Business plan for 10 dairy cows. Cow breeding business. Business plan for breeding cattle: which breed to choose

Demand for raw milk in Russia exceeds supply. The profitability of production in the southern regions of the country reaches 37% in 3-5 years after the start of the farm and the repayment of loans.

 

Milk production for a long time in Russia it was considered profitable only for large agricultural complexes. The constant shortage of raw materials has forced processors to pay attention to small producers, moreover, they offer goods at competitive prices and more High Quality. A dairy farm as a business for small entrepreneurs and peasant farms has become especially attractive after the introduction of state support.

To assess the prospects of investing forces and resources in this labor-intensive and difficult production, consider:

1. product demand, market trends;
2. FEO of opening a dairy farm;
3. manufacturer support programs;
4. examples of successfully operating peasant farms.

Brief overview: how much milk you need and where to get it

Milk is included in the list of the Doctrine of National Food Security, it belongs to strategically important products. Its consumption in 2015 amounted to 230 kg per person, which is 2 times less than the recommended norm. According to the Russian Food Market magazine, its sales in 2015 grew by 7%, and in general, dairy products increase by 2.5% every year, despite prices.

Almost the only importer today is Belarus, and the total share of imports last year was about 16%. According to Soyuzmoloko, processing capacities are only 60-70% loaded.

Economists always compare current figures with the level of "pre-perestroika" 1990. By comparison, milk consumption fell steadily until 2000, when it reached an all-time high of just 51% of per capita consumption in 1990. After that, the trend has changed, and there is a constant increase. If there is enough milk in stores, then the same cannot be said about other products derived from it. The production of domestic cheese already in 2011 was 65% of the level of the base year 1990, and butter - only 26%.

The bulk of milk for processing is produced by agricultural organizations. Households receive about the same amount of it, it is also consumed there, a small part is sold on the market. The share of peasant farms and small farms is only about 7%, but it is steadily increasing from year to year. In 2015, farmers overtook agricultural enterprises in all indicators: the increase in the herd, its productivity, marketability of products (Fig. 1). The average number of cows is 40 in peasant farms, and about 300 in organizations.

By region, milk production is very uneven (Fig. 2). The leaders are Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Altai and Krasnodar Territories, Rostov Region. In total, 15 regions of the country provide 50% of the production. In 2015, 91.5% of the planned volume in the country was produced, while the deficit is about 30%.

The distribution of marketable milk is very different from the general picture, for example, in the Siberian district it is only half of the volume. The distribution of state subsidies occurs depending on this indicator. Who received the most public money in 2015 can be seen from the diagram - in these regions there are more chances to receive real support (Fig. 3).

How Much Does a Dairy Farm Cost: Financial and Economic Case

When organizing a business, you need to focus on modern technologies maintenance and feeding of livestock, new means of mechanization. Good profitability is shown by farms that use high quality rough and succulent fodder, robotic installations that provide milk accounting, automatic filtration, and cooling. Such machines are equipped with a washing and disinfection system, which allows you to get high-grade milk. Here are two investment calculations. They are compiled for completely different regions of the country, however, the main indicators are very similar.

Table 1. Vologda region. Korobov family farm, 6 people. Share land allotment of 100 hectares, own production of hay, haylage and silage.

	Basic expenses, rub.		Source of funds, rub.
Purchase of cows	3,000,000 (50 heads)	Credit funds (Rosselkhozbank, 13% for 3 years)
Purchase of milking equipment, mechanization		Subsidy under the program of the Vologda Oblast
Premises construction		Own contribution
Sales of products	Delivery to the processing plant
Loan repayment	2 223 800 per year
Total profit
Profitability
Profit after taxes

Table 2. Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Khakassia. KFH Malykhin, 3 people, 100 hectares of land.

Indicators	Expenses, rub.		Attachment Source
Acquisition of livestock	1,600,000 (30 heads)	Grant of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic
Buying a feed truck		Rosselkhozbank loan (14% per annum)
Homemade barn construction		Own funds
Sales directions	Retail: markets, individuals
Planned revenue per year
Net profit
Payback period and profitability	48 months

Investment level in dairy production high, so you need a well-thought-out business plan. It is required for both subsidies and concessional loans. The advantages of small farms are that they produce environmentally friendly products, providing a relatively low cost due to labor efficiency. Profitability increases many times if the entrepreneur himself is engaged in milk processing.

