Proper business plan. Business plan. Calculation of financial indicators. Estimated component of the financial plan

This publication outlines the main approaches and principles, on the same page you can calculate the estimated income, expenses, profitability and payback period of your business. The turnover and tax expenses are also automatically calculated.

In order to get the data, enter the parameters of your idea in the appropriate fields of the form and click the "Calculate" button.

Note: Of course, this calculator only gives a general idea of ​​the profitability of your idea and whether it is worth pursuing. After all, the calculation of specific indicators (sales, average check etc.) still lies with you.

The role of this online program is to help, firstly, to systematize the confusion in the head of a novice entrepreneur, to give him guidelines. Show what exactly is worth thinking about and what needs to be considered. This is more important than it seems.

Secondly, the calculator helps to avoid boring monotonous work with counting ten different ratios business components. By changing the input parameters (for example, reducing costs), you can quickly refine your idea without doing all the calculations again, with the click of a button.

Last update:  02/17/2020

Reading time: 24 min. | Views: 40258

Hello, dear readers of the Internet magazine about money "RichPro.ru"! This article will talk about how to write a business plan. This publication is a direct instruction for action that will allow you to turn a raw business idea into a confident one. step by step plan to achieve a clear goal.

We'll consider:

• What is a business plan and why is it needed;
• How to draw up a business plan;
• How to structure it and write it yourself;
• Ready-made business plans for small businesses - examples and samples with calculations.

At the end of the topic, we will show the main mistakes of novice entrepreneurs. There will be a lot of arguments in favor of creating quality and thoughtful business plan that will bring the realization of your idea and success affairs in the future.

Also, this article will provide examples of finished works that you can simply use, or you can take as a basis for developing your project. Ready examples submitted business plans free download.

In addition, we will answer the most frequently asked questions and clarify why not everyone writes a business plan, if it is so necessary.

So, let's start in order!

The structure of the business plan and the content of its main sections - a step-by-step guide to compiling it

1. How to write a business plan: detailed instructions on how to write it yourself 📝

7. Conclusion + related video 🎥

For every entrepreneur who wants to develop himself and develop his business, a business plan is very important. He performs many responsible functions that no other person is able to do differently.

With it, you can get financial support and open, develop your business much earlier than you can collect a significant amount for the business.

Investors generally react positively to a good, thought-out, error-free business plan, as they see it as a way to make easy money with all the troubles invented and described.

In addition, even before the establishment opens, you see what awaits you. What risks are possible, what solution algorithms will be relevant in a given situation. This is not only favorable information for the investor, but also desired plan, if you get into trouble yourself. In the end, if the calculation of risks is too daunting, you can remake a little, transform the general idea to reduce them.

Creation good business plan is an excellent solution for finding investment and development own algorithms actions even in the most difficult situations, which is more than enough in business.

That is why, in addition to their own efforts it is worth using "other people's brains". A business plan includes many sections and calculations, research and knowledge, only with successful operation, with which success can be achieved.

The ideal option would be to study all aspects on your own. To do this, it is not enough to sit and read the relevant literature. It is worth changing the circle of contacts, turning to courses and trainings, finding specialists for consultations on certain issues. That's the only way really figure it out in the situation and dispel all your doubts and delusions.

A business plan is worth writing for many reasons, however home is a clear algorithm of actions by which you can quickly get from point A(your current position, full of hopes and fears) to point B(in which you will already be the owner of your own successful business stable and regular income). This is the first step towards fulfilling the dream and the confident status of the middle class.

If you still have questions, then perhaps you will find the answers to them in the video: "How to write a business plan (for yourself and investors)".

That's all we have. We wish everyone good luck in business! We will also be grateful for your comments on this article, share your opinions, ask questions on the topic of the publication.

It is hard to imagine a business plan for which you would not have to create calculations. Certain calculations require all parts of the business plan: marketing, operational, production.

But the most important in terms of calculations is the financial part of the business plan. It is she who allows you to identify how profitable and sustainable the business will be created.

