In our time, there are rarely countries that would not depend on world development in economic, political and cultural terms. In particular, the world economy and economic relations at the global level affect the economy of each state separately. The only difference lies in the extent to which one or another power is able to take timely measures to ensure that its own foreign exchange market and labor market do not suffer from external influence.
What is the world economy?
The world (or international) economy is understood as a global economic system that has many levels and unites the economies of different countries of the world. This unification takes place on the basis of the international division of labor with the help of a system where interethnic economic relations play the main role.
More briefly, the world economy is defined as a set of economies of different peoples, as well as non-state structures that are united by international relations.
The concept of an international economy appeared due to the fact that an international division of labor arose. Experts note that this entailed, on the one hand, the distribution of production between different powers, and on the other, the unification of specializations. At the same time, economic relations between countries have been and remain to this day.
The concept of economic relations
In a general sense, economic relations are understood as such relations between people that develop in the process of exchange and consumption of goods, production, distribution of goods, etc. If we are talking about international economic relations, then here "hand in hand" go the international economy and international economic relations (IEO).
As for the latter, both transnational corporations, international subjects of the world economy, as well as entire countries, regions or regional groupings can be involved in the process of relations in the economic sphere. 
MEO forms
Economists have identified the following main forms of international economic relations:
- international cooperation in the production of goods;
- exchange of scientific and technical achievements;
- international specialization of production and works of a scientific and technical nature;
- trading internationally;
- relations between states, among which the most important are monetary, information, credit;
- cooperation of powers in relation to the solution of global problems.
International economic relations are dependent on the international division of labor (MRT). Proceeding from this, the main forms and directions of MEO are determined by the fact that this division of labor is gradually moving to a new level and acquiring a new type.
Types of international division of labor
It should be noted that there is a significant difference between different types of MRI. So, the general type implies trade and exchange of goods of manufacturing and extractive industries between specific states. If the MRI is of a private nature, then this will lead to the fact that trade in ready-made products from various industries will prevail. Separately, the division of labor of a single type is singled out: it means specialization at certain stages of production and stages of the technological cycle. Thus, conditions are created for a more dynamic growth of trade volumes and the exchange of products at the world level. 
Monetary and credit relations
The leader among the various forms of international relations in the field of economics is considered to be monetary and financial or monetary and credit relations. What are they? These are relations of a financial nature that develop between subjects of different powers. In other words, these economic relations may arise between residents and non-residents.
There are also cases when monetary and credit relations develop between subjects of law of the same state. Here we are talking about currency values, to which the right of ownership is transferred. In addition, other property rights may be associated with foreign exchange transactions.
international trade
At the moment, almost all countries of the world take part in foreign trade, that is, they are directly related to the system of international commodity-money relations. In simple words, international trade understand as the totality of foreign trade of different states.
For the first time, Italian economists started talking about trade at the world level in the 12th century. The development of trade is the most important factor in the development of the entire world economy. There is an opinion that participation in trade provides its participants with a lot of advantages. One of the most important advantages is that international competition arises, which leads to the need to improve enterprises and products. 
IEO problems
According to experts, today the following main problems of economic relations can be distinguished:
- creation of international transport corridors;
- creation of free economic zones;
- problems of the Internet economy.
An international transport corridor is understood as such transport system, which concentrates on general directions various types of transport, including road, rail, sea, pipeline, and telecommunications. Such transport corridors contribute to the more active development of world economic and international economic relations.
Free economic zones (or special economic zones) are certain territories that have preferential economic conditions for local and foreign entrepreneurs. Such zones are created for the purpose of developing the state as a whole or a specific territory separately, where foreign trade, social, general economic and regional tasks are solved. 
As for the Internet economy, new economic relations are developing here, which are aimed at solving many global problems. Here questions are raised about the security of these business entities in the global Internet space, about the possibility of facilitating trade and the exchange of products.
Economic links between different organizational forms human communities (tribe, clan, nation, state, etc.) have a long history. Initially taking the form of single transactions, these links, due to the constant increase in their number, connecting more and more actors to them, expanding the range of objects that become the subject of international trade (capital, labor, services, scientific knowledge, inventions, information, historical sights etc.) gradually turned into a complex set of relations affecting the interests of all countries of the world.
International economic relations are an element of an extremely complex and highly mobile system, which is the world economy. It is known that the world economy as an integral system was formed by the end of the 19th century. This was preceded by a number of conditions:
- * the end of the era of geographical discoveries, when almost all "white spots" disappeared from the face of the Earth and geographical maps;
- * securing all territories of the Earth for any national-state formation;
- * recognition of this formation by the community of other states.
Only after the completion of the process of formation of the world economy, it became possible to consider international economic relations as a single and interconnected set. The ongoing changes in the correlation and alignment of the main economic forces in the world are inevitably reflected in the content, structure and role of international economic relations.
International economic relations are the basis of the construction of the world economy (Figure 2.1), its mechanism and link between national economies. Without international economic relations, the world economy cannot function. The level of international economic relations and the degree of their development predetermine the state of the entire world economic system.
Main forms of international economic cooperation
The most ancient form of IER is international trade (Figure 2.2).
Figure 2.1 The concept of international trade
In the modern world, five main forms of IER have been formed. (Figure 2.3)
- 1. International trade - international exchange of goods, results of intellectual work, services and labor force. In other words, MT is the exchange of factors of production at the international level. MT is the leading form of MEO.
- 2. International production cooperation (IPC) is a process that implements international production relations for joint activities based on MT.
- 3. Investment activity - an activity based on international financing in order to achieve a social effect and profit from partners.
- 4. Services are useful activities that are not embodied in a material product by a foreign consumer.
- 5. International monetary and financial and credit relations - a kind of economic relations associated with the functioning of world money and securities.
Figure 2.3 Main forms of international economic relations
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru/
Introduction
1. Methodological aspects of the study of modern international relations
1.1 The concept of international economic relations and their main forms
1.2 International economic relations as the main form of cooperation between states
2. Current trends in the development of international relations and factors
2.1 The essence of the transition to a multipolar world order
2.2 Globalization of international relations
2.3 Democratization of international relations
2.4. Prospects and factors for the development of the IEO
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
In the world economy, two main trends in the development of international economic relations are currently being implemented. The first trend is to strengthen the integrity of the world economy, its globalization, all this is caused by the liberalization of trade, the development of economic ties between countries and the creation modern systems communications and information, global technical standards and rules.
The second trend is economic rapprochement and interaction of the parties at the regional level, forms extensive regional integration structures that are developing towards the creation of relatively independent centers of the world economy. But one of the distinguishing features of the world economy is the enhanced development of international economic relations.
Thisworkis study of the foundations of international economic relations, as well as in the course work will be considered the main trends and forms of development of international economic relations. international economic globalization
In accordance with the goal of the course work, first you need to define international economic relations. International economic relations between states, regional groupings, transnational corporations and other subjects of the world economy.
International economic relations - as a science, it does not study the economy of foreign countries, but the features of their economic relations. International economic relations are not one specific direction, but the specificity of economic relations between states. If we consider the goals of international economic relations, then it is necessary to consider the goals pursued by countries entering into relations with each other.
The main goals pursued by countries when entering into economic relations:
The first and most important goal, when a state seeks to develop its economy by attracting funds from another state, such means can be: the joint construction of manufacturing enterprises that produce products that both parties involved in the project need.
Second goal. The underdeveloped states seek to establish relations with the more developed ones, which have all the means by which they can protect their new ally and partner. This is also an important goal, especially in such a volatile time when safety comes first.
The third goal can be the exchange of experience and the introduction of new technologies used in enterprises of another country.
The goals presented are the most important for states entering into economic relations with other countries.
1. Methodological aspects of the study of modern international relations
1.1 The concept of international economic relations and theirmainforms
International economic relations are a vast complex of trade, production, scientific, technical, financial ties between states, leading to the exchange of economic resources, joint economic activity. Simply put, international economic relations is a system of economic relations between the countries of the world.
In the economic literature, in particular, in the science of the world economy, there is such a thing as a form of international economic relations. Form is a kind of manifestation, expression of international relations in some process, activity.
World economic relations originate in international trade; historically, this is the first form of international economic relations. It has gone from single foreign trade transactions to large-scale trade and economic cooperation, when supplies are carried out by international corporations within the framework of industrial cooperation.
The world market is a set of national markets that are interconnected and interact with each other through various forms of economic relations. The world market, on the basis of competition between its participants, ultimately determines the structure and volume of production and exports, the degree of development of the international division of labor.
Modern international trade is increasingly being transformed into long-term and sustainable relationships between suppliers and consumers. These relations are based on the development of international relations directly technological process production.
The organizational form of such international - regional and global - systems of production specialization and cooperation are transnational corporations (TNCs) of the leading industries. The share of intracompany trade of TNCs accounts for 40% of US exports, and, according to some estimates, the import of goods from controlled enterprises of TNCs covers about half of US imports.
