Rules for the technical operation of diesel engines. Rules for the operation of diesel generators. Technical operation of diesel

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Mandatory for diesel power plants of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation, design, engineering, construction and installation, repair and commissioning organizations performing work in relation to these DPPs
Developers: NIPIKTI “Selenergoproekt”, Northern Electricity of the net POEiE "Yakutskenergo", JSC "Elvis" under the leadership of Kuroptev S.T. and Savvinova Yu.N.
Editorial committee: chairman - Nuzhin V.P., members of the commission - Mudrov V.P., Golodnov Yu. Belyaev V.I. Shatrov V.V., Zaslavsky B.E. Kharchev V. V., Khanas V. M., Kanaev E. V. Proshutinsky A. M.
Introduction

"Rules technical operation diesel power plants" determine the procedure for organizing the operation of equipment, heat engineering and cable communications of diesel power plants (DPP).
The rules apply to stationary DPPs owned by the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation with a capacity of 500 kW and above.
The rules do not apply to reserve and mobile diesel power plants.
The need to develop these Rules arose due to the fact that those issued in 1989 do not apply to diesel power plants.
However, given that many provisions of these Rules are applicable to diesel power plants, for the convenience of using the document, some provisions of the PTE of power plants and networks are repeated in these Rules.
Requirements for design, construction, installation, repair and installation power plants in these Rules are set out very briefly, since they are considered in the current NTD. These include:
- "Norms process design diesel power plants. NTPD-90";
- ;
- ;
- Construction norms and rules (SNiP);
- State standards of the USSR;
- "Guidelines in terms of process measurements, signaling and automatic regulation at thermal power plants. RD 34.35.101-88".
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
1. Organization of operation
1.1. Tasks and organizational structure
1.2. Commissioning of equipment and facilities
1.3. Staff training
1.4. Monitoring the efficiency of DPP
1.5. Technical Supervision. Control over the organization of operation
1.6. Maintenance, repair, modernization and reconstruction
1.7. Technical documentation
1.8. Metrological support
1.9. Safety
1.10. Fire safety
1.11. Environmental requirements
1.12. Responsibility for compliance with the rules of technical operation
2. Territory, industrial buildings and structures
2.1. Territory
2.2. Industrial buildings and structures
3. Thermal mechanical equipment
3.1. Fuel economy
3.2. Oil farm
3.3 Energy oils
3.4. In resupply
3.5. Pipelines and fittings
3.6. diesel engine
3.7. Technological protection diesel - generator
4. Electrical equipment DES
4.1. Generators
4.2. Electric motors
4.3. Power transformers
4.4. Distribution devices
4.5. Power cable lines
4.6. Lighting
4.7. Relay protection and electroautomatics
4.8. AChR (automatic frequency unloading)
4.9.3 earthing devices
4.10.Surge protection
5. Operational management of DPP
5.1. Management organization
5.2. Scheduling the mode of operation
5.3. Operating mode control
5.4. Equipment management
5.5. Prevention and liquidation of accidents
5.6. Requirements for operational compression
5.7. Operational staff
5.8. Switching in electrical installations.
5.9. Operation of means of dispatching technological management(SDTU), signaling and communications
6. Heat recovery

Trouble-free and trouble-free operation of the power plant is possible only under the condition of a clear and uninterrupted functioning of all its components and systems. Maintenance personnel must clearly understand the principle of operation of the installed equipment, control and signaling circuits, automation and control units, as well as design features, layout and interconnection of individual equipment elements. Only specialists who have studied and mastered the technical documentation for the installed equipment, its material part, and who know the operating conditions of this equipment can be allowed to service the DPP.

If a diesel power plant is served by two teams - electricians and diesel operators, then both teams, having perfectly studied the units and systems entrusted to them directly, should have an idea about the operation of all the equipment of the diesel power plant as a whole.