The financial part should answer the following questions:

• How much money will you need to start a business?
• How much profit will it bring?
• How soon will the business pay off?
• How sustainable and profitable will it be?

Each of these questions is answered by one of the parts of the business plan. This means that in the structure of the financial part of the business plan there will be such sections as investment costs, profit and loss forecast, cash flow and project efficiency assessment.

Investment costs

The first thing to do when writing a business plan is to calculate in detail how much it will cost to create a business. This will allow the entrepreneur himself to understand how much money is needed to start a business and whether it is necessary to attract loans.

In this part of the business plan, you need to take into account all the items of expenses associated with starting a business. For clarity, it is worth referring to an example. Consider a business plan for the construction of a car wash for two posts. You will have to invest both in the construction itself and in the purchase of equipment. AT general view the list of investment costs for this business would look like this:

• Design work
• Procurement of building materials and construction work
• Connection to electricity, water supply and other engineering networks
• Purchase of equipment
• Installation of equipment

According to Aidar Ismagilov, the owner of the Moidodyr car wash network in Kazan, the construction of a car wash will cost 30-35 thousand rubles per square meter, taking into account design work and making communications. As a result, the amount turns out to be quite solid, so now renting is more popular among novice businessmen, rather than turnkey construction. In this case, the investment plan will include both rent payments before opening a business and renovation of the premises.

Equipment costs will depend on the type of sink. If the car wash is of a manual type, then it will be enough to lay 400 thousand rubles for equipment. But for an automatic car wash, the costs will be at least 300 thousand euros.

For calculations, it is better to take a certain average price for each of the cost items. For example, if you need to calculate the cost of renting real estate, you should take into account not the highest and not the most low price per square meter and average price On the market. You can determine it by examining the rental offers in your city.

Another thing is if the supplier and his price are already known in advance. For example, a car wash requires only equipment from a strictly defined manufacturer. Then in the calculations you need to include exactly the prices that he offers.

Knowing the required amount of investment will allow not only to estimate how much money will be needed to start a business, but also how quickly it will pay off.

Profit and Loss Forecast

If you subtract the amount of business expenses from the amount of business income, you can find out what is the net profit. This indicator is much better than income, shows what the state of the business is and how much you need to invest in its further development.

At the beginning of a business, expenses often exceed income, and instead of net profit, there is a net loss. In the first months or even a year of work, this is a normal situation. You should not be afraid of it: the main thing is that the loss is reduced every month.

When making a profit and loss forecast, all indicators should be calculated monthly until the business pays off. At the same time, you should not make the forecast too optimistic: imagine that the income will not be the maximum possible, take the average figures.

Cash Flow

For a business that is still at the start-up stage, it is important to understand not only what its net profit will be. One of the most important indicators is the so-called cash flow or cash flow. By calculating the cash flow, you can determine what financial condition business and how effective investments in it are.

Cash flow is calculated as the difference between cash inflows and outflows over a given period. If we return to the car wash example, then in order to calculate the cash flow in the first month of its operation, it is necessary to take net profit for receipts, and the amount of initial investment for outflows.

In this case, it will be more convenient to calculate if the outflows are designated as a negative number. That is, we add a minus sign to the amount of initial investment in a car wash, and add the net profit in the first month of work to the resulting number.

To calculate the cash flow in the second month, you need to find the difference between the result of the first month and the net profit received in the second month. Since the first month turned out to be a negative number, the net profit must be added to it again. The cash flow in all subsequent months is calculated according to the same scheme.

Project efficiency assessment

Having predicted profits and losses, as well as the cash flow of a business, it is necessary to move on to one of the most important sections - evaluating its effectiveness. There are many criteria by which the effectiveness of the project is evaluated. But for a small business, it is enough to evaluate only three of them: profitability, break-even point and payback period.

Profitability business - one of the most important indicators. In general, in the economy there are many different indicators of profitability - return on equity, return on assets, return on investment. All of them allow you to evaluate the effectiveness of a business in its various aspects.