Support and lending to milk producers

1. Programs of the Ministry of Agriculture.

The main types of assistance are provided under the state subprogram "Development of dairy farming".

• Subsidy per liter of commercial milk sold. Provided to all producers, since 2015 only the highest grade is subsidized. It is determined by the processor. Regional authorities can introduce their own conditions: the number of calves, the percentage of fat and others. To receive a subsidy, you need to apply with an application to the local administration department, head of agrarian issues.
• Subsidized interest on loans. Support is provided through accredited banks. The state repays part of the interest in the amount of 100% of the refinancing rate, regional authorities up to 3% of the amount taken. Due to this, banks reduce interest for agricultural producers, and the loan is cheaper.
• Reimbursement of part of the costs of business projects. The application is made through the administration of the district, region. Provides a refund on new investment projects, expenses for modernization and re-equipment - up to 40%, for the purchase of highly productive dairy breeds - up to 50%. The money is transferred to the account of the commodity producer not earlier than 2 years after the start of the project, provided that it reaches its design capacity. When buying animals - not earlier than the 5th year.

Three examples of successful work of "dairy" peasant farms

In 2002, he organized his own farm, took a loan from the Russian Agricultural Bank, in 2012 he registered a peasant farm and received a grant for development. Now he keeps 70 cows, cultivates 150 hectares of land, delivers 150 tons of marketable milk per year for processing. In comparison with a large farm located in the neighborhood, the cost of milk is several times lower due to complete autonomy (own feed), labor efficiency (2 people).

Alexander is only 25 years old. He set up his business in 2012. There are 38 dairy cows on the farm, 100 hectares of land are leased. Milk is sold fresh through its own outlets in the markets of the city of Abakan. He receives 300 liters per month from one cow, and 3,900 in revenue. He dreams of changing the herd, buying a Simmental breed of cows, and dramatically increasing milk yield. He believes that without his own feed base, milk production will be unprofitable.

Established in 1992, in 2004 there were 50 heads of cattle, now there are 122 cows on the farm. In 2006, they reconstructed the farm, purchased German milking machines, a mini milk processing plant. They produce 10 tons of milk per day, packaged on their own equipment, deliver to stores in their city and Yekaterinburg, supply the plant Catering, schools, kindergartens.

conclusions

There is a demand for milk, it is growing, and exceeds the supply. Especially, given the course to increase the production of their cheeses and butter. Accordingly, the dairy farm as a business, in the long run looks profitable business.

The risks are also high: crop failures leading to feed shortages, rising prices for seeds, breeding animals, seasonality in milk production, delays in subsidies - they must be taken into account when planning.

Igor Nikolaev

Reading time: 5 minutes

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Starting a cattle breeding activity, it is necessary to draw up a business plan for your activities. It will help to provide for all stages of the business, to take into account many nuances. The plan has certain sections. After filling them out, the entrepreneur will see how much finance he will spend on his enterprise, what profit he will receive from it.

A business plan must be presented to credit organizations in order to receive a loan. The state supports animal husbandry with grants. To get them, they draw up a business plan.

If the plan is drawn up in order to receive investments, then 1 section is drawn up. This is an abstract of the entrepreneur's activity. It contains all the details of the farmer: the address of the registration of the enterprise, telephones, address Email, registration numbers with the tax authority, PFR, TFOMS, FSS and statistics. It is necessary to indicate the settlement account through which the main financial flow will be carried out.

What follows is a short message about the farm and the animals. It describes what property is available: buildings, vehicles, pastures, hectares of land for the construction of a farm or a finished cowshed. It is necessary to mention what number of cattle is planned to be bred or has already been acquired: what breeds of cows and bulls, how much milk yield and slaughter weight.

Part 2 of the plan is a summary of the project. In it, the entrepreneur describes what he wants to buy, for what purposes. What is the expected profit the farmer can receive at the end of the project. It is not necessary to paint everything in detail. Only general phrases and numbers.

Part 3 - production. It includes all production costs. An entrepreneur wants to start an activity such as a business of raising cows for milk. What should he do first?

If you buy heifers for 2-3 months, then milk from them will not be soon. The chick needs to grow up. This will take an average of 10-11 months. Everything will depend on how she gains weight. There is a young heifer - 8 thousand rubles. There is no guarantee that her adaptation to new conditions will be normal, and she will not get sick.

