few years ago, the German government established a fund to help Russian officers who served in the Western Group of Forces. With his participation, the military was trained in civilian professions even before the withdrawal of troops.
Even our Russian LUKoil also has its own charitable foundation, which solves social problems in the locations of enterprises. In particular, in one of the oil towns near Tyumen there were queues for dental offices. The Fund purchased the necessary equipment, equipped additional classrooms, and the problem was removed.
Basically, any large enterprise can sponsor the solution of pressing problems of the area or city. Or a single family.
Who is required?
American charitable programs - the Carnegie Moscow Center, the Lindbergh Foundation, the Erhard Foundation - are intended, as a rule, to support the most promising research in the fields of exact science. As grants, Russian child prodigies are offered mainly foreign internships. Invited are mainly Russian mathematicians, doctors, physicists, biologists, psychologists who already have any academic degrees.
The National Center for Scientific Research of France invites Russian doctors of technical sciences for an internship.
Undergraduate and graduate students, with the assistance of American foundations, have the opportunity to complete their education at US universities, and then get a job. prestigious job in foreign companies in Russia.
German Foundations Appreciate Humanities Teachers German language, art critics, historians. Among the most popular are the programs of the German Research Society and the German Economic Exchange Service.
The scope of interests of English foundations is quite diverse - from specialists in tropical medicine and anthropologists to businessmen.
Ms Simon Lis, Business and Industry Officer at the British Council:
— This year we are supporting Russian entrepreneurs who offer ideas for food processing and cooking. These are the so-called fast food technologies. Your food processing equipment is outdated. We are ready to help you get rid of food imports.
Employee of the English Know How Fund:
- The inventor of some environmental program can count on the most generous grants. For example, who invented new way water treatment or waste disposal.
What are they enough for?
Now about the grants themselves. Until 1990, they were allocated to scientists and inventors and were a kind of awards for development. Travel abroad was not widely practiced.
Now Western philanthropists accept laureates to work or study abroad. Grants can be either just cash bonuses or targeted foreign internships (from 3-4 months to 2-3 years). In addition, there are travel grants that compensate the travel expenses of Russian scientists participating in international scientific symposiums.
The size of a standard short-term grant for graduate students does not exceed $ 2.2 thousand. As a rule, this money is barely enough to pay for food stamps and a bed in a hostel. No more than $ 100 per month remains for pocket expenses.
Characteristically, American funds usually cover all transportation costs. The Germans are not so generous. Grant holders have to travel to local universities at their own expense. However, the terms of each grant are negotiated separately.
Prestigious scholarships - $ 2 thousand per month (for example, FullBright, Erhard grants - are designed for a more dignified life: you can rent a small studio, eat well, move freely around the country and, finally, indulge in the daily joys of life.
Long-term grants are especially popular among pundits. According to their track record, the amount of grants increases to $ 16,000 for dermatologists, up to $ 30,000 for specialists investigating the disposal of radioactive waste, and even up to $ 48,000 for doctors investigating the problem of diabetes. With this money, the researcher can buy necessary equipment, experimental animals and some consumables.
Vladimir Gogvadze, Senior Researcher at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics:
— Grants really help Russian scientists to stay afloat and continue their research work.
Three times - in 1991, 1993 and 1994 - I was the winner of a grant from the European Science Foundation. In all three cases, I and my foreign colleague Professor Christoph Richter from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology applied for a grant directly to the foundation's headquarters in Strasbourg. and participated in open competition on general terms.
My first internship was in Sweden, the other two were in Switzerland. In 1991 and 1993 I received two-month grants, and in 1994 one year.
Christoph Richter and I produced four major papers in the field of biophysics (in particular, "The role of mitochondria in cell death") and many scientific abstracts for conferences. I personally participated in one of them. In Menaggio, a city in northern Italy.
The amount of short-term grants was $ 1,500 per month, of which I myself had to pay for housing and food. True, the round trip was free for me. The trip to Italy did not require any additional expenses from me (everything was paid for by the inviting party), except for the Italian visa. I got it in Switzerland for 40 Swiss francs (about $30). But the equipment, reagents, scientific materials and everything that was necessary for my research, I could use for free in unlimited quantities.
Unfortunately, there was only enough money for me alone. For some reason, I did not receive additional funding for my family members, provided for by the terms of the grant. Due to the fact that Switzerland is an expensive country, the authorities denied the family a visa.
Despite everything, my impressions are the most rosy.