Persons serving diesel power plants must pass a special commission to test their knowledge of the rules for the technical operation of electrical installations, safety precautions and fire safety, operating instructions, the technical minimum for the equipment to be maintained and methods of first aid in case of accidents.

To obtain practical skills in maintenance and a more detailed acquaintance on the spot with the location and condition of the equipment, each employee servicing the diesel power plant must undergo an internship at the workplace lasting at least two weeks under the guidance of a more experienced employee; after that he is allowed to independent work. Persons servicing the diesel power plant are subject to periodic testing of knowledge of the rules of technical operation and safety. The listed requirements for the operating personnel make it possible to ensure reliable, safe and rational operation of the diesel power plant.

2. PREPARATION OF POWER PLANTS FOR OPERATION

Before start-up, the diesel power plant must be carefully checked and prepared for operation. It is necessary to inspect the diesel engine, generator, auxiliary units, panels and shields and eliminate the detected malfunctions. Using a 500 V megger, check the insulation resistance of the unit circuit with the switches on; resistance must be at least 0.5 MΩ.

If the insulation resistance of the generator and the rest of the circuit is below 0.5 MΩ, dust, wipe or dry exposed electrical insulating parts; if necessary, dry the generator. When preparing the diesel power plant for operation, it is necessary to check the degree of discharge of the batteries and correct the ignition systems. Starting a diesel engine with a starter when the batteries are discharged more than 50% is not allowed.

The service fuel tank must be filled with fuel and the fuel tank valve in the open position. The fuel level in the supply tank is controlled by the fuel level indicator. A fully filled service tank ensures continuous operation of the generating set for at least 4 hours.

It is necessary to make sure that there is no air in the fuel system, fill the service and additional oil tanks, and also fill the internal circuit of the cooling system with water (if any) and check the water circulation in the external circuit of the cooling system.

There should be no leaks in the fuel supply, lubrication and cooling systems of the diesel engine. If necessary, tighten the sealing nuts, clamps and clamps.

Before starting, check the tightness of all air cleaner connections and the air lock mechanism.

The position of the switches and switches on the panels, control panels of the generator and diesel automatics must comply with the operating instructions for the DPP.

The mains generator circuit breaker must be open and the control circuit switch must be set to Manual Override or Auto Magic Start.

After carrying out these operations, the DPP electric unit is considered prepared for start-up and operation.

3. START-UP, OBSERVATION OF THE OPERATION OF POWER PLANTS AND THEIR SHUTDOWN

Starting and stopping the diesel power plant can be manual - from the local diesel control panel, remote - from the remote control remote control or automatic - without the intervention of maintenance personnel on an automation signal when changing control parameters in the network or on another unit.

Manual start and stop are made in accordance with the factory instructions. After starting and warming up the diesel engine at idle, its speed is gradually brought to the maximum. Then the generator is excited and the current frequency is set to 50 Hz using the frequency meter by changing the diesel engine speed. By turning the resistance knob of the voltage setting on the voltmeter, the rated voltage of the generator is set, after which the generator machine and the load to the generator are turned on. After start-up, the normal operation of the water and oil cooling systems is checked.

To stop the diesel power plant, it is necessary to turn off the automatic generator switch (unload), reduce the voltage on the generator and reduce the diesel engine speed. The diesel engine runs at idle, followed by a slow decrease in speed until it stops completely.

Remote automatic start and stop are made from the remote control or control cabinet using control buttons. All operations for starting and stopping the generating set are carried out in a given technological sequence by the automation circuit.

In the event of a successful start, the signal lamp lights up Normal operation; if an emergency mode occurs, then an alarm or protection is triggered and the DPP is automatically stopped.

Automatic start and stop are carried out in a certain technological sequence without the intervention of personnel by the automation circuit.

The signal for automatic start is a change in the control parameters of the redundant electric unit: an unacceptable decrease or increase in voltage, an overload of the electric unit, an unacceptable decrease in the voltage of the industrial network.