If the heifer is accustomed to a new place, eats well, then at 12-13 months she is led to mating. The calf bearing period is 285 days, which is 9.5 months. She begins lactation, but milk from her can be taken only after 1.5 months. The entrepreneur will have to wait almost 2 years to start selling milk. For fattening a heifer, he will need feed in the amount of 40 thousand rubles.

If you buy heifers, they will cost more - 20 thousand rubles, but the milk from them will be in about a year. They require more food than a one-year-old calf. The same amount is set aside for food. The entrepreneur benefits from the cost of caring for the animals.

A dairy cow will cost an average of 40 thousand rubles, depending on the breed of the animal. She immediately gives milk, the sale begins from the first days of buying an animal. Having made the calculation, the entrepreneur decides which animals to buy.

In addition to heifers, it is necessary to purchase bulls. They are necessary for the fertilization of heifers so that they have milk. The cost of a bull for 3 months is 10 thousand rubles. He will become an adult at 13-14 months, depending on the breed. During the period of growing up, he will need food, on average, in the amount of 60 thousand rubles. In some cases, they acquire one-year-old bulls. It will cost more, at least 20 thousand rubles. Per head. The farmer saves on feed.

In addition to animals, it is necessary to consider their content:

• build a barn or rent it;
• purchase equipment for milking and boxes for cows: feeders, drinkers;
• lay plumbing, connect electricity, install heating if necessary;
• adjust automatic control all processes in the barn;
• rent or buy meadow fields to be able to harvest hay; you need to think, maybe hay is cheaper to buy;
• build a hangar for storing feed;
• equip a silo pit;
• decide on the export of manure: the best option is to conclude an agreement with a vegetable farm;
• establish staff units of workers, milkmaids, veterinarians;
• purchase milk containers;
• transport for the transport of milk.

You will also need sawdust and straw to sprinkle on the flooring in the stall. Equipment for cleaning dirt in the barn. The construction of sheds for storing inventory, hangars for the fleet is being considered. The business plan for breeding cows determines all the costs that an entrepreneur will undergo when opening a business in the livestock sector.

Part 4 of the business plan for breeding cows is economic. In it, the entrepreneur calculates his projected profit from the enterprise. It signs the amount of milk that is planned to be sold. If the farmer sells manure, then its value is indicated. An additional business may be the sale of young animals or the slaughter of bulls.

The 5th part of the plan is analytical. An analysis of the entire enterprise is carried out. What was the profit, taking into account the cost of maintaining and purchasing animals. If the farmer is already registered with tax office, then he will have to pay taxes and contributions to state funds.

Next comes the investment part. If previous calculations showed that there is not enough money for the cow breeding business, then the loan amount is determined. In the investment part, it is calculated what is planned to be purchased for this amount, and what income the entrepreneur, credit institution and the state budget will receive from this.

Business plan: production part

Breeding cows requires certain costs. They need to be counted. To begin with, it was decided to purchase 10 dairy heifers, 3 bulls and 10 cows for milk production. This will be spent in (thousand rubles):

• heifers - 10*20 = 200;
• year-old bulls - 3 * 30 \u003d 90;
• cows - 10*50 = 500.

790 thousand rubles will be spent on animals. At the same time, it is necessary to resolve issues with milking, feeding, keeping animals. If farming is already developing, everything necessary is equipped for the livestock of cattle, then this item of expenditure is no longer needed. Otherwise, it is necessary to provide for the following expenses in (thousand rubles):

Account must be taken of the cost of wages milking workers and operators. Expenses for water and electricity: 50 thousand rubles. Animals are vaccinated medical examinations take a milk analysis. 30 thousand rubles are allocated for these events.

To start selling milk from, you need to spend 2280 thousand rubles. With the condition of keeping cows in stalls, acquiring land ownership, buying a truck with a milk tank. 790 thousand rubles are added to this amount. from the value of the animals. To develop an enterprise for the sale of milk, 3,070 thousand rubles will be required.

In the future, less funding will be needed. The farmer already has a cowshed, animals, pastures, transport. The main part of the expenses will fall on feed, veterinarian, barn maintenance.

In this part, income from all lines of business is considered. In this case, the sale of milk. Cows will start giving milk immediately. If we take into account the period of adaptation of animals to new feed and conditions, then from 1 individual you can get 16-20 liters per day.