Strictly speaking, grants should be awarded exclusively on a competitive basis. However, sometimes the money is distributed without any competition. Some American foundations and even the US embassy "sin" with this. They independently determine the winners for monetary nominations. Among the lucky ones, as a rule, are scientists leading developments in the field of cancer. According to the clerk of the press service of the US Embassy, "America is interested in Russian heads ..."
How to enter the competition
An application for participation in the competition must be submitted 3-4 months before the start of the semester or internship. To do this, you need to contact the Russian representative office of the fund or the embassy of the country that announced the competition. As a last resort, call abroad - to the central office of the fund.
Required addresses and phone numbers can be found in the Library foreign literature, where, by the way, there are also representative offices of some funds - in particular, the "British Council" and the "French Cultural Center".
You will be given application forms, which must be completed in the original language and sent to the address of one of the foundations. You will indicate the standard facts of your biography (born, married, education, children, work experience).
Particularly inquisitive patrons may require the recommendation of well-known scientists who already have publications in your specialty. Entrepreneurs (also in writing) will have to convince the fund specialists that your business is promising.
Next, you will write a short essay (again on foreign language) on the subject of your future work. Be sure to indicate why you need an internship abroad and what benefits you will bring to Russia after returning to your homeland.
"Take it seriously and loftily. We are not joking by setting such conditions," advised Ms. Sasha Edblad (Sasha Edblad), consultant of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
By the way, until recently, funds required proof that you have no real opportunity to go abroad with your own money. Now, fortunately, these "revelations" have been removed from the agenda.
After some time, you will be invited to a language exam. The requirements for knowledge of the language are quite strict: you must be fluent in at least colloquial vocabulary.
This will be followed by an interview with a fund specialist in the field of your developments. And... tedious waiting for the results of the contest.
As a result, either your ideas are really recognized as brilliant, or you will receive an unmotivated refusal in a grant. Apparently, there will be a lot of disappointments. According to an employee of the British Council, an average of 9-10 grants are allocated for 200 applicants.
Expatriates are asked not to worry
To weed out the wave of random hunters for grants, without exception, the funds put forward a strict condition - persons who have ever applied for permanent residence in another country are not allowed to participate in the competition. "We are not investing money to help emigrants," Mr. Soros once remarked.
Some foundations have additional sine qua non conditions for receiving a grant. In particular, winners of American sponsors should not participate in other programs within 2 years after returning to their homeland. The Norwegian Research Council increased this period to 5 years, the German funds are slightly less - up to 3 years.
Some foundations, for example, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the National Center for Scientific Research of France, the German Economic Exchange Service, the Central European University and others require the applicant to have a foreign partner with whom joint research will be carried out. Moreover, this partner must pay 25%-30% of the grant, thus confirming the real feasibility of the idea.
Director of the Russian office "Charity Aid Foundation" Ms. Lena Young:
- You need to look for a partner in advance. Chat, meet. The excitement that starts 2-3 months before the application is not getting results. When they call us and offer to be a partner in a diabetes organization, we answer: "This is not our profile."
"Well, please! .." They do not understand that a fictitious partnership is useless. We do not know any specialists, or methods, or anything else.
As a representative of the UK, I can suggest that those who would like to find a partner, contact the organization "Charity Know How", one of the departments of which deals exclusively with the search for partners. Address in London: East West Link, 114/118 Southampton Row, London WC1B 5AA. Phone: 071 831-7798, Fax: 071 831-0134.
Write what you do and what type of organization you would like to partner with.