To understand exactly which profitability indicators should be calculated in your business plan, you need to refer to the requirements of an investor or a credit institution. If the goal is to evaluate the profitability of the business "for yourself", it will be enough to calculate the overall profitability of the business.

Make it simple. It is enough to divide the profit of the business by the amount of its income, and then multiply the resulting number by 100 to get the result as a percentage.

It is difficult to name the optimal indicator of business profitability. It largely depends on the size of the business, the type of activity of the company. For micro-businesses with revenues up to 10 million rubles, a profitability indicator of 15 - 25% is considered good. How bigger business, the lower the percentage can be. In the case of a car wash, the normal rate of return is from 10 to 30%, says Aidar Ismagilov.

Another indicator that needs to be calculated is breakeven point. It allows you to determine at what income the company will fully cover its costs, but so far will not make a profit. You need to know this in order to understand how strong the business is financially. To find the break-even point, you first need to multiply the business income by its fixed costs, then subtract from the income variable costs, and then divide the first number obtained by the second.

Fixed costs are those that do not depend on the volume of goods produced or services rendered. Businesses incur such expenses even when they are idle. In the case of a car wash, these costs include the salaries of accountants and administrators, public utilities and communications, depreciation, loan payments, property taxes, and so on.

Variable costs are anything that changes with the volume of production. For example, at a car wash, the costs that change with an increase or decrease in the number of washed cars are the cost of auto chemicals, water consumption, and piecework wages.

Having received a certain number as a result of the calculations, you can correlate it with the income statement. In the month when the business income reaches or exceeds the amount obtained as a result of calculating the break-even point, it will be reached.

Most often, the break-even point is not reached in the first month of the business, especially if it is related to production. According to Aidar Ismagilov, in the case of a car wash, reaching the break-even point depends on the season. If the car wash opened during the dry summer season, when there is little demand for services, they will be unprofitable throughout that season. If the opening took place during the season of high demand, then you can reach the break-even point in the first month.

Payback period business is one of the most important indicators not only for the entrepreneur himself, but also for his potential investors. For example, if the payback period for a business is too long, then it becomes much more difficult to get a loan for it from a bank.

The easiest way to calculate the payback period is if the cash flow has already been calculated. In this case, you need to find the month in which, after adding a positive number of net income with a negative number of initial investments, you get a positive number. This will mean that the profit from the business fully covered the initial investment in it.

It is for this reason that it is necessary to calculate cash flow, as well as profits and losses, at least until the payback period is reached. The payback period of investments largely depends on the amount of investment costs. In the case of a car wash minimum term- 3 years.

Here are the main indicators that will need to be calculated in a business plan at the start of any business. Of course, this is far from an axiom, and depending on the requirements of investors, the state of the enterprise, its type of activity and other features, additional calculations may be required. Most of them you can do on your own.

A project business plan is necessary for both investors considering the possibility of investing their
funds to the project, and to the direct executors of the project on operational level. Investors should see in the business plan a mechanism for generating income, understanding and trust in which are guarantees for them to return the invested funds, and managers will be guided by the business plan in the implementation of the project. The problem of business planning is too broad. Therefore, we will focus on one of the aspects, namely the basic formulas for calculating the effectiveness of a business plan.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of a business plan is designed to determine how much the size of investments corresponds to future income, taking into account the risks of the project. The main indicators of the effectiveness of an investment project include:

* Cash flow;
* net present value of the project (NPV);
* internal rate of return (IRR);
* investment profitability index (PI).

cash flow

The most accurate Russian definition of Cash Flow would be "Cash Flow". The most important task of analyzing a business plan is to calculate future cash flows arising from the implementation production products. Only incoming cash flows can ensure the implementation of the project as a whole.

When evaluating various projects, investors have to sum up and compare future costs, capital flows and financial balances at different planning intervals. Before comparing and adding up these capital flows, it is customary to bring them into a comparable form (discount, i.e. bring the future value to the present moment) for a certain date. In the process of discounting, the future amount (inflow, outflow and balance) is divided into two parts:

1. today's equivalent of the future amount (i.e. Present Value);
2. accruals on PV for a given number of years at a certain interest rate.