The trend towards establishing long-term stable technological ties in the field of international trade with suppliers - foreign firms or their own subsidiaries abroad is also due to the fact that competition on the world market is tougher than on the national one, its "technological" component is intensifying. Such criteria of international specialization as "manufacturability", quality, variety of products come to the fore.
The foreign trade exchange of goods is the most important component of international economic relations. Foreign trade turnover is characterized by such indicators as the ratio of the value of exports to the value of gross domestic product, the volume of exports per capita. According to them, one can judge the degree of the country's involvement in world economic relations and the degree of "openness" of its economy. Studies have shown that open economies grow faster than closed economies. Although countries with rich resources and capacious domestic markets are somewhat less dependent on foreign trade. Kudrov V.M. "World Economy": Textbook. M.: Ed. "BEK", 2008-p.98-99
International scientific and technical relations are carried out partly on a commercial basis, and partly on a gratuitous basis. Usually, a country buys abroad and pays for licenses for the use of patented discoveries and inventions, scientific, technical and technological innovations (know-how), engineering services for the development and creation of infrastructure facilities, and training of its specialists abroad. At the same time, a number of countries and foreign firms provide their scientific and technical product and provide scientific and technical assistance on a free or partially paid basis as a charity. There are special charitable foundations contributing to the dissemination of knowledge and scientific achievements throughout the world.
In recent years, the pace of technological development has accelerated, the level of specialization of developed projects and the degree of "interpenetration" of new technologies have increased. Therefore, new forms of international scientific and technical cooperation are emerging. Esenglin N. "External Economics", M.: 2010.-p.164
We see foreign economic relations most often in the form of import and export of goods, import and export. But in the modern economy, such a specific commodity as capital also falls into the number of exported and imported goods. Under the influence of the internationalization of economic life and in the interests of making profit abroad, the importance and scale of the export of capital are increasing. The export of capital is the purposeful movement of funds from one country to another to put them in a profitable business.
The export of capital is carried out in the form of entrepreneurial (direct and portfolio investment) loan capital. The export of entrepreneurial capital is a long-term foreign investment in industrial, commercial and other enterprises.
Foreign investments serve as a source of monetary, and sometimes direct property investments in the development, expansion, development of new production of goods and services, improvement of technology, mining, and the use of natural resources.
Direct foreign investments are capital investments in foreign enterprises in the amount of at least 10%, providing the investor with control over them.
Foreign trade, import and export of capital do not exhaust all possible forms of economic ties between different countries. One form of economic cooperation is joint ventures owned by owners from different countries.
There is a joint venture international form organization and implementation of specific economic activity based on the use of the combined capital of foreign and local founders from two or more countries. Joint ventures allow you to combine funds and other types of resources from different countries and carry out common production and economic activities in the territory of one of them or in each country.
In recent decades, a new form of foreign economic relations has become widespread in the form of the creation of free economic zones on the territory of the country. In general, they have been known in world practice for quite a long time.
A free economic zone is a limited area, a part of the country's territory, within which there is a preferential regime for managing and foreign economic activity, enterprises are given a wider freedom of economic activity.
Governments of various countries, creating free economic zones, pursue a variety of goals. These include: revitalization of enterprises located on their territory; industrial modernization; saturation of the domestic market with high-quality goods; development of foreign economic relations; expanding exports and imports; attraction of foreign investments, development of new technologies; development of economically backward areas; advanced training of the labor force, etc.
For free economic zones, special facilitated customs and trade regimes are established, broad freedom of movement of capital, goods and specialists is provided, and a preferential taxation regime for enterprises is applied. "International economic relations; textbook; edited by Doctor of Economics, Professor E.F. Zhukov; M.: 2005.-S.216
Another form of MER is labor migration. This is displacement, resettlement of the able-bodied population caused by economic reasons. Depending on whether the country's borders are crossed, internal and external migration is distinguished. But the world economy does not consider internal migration, i.e. migration between regions of the country, from the village to the city. And external migration is being studied, when the borders of states are crossed by labor force. External migration affects the population of the country, increasing or decreasing it by the value of the migration balance (the difference between the number of people who moved outside the country (emigrants) and the number of people who moved to this country from outside (immigrants)). Migration of the labor force has an impact on the economies of the countries from where and where the migration is directed. After all, it is the labor force that is engaged in the production of industrial products. Accordingly, labor productivity, product quality and other economic components of production will depend on it. http://en.wikipedia.org
Currency relations also belong to the forms of international economic relations.
The functioning of the world economy is impossible without an established system of monetary, that is, monetary, relations between countries. The development of international monetary relations is due to the internationalization of economic relations, the formation of the world economic system. International monetary relations are economic relations associated with the functioning of national currencies in the world market, the monetary service of commodity exchange and other economic relations between countries, the use of currency as a means of payment and credit. Monetary relations, one way or another, accompany trade, the export of capital, scientific and technical exchange, labor migration, tourism, cultural ties, the provision of economic assistance, lending.
At present, the monetary system can affect not only the international exchange of goods, but also the process of international reproduction, facilitating or accelerating it.
Currency relations are implemented through a certain mechanism that establishes the procedure for issuing and using international settlements and payments, the rules for establishing exchange proportions (rates) of currencies. "International Economic Relations", Avdokushin E.F., tutorial.5th ed. M.: 2011.-p.194
There is such a term as the balance of payments. And financial position countries in the international market are usually valued by its balance of payments. The balance of payments is an important indicator and a tool that allows one to foresee the degree of a country's possible participation in world trade, international economic relations, and to establish its solvency.
The balance of payments is a document, a table of correspondence between external income and expenses, which records all funds, foreign exchange earnings received by a given country from other states, as well as all funds paid by a country to other countries during a certain period.
Thus, the balance of payments can be characterized as a country's foreign economic or foreign exchange budget, calculated in accordance with its real incomes and expenditures due to foreign economic relations. "Political Economy and the History of Economic Doctrines", textbook. ed. Porshneva A.G., Denisova B.A.: GUU, 2013.-p.123-124
1.2 International economic relations as the main form of cooperation between states
From the very beginning of the existence of states, the greatest development was achieved by those that had ties with each other. Those who are not
connections were not maintained, as a rule, they were backward or their existence was short-lived. Therefore, the states sought to form joint organizations and trade relations, for their maximum possible development.
Through the development of international economic relations, the formation of the world economy took place. These processes posed to economic science the problem of determining the effectiveness of international trade and international economic relations.
One can judge the effectiveness of international economic relations by examining their advantages on the example of the international division of labor.
The increase in labor productivity occurs in all countries participating in the international division of labor. The fact is that all countries organize mass production of products not only to meet national needs, but also for exchange for products that they consume, but do not produce themselves. As a result of this universal participation, a new productive force of labor arises, which is used in their own interests by all countries participating in the process of the international division of labor. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 6, "Transnationalization of activities of corporate structures of the Commonwealth countries" // A. Myrzhykbaeva, 2010.-p.8-9
Such a general content of economic benefit, as we have just established, is an increase in the productivity of social labor in all countries participating in the international division of labor. With regard to determining the quantitative scale of the economic benefits received by the country as a result of its participation in the international division of labor, this specific task of political economy should be considered in the section on determining the actual effectiveness of foreign economic relations.
In addition to the new productive force of international origin, countries participating in the international division of labor also receive other economic benefits. The concentration of countries' efforts on the production of a certain increase in products, both for national consumption and for exchange for products produced by other countries, contributes to the organization of mass production in these countries. This type of production leads to an increase in labor productivity not only with a better use of the means of labor and objects of labor, but also as a result of the professional improvement of the workers themselves.
Thus, the participation of the country in the development of international economic relations contributes to the intensive development of the economy of this state.
In the economic literature there is a statement of mercantilists who believed "that the state should sell as much as possible on the foreign market and buy as little as possible, accumulating gold ... wealth." These ideas have been developed further. So, for example, the representative of the classical school A Smith noted that "if any foreign country can supply us with some commodity at a cheaper price than we ourselves can produce it, it is much better to buy it from her for some part of the product of our own industrial labor applied in an area in which we have some advantage.Smith's study of the international division of labor as the basis of export and import relations and determining the economic capabilities of states led to conclusions that later became known as the theory of absolute advantages. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 8, "Methodology for determining the effectiveness of international economic relations" //: K. Ainabek, 2011.-p.11-12
Thus, in determining the general criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of foreign trade operations and international economic relations, it is not enough to focus only on excess profit or profit, which are presented as final results and express only the interest of the owner of the foreign economic process, but not of the whole country, and even more so of another state participating in these economic relations. In this connection, it is better to choose indicators that are defined as objective marginal values of embodied and living labor costs both within the country as a whole and goods exchanged between states, since many factors will be taken into account here.