How much and for what program can Russians receive in Western charitable foundations
| Fund | Country | What does | Requirements for contestants | term of study (internship) | grant amount | deadline for submitting an application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Damon Foundation | USA | support | the applicant must have an academic | 1, 2, 3 years | $25K-$45K (1st | March 15, 15 |
| Runien-Walter | research in | doctorate, master's degree | year)*, $ 30 thousand - $ 46 | August and 15 | ||
| Winchell | oncology | thousand (2nd year), $33 | December | |||
| thousand-$48 thousand (3rd year) | ||||||
| German | Germany | any scientific | contestants must | 3 months — | 40 thousand German. stamps | not installed |
| research | development | submit an application through | internship, 6 | |||
| th society | German project participants | months — | ||||
| researcher | ||||||
| what a job | ||||||
| Erhard Foundation | USA | education | only social and | maximum | $ 3250-$ 7000 | no later than 120 |
| humanitarian sciences | term - 12 | days before start | ||||
| (economics, philosophy, | months | work | ||||
| international relationships, | ||||||
| political science) | ||||||
| conducting | same requirements | 12 months | from $ 980 to $ 24 thousand, | in 120 days | ||
| research | average grant size — | |||||
| $ 9680 | ||||||
| Center "East-West" | USA | scholarships for people with | specialists, recently | 12 months | $2500 monthly | not installed |
| degree | degree holders | |||||
| Research Center | USA | biomedicine | oncologists with a scientist | 2 years, | from $29k to $32 | not installed |
| cells in Fujisaki | degree | Maybe | thousand | |||
| extension up to 5 | ||||||
| years | ||||||
| Program | USA | scholarships for scientists from | art history and related | 4 months | $ 10 thousand | Nov. 1 |
| grants | countries of Central and | areas | ||||
| Getty | of Eastern Europe | |||||
| Grasse Foundation | USA | support | academic degree | 2 years | $ 30 thousand per year + $ 700 | Nov. 1 |
| neuroscientists | - for each member | everyone | ||||
| families + $ 3 thousand - for | odd year | |||||
| covering the costs of | ||||||
| researching | ||||||
| and one trip | ||||||
| scientific conference | ||||||
| Japanese Society | Japan | support | short term program for | from 14 to 60 | 18,000 yen ($180) at | May 31 and 30 |
| promoting science | theoretical and | participation | days | night + 150 thousand yen | September | |
| applied sciences | highly qualified | ($1494)-- transport | every year | |||
| discussion experts, | spending within the country + | |||||
| lectures | air ticket payment | |||||
| long-term program for | 6 to 10 | 270-300 thousand yen | September 30th | |||
| joint research | months | ($2690-$2988) per month | every year | |||
| + 40 thousand yen ($ 398) - | ||||||
| the cost of holding | ||||||
| research | ||||||
| Scholarships | Norway | training in Norwegian | age of candidates - 20-35 | one training | NOK 5700 crowns ($897) | must |
| governments | universities | years, preferably knowledge of one | year (9 months) | - monthly + 4 thousand. | fit under | |
| Norway allocated in | from the Scandinavian languages | Norwegian CZK ($630) - | autumn | |||
| cultural | study tours and | (since August 20 | ||||
| agreements | materials | to December 20) | ||||
| and spring (with | ||||||
| January 15 to | ||||||
| June 15) | ||||||
| semesters | ||||||
| exchange of specialists | same requirements | 1 to 3 | per diem in the amount of 360 | not installed | ||
| weeks | Norwegian crowns ($57) |
Olga KAZANSKAYA, Olga RACHKOVA
To help sick children, support sports organizations, as well as theaters and museums. This year, the fund spent about 13.75 billion rubles on the implementation of various projects. Funding sources are Usmanov's personal funds, as well as money allocated by companies controlled by him.
The Sistema Charitable Foundation was established in 2003 for the charitable activities of the corporation of the same name and its subsidiaries. The main areas of activity of the foundation include science, culture and art, sports and social development. Every year, the fund spends about three billion rubles to support more than 50 projects. Funds for the fund come from commercial organizations, as well as from individuals.
The Russian Aid Fund (Rusfond) was established in 1996 by the Kommersant publishing house to support readers of the Kommersant newspaper in need of help. The founder and head of Rusfond is journalist Lev Ambinder. For the first half of this year, the fund managed to raise almost 607 million rubles, last year - more than 1.7 billion. Rusfond specializes in helping seriously ill children, promoting the development of civil society, and introducing high medical technologies. - Individuals and organizations.
The Volnoe Delo Foundation was founded by Russian businessman Oleg Deripaska in 1998. The Foundation is engaged in supporting projects in the field of science, education, culture, territorial development, healthcare and animal protection. In 2014, for fund projects. According to Expert magazine, the fund is financed from the personal funds of Oleg Deripaska and deductions from the Basic Element group of companies.
The Mikhail Prokhorov Charitable Foundation, which became the first charitable organization in Russia with a regional work strategy, was established by businessman Mikhail Prokhorov in 2004. — systemic support of culture in the Russian regions. For 10 years of work, the fund's budget has exceeded two billion rubles. There is no exact funding.
The Elena and Gennady Timchenko Charitable Foundation was established in 2010. The main activity of the foundation is the implementation of programs: "Older Generation", "Family and Children", "Sport", "Culture". For the first three years of operation, the fund's budget was $330.2 million. The main source of funding for the fund is the personal funds of the Timchenko Family
The Gift of Life Foundation was founded in 2006 by actresses Chulpan Khamatova and Dina Korzun. The scope of the fund is to help sick children. In 2015, the fund raised more than 326 million rubles. Funding sources are Russian, international and foreign organizations, individuals in Russia and abroad, as well as "stateless persons".