The definition of Cash Flow is of great importance in calculating the effectiveness of a business plan, since it is the basic criterion on which others (for example, NPV) are calculated. On the other hand, it is the resulting figure in terms of the budget approach.

In the business plan, Cash Flow is calculated as follows: Inflow (revenue from sales for the period) minus Outflow (investment costs, operating costs and taxes for the same period). To obtain the value of the cumulative Cash Flow, it is necessary to sum up its values ​​for each period on an accrual basis.

Net Present Value (NPV)

Net present value is the value obtained by discounting separately for each year the difference of all outflows and inflows of cash accumulated over the period of the project.

Recalculation of all cash flows is carried out using reduction factors (DF), the values ​​of which are found in special tables calculated in advance for various discount rates and planning intervals. In practice, this looks like multiplying the estimated Cash Flow values ​​for each period of the investment project implementation by the corresponding reduction factor and their subsequent summation.

The economic meaning of the net present value can be thought of as the result obtained immediately after the decision to implement this project, because when calculating it, the influence of the time factor is excluded. A positive value of NPV is considered to be a confirmation of the expediency of investing funds in a project, while a negative value, on the contrary, indicates the inefficiency of their use. In other words:

If NPV If NPV = 0, then if the project is accepted, the welfare of investors will not change, but the volumes
production will increase;
If NPV > 0, then investors will make a profit.

The absolute value of the net present value (NPV) depends on two kinds of parameters. The first characterizes the investment process objectively and is determined production process(more products - more revenue, less costs - more profit, etc.). The second type is the comparison rate (RD), the reciprocal of the reduction coefficients. Determining the value of the comparison rate is the result of the subjective judgment of the compiler of the business plan, i.e. conditional value. Therefore, when analyzing an investment project, it is advisable to determine NPV not for one rate, but for a certain range of rates.

The project's net present value (NPV) is certainly affected by the scale of the activity, expressed in "physical" volumes of investment, production, or sales. This implies a natural restriction on the use this method to compare projects that differ in this characteristic: a larger NPV value will not always correspond to a more efficient investment option. In such cases, it is recommended to use a measure of return on investment, also called the net present value ratio (NPVR). This indicator is the ratio of the net present value of the project to the discounted (current) value of investment costs (PVI).

Internal rate of return (IRR)

In practice, any enterprise finances its activities, including investment, from various sources. As a payment for the use of advanced capital, it pays interest, dividends, i.e. bears reasonable expenses to maintain their economic potential.

The indicator characterizing the relative level of these expenses can be called the "price" of the advanced capital. The enterprise can make any decisions of an investment nature, the level of profitability of which is not lower than current value indicator of the "price" of the advanced capital. It is with the indicator of the price of advanced capital that the indicator of internal rate of return (IRR) calculated for a specific investment project is compared. It is often identified with the discount factor, since the former most often acts as a guideline, indicator and expresses one of the values ​​of the latter.

In Russia, IRR is also known as:

* internal rate of return on investment;
* cash discount factor;
* internal rate of return;
* rate of return of the discounted cash flow;
* internal rate of return;
* internal rate of return;
* verification discount.

The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate at which the project's net present value (NPV) is zero, i.e. is the comparison rate at which the sum of discounted cash inflows equals the sum of discounted cash outflows.

When calculating the IRR, it is assumed that the net income received is fully capitalized, i.e. all available free cash must be either reinvested or used to pay off external debt. This is the lower guaranteed "threshold" of profitability of investment costs, and if it exceeds the average cost of capital in a given sector of investment activity, then the project can be recommended for implementation, i.e. IRR is the marginal lending rate that separates efficient and inefficient projects.

IRR determines the maximum rate of payment for attracted sources of project financing, at which the latter remains breakeven. In the case of assessing the effectiveness of total investment costs, this may be the maximum allowable interest rate on loans, and in assessing the efficiency of using equity, the highest level of dividend payments. For example, if the IRR is 18%, this is the upper limit of the interest rate at which a firm can pay back a loan to finance an investment project. Therefore, in order to make a profit, the firm must find financial resources at a rate of less than 18%.