The calculation is made for the year in (thousand rubles):

• for the lactation period, which lasts 305 days, 6100 liters of milk are obtained from the cow;
• from 10 cows - 61,000 liters;
• 1 liter of cow's milk costs at a wholesale price of 25 rubles;
• from 10 cows, milk revenue will be - 1525;

By the end of the lactation period of cows, milk will appear in heifers. The same calculation is made, but taking into account that after the first calving, they will give less milk than adult cows. The sale of milk by the entrepreneur will be constant.

For a year, an average of 500 thousand rubles will go to feed cows, bulls and heifers. The calculation is made taking into account seasonal feeding. During the warm period, cows do not need to be given succulent feed and concentrates separately. They get their main food on the pasture.

Business plan - analytical part

This section summarizes the entire enterprise for the year. All expenses that the entrepreneur has made to develop the business and the gross profit from the sale of milk are taken into account. The data is analyzed and the payback of the project is calculated.

AT new project 3070 thousand rubles were invested. From the sale of milk received - 1525 thousand rubles. On the next year the amount from the sale of milk will be identical. The project will pay off in 2 years. For the 4th year, the profit will be double, because the cows that were purchased earlier as heifers brought offspring. At 4 years old they will become adults. After calving, they will give milk:

• for the 2nd year, sales from milk will amount to 1,525 thousand rubles;
• for the 3rd year - 1525 thousand rubles;
• for 4 years - 3050 thousand rubles.

Payback in 2 years is a good business option. Investments were made to generate profits in future periods. In the future, it is possible to trade calves or select bulls for rearing in order to get meat. If an entrepreneur has issued an IP, he will have to pay taxes to the budget: 6% of the profit. In 1 year, this will amount to 91.5 thousand rubles.

When calculating a business plan, you can clearly see all the costs and income from the project, determine the payback period of the new enterprise. If an entrepreneur does not have enough funds to start a business, he can take a loan from a bank or apply for a grant from the state. In this case, it is required to calculate the animal feed base. The calculation is carried out for each unit: hay, silage, concentrates. A business plan scheme is provided by a credit institution.

The introduced food embargo on the products of European countries aroused interest in agriculture. Some farms increased acreage and livestock. Residents of the private sector are not far behind them. In many ways, the success of livestock farming depends on the conditions in which the animals are kept.

State regulation of the private life of cattle

Ministry Agriculture R.F. published order No. 551 dated 13.12.2016 "On approval of veterinary rules for keeping large cattle for the purpose of its reproduction, cultivation and sale. "The owner of one or two cows can give up on the requirements listed in the order. However, farmers who plan to sell their products are forced to bring barns for bulls in the appropriate form. After all, they will have to go through more than one visit from employees Rosselkhoznadzor However, losses can be minimized if you build a barn with your own hands, and this is quite realistic.

The design of the future barn for cows is determined based on the direction of the farm. Cattle are bred for the purpose of obtaining milk or meat. Again, the way young animals appear is also taken into account - natural or buying on the side.

The second important parameter is the location of the barn. Here, the presence or absence of access roads is taken into account, but also the level of groundwater, the wind rose, and the distance from residential buildings. On these two points and guided, choosing for cows.

The maximum number of animals on our farm does not exceed ten. For such a herd, a barn can be built independently. However, if you plan to increase the number of livestock, then use the services of builders with experience in the construction of such buildings. In any case, there are nuances that are obvious to professionals and unknown to beginners. Ignoring them can lead to sad consequences. Starting from diseases and ending with the death of animals.

The area of ​​the future cowshed is affected by the method of keeping livestock. If cows and bulls are not planned to be tied, then 6 m 2 is enough for one animal. This method is called unattached. However, among farmers, keeping cows in stalls (tethered method) is more popular. A separate living space for a cow is organized in accordance with the following standards:

• An adult cow needs a box with an area of ​​​​2.2 to 2.7 m 2;
• For a cow and a calf, a stall of at least 3 m 2 will be required;
• One calf is enough 1.5 m 2;
• An adult bull will have to provide a box of at least 1.75 m 2.

Boxing for one adult cow should be an area of ​​​​2.2 m 2

Grown up calves are kept, as a rule, without a leash in a common paddock. The area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich is calculated as follows: age up to 1 year - 4 m 2, older - 4.5 m 2. Animals feel comfortable with a ceiling height of at least 2.5 meters. But it is not worth relying solely on the data presented. Dimensions may vary depending on the breed being bred.

When planning to build a barn for bulls and cows, consider the comfort, safety of people. Such measures include the remoteness of outbuildings from residential premises and water sources. According to sanitary and epidemiological standards, housing for animals is built at least 20 meters from wells and wells.