The signal for automatic shutdown is a reduction in the total load of two parallel generating sets (main and standby) to 80% of the rated power or restoration of voltage in a controlled industrial network.

Automatic shutdown of the generating set occurs when emergency conditions occur and alarm and protection sensors are triggered. The inclusion of DPP generators for parallel operation is carried out in accordance with the recommendations.

Supervision of the operation of the diesel power plant in normal operating conditions.

During diesel operation it is necessary:

• monitor the readings of diesel operation control devices (oil and water temperature, oil pressure, etc.), the presence of coolant in the system, oil supply to diesel parts and the operation of various diesel sensors;
• replenish fuel tanks in time; pay attention to the presence of extraneous noise or knocks in the diesel engine;
• in the absence of automation, monitor the engine speed and, if necessary, adjust it. When servicing the generator, you must: monitor the readings of ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters. Exceeding the nominal values ​​is unacceptable. Unsymmetrical loading up to. 25% of rated current and current overload not more than 10% for 1 hour;
• control the temperature and noise of the bearings. The temperature of the bearings is controlled by touch by hand (or a thermometer) by the temperature of the covers in accessible places and should not exceed 80 ° C. The noise of the bearings should be heard through a special wooden rail. One end of the rail must be attached to the ear, and the other to the hub or other part of the end shield. If the bearings are in good condition, a uniform rumble is heard without knocks and shocks;
• check the vibration of the generator by touch. If the vibration is greater than normal, it is measured with a vibrometer in the radial direction vertically and horizontally. The double vibration amplitude of the generator when working with a diesel engine, measured on end shields, should not exceed 0.2 mm or the data given in the instructions for the generator;
• adjust the voltage and frequency within the nominal values;
• observe the indications of insulation monitoring devices, emergency and warning signals: if necessary, take measures to eliminate abnormal modes;
• periodically monitor the operation of the brush apparatus of the exciter and slip rings of the rotor;
• evenly distribute the load (in the absence of automation) between parallel generators;
• periodically listen to the generator for the absence of knocks and extraneous noise;
• in the event of a sudden disappearance of the readings of one of the stator or rotor devices, check with other devices whether this is the result of damage to the device itself, supply chains, etc.

If the device or the supply circuit is damaged, then, without changing the operating mode of the generator, it is necessary to take measures to eliminate the malfunction.

Standby power plants provide uninterrupted power supply to agricultural consumers. They are installed, as a rule, directly at consumers of categories I and II. The industry produces standby power plants and units with carburetor and diesel engines. With capacities over 16 kW, the use of diesel power plants is economically justified.

The main element of stationary and mobile backup power plants is a diesel generator. The primary diesel engine and the synchronous generator are interconnected by a rigid coupling. Power plants are equipped with equipment and instrumentation for controlling and monitoring their work.

Stationary diesel-electric units up to 200 kW are supplied complete. They are designed for indoor operation at ambient temperature from +8 to +40°С.

A mobile power plant is a complete electrical installation mounted on vehicles and protected from atmospheric influences. It is designed to work outdoors at temperatures from -50 to +40°C. The design of the power plant allows you to move it to any distance without compromising readiness for work.

Depending on the purpose of the diesel unit and the specific conditions of its operation state standard There are three levels of automation.

First degree(lowest) maintains the desired speed, coolant temperature and lubricating oil; provides alarm and protection; at the request of the customer, it performs recharging of storage batteries and, if necessary, replenishment of supply tanks with fuel.

Second degree provides control of diesel-electric units during start-up, operation and stop for at least 16 hours for units with a power of up to 100 kW and at least 24 hours for units with a power of more than 100 kW.

In addition, the following should be automatically performed: start on command from an automatic device or remotely; preparation for receiving the load, receiving the load or issuing a signal about readiness for receiving the load (in parallel operation); load acceptance with synchronization, remote control of the unit speed at manual entry into synchronism; stop on command from an automatic device or from a distance; keeping the idle engine warm.