2. Modern development trendsinternational relations and factors
2.1 The essence of the transition to a multipolar world order
The current stage of international relations is characterized by the rapidity of change, new forms of distribution of power. Gone is the confrontation between the two superpowers - the USSR and the USA. The old system of international relations, which was called bipolar - bipolar, collapsed. In the motley picture of breaking up old and building new international relations, one can still single out several visible development trends.
According to the module of polarity, three classes of systems of international relations can be distinguished. Unipolar, bipolar and multipolar.
A unipolar system is dominated by one center of power, one pole. It doesn't happen often. Consider Ancient Rome. And the beginning of the XXI century - the United States of America. The unipolar world is quite convenient. An attack on this very "pole" is ruled out almost by definition. Order, discipline, balance on the political surface often hides discord and discontent beneath that surface. The bipolar world is even more disturbing. After all, we are talking not just about two states, but about two opposing ideologies, two antagonistic social systems. Bazhanov E. The inevitability of a multipolar world // MEIMO. - 2004.p.34 The peaceful coexistence of the USSR and the USA theoretically did not exclude a war of extermination between them. The bipolar world is characterized by rigid bloc discipline, discipline of interests and ideologies. The main danger of rivalry between the two centers of power is a constant arms race. As for the multipolar world, the world community based on the interaction and balance of several centers of power is incomparably more complex and potentially more dangerous than a world that balances on one or two centers. It is no coincidence that both world wars arose as a result of a violation, a disruption of precisely the multidimensional balance that was designed to keep the great powers of those years from sudden movements. But there is another point of view on the multipolar world - it is both the initial facet and the main norm of the state of international relations, since it meets the formation and general civilizational processes of modernity, the interests of the entire world community.
Another argument that is cited to prove the unipolarity of the modern world is the supposedly unprecedented hegemonic aspirations of Washington. One after another, works began to appear justifying the US right to hegemony. They assert that Washington, as the initiator and leader of an objective and progressive process of globalization, is its guarantor. The burden of legislator, judge and sheriff falls on America. But we can observe that Washington has no chance of acquiring such a title. After all, there is no passive universal acceptance of American dictates. On the contrary, there is a growing disagreement with the hegemonic policy on the part of large and influential powers - Russia, China, India, and many Muslim and other developing countries. There were symptoms of a desire by the dissatisfied for a broad partnership to contain the United States. They can be noticed even in China, which for 20 years has been steadily pursuing a policy of non-alliances and flexible balancing between the great powers. Terrorism, anti-Americanism and the enormous costs of building a world empire are also significant obstacles to US hegemony. Funds for the export of democracy and military hegemony on a global scale become less. Also, the development of multipolarity is served by the US realization that many of the problems of our interdependent world can only be resolved through close and equal partnership with other members of the world community.
Thus, there is a move towards multipolarity, which means a decrease in the share of the United States in the world economy and world politics, the gradual dissolution of the unipolar world in a different structure of international relations. The world's dependence on the US is shrinking. Although we continue to depend on the US, but also America depends on us due to globalization. It can be argued that over the course of a century, the transformation of the global structure of international relations has completed a full cycle. From multipolarity, which developed before the end of the 19th century, it passed through bipolarity, which promised to end in unipolarity, and returned to multipolarity at the beginning of the 21st century.
2.2 Globalization of international relations
The majority of scientists, analysts and experts involved in the development of the foreign policy of states, planning regional and global programs and strategies different orientation, agree that the most significant trend that will determine the development of the world community in the foreseeable future will be globalization. What does the term "globalization" mean? There are a large number of interpretations of the essence of globalization, but the most common ones can be distinguished:
ü Globalization is a closer and broader interaction of states and international organizations in assessing the state and searching for solutions to escalating problems that affect the interests of not only individual states, but of all mankind, which constitute the essence of comprehensive security and most directly affect the viability of the biosphere.
ü Globalization is the process of gradual formation of a universal world environment for market activity due to the reduction and abolition of tariff and non-tariff foreign trade regulators by countries, the liberalization of the movement of factors of production and the development of economic transnational structures
ü Globalization - a set of modern phenomena, processes and structures, which can be expressed in interdependence, interpenetration and interdependence of the most diverse components of the modern world and the world community
ü Globalization is the process of organizing into a single systemic whole a multitude of spaces that emerged at different times, constituting the sphere of international relations and occupying a "niche" from the supranational to the global levels of the modern world. Kosolapov N. Globalization: territorial and spatial aspect // MEIMO.-2005.-p.21-22
Based on these definitions of the essence of globalization, we can conclude that this is a rather complex, multifaceted and dynamic phenomenon that affects the political, economic, social, environmental, cultural aspects of the life of not only individual states, but also a particular person.
So globalization is to internationalize the economy, develop unified system world connection, change and weakening of the functions of the national state, revitalization of transnational non-state entities. On this basis, an increasingly interdependent and integral world is being formed; interactions in it have become systemic.
The next important factor, the influence of which will have an almost universal character, is related to the change in the very essence of security after the Cold War. To date, there are three models of security - collective, universal and cooperative. The main condition for collective security is the presence of a group of states united by a common goal and developed a set of military-political measures directed against a potential adversary or aggressor. The concept of universal security is designed to emphasize the multidimensional nature of international security, as well as the need to take into account the legitimate interests of not only a narrow group of leading states, but also all members of the world community.
Another new factor, the significance of which for the foreign policy of states and the normal functioning of the entire system of international relations will steadily increase, is based on the concept sustainable development adopted by the UN Conference. Terentiev N. World order at the beginning of the XXI century -2004.-p.33-35
Thus, globalization is not a charity, but, of course, a historical process. It is understood as the internationalization of life on our planet, moving forward, overcoming some contradictions and generating new ones, breaking the resistance of some social groups and replacing them with others.
2.3 Democratization of international relations
Many authors point to democratization as a trend in the development of the modern world. At the same time, the concept itself in political science is used mainly in two meanings. Under the democratization of the world, firstly, is understood the growth in the number of democratic states; secondly, the strengthening and development of democratic institutions and procedures in various countries.
In political science external environment, i.e. world development trends, is usually considered as one of the structural variables of the democratization process: how much does it contribute to this process. However, in today's world, with the ever closer intertwining of foreign and domestic policies, the international environment can act as both a structural and a procedural variable.
In this context, the process of democratic transformations at the end of the 20th century can be considered precisely as a trend in the political development of the world, in the implementation of which not endogenous factors (the level of socio-economic development, political processes in society) are becoming increasingly important, but exogenous in relation to a given state, i.e. international environment. It is she who encourages democratic reforms.
Democratization is observed in all countries, regardless of the type of political regime that prevails in them. With the end of the Cold War, even under the conditions of the most authoritarian regimes, the opportunities to hide, and even more so to legitimize violations by the state of the personal freedom of citizens, their natural and political rights, have significantly narrowed. Such a phenomenon as the progressive politicization of the masses, everywhere demanding access to information, participation in the adoption of decisions affecting them, improvement of their material well-being and quality of life. Achievements of the post-industrial revolution - satellite communications and cable television, telefax and Email, global network The Internet, which makes it possible to almost instantly disseminate and obtain the necessary information on almost all issues of interest to modern man, have become signs of Everyday life people not only in the most economically developed countries, but are becoming more and more widespread throughout the world. The composition and variety of political factors is expanding sharply. As a result, the development and implementation of foreign policy guidelines cease to be the lot of a narrow group of people of a special state department, becoming the property of a combination of a wide variety of institutions, both governmental and non-political. In turn, this has profound implications for political relations from the point of view of their direct participants. Rakovsky S.N. International organizations at the beginning of the XXI century.-2010.-p.67
Thus, following democratic principles and traditions for an increasing number of participants is a kind of positive example. To remain outside the world "democratic club" in today's globalizing world means to be a kind of "outcast" - outside the system, outside the "modernity". This encourages more and more states to focus on democratic values.
2.4. Prospects and factors for the development of the IEO
The cessation of confrontation between the most influential elements of the world economy, it would seem, should lead to the establishment of a consensus between these powers in matters of maintaining the stability of the world system. However, the question arises as to who can now be considered "great powers." If we proceed from such a criterion of "greatness" or "power" of a state as the presence of a sufficient amount of certain resources, then a picture of a multipolar world emerges; based on another criterion - the ability to influence decision-making on the most important issues global economic development - then there is a monopolar world dominated by the United States, although in many respects economic indicators The US is clearly not the first. But in any case, the development of the world economy and the international economic relations will not continue without conflict. International economic relations are becoming more creative, including those aimed at solving global problems, but nevertheless having a competitive coloring, if only because conflict is a condition for the further development of any system. Bovin A. textbook "Leading trends in the development of international relations" 2013.-p.84-85
From the foregoing, a number of conclusions arise regarding the prospects of the IER and the factors influencing the process of their development.
*acceleration scientific and technological progress, expressed in the spread of new technologies, including means of communication, transportation and weapons; the global computerization of economic activity under the influence of scientific and technological progress raises the question of how to conduct international business in a new way; global informatization greatly facilitates the possibility of obtaining commercial, general economic, special information.