Building materials for a barn - what is good, what is bad

So, the theory is left behind, we proceed directly to the construction. In the construction of premises for cattle, traditional materials are used:

• brick;
• cinder blocks;
• sibit or aerated concrete;
• wood.

Each of these options has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, the prices for brick, sibit or aerated concrete are quite high. But you still need to be able to work with them, otherwise you will have to hire masons, and their services are not cheap. Slag concrete often contains toxic substances that adversely affect the health of animals.

We build a barn for a cow with our own hands and at our own expense, therefore, we need to minimize possible costs. Of course, it is not easy to create a barn project for 10 heads from scratch with your own hands. Therefore, we take as a basis the drawings given in the framework of this article.

As you can see, in addition to the stalls for cows, there are rooms for storing inventory. In large livestock farms, technological rooms are added to the construction of cowsheds: a milk-draining room, a machine room, a washing room, etc. In our case, there is no need for them. By and large, the construction of a small barn comes down to arranging the foundation, erecting walls, overlapping the ceiling and roof, and equipping stalls.

How does the construction of a barn for cows begin and end?

For the construction of utility and utility rooms, a lot of building materials are used. However, for our purposes it is better to use wood. There are a number of reasons for this:

1. 1. Economic. No need to turn to third-party specialists - a novice master can work with a tree. As a rule, in most regions of the country, wood is cheaper than other building materials;
2. 2. Practical. Buildings built of brick, sibit and their analogues, not to mention prefabricated structures, need additional heating. In wooden structures, there is enough heat from animals;
3. 3. Ecological. The cows feel most comfortable.

Any construction starts with a foundation. The barn is no exception. Based on the above sanitary standards and practical advice farmers, we need to prepare the foundation for a building with an area of ​​​​100 m 2. Considering that we are building housing for cattle from wood, which does not differ in weight, we can get by with a strip foundation.

Wooden walls are mounted on the flooded base. The best option is a log house made of logs or timber. However, in the southern regions there are many similar structures, built from thick five-centimeter boards. But such building material can not be used in all regions of the country. Pay attention to such construction material, like a bar 100 * 150 mm. Of course, it will cost more than a log, but labor costs will be many times less. A log house made of timber can be folded within a few days and it is easier to finish such a building from the inside. Yes, the interior of the barn will need to be plastered and whitewashed - this will serve as additional protection for animals from harmful bacteria.

The height of an unheated cattle room rarely exceeds 2.5 meters - this reduces heat loss.

Floors. As already mentioned, laying wooden floors is impractical - they will be saturated with ammonia and fail within a few years. Alternatively, you can pour a concrete floor. This coating will last for decades. But there is also a minus - concrete floors accumulate cold, which can lead to animal illness. Another way to equip the floor in a barn is to lay it out with burnt bricks. True, there is no need to talk about savings in this case. In our barn, we will fill the floor with concrete, and in the future we will use bedding made of straw, shavings or sawdust. This will prevent cows from developing colds and mastitis.

Roof. For outbuildings, single-pitched or are used. In our case, we will have to build a roof with two slopes. It is explained simply. The barn area is 100 sq. meters, if you put a roof with one slope - excessive snow load will reduce its service life. In addition, it allows you to organize a place in the attic for storing dry feed (hayloft).

Air, light, proper nutrition - the key to high milk yield

Lighting is not a whim, but a necessity. Studies by veterinarians show that winter time with a 16-hour light day, cows give 8-10% more milk. In fact, they eat more. Of course, for the electrification of the barn, it is better to invite a professional electrician. However, if the room is not supposed to use energy-intensive mechanisms, you can stretch the line from the home shield (preferably underground). But when it is planned to install devices that consume a large amount of electricity (electric mill, separator, etc.) in the back rooms of the barn, it is better to install a separate electric meter and continue lighting the barn from it. Yes, such a connection scheme will cost more - you will have to spend money on purchasing equipment and paying for the services of electricians, but do not forget that 70% of fires in Russia are due to wiring.

Even the timely removal of waste products from cows does not guarantee a healthy indoor atmosphere. Together with high humidity, this causes the appearance of harmful bacteria. Fresh air is just as important for cows as it is for humans. Therefore, it is necessary to equip and ventilation.