All IRR components are determined by internal data characterizing the investment project, i.e. there are no expert assessments that introduce subjective elements. Consequently, IRR contains a lower level of uncertainty than NPV, which is especially important when analyzing the effectiveness of large projects.

IRR better shows the benefits of higher results compared to other indicators: the difference between the IRR and the discount rate directly shows the internal reserves of the project (within the difference, the investor's requirements for the rate of return on invested funds can be increased, because the income received exceeds the minimum required rate recoil).

Of course, IRR also has disadvantages:

* sometimes there may be more than one IRR indicator in the calculation;
* incommensurability with the criterion of net present value;
* does not take into account differences in the scale of the compared projects (i.e. in the amount of investment
capital).

Objectivity, lack of dependence on the absolute size of investments and a rich interpretive meaning make the indicator of the internal rate of return an extremely convenient tool for measuring the effectiveness of capital investments.

When using IRR, keep in mind that:

* subject to analysis investment projects, for which the difference between income and costs is positive or the ratio of income to costs is greater than 1;
* for analysis, projects are selected with an IRR of at least 15–20%;
* IRR must be compared with the interest rate in the monetary market;
* when justifying IRR, adjustments for project risks, inflation and taxes should be taken into account.

Return on Investment Index (PI)

This is the ratio of the return on capital to the amount of invested capital. PI shows the relative profitability of a project, or the discounted value of cash flows from a project per unit of investment.

Considering the PI criterion is useful when:

* current organizational costs are high in relation to investment costs;
* in projects where reliable income begins to flow at a fairly early stage of project implementation.

Most commonly, PI is calculated by dividing the net present value of a project by the cost of the initial investment. In this case, the decision criterion is the same as when making a decision on the NPV indicator, i.e. PI > 0. This criterion is a fairly perfect tool for analyzing the effectiveness of investments. In this case, three options are possible:

PI > 1.0 - investments are profitable and acceptable in accordance with the chosen discount rate;
PI PI \u003d 1.0 - the considered direction of investment exactly satisfies the chosen rate of return, which is equal to IRR.

Projects with high PI values ​​are more sustainable. However, one should not forget that very large PI values ​​do not always correspond to a high NPV value and vice versa. The fact is that projects with a high NPV are not necessarily effective, which means they have a very small profitability index.

When calculating efficiency, the choice of the threshold value of profitability (Minimum rate of return) is important. The higher the threshold value of profitability, the more generalized indicators take into account the time factor, since it is the threshold value of profitability that is used as the standard for reduction by the time factor (discount rate RD). Income and expenses that are more distant in time have less and less influence on their modern assessment.

The profitability threshold increases as risk increases. According to the classification of investments generally accepted in the world practice, the threshold value for risky capital investments is 25%. Other studies note that for conventional projects a value of 16% is acceptable, for new projects in a stable market - 20%, for projects with new technology - 24%.

As can be seen from our article Business Plan Calculation Formulas, each of the considered indicators carries a certain semantic and economic load. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out a comprehensive calculation of the effectiveness of investing funds for all of the above indicators. It is in this case that one can quite clearly determine whether the investment in the project will be successful.

The BiPlan website team wishes you success and good luck! We hope our article Business Plan Calculation Formulas helped you!

• Gross profit \u003d revenue - cost of production.
• Financial profit = financial income - financial expenses.
• Operating income = operating income - operating expenses.

The balance sheet profit is calculated as follows:

An important indicator is profitability, it is calculated as follows:

Most often, it is necessary to determine the return on capital, assets, products. The profitability of activities is calculated as the ratio of profit from sales to costs.

Important: for the base year when planning criteria economic efficiency the current year of the business plan is taken.

Cash flow planning

Cash flow planning includes a forecast of cash receipts from all sources, it can not only be income from sales, but also interest from the sale of shares or the lease of land.