*global environmental changes. The exhaustion of the ecological base necessary to support the ever-expanding production raises the question of sources of financing. Serious actions in relation to the environment will inevitably lead to a sharp strain on the functioning of the world economy. Funds for solving environmental problems can be found either at the expense of the countries of the Periphery, which will lead to even greater inequality between the Center and the Periphery, or the costs will be assumed by the Center, which will inevitably cause a decrease in the standard of living there.
*population growth and constant movement; The population moves because of the disastrous ecological, unsatisfactory economic and political situation. The massive migration pressure from the Periphery to the Center causes a repressive response, which in turn contradicts the requirements of the democratization of society, giving rise to similar economic and social problems.
*widening gap between poor and rich countries; Decolonization has, in most cases, fallen short of developing countries' hopes for economic prosperity. Continued discrimination in the IEO has led to failed attempts by developing countries to establish a New International Economic Order (NIEO). Increased competition between the countries of the Center (EU - NAFTA - Japan / ASEAN) causes a decrease in the likelihood of capital being directed to less developed countries, aggravated by the need to invest in the economies of countries in transition in order to increase the predictability of their behavior in world commodity markets.
*growing economic interdependence countries of the world inevitably leads to the unification of the rules of law, cultural values, lifestyle, behavior, etc., which will collide with the position of various groups of the population interested in preserving their distinctive features, national and historical values and traditions. However, this does not remove the question of the hierarchy of the world economy, the multiplicity of subjects operating in it.
* strengthening the role of international economic organizations, taking place against the backdrop of a diminished ability of states to maintain internal order and a political inability to provide their citizens with security and social Security. The internal and external actions of states are increasingly guided by an impressive and ever-expanding set of regulations formulated by international economic organizations. The authority of the latter is determined by the elimination of ideological motives in assessing the situation and making decisions, and by the ineffectiveness of military-political sanctions against violators of the world economic order. The crisis of the UN as a global political organization and the prosperity of its economic units.
*the growing role of non-state structural formations (non-governmental organizations, TNCs) in solving international affairs, including economic ones, raises the question of changing the composition of the main participants in the international community: The world is moving towards a new socio-economic environment in which the international community will be made up of several different types of actors, whose role as autonomous members of this community cannot be ignored .
Conclusion
International economic relations are currently developing very intensively, as states stand in the way of the intensive development of their national economies.
According to economists' forecasts, the development of international economic relations will reach its highest level in the coming years.
The concept of the world of the 21st century will be the product of the joint creative activity of governments, political parties and social movements, the scientific community, cultural and religious figures. International relations in the era of globalization are changing their nature, structure and essence. The nature of international relations has changed historically - from the "balance of power" of the beginning and middle of the last century to the "balance of interests" at the end of the century, to the subsequent "community of interests", without which it seems impossible to imagine the future. The structure of international relations has been enriched with new subjects that challenge the authority and influence of traditional states and intergovernmental organizations. These are individuals, ethnic groups, non-governmental organizations, TNCs, TNBs and MFIs. Accordingly, the essence of international relations has undergone significant influence. States that have sought to realize their interests to the maximum on the basis of the principle of sovereignty are now striving to enter the world economy and world politics.
Thus, the goal set in the course of the study of modern trends in international relations was achieved. These trends are: the transition to a multipolar world order; globalization and the growth of global problems. All this testifies to the inconsistency of the development of modern relations and their more thorough study.
List of used literature
1. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 6, "Transnationalization of activities of corporate structures of the Commonwealth countries / / A. Myrzhykbaeva, 2010.-P.8-9
2. "Sayasat POLICY" No. 8, "Methodology for determining the effectiveness of international economic relations": K. Ainabek, 2011.-p.11-12
3. Bazhanov E. The inevitability of a multipolar world // MEIMO.- 2004.-p.34
4. Kosolapov N. Globalization: territorial and spatial aspect // MEIMO.-2005.-p.21-22
5. Kudrov V.M. "World Economy": Textbook. M.: Ed. "BEK", 2008-p.98-99
6. Esenglin N. "External Economics", M.: 2010.-p.164
7. "International economic relations; textbook; edited by Doctor of Economics, Professor E.F. Zhukov; M.: 2005.-p.216
8. "International economic relations", Avdokushin E.F., textbook. 5th ed. M.: 2011.-p.194
9. "Political Economy and the History of Economic Doctrines", textbook, ed. Porshneva A.G., Denisova B.A.: GUU, 2013.-p.123-124
10. Terentiev N. World order at the beginning of the XXI century -2004.-C 33-35
11. Rakovsky S.N. International organizations at the beginning of the XXI century.-2010.-p.67
12. Bovin A. Leading trends in the development of international relations 2013.-S.84-85
Hosted on Allbest.ru
...Similar Documents
The concept, essence and structure of the world economy and the world economy. The concept of integration and internationalization, international economic relations and their features. Forms of international economic relations. Foreign economic trade policy Russia.
term paper, added 01/23/2009
Basic concepts of international economic relations. Features of foreign trade in developed and developing countries. Essence of political and economic relations between developed and backward countries (specificity of "Center - Periphery" relations).
abstract, added 08/10/2016
Economic relations in the system of the world economy and their regulation. Stages of development of the world economy. Forms of economic relations in the world economy: world trade, export of capital and labor. World integration processes.
abstract, added 03/15/2013
Analysis of the international economic situation in Russia and prospects for the development of its international economic relations. Forms of foreign economic relations: trade, credit financial relations. The sphere of international cooperation is services and tourism.
term paper, added 05/29/2008
The essence and foundations of international economic relations. The contractual and legal framework governing trade and economic relations between Russia and the countries of North America. Problems in the sphere of economic relations between Russia and the USA, Canada, Mexico.
term paper, added 01/18/2014
History of development, basic theories, current situation, meaning and forms of international economic relations. Study of Russia's trade relations with countries with developed economies - Germany, Italy, Japan, USA, France, Great Britain.
term paper, added 08/24/2010
The main stages of the formation and development of the world economy, international economic relations. Creation and functioning of the global market for goods, the global infrastructure of world economic relations. Formation of regional economic blocs.
term paper, added 11/11/2014
Essence and structure of international economic relations, their characteristic features and possible forms. Conjuncture and pricing in the world market. The composition and division of international trade, the main priority and peripheral areas of the world market.
abstract, added 01/25/2010
The role of globalization in modern economic relations and the monetary and financial system. The main trends in the development of finance in the system of global economic relations. International investments, the role of Russia in the international monetary and financial system.
term paper, added 11/04/2009
Study of the basic concepts of international trade between countries. Possibilities of applying the theories of international trade in developing a strategy for entering the world market. Trends in the development of international trade from the point of view of modern theories.
The main forms of international economic relations (IER) are international trade, international movement of capital, international labor migration, international economic integration. In addition, at the present stage, international specialization of production and scientific and technical work, monetary and financial ties and relations between countries, international tourism, etc., are of great importance.
At the present stage, the decisive role in the development of international economic relations belongs to international trade. In the previous question, we noted that the operation of the law of internationalization of production determines the process of internationalization of the market, the operation of the law of outstripping growth of foreign trade compared to the growth of production. If in 1913 - 1939. production growth (43%) outpaced the growth of international trade (19%), then in 1981 - 1996. world trade grew 1.6 times faster than production.
World trade is a form of international economic relations, which is based on a deep international division of labor, the specialization of individual countries in the production of certain economic goods in accordance with their technical and economic level, natural, geographical and other conditions.
The world market is a developed sphere of commodity exchange based on MRI.
Enterprises and organizations of Ukraine carry out foreign trade operations with partners from 139 countries of the world.
AT modern conditions There are certain patterns in world trade. Within the framework of the law of outstripping growth of foreign trade, the following regularities operate:
1 - outstripping growth of trade in services in comparison with the growth rates of international trade. So, if it takes less than 8 years to double the volume of trade in services, then for the corresponding growth in international trade it takes about 15 years. In 1970, the volume of exports of services amounted to 80 billion dollars, then in 1995 - more than 1 trillion. US dollars, which is more than a third of all world exports. This is due to the growing role of the export of services in the process of expanded reproduction (material product, the main productive force, the economic relations themselves both at the national and international levels), a significant reduction in transport costs, an expansion of the share of services in the implementation of trade in typical goods (for example, services of insurance companies ) and other factors. The volume of turnover of services in the total volume of Ukraine's foreign trade in 2007 was 5.5 billion dollars. USA (about 19%), the main share of which was accounted for by transport services.
2 - outpacing growth of trade in finished products compared to trade in the fuel and raw materials group, and within the first group - trade in machinery and equipment. Trade in machinery and equipment with Russia in 2011 had a positive balance of 4.2 billion dollars, with the EU - a negative balance of 6.1 billion dollars.
Our exports in 2011 are dominated by raw products in metallurgy - ferrous metals and products made from them.