There are two types of ventilation systems: forced and natural. We do not need to buy a full-fledged air handling unit - we will manage with the creation of ventilation shafts from polypropylene or metal pipes. Holes are cut in the walls of the barn to allow air to enter the room. Excess warm air rises and is removed through pipes placed in the ceiling. Ideally, both inlet and outlet openings are covered with protective grilles and deflectors.

According to the estimated set of consumer basket approved for 2016, the consumption rate of meat and meat products for the average Russian is about 60 kg per year, milk and dairy products - about 300 kg per year. Actual figures are usually an order of magnitude higher. If you look at these figures from the perspective of not a consumer, but an entrepreneur, you can see a favorable ratio and an opportunity to make good money in the production of meat and dairy products.

Breeding cows on a personal farmstead as a business

When the preparatory stage has been completed, and suitable conditions have been created for the animals, young animals can be purchased. Consider an exemplary business plan for breeding cows using the example of the most common dairy breed in Russia - black-and-white.

To run a small home farm you can buy 4 heifers and 1 bull. Calves need to be bought from large farms. Healthy, normally developed animals, brought from highly productive cows, should be selected. The appropriate age of a cow for stocking is 1.5 years when the animal reaches sexual maturity.

Business Startup Costs

The cost of a one and a half year old heifer is about 12 thousand rubles, a bull - 18 thousand rubles.

Thus, it will take you 66 thousand rubles to purchase young animals.

Cows will need mandatory vaccination against various diseases, in addition, periodically need to be tested for brucellosis and tuberculosis. About 5 thousand rubles will be spent on veterinary services per year.

One of the most important issues livestock is the organization of feeding at different times of the year. In summer, the bulk of the cow's diet should be fresh grass. In winter, the animal must be fed with pre-harvested hay, silage, vegetables (beets, carrots, potatoes), compound feed.

Feed consumption rate calculated for one cow per year:

• hay - 2 tons - 7 thousand rubles;
• straw - 1 ton - 2.5 thousand rubles;
• silo - 4 tons - 4.8 thousand rubles;
• green mass - 10 tons - 10 thousand rubles;
• root crops - 2.5 tons - 10 thousand rubles;
• concentrates - 1 ton - 7 thousand rubles.

It turns out that in order to feed one cow for a year, it will take about 41 thousand rubles. You can save money if the farmer has his own land, which can be used as pasture in the summer and sown with grass for hay.

Attention! Without fail, the cow must be given at least 100 g of salt per day. This will help maintain the acid-salt balance in the body of the animal.

In order to milk cows 2 times a day, you should purchase a special apparatus, which will cost about 27 thousand rubles. However, this point can be saved if you organize the process manually.

If you make a calculation, it turns out that the launch of a small farm for breeding cows and the first year of work will take the entrepreneur about 300 thousand rubles.

When to expect profit

The farm will begin to bring real income only by the end of the first, and more often - in the second year of its existence.

A cow can bring offspring once a year in the amount of 1 cub. Lactation lasts an average of 300 days. At the same time, in the first time after calving (2-3 months), 50% of cow's milk will go to fatten the calf.

On average, 1 cow per day produces 10 liters of milk. Thus, for the first 90 days of the lactation period, the farmer will be able to sell about 5 liters of milk per day from one cow. From four cows - 20 liters, respectively.

The remaining 210 days will be sold all 10 liters per day from one cow, which means 40 liters from the entire farm.

average price whole cow's milk in 2016 is 60 rubles. for 1 liter.

Therefore, for one lactation, the farmer will be able to earn 153 thousand rubles. from one animal and 612 thousand rubles. from all livestock. And this is only when selling the primary product, that is, milk. If you are engaged in the production and sale of cream, sour cream, cottage cheese and butter, then income may increase.

In addition, the brought calves can be either sold as young animals or fattened and put to slaughter with the subsequent sale of beef. At the same time, young animals can be sold immediately after weaning from the cow, and it will take about a year of fattening to grow calves for meat.

Attention! The average weight of a dairy cow at the age of one year is 300 kg, a bull-calf can reach up to 400 kg. The slaughter yield of beef is approximately 50%. The price for 1 kg is 300 rubles. That is, from the sale of meat, you can earn from 45 thousand rubles. up to 60 thousand rubles.

If we compare the costs of maintaining the farm and the possible revenue, it turns out that breeding cows as a profitable occupation, which, although not so quickly pays off, but in the future brings a lot of money and has many development options.

From a personal farmstead to a real livestock farm

Activities in the field of agriculture today are also beneficial because each farmer has the potential opportunity to receive real assistance in the development of the economy from the state.