Third degree provides control of a diesel-electric unit for 150 hours for units with a power of up to 100 kW and at least 240 hours for units with a power of more than 100 kW. Additionally, the following operations are performed: filling fuel, oil and liquid tanks, air cylinders; recharging of batteries, distribution of specified active and reactive loads during parallel operation; control of auxiliary units providing automatic operation for 240 hours.

Diesel-electric units, automated in the second and third stages, must have an alarm and protection when limit values ​​are reached: coolant temperature, lubricating oil temperature, lubricating oil pressure, pressure, flow or liquid level in closed loop cooling, speed, reverse current or reverse power.

Backup stations generate electrical energy of alternating three-phase current with a voltage of 230 and 400 V at an industrial frequency of 50 Hz. In this case, all consumers of electricity are connected directly to the tires of the voltage generator. This guarantees high stability of the voltage quality, the deviations from the nominal voltage for generators of diesel stations with machine exciters and coal-fired regulators of the RUN type do not exceed ± 3-5% when the load changes in the range from 0 to 100%, for self-excited synchronous generators in the absence of voltage correction on generator ± 3-5%, and in the presence of voltage correction ± 1-2%. The voltage deviation of synchronous generators supplying power, lighting and household loads should be within +5 to -5% of the nominal.

Diesel units of stations must allow 100% overload for 1 hour. The largest deviation of the rotational speed when turning on and off the rated load is 6%.

Mobile power plants have a number of devices for their transportation: emergency coasting and parking brake, tow hook latch, rear light, brake light, control drive mobile wheels etc. Before transporting mobile diesel power plants, the reliable operation of these devices, as well as the strength of fastening units and auxiliary equipment, should be checked.

In preparation for work mobile power plant, you must first select the place of its installation, which must be flat and horizontal, not have nearby (4 ... 6 m) buildings and structures, located in the center of the location of electricity consumers. To create good cooling conditions, the DPP generator is installed against the direction of the wind, while the unit hood doors on the generator side must be open. After installation, the mobile power plant is fixed with a hand brake, and when working for more than 2 ... 3 days, its springs and wheels are unloaded with jacks. When preparing a mobile diesel power plant for operation, it is also necessary to install a protective ground and attach the generator case to it, place and connect lighting equipment, deploy a cable network, and inspect all nodes.

Acceptance mounted DES is carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP. In this case, the following delivery documentation is required: an act on the need for inspection (revision) of the unit with disassembly; the protocol of inspection (revision) of the diesel generator (if it was carried out); form of installation of the generator or the entire unit; the act of readiness of the foundation for the installation of a diesel generator; protocol for checking the possibility of turning on the generator without drying.

After presenting the necessary documentation, the customer, with the participation of representatives of the installation and commissioning organizations, conducts a comprehensive test at idle, draws up an act of putting the power plant into operation.

Starting the generating set. Before start-up, it must be carefully checked and prepared for operation. In this case, it is necessary to inspect the engine, generator, auxiliary units, panels and shields, eliminate the detected malfunctions. The insulation resistance of the unit circuit with the machines turned on must be at least 0.5 MΩ. At lower insulation resistance values, all insulating parts are cleaned of dust and dirt, and, if necessary, the generator is dried. Before starting, it is also necessary to check the degree of rarefaction of the batteries, the serviceability of the ignition system. Starting the engine with a starter is not allowed if the batteries are discharged by more than 50%.

The service fuel tank must be filled, its valve is set to the position "Open". The fuel level in the supply tank is controlled by the fuel level indicator. It is necessary to make sure that there is no air in the fuel system, fill the service and additional oil tanks, and also pour water into the internal circuit of the cooling system, check the air circulation in the external circuit of the cooling system. Before starting, check the tightness of all connections of the air cleaner and the air damper mechanism.

The position of the switches and switches on the panels, control panels of the generator and diesel automatics must comply with the operating instructions for the DPP. Before starting the station, the automatic generator circuit breaker in the power network must be turned off, and the control circuit switch must be set to the position "Manual control" or "Auto start".