3 - a gradual increase in trade in semi-finished products, individual parts, products from which a complex finished product is assembled. In the 1990s, about 60% of the world's trade in machinery accounted for component parts and products.
4 - an increase in the share of intercompany exchange in world trade. This share in the 90s was more than 35%, while in the 70s it was only 20%. This is due to the growth of powerful TNCs, an increase in the number of their branches. TNCs are increasingly monopolizing the service sector, which leads to the growth of intra-company trade.
5 - outstripping rates of trade between the developed countries of the world, which account for more than 70%, the share of underdeveloped countries of the world is 22-24%. Former socialist countries-6-8%.
6 - in the field of international trade, the law of unevenness operates. The United States, Japan and Germany, with less than 10% of the population, account for 35% of international trade. The eight leading countries of the world account for more than 65% of world exports and 50% of world imports, and four countries (USA, UK, Germany and France) account for about 45% of world exports of services. The unevenness in the sphere of international trade is due to the uneven economic development.
7 - an increase in the share of products produced with the help of intellectually information-saturated labor in the exports of developed countries. Leading positions in trade in such goods are occupied by Japan and the United States.
8 - strengthening the role of state and supranational regulation.
9 - gradual liberalization of international trade - the average value of customs tariffs decreased from 33% in the seventies to 5% in the 90s.
The action of these patterns determines the gradual growth of international trade in national reproduction, which is manifested in an increase in the volume of foreign trade in relation to the gross domestic product.
The rapid growth of the service sector, including international trade in services, is due to the fourth major social division of labor, a high standard of living in the developed countries of the world, the law of increasing needs, a significant acceleration of scientific and technological revolution, and increased migration of capital and labor. International trade in services has a number of features: the presence of direct contracts between service producers and consumers, an increase in the volume of international trade in services as foreign trade in goods grows (because for their successful implementation, especially complex goods, it is necessary to provide an increasing number of transport, information, consulting, after-sales and other services), greater protection of the service sector (provision of research and development) from foreign competition from states and supranational bodies.
The main types of services in world trade are: 1) services related to foreign trade - transportation, insurance of goods; 2) services related to the exchange of technologies (trade in licenses, "know-how"); engineering, management, etc.; 3) social and cultural services; 4) banking services - the implementation of international settlements, leasing operations; 5) services related to the international migration of labor.
largest specific gravity services related to world trade in goods, has maritime transport. In the last two decades, air transport has become a serious competitor to maritime transport, especially when it comes to the transportation of valuable cargo. The international chamber of commerce deals with the regulation of the basic terms of supply.
The general goal of state regulation of foreign economic activity is to create favorable conditions for expanded reproduction within the country, in particular for the appropriation of maximum profits by national and transnational companies. In the process of realizing this goal, there is a contradictory combination of protectionism and liberalization.
Protectionism is a public policy of protecting the domestic market from foreign competition and promoting national companies in their penetration into foreign markets. In contrast, liberalism is a public policy aimed at reducing tariffs and other restrictions on foreign trade.
The system of protectionism is carried out through high tariffs on goods imported from abroad, the introduction of tariff restrictions, which include quantitative and currency restrictions, as well as through the establishment of increased requirements for technical, sanitary standards, and taxation in the domestic market. In recent decades, developed countries have used about 800 types of various non-tariff barriers, with the help of which they restrained up to 50% of imports of goods. A characteristic feature of protectionism in modern conditions is the approval of collective and selective protectionism, which is carried out
Member countries of integration groupings in relation to third countries. To the greatest extent, such protectionism is characteristic of the EU countries. On the other hand, the underdeveloped countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America have created 15 closed economic groupings within which trade is being liberalized, and various protectionist measures are being taken against third countries.
State regulation international trade is supplemented by supranational - from international organizations, primarily from the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, now the WTO). This organization was founded in Geneva in 1947.
Initially, 23 countries were authorized members, and in 2000. it already included 129 countries, which accounted for 90% of world trade Ukraine joined the WTO in 2007. The main task of creating the WTO at the present stage was to ensure complete freedom of trade through "linkages", i.e. providing the opportunity to pursue certain forms of protectionist policies while liberalizing imports of goods. The transformation of the GATT into the WTO was accompanied by the inclusion of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and an agreement on trade issues of intellectual property rights.
Another form of international economic relations is the export of capital. In the twentieth century, the export of capital begins to prevail over the export of goods. This is due to the process of monopolization of production, the emergence and development of large monopolistic associations, the emergence of TNCs, which concentrated huge capital in their hands and were looking for ways to make the most profitable investment. In the 1990s, the rate of return of American TNCs in developing countries was twice as high as at home. The reason for this was cheap labor, raw materials, etc.
The export of capital is also determined by the operation of the law of uneven development, in particular, the uneven development of some countries and regions of the world economy. In a country that occupies a leading position, the process of creating excess capital is faster, which can be used within the country, but is looking for ways to use it more profitably. In addition, the export of capital is caused by the asynchronous nature of the flow of the capitalist cycle, the presence of protectionist barriers that prevent the export of goods, the process of internationalization of production, and other reasons.
The export of capital is carried out in two main forms - entrepreneurial and loan. The export of entrepreneurial capital occurs through investments in industry, transport, agricultural, banking enterprises, through new construction or the purchase of existing enterprises through the acquisition of shares. This leads to the formation of property abroad.
Loan capital is exported in the form of short-term or long-term loans and credits. This makes it possible to receive a fixed income in the form of interest, but does not lead to the formation of property abroad. The total amount of capital that operates abroad is foreign investment. Over time, their source expands due to the capitalization of surplus value, the use of depreciation deductions, the issue of shares, etc. When exporting entrepreneurial capital, investments are divided into direct (provide the opportunity to exercise control over the enterprise, for which it is enough to purchase 10% of the shares) and portfolio (which make it possible to not for control, but for profit).
According to sources of financing, state, non-state (private, group) and supranational types of capital are distinguished. Within the framework of state capital, such forms of capital as loans, grants, assistance are distinguished. Non-state export of capital can be carried out by legal and individuals, private (individual or family) and group investors in the form of capital investments, interbank lending, trade loans, etc. Along with them, marketing, management, engineering services are provided, leasing operations are carried out, which contain certain investment opportunities. An important role among the various forms of investment is played by direct investment. This is due to the fact that their subjects exercise constant control over this capital, while the capital in the loan form at the time of the loan is administered by the importer. Direct investments guarantee a stable market or form the basis for entering the markets of other countries. Such investments give the right to direct control (in the presence of a controlling stake) or active participation in the management of the enterprise through the mechanism of reinvestment of profits, the acquisition of a part of shares abroad (but not a controlling stake), intracompany loans or intracompany debt, as well as through the use of non-equity forms.
The patterns and features of the international movement of capital in modern conditions are:
Accelerated growth of foreign investment. If about 5 billion dollars are exported abroad every day in the sphere of international trade, then the volume of capital movement is about 200 billion dollars. The action of this pattern is due to the growth in demand for capital in the process of accelerated economic development, the development of scientific and technological revolution, overcoming customs barriers in the export of capital, saving resources (primarily labor) due to the internationalization of production, the desire to reduce economic costs when exporting capital to underdeveloped countries, and other factors.
Constant increase in the share of direct investment compared to portfolio. So before the First World War, the share of direct investment was about 10%, in the period between the two wars -25%, then in the 90s it reached 80%. This is due to the growing role of direct investment as a means of conquering new sales markets or expanding existing ones, a means of establishing control over production and property, and other factors.
Strengthening the processes of monopolization in the export of capital.
Growing concentration of direct investment in the developed world.
Increasing internationalization of property in the process of export of capital.
In modern conditions, the export of capital acquires the following characteristics:
The main investment flows are directed to developed countries, OECD countries account for 95% of direct investment abroad;
Increasingly developed elements of the export of capital are the placement of securities in international financial centers and deposit and credit operations of transnational banks, which are carried out through their numerous branches;
In the process of export of capital, rivalry between the main centers of the world economy - the USA, Western Europe, Japan - is intensifying;
Among the various forms of capital movement, non-state forms predominate, accounting for about 60% of all capital exports, state capital accounts for about 30% of capital exports and 10% for international financial organizations. The interweaving of state and monopoly capital means that, by its nature, the capital that is exported is mainly state-corporate, state-transnational in nature;
Since the energy crisis that began in 1974. , the export of capital in the form of petrodollars is intensively carried out by individual oil-rich countries in the Middle East.
In the early 1990s, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the countries former USSR. Only in 2000 32 billion US dollars were exported to these countries, while they themselves exported only about 1.5 billion dollars.
After the collapse of the USSR and the capitalization of the economies of most CIS countries, on the one hand, they become objects of capital export, and on the other hand, they become subjects of capital export by shadow structures. Thus, the volume of capital export from Ukraine at the beginning of 1999 amounted to about 40 billion dollars, from Russia more than 100 billion dollars. The volume of foreign direct investment in the economy of Ukraine in 1999 amounted to about 3 billion dollars from more than 20 countries peace. The influx of foreign investment in the CIS countries is constrained by imperfect and unstable legislation, the lack of a scientifically based economic policy.