Thus, considerable funds are allocated annually from the federal budget to promote the target program for the development of family livestock farms based on peasant farms in the regions. Within the framework of this program, entrepreneurs are allocated:

• grants for the creation and development of the farm;
• subsidies that provide compensation for costs already incurred;
• soft loans.

To participate in the competition, a farmer must fulfill a number of requirements, details of which can be found in the regional body of the Ministry of Agriculture.

Mini farms for cattle (cattle) are created for the production of meat and dairy products. The content of cattle is profitable and profitable business, requiring a certain approach and a set of knowledge.

Grazing for a cow is more convenient than keeping in a stall

Preparatory work

The creation of a cattle farm begins with the creation of a business plan that provides for the main stages of implementing the idea:

• Select a site with the necessary communications or with the possibility of their implementation.
• Determine the number of livestock.
• Choose the type of mini-farm direction and the type of animal keeping.
• Decide on the technical premises, equipment.

Farm project for 10 cows

When building a mini farm for 50 heads, a frame or frameless method is used. In the first version, the barn is built taking into account the wishes of the farmer from bricks, cinder blocks, concrete slabs. The frameless method is the construction of a hangar from metal structures. This is a more economical option, but the lack of windows in the hangar deprives the barn of natural ventilation.

Schematic diagram of farm ventilation

The cowsheds provide for ventilation, water supply, lighting, sewerage.

When building or buying a barn, they proceed from the planned number of animals and the norms for their maintenance. When keeping cows, it is important to take into account for each of them from six square meters of area, and for a cow with a calf - from ten square meters.

Area per cow

Keeping cows in stalls has its advantages: the animal has a place where it is fed, watered and milked. With the free movement of cows on the farm, they allocate places for rest, feeding and milking, separate separate pens for calves and bulls. Behind the stalls, a meter-wide passage is arranged for a chute with manure and slurry. The gutter is taken out of the barn through a specially provided window. The floor is made with a slope for the drainage of liquids; an adobe floor with boards rammed into it is practical. In addition to the barn, the farmer will need a room for feed, a place to store manure, a place for walking / grazing animals.

Winter walk at the farm

In cowsheds, it is necessary to maintain a certain microclimate. The table shows the requirements necessary for the comfortable keeping of young animals and cows older than one year.

Options	room
		loose content
Temperature	10 0 C (8 0 C -12 0 C)	6 0 C (5 0 C -8 0 C)
Humidity
Permissible carbon dioxide content

Cow barn with calf

Equipment

Keeping cows in a mini farm is impossible without necessary equipment: you will need feeders, drinkers, a milk pipeline (to a large farm), milking machines and systems. Farms for cows must be equipped with feeders. The simplest type of feeder is a wooden chute, which is made in one piece or with folding sides for easy cleaning. For a large herd of cattle, group feeders are used.

A few cows can be milked by hand, but portable bucket milkers or herringbone systems are used to milk large numbers of cows.

For hardware milking, it is necessary to provide a stall for milking

Scales for cattle are used to check the weight gain of animals, cows are weighed before sale. Scales represent a platform with a protection for fixing of an animal.

If it is not possible to buy scales in small private farms, the weight of cows is determined by measuring the oblique body length and chest girth. To calculate the weight, the Trukhanovsky formula is used. The result obtained is increased by 5% - 10% with a high fatness of the animal, and reduced by the same percentages with a fatness below the average level.

Drawing how to make wood feeders

Metal feeder for hay

Drinkers for cattle

In free-range farms it is possible to install a group drinker or individual automatic drinkers for each cow. Group drinkers are divided into stationary and mobile. Stationary use in a barn, mobile on pastures.

If cows are kept in stalls, individual automatic drinkers or level-type drinkers are installed.

Metal drinker in the barn

In small mini farms, buckets are often used. Drinkers for cattle are bought in a store or made on their own, but drinkers industrial production more hygienic. Without harm to the health of cows, metal, cast iron or plastic drinkers are used. Drinking bowls with water heating are also produced. Experts recommend the use of individual automatic drinking bowls, their use helps to avoid mass infection.

Feeding the calves in the barn

paddock

To create a farm and walk animals, a land plot is bought or rented. The main thing is that it should be in a high place, without lowlands, best option- former farmland, abandoned collective farm or state farm land, no further than a kilometer from the barn. According to experts, during the grazing season, the cost of medicines is reduced, including the need for fewer drugs for insemination.