When forecasting the movement of funds, the following aspects are taken into account:

• the total amount of money invested in starting a business;
• assets and liabilities of the firm;
• forecast of profit (income from sales and interest on rent) and losses (expenses on materials and wages of workers employed on, inflation, payment of interest on a loan);
• evaluation of financial efficiency.

In performance planning, all cash costs and revenues are discounted and brought to present value.

Table 1 - Example of cash planning

Indicator	1st year	year	3rd year	4th year	5th year
Cash	X	X	X	xx	xxx
The arrival of money
Sales revenue	X	X	xx	xxx	xxx
Proceeds from the sale of shares	xx	X
Total income
Spending of money
Operating costs
Payment of salary
Raw material
Other costs
Capital investment
Payment of interest on a loan	X	xx	xx	X
Repayment of accounts payable	X	X	X	X	X
Paying income taxes					xx
Total Expenses
Total cash

When making a forecast, it is important to take into account such aspects as the inflation rate (taking into account the optimistic and pessimistic options) and risks.

The activities of the firm may depend on:

• commercial risk (includes aspects such as problems with the sale of goods or the activities of competitors);
• financial risk (includes aspects such as insufficient financing of the project, inability to return borrowed funds);
• production risk (includes aspects such as poor equipment, low quality products) and is a part for investors.

The balance of assets and liabilities is compiled based on the calculation of net profit and cash turnover.

Enterprise balance forecast

The company's balance sheet contains specific indicators that reflect the success of the company. The forecast is made at the end of each year, and all the features of the company's activities for the coming year are taken into account. This may be a loan of funds or attracting investors.

After drawing up the balance sheet, you can see the rate of return, return on assets and capital, the ratio of own to borrowed funds in the future.

The company's balance sheet might look like this:

Table 2 - Balance sheet of the enterprise

Assets	1st year	2nd year	Liabilities and capital	1st year	2nd year
Working capital:			Short-term liabilities:
cash			short-term debt
accounts receivable			settlements with creditors and suppliers
inventory			Long-term debt
other			Tax debt
Main capital			Equity
Initial cost:			Profit to distribute
depreciation
book value of fixed capital
other
Money
Intangible assets
Total			Total

Summing up, reports are prepared containing the financial indicators of the business plan. Namely, income and expense statement, cash flow statement, asset and liability statement.

financial plan as component business plan, involves the provision of all calculations for a period of up to 5 years, thanks to which you can see the main economic indicators, as well as to identify the liquidity of the project model.

Features of different financial models

Clothing store:

1. For need start-up capital in the amount of 900 thousand rubles.
2. Store cost planning will include costs for rent, payment utility bills, purchase of goods and equipment, as well as wages. You also need to spend money on advertising the store.
3. The profitability of the clothing store will be about 50%.

Goose Farm:

1. The financial model of a goose farm contains calculations for a large number of economic efficiency indicators, because the farm will require borrowed funds for the purchase of equipment and the arrangement of bird habitats, the lease or purchase of agricultural equipment and vehicles, the arrangement of a reservoir and places for birds to walk, the rent of a slaughterhouse .
2. Opening a goose farm is a model of a large-scale project with large investments, but with a herd of 1000 heads (more than 70% of which are females), you can get an annual income of 9 million rubles.

Tattoo parlor:

1. The initial costs of the tattoo parlor are 800 thousand rubles.
2. The average amount left by one visitor is 2500 rubles.
3. The monthly expenses of the tattoo parlor are in the range of 85 thousand rubles.
4. Net profit is 100 thousand rubles.

An example of a coffee shop financial plan

When planning the financial model of a coffee shop, it is necessary to take into account what will depend on the location, prices, quality of service, as well as the services provided.

Table 3 - Financial performance indicators of the coffee house for the first year

Consider an example financial model when there is 1 million rubles to open a coffee shop. equity and 12 million in debt to be repaid within a year with an interest of 18%. We make a forecast for two years, since the project should pay off in a year.

Indicators	Total
Net profit (thousand rubles)	2668
Own funds(thousand roubles.)	1000
Product profitability (%)