The export of capital has an ambiguous meaning. For countries that export capital, the positive consequences of this process are the expansion of sales markets for domestic goods and services, profit from investments, the ability to influence the foreign and domestic policies of capital-exporting countries, the benefits of deepening the process of international division of labor, the possibility of using cheaper labor markets and other economic and non-economic benefits. At the same time, the negative consequences of the export of capital are the deterioration of the balance of payments, the narrowing of the labor market and the labor market in the national economy, the maintenance or modification of the economic system in the proper direction.
The positive consequences of the international movement of capital for importing countries are the introduction of more advanced technologies and equipment, advanced forms of organization of production, a decrease in unemployment, an influx of foreign currency, the accelerated development of the existing economic system or its improvement. Among the negative consequences, one should note the gradual loss of control over some enterprises and industries, as well as the strengthening of foreign influence in the sphere of military-strategic and political interests.
Foreign economic activity is reflected in the trade and balance of payments of the country.
Balance of payments - a statistical report for a certain period of time (month, quarter, year), which shows the ratio between total receipts from abroad and payments abroad.
The structure of the balance of payments (according to the method of the IMF).
| No. p / p | balance of payments account | Credit (receipt) payments | Debit (payment) payments | Balance |
| Trade balance | Revenue from the export of goods | Import costs of goods | ||
| Service balance | Revenue from services provided abroad | Overseas service charges | The difference between revenue and costs | |
| Investment income balance | Receipts of income from private and public investments from abroad and foreign investments in the country | Costs of paying income on investments abroad | The difference between revenue and costs | |
| Transfer balance | Transfers received from abroad | Transfers abroad | Difference between received and sent transfers | |
| Other services and income | Receipts of other services in the country | Costs of other services and payments of income abroad | The difference between receipts and payments | |
| BUT | Total: current account balance (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) | NE (net exports) | ||
| AT | Direct investments and other long-term capital: - direct investments; - portfolio investment; - other long-term capital | Raising capital (exporting debt) | Export of capital (import of debt obligations) | Net foreign direct investment (NI). Net portfolio foreign investment (NPT). |
| FROM | Other current capital | |||
| D | Errors and omissions | |||
| E | Compensatory items: - movement of gold; - distribution and use of SDR (Special Drawing Rights), SDR - special drawing rights; - revaluation of reserves | |||
| Total A + B + C + D + E | ||||
| F | emergency funding | |||
| G | Liabilities constituting foreign exchange reserves of foreign authorities | |||
| H | Total changes in reserves: - gold; - SDR; - reserve position of the IMF; - foreign currency; - other requirements; - IMF loans | |||
| Balance (VR) |
The balance of trade is a statistical report that reflects payments for exports, imports and re-exports of goods over a certain period of time. Trade, like the balance of payments, consists of credit and debit accounts.
Credit accounts provide foreign exchange inflows into the country.
Debit accounts associated with foreign exchange.
The difference between credit and debit forms the foreign trade balance. If exports of goods (Z) exceed imports of goods (IM), then the balance (net exports - Xn) will be positive, if imports are greater than exports, then the balance will be negative.
The balance of services consists of the expenses of Ukrainian tourists to pay for services abroad, which is equivalent to the import of these services to Ukraine (debit). Provision by Ukraine transport services, insurance, banking, medical and other foreigners is equivalent to export (credit). The balance of services is equal to the difference between exports and imports of licenses, know-how, transport services, communication services, communications, insurance, healthcare, etc.
Balance of capital flow.
The provision of a loan by one state to another, the acquisition by one country of the securities of another country in the balance of payments are reflected as trading in debt obligations.
Providing a loan to another country - importing a debt obligation (debit), receiving a loan from abroad - exporting a debt obligation (credit).
Acquisition by Ukraine of securities of other countries - import of debt obligations (debit); acquisition by other countries of securities of Ukraine - export of debt obligations (credit).
Estimation of export-import operations in the balance of payments is carried out on FOB terms, i.e., without taking into account the cost of insurance and transportation in the price of goods.
Balance of payments - actually made payments and receipts.
The estimated balance includes all claims and obligations of the country to the sector abroad, including outstanding ones.
The balance of payments takes into account not only payments related to reimbursement, but also payments that have a unilateral basis, i.e., not related to reimbursement:
One-way transfers;
Providing SDR from the IMF;
Transferring part of the country's gold to its gold reserves and vice versa;
Revaluation of gold and foreign exchange reserves due to changes in world gold prices and exchange rates. Balance of payments items A, B, C are the main ones.
Articles of blocks related to the movement of foreign exchange reserves are balancing.
If the balance of payments for the main items is negative, then, by influencing the movement of foreign exchange funds, with the help of balancing items, the balance is balanced in such a way that the indicators for the main and balancing blocks are equal to zero.
Currency in the broad sense is the monetary unit of the country (hryvnia, ruble, dollar, etc.); in a narrow sense, it is the monetary unit of other countries.
The national monetary system is a form of organization of the country's monetary and financial relations, determined by national legislation.
Table. The structure of the national monetary system.
The international monetary system has gone through a number of stages in its development.
1. The "gold standard" system - operated from 1867 until the beginning of the twentieth century.
Forms of the gold standard.
Benefits of the gold standard:
The stability of exchange rates reduces the level of risks and promotes the development of trade;
Rigid self-regulation.
Disadvantages of the gold standard:
Rejection of an independent monetary policy;
Dependence on gold mining.
2. Bretton - Woods system (created in 1944).
Basic principles:
Establishment of fixed exchange rates of the participating countries in relation to the dollar;
The dollar is fixed against gold;
Central banks maintain a stable exchange rate of the national currency against the dollar;
The organizational link is the IMF and IBRD.
Based on multiple currencies;
Canceled the gold parity of coins;
The main means of settlement is a freely convertible currency, as well as international credit money - SDR and reserve positions of the IMF;
Free floating exchange rates are determined by supply and demand;
Central banks of countries are not required to intervene in the work of foreign exchange markets to maintain the financial parity of national currencies;
The country itself chooses the exchange rate regime (fixed, floating, mixed).
The exchange rate is the price of the currency of one country, expressed in the currency of another country.
Quotation - determination by official bodies (central banks) of the price of foreign currency.
Factors affecting fluctuations in exchange rates:
The ratio of the purchasing power of currencies in domestic markets;
The ratio of supply and demand of national currencies in international markets.
For international payments, artificial currencies were established - SDR, or SDR - special drawing rights, created in 1969 and replacing the gold exchange standard. This is a collective currency created by the IMF with the aim of turning it into the main reserve asset of the IMF, alternative to the US dollar, and is used to establish the parity of exchange rates. As shown by the crisis of 2008-2009, it fails to fulfill its main purpose.
The European Monetary System established its own currency unit (1979) - ecu; with the strengthening of integration processes, the ecu gave way to the euro (the beginning of the introduction in 1999). This currency is designed to perform all the functions of full-fledged money. All payments and settlements related to the EU budget are calculated in euros.
Currency convertibility is the ability of a national currency to be exchanged for other currencies.
Full convertibility - the ability for individuals and legal entities to freely carry out all foreign exchange transactions.
Partial convertibility implies certain restrictions in the implementation of foreign exchange transactions, which, in accordance with the requirements of the IMF, should not affect payments on current international transactions.
External convertibility - granting complete freedom to foreign individuals and legal entities for foreign exchange transactions. Internal convertibility - granting the rights to carry out exchange operations of national monetary units for foreign currency only to individuals and legal entities of a given country.
One of the forms of international economic relations is international labor migration (IMRS) - the movement of the able-bodied population from one country to another in order to find work, new areas of application of their abilities, better living conditions.
Migration processes of the labor force practically extend to all countries of the world.
The main flows of labor migration come from developing countries and countries with economies in transition to the most developed countries.
Migration processes from one developed country to another have intensified. Increased interstate migration within developing countries. The pendulum migration between the countries with transitional economies revived. A new form of labor force migration has emerged - scientific and technical personnel, the trend of "brain drain" from developing countries and countries with economies in transition to developed countries has intensified. New attractive migration centers have emerged in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, the proportion of “young migration” has increased, and the volume of illegal migration has expanded due to the strict migration policy of the United States and European countries.
The action of objective economic laws in the global economic system leads to the emergence of factors that give rise to international economic integration - the process of gradual convergence and interaction of the national economies of two or more countries, aimed at creating a single international economic system, including a single economic mechanism.
The objective factors of economic integration include:
1) increasing internationalization of production;
2) deepening MRI;
3) global in nature scientific and technological revolution;
4) increasing the degree of openness of national economies.