The Victoria Children's Charitable Foundation was founded in 2004 by Nikolai Tsvetkov, President of the Uralsib Corporation. The Foundation specializes in helping children left without parental care and who find themselves in a difficult life situation. Expenses for charitable programs in 2013 amounted to more than 184 million rubles. There are no more recent data. According to the data for 2013, the sources of financing are also personal funds of Nikolai Tsvetkov, income from endowment, fundraising, funds of Uralsib Bank.
Charity in the United States of America
In the United States of America, in fact, for the first time faced with the problem of the need for acts and manifestations of charity. In addition, the United States became the first country where support for people involved in direct charitable activities became relevant.
Remark 1
Back in the first half of the 20th century (specifically in 1921), serious changes were made to the country's tax legislation, which provided for a reduction in the level of taxes on the funds that went as donations in order to help the most needy categories of citizens.
About 7 new charitable foundations are created annually in the United States of America, which makes America a real world leader in terms of their number and, most importantly, in the quality of their activities. People are very clearly aware of their mission, they are specially trained to ensure that their activities are professional. AT charity mistakes should not be made, since the work is carried out with the most unstable categories of citizens who can react quite critically to incorrect behavior.
The system of charity in the USA has some specifics:
- Donations to charitable foundations are tax deductible, as we mentioned earlier. For example, wealthy Americans donate large sums to relief funds, but this is more likely not because they want to help anyone (although this is the direct goal of charity). Often they do this also in order that the donated amount can reduce their personal tax deductions by several times, which is undoubtedly very beneficial;
- Young people and representatives of the older generation are quite stingy with donations. Thus, deductions from working adults are much lower, but the elderly and children are distinguished by their desire to help those in need, which is why the accounts of charitable organizations are mainly replenished at their expense. In addition, they strive to help not only financially, but also morally, and also donate their old unnecessary things, buy clothes, food and medicines on their own, and then send them to organizations;
- America has a secret list of benefactors. Everyone knows about their existence, but their data is encrypted. The data of volunteers is also encrypted, because they can then be used by other charitable organizations without notifying the owners directly. Many people prefer to remain anonymous philanthropists, because for them this is not a matter of achieving popularity and recognition: the highest mission is to provide all possible assistance to other people who have nowhere to get it from.
Charity in Europe
Many researchers who analyze charitable activities in European countries emphasize that in Europe today the third sector is flourishing quite actively. In almost every country there are tax incentives, the deductions of which are transferred to charitable organizations. This practice shows that heads of state and their citizens recognize the important role of private philanthropy.
Remark 2
The history of the development of philanthropy (charity) in Europe is quite rich. Some organizations that exist to this day were created back in the Middle Ages, but their support led to the fact that, having a rich history and foundation, they are still very active today, not only within their country, but also on international arena.
Today, there are four models of NPOs that operate in Europe. They were singled out by the researchers McDonald and Tyart and formulated as follows:
- Anglo-Saxon model NPO, which includes private non-profit organizations. They were created in opposition to the state, and for this reason, initially their activities were not regulated by the authorities, remaining aloof from political proceedings and activities in general;
- Rhine model NGOs. Unlike the Anglo-Saxon, the Rhine model allows the state to take part in the activities of commercial organizations, to regulate the regulations of their activities, to limit in case of exceeding their powers;
- latin model NPO (in other words, it is also customary to call it Mediterranean). The church plays the main role in it, and the state acts as an intermediary, although it cannot be said that it remains on the sidelines. In fact, in any country, the state also influences the religious sphere, and, accordingly, has a direct influence on charitable organizations and their activities;
- Scandinavian model NGOs. This model is built on the basis of a sufficiently developed state social system, as well as on the established traditions of volunteering. Thus, the influence of the state is strong, but rather through social policy, which regulates the processes of charity.
Among the countries with the largest number of people willing to donate to charity, it is worth highlighting the Netherlands (almost 83% of the total number of people living in the country), Switzerland (70%) and Poland (also 70%). Thus, residents of countries located in the north of Europe are ready to provide assistance much more often and in greater volumes than those who live in the southern part of Europe. Only 30% of Italians and 19% of Spaniards donate their funds to non-profit organizations, which was demonstrated in the Observatoire de France study in 2014.
Priority in various countries different types help. For example, in Germany, Switzerland and Belgium, international and humanitarian aid is the most common. In France and Spain, they prefer to provide material support to their fellow citizens who are at risk. Also, a large amount of funds is donated to the implementation social projects for the fight against poverty, poverty, illiteracy, as well as for the treatment of especially dangerous diseases that require a large amount of funds.
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