The advantages of economic integration are:
1) an increase in the size of the market - the effect of the scale of production (for countries with a small capacity of the national market), on this basis, the need to determine optimal size enterprises;
2) increased competition between countries;
3) providing better trading conditions;
4) expanding trade in parallel with improving infrastructure;
5) dissemination of advanced technologies.
negative consequences economic integration are:
For more backward countries, this leads to an outflow of resources (factors of production), there is a redistribution in favor of stronger partners;
Oligopolistic collusion between TNCs of the participating countries, which leads to higher prices;
The effect of losses from increasing the scale of production at a very high concentration.
The simplest form of economic integration is a free trade area, within which trade restrictions are lifted between participating countries, and above all customs duties. Another form - the customs union - involves the establishment of a single foreign trade tariff and the implementation of a single foreign trade policy in relation to third countries during the functioning of a free trade zone. In both cases, interstate relations concern only the sphere of exchange in order to provide the participating countries with equal opportunities in the development of mutual trade and financial settlements. A more complex form is the common market, which provides its participants, along with free mutual trade and a common external tariff, freedom of movement of capital, labor, as well as the coordination of economic policy. The most complex form of interstate economic integration is an economic (monetary) union, which combines all previous forms with the implementation of a common economic and monetary policy.
The countries of Western Europe reached the most mature forms of integration processes, in particular in the creation and functioning of the European Economic Community, or the "Common Market". At first it was an association of six countries - Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg, which in 1957 signed the Treaty of Rome, which entered into force on January 1, 1958. In 1973 they were joined by Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland; in 1981 - Greece; in 1986 - Portugal and Spain. In 1991, at the session of the EEC, an agreement was signed between the EEC and the European Free Trade Organization (EFTA) on the creation of the European Economic Area (EEA). The EFTA, which was formed in 1960, included Great Britain, Norway, and Sweden. Austria. Switzerland, Portugal. The EEA currently consists of 17 countries. AT European Union until April 2003 there were 15, then another 10 countries of Eastern Europe entered, in 2006 - 2 more - these are Bulgaria and Romania.
The main economic groupings of the countries of the modern world.
Regional economic groupings:
EU - European Community;
NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement;
ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations;
Latin American Integration Association;
Caribbean Commonwealth and Common Market (CARICAM);
Commonwealth of Independent States.
Industry economic groupings:
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC);
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC);
European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM).
The main forms of MEO are:
International trade;
International movement of capital;
International labor migration;
International economic integration;
International specialization of production and scientific and technical cooperation;
Monetary and financial ties and relations between countries.
The processes of internationalization of the technological mode of production are accompanied by an increase in the international concentration of production, international cooperation and specialization. Taken together, they are the material basis for the internationalization of production relations and the economic mechanism, which accelerates the process of internationalization of social, legal, and other superstructural relations.
The most mature forms of these processes are reflected in the integration of the countries of Western Europe, in the creation and functioning of the European Economic Community.
Development of detailed and technological specialization and combination of production and technological processes;
Elimination of administrative and economic barriers that impede the free movement of goods, capital, labor within the boundaries of the region;
Coordination and implementation of joint economic, monetary, scientific, technical and social policies;
Formation of regional economic complexes with a common production infrastructure and institutions of supranational and interstate regulation.
In world practice, there are several successive stages of integration and the corresponding types of integration associations, these are:
Free trading zone;
Customs Union, Payments Union;
Economic Union.
The higher the level of development of the country, the greater the opportunities for its participation in MRI and integration.
Integration leads to the emergence of two types of effects - static and dynamic, Canadian scientist D. Weiner came to this conclusion.
Static effects include economic consequences that come to light immediately after the creation of a customs union.
The objective reason that prevents Ukraine from entering the world economy as a full partner is the low competitiveness of its products on world markets, the lack of personnel, their insufficient professional level, which makes the system of foreign economic activity management imperfect.
The complexity and dynamism of transformational processes associated with intra-system and inter-system transformations, asymmetry and disproportion in the evolution of the world economy under the dominance of the neoliberal model of globalization exacerbate the problem of rapid and effective self-identification of Ukraine as an independent highly developed state in complex system world relations and international economic relations.
Based on the ideology of monetary liberalism, modern globalization is spontaneous, one-vector and motivated, aimed at realizing the interests of highly developed countries seeking to redistribute world wealth in order to strengthen their own potential. Therefore, the formation of the national model of development of each country takes place in the conditions of a sharp struggle between the economic interests of representatives of transnational and national capital, influential international organizations and the domestic elite, and national competitiveness acts in the appropriate market environment as a condition for the functioning of multi-level economic systems. Therefore, the activity of the state to ensure competitiveness on the basis of structural and technological renewal is of decisive importance for the successful integration of the Ukrainian economy into the global economic system.
National competitiveness is the stable position of the country in the domestic and foreign markets, in the global economic system, in global political and economic processes due to economic, social and political factors; the ability to maintain sustainable growth in real per capita income.
The most important criteria for the competitiveness of the national economy are reflected in the integral index of competitiveness - a comprehensive indicator of the comparative competitiveness of countries, which is calculated on the basis of combinations of relative values. To date, the most influential studies of the international competitiveness of countries are: the "Global Competitiveness Report" of the World Economic Forum in the Swiss city of Davos; "Global Competitiveness Yearbook" of the International Institute of Management and Development. Ukraine takes part in international competitiveness surveys conducted within the framework of the World Economic Forum. In 2005 Ukraine's rating was 84-. Position from 104 countries. In 2011, Ukraine continues to have serious problems with competition in the world. In the global competitiveness ranking of the World Economic Economic Forum 2010 - 2011. Ukraine was on the 89th place among 139 countries of the world. Albania is ahead of Ukraine, followed by the smallest country in continental Africa - the Gambia, and Honduras is in 91st place. Ukraine showed the largest drop in the Macroeconomic Stability group, dropping by 26 steps over the year (to 132nd place). Group 2 Efficiency of Commodity Markets became worse by 20 positions, falling to 129th place. In the "Institutions" group, our country lost 14 positions, dropping to 134th place. The "Institutions" group is a regulatory, business environment of activity, which consists of property rights, independence of the judiciary, the level of wastefulness of the public sector and bribery, trust in law enforcement agencies and politicians, transparency of public policy, protection of intellectual property. In terms of "independence of the judiciary" Ukraine is in 134th place, in terms of waste public funds- on the 131st place, on "organized crime" - on the 116th place, on the "development of the financial market" - on the 119th place, on the indicator "budget deficit" - on the 134th place. We talked about indicators of economic growth and per capita income in previous topics.
It is time for Ukraine to decide on the problem of integration into the world economy, based on the interests of the people of Ukraine. Having embarked on the creation of a free trade zone with the EU, our rulers did not take into account that at this stage of the development of integration processes, Ukraine is not ready for integration with European countries due to internal and external factors. The internal ones include the unpreparedness of the Ukrainian monetary and foreign exchange systems to function in the conditions of the euro area. The most acute is excessive "overregulation" financial markets, including the foreign exchange market of Ukraine, as well as the lack of existing modern market mechanisms for financial regulation in Ukraine. Moreover, such criteria as the level of inflation, the size of the budget deficit, the level of external debt also do not meet the criteria for joining the eurozone. External factors impeding the possibility of European monetary and financial integration of Ukraine are, first of all, debt problems within the European Union itself. At present, a united Europe is not ready to expand its borders, and even more so for countries with an unstable and unstable financial and economic system.
After Kyiv and Brussels finally initialed the text of the association agreement, a draft law "On Ratification of the Treaty on a Free Trade Zone within the CIS" was submitted to the parliament.
According to the financial and economic substantiation of the document, if the agreement enters into force, the annual additional growth of the Ukrainian budget could amount to about UAH 9.5 billion.
The main advantages of such an agreement are the fixing of duties for goods withdrawn from the free trade regime; no new restrictions on trade: fixing the provision on the beginning of the abolition of export duties.
If we take a free trade zone with the EU on the terms on which it was initialed, then Ukraine significantly loses the possibility of GDP growth, and the negative trade balance increases even more.
To create a competitive economy, Ukraine needs to:
Form a national innovation system, increase the share of innovative products, increase the volume of high-tech services;
Carry out structural modernization aimed at overcoming excessive dependence on individual global markets and deepening participation in global high-tech projects;
Strengthen the competitive advantages of domestic business, support the most efficient import-substituting industries and ensure protection from unfair competition in world markets;
Strengthen the country's export potential, increase the share of goods with a high share of value added;
To form industrial regional clusters of global importance;
Effectively use the geopolitical position of Ukraine and enhance its role as a transit state;
Implement effective mechanisms to protect against economic and technological risks and dangers, adverse changes in the international situation;
Improving the processes of Ukraine's integration into modern economic and political alliances;
Development of the internal market as the basis for the formation and testing of national competitive advantages.
The world economy is a set of national economies and economic relationships between them, or a set of economic relations that operate at the national and international levels.
A characteristic sign of the formation of an integral organism of the world economy is the rapprochement between enterprises of various countries and the countries themselves. This finds its manifestation in the development of specialization and cooperation in production, the creation of international economic organizations, companies, joint ventures.
The totality of economic relations of the world economy is manifested in the system of economic interests peculiar to it: the interests of individual states, national enterprises and associations, international organizations.
The internationalization of production is an economic form of the development of MRI and the socialization of production, which is reflected in international specialization, cooperation, combination, concentration of production.
The internationalization of production is closely related to the transition of MRI from partial to single.
The general division of labor is based on the specialization of spheres social production, partial - on the subject specialization of individual industries, and single - on the detailed, operational specialization of individual production units. The single division of labor went beyond national boundaries with the development of TNCs.
The law of internationalization of production expresses the internal, necessary, stable and essential links between the process of outgrowing production of national boundaries, on the one hand, and the gradual formation at the international level of the mechanism for combining personal and material factors of production, the interaction of man with nature, the reproduction of man himself, on the other.
The forms of its manifestation at the level of productive forces are the internationalization of the process of technical and economic unity of personal and material factors of production, the interaction of man with nature, the development of the human worker.
In conditions when, for the production of the final product, cooperative supplies in certain industries account for about 80% of the cost of finished products, a significant part of which is created by foreign firms, value as an economic relation expresses production ties and relations between industrial companies from many countries of the world. Within the framework of multinational monopolies, the elements of production lose their national origin, and the goods that are produced become carriers of international value.
The economic benefit of the country in which more than high level the complexity of labor, its productivity and intensity, will be calculated by the difference between international and national labor costs.
Theoretical justification the benefits that all participants in world trade receive were first made by D. Ricardo in the theory of comparative costs. Further development of the theory of foreign trade is associated with the names of the Swedish scientists Eli Heckscher and Bertal Ohlin, their theory has occupied a leading position since the 1930s. up until the 60s. 20th century P. Samuelson made a significant contribution to this model by identifying the mathematical conditions under which the model becomes real for economic practice. Therefore, this model is usually called the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model in the West.
International economic integration is the intertwining of national reproduction processes based on the division of labor between national economies, the establishment of stable ties and interactions between them in various forms.
Important areas of modern integration are:
Development of detailed and technological specialization and combination of production and technological processes;
Elimination of administrative and economic barriers that impede the free movement of goods, capital, labor within the boundaries of international economic relations.
Questions for self-control
1. What are the patterns of international trade at the present stage?
2. Name the forms and reveal the essence of the export of capital.
3. What patterns are manifested in the export of capital at the present stage?
4. What is international economic integration, what are its main forms?
5. Name the problems of Ukraine on the way of integration into the world economy and ways to solve them.
6. Justify your point of view on the problem of Ukraine's integration.
7. What are objective prerequisites emergence of the world economy?
8. Define the category "world economy".
9. Name the main subjects of the world economy.
10. What laws determine the development of the modern world economy?
11. Expand the essence of the theories of benefits that all participants in world trade receive.
12. Name the main forms of export of capital.
13. What international economic organizations can you name?
International Economic Relations (IER)- economic relations between states, regional groupings, transnational corporations and other subjects of the world economy. They include monetary, financial, trade, production, labor and other relations. The leading form of international economic relations is monetary and financial relations. In the modern world, globalization and regionalization of international economic relations are especially relevant. The dominant role in establishing the world economic order belongs to transnational capital and international institutions, among which an important role belongs to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). As a result of the international division of labor, the world's poles of economic and technological development (North American, Western European and Asia-Pacific) have been formed. Among the urgent problems of international economic relations, the problems of creating free economic zones, international transport corridors and the Internet economy stand out.
MEO forms
There are the following forms of MEO:
- international specialization of production and scientific and technical work;
- exchange of scientific and technical results;
- international production cooperation;
- information, monetary and financial and credit relations between countries;
- the movement of capital and labor;
- activities of international economic organizations, economic cooperation in solving global problems.
Since the MER is based on the international division of labor, the significance and correlation of the main forms and directions of the MER is determined by the deepening of the MRI and the transition to its higher types. In this regard, the following should be noted: The general type of MRI predetermines the inter-industry international exchange, in particular, the goods of the extractive and manufacturing industries of individual countries. The private division of labor leads to the development and predominance of international trade in finished products of various industries and industries, including intra-industry. Finally, a single type of MRT means specialization at individual stages of production (assemblies, parts, semi-finished products, etc.) and stages of the technological cycle (re-distributions), as well as within the framework of scientific, technical, design and technological developments and even the investment process. This creates the prerequisites for accelerated growth in the capacity of the international market and sustainable expansion of international economic relations.
World economy
Generally world economy can be defined as a set of national economies and non-state structures united by international relations. World economy arose thanks to the international division of labor, which entailed both the division of production (that is, international specialization) and its unification - cooperation.
international trade
International trade is a system of international commodity-money relations, consisting of foreign trade of all countries of the world. International trade arose in the process of the birth of the world market in the XVI-XVIII centuries. Its development is one of the important factors in the development of the world economy of the New Age. The term international trade was first used in the 12th century by the Italian economist Antonio Margaretti, the author of the economic treatise “The Power of the Masses in Northern Italy”.
Monetary and credit international relations
Monetary and credit relations - financial relations between subjects of different countries, i.e. residents and non-residents, or relations between subjects of the law of one country, the subject of which is the transfer of ownership of currency values and other property rights associated with currency values.
Bretton Woods system
Bretton Woods system, Bretton Woods agreement Bretton Woods system) - an international system for organizing monetary relations and trade settlements, established as a result of the Bretton Woods Conference (from July 1 to July 22). Named after the Bretton Woods resort (eng. Bretton Woods listen)) in New Hampshire, United States. The conference marked the beginning of organizations such as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The US dollar has become one of the types of world money, along with gold. It was a transitional stage from the gold exchange standard to Jamaican system, which establishes the balance of supply and demand for currencies through free trade in them.
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, GATT , GATT) is an international agreement concluded in the year to restore the economy after World War II, which for almost 50 years actually performed the functions of an international organization (now the World Trade Organization). The main purpose of GATT is to reduce barriers to international trade. This was achieved by lowering tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions (import quota) and trade subsidies through various side agreements. GATT is an agreement, not an organization. Initially, GATT was supposed to be transformed into a full-fledged international organization such as the World Bank or the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, the agreement was not ratified and remained only an agreement. The functions of GATT were taken over by the World Trade Organization, which was founded by the last round of GATT negotiations in the early 1990s. The history of GATT is roughly divided into three phases - the first, from 1947 to the Torquay Round (focused on which goods are subject to regulation and the freezing of existing tariffs); the second, from 1959 to 1979, included three rounds (tariff reductions) and the third, the Uruguay Round from 1986 to 1994 (expanding GATT to such new areas as intellectual property, services, capital and Agriculture; the birth of the WTO).
Notes
Links
- Dergachev V. A. International economic relations. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2005. ISBN 5-238-00863-5
- International economic relations. Ed. V. E. Rybalkina. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2005.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what "International Economic Relations" is in other dictionaries:
Relations established between the countries of the world as a result of trade, labor migration, capital export, international credit, foreign exchange relations and scientific and technical cooperation. Synonyms: World economic relations See also: ... ... Financial vocabulary
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS- economic relations between individual countries and groups of countries. International economic relations are carried out both on a bilateral and multilateral basis and include: 1) foreign trade; 2) credit relations; 3)… … Encyclopedia of Russian and International Taxation
They include various participation of countries in the exchange of material and spiritual values. Trade is one of the forms of M. e. about. Rates of growth foreign trade turnover are significantly ahead of the growth rates of production in general, and the share of ready-made ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia
Links established between the countries of the world as a result of trade, labor migration, capital outflow, international credit, currency relations and scientific and technical cooperation Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms
The traditional Russian economy was not oriented towards foreign market. On the whole, historical Russia exported no more than 68% of its goods abroad. And even this insignificant export caused concern among Russian economists. Of course, the protest ... ... Russian history
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS- the system of economic relations between the countries of the world. The most important forms of international economic relations are: international trade, labor migration, capital export and international credit, international currency (settlement) ... ... Customs business. Dictionary
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS- INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS A special section of the ECONOMICS, which explores the economics. interdependence between countries, considering the movement of goods, services and payments, the policy of regulating this flow and its impact on the welfare of nations. In this… … Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance
International economic relations- represent a complex of trade, industrial, scientific and technical, financial relations between states, leading to the exchange of economic resources, joint economic activity. They include international trade, traffic ... ... Economy. Dictionary of social studies
How to disable ads on Android: remove pop-up ads
The Russian received a term and a million fine for "piracy Negative consequences of the law
Identification of key factors
The criteria for classifying organizations and individual entrepreneurs as small and medium-sized businesses have changed
See what "Royalty" is in other dictionaries Pitfalls of legislation