Manual start and stop is carried out in accordance with the factory instructions. After starting and warming up the engine for 10 minutes at idle, its speed is gradually brought to the nominal, then the generator is excited. With the help of a shunt rheostat, the rated voltage of the generator is set (according to a voltmeter), the generator is turned on, which gradually takes the load up to 75% of the nominal. After start-up, the operation of the water and oil cooling systems is checked; if there are no comments, after 15 minutes the load is increased to the nominal value.

To stop the generator, it is unloaded by disconnecting the load. Then, gradually increasing the resistance in the excitation circuit, turning the handle of the shunt rheostat counterclockwise lowers the generator voltage to the lowest value and stops it.

Remote automatic start and stop is performed - from the control panel or control cabinet using buttons. All operations for starting and stopping the generating set are carried out in a given technological sequence, provided for by the automation scheme.

In the event of a successful start, the signal lamp lights up. "Normal work"; if an emergency mode occurs, then the protection is activated, the signal board lights up "Emergency Work" and the unit will automatically stop.

The signal for automatic start is the change in the control parameters of the redundant electric unit: unacceptable voltage drop, overload, etc. The signal for the automatic stop of one of the parallel units is the reduction of the total load on the generator voltage buses to 80% of the rated power or when the voltage is restored in the controlled network. In this case, the backup unit is switched off. Automatic emergency stop of the generating set occurs when emergency conditions occur and alarm and protection sensors are triggered.

Diesel engine operation. During operation, it is necessary to monitor the readings of control devices (oil temperature and water, oil pressure, etc.), the presence of coolant in the system, the supply of oil to the rotating parts of the diesel engine and the operation of various sensors. It is necessary at least 2 times per shift to check the amount of oil in lubricators, as well as in bearings with ring lubrication. If necessary:

Add oil;

Replenish fuel tanks in time; at least once per shift, drain settled water and dirt from consumable fuel tanks;

Pay attention to the presence of extraneous noise or knocks in the engine;

Clean fuel filters, oil filters at least once a quarter low pressure should be cleaned in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions;

Monitor the engine speed and, if necessary, adjust it (in the absence of automation - systematically).

When operating the generator, you must:

Monitor the readings of ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters (load unbalance is allowed no more than 25% of the rated stator current, and overcurrent no more than 10% for 1 hour);

Control the temperature of the active steel and the generator windings, which should not exceed the temperature environment more than 65°C; control the temperature of the bearings (its excess over the ambient temperature is permissible by no more than 45 ° C);

Periodically monitor the operation of the brush apparatus of the exciter and slip rings of the rotor;

Evenly distribute the load (in the absence of automation) between parallel generators;

Observe the indications of insulation monitoring devices, emergency and warning signals; if necessary, take measures to eliminate abnormal modes;

Check the degree of vibration of the generator. During the operation of the diesel power plant, it is necessary to inspect the shields and panels of the auxiliary generator, excitation equipment and power electrical equipment.

Periodic check readiness of the standby unit for start-up. It is carried out once every 2-3 months. At the same time, the status and operation of automation equipment are checked. A preventive scheduled inspection of the generator and the pathogen is carried out after 500 hours of operation, but at least once every six months. During a scheduled inspection of the generator, they check the condition of the working surface of the collector, the correct fit of the brushes to the collector and their placement, the degree of suitability of the oil for further operation, the condition and reliability of contacts with the network.

After 100-150 hours of operation, but at least once every six months, after long stops (more than 20 days), the insulation resistance of the stator, rotor and exciter windings is checked. The condition of the exciter and generator bearings is judged by the noise during operation and by the heating temperature. It should not exceed 80°C. To prolong the service life of bearings, every 500 hours, but at least once every six months, check the condition of the lubricant in them.

At least once every six months, the switching connections and equipment inside the switchboard of the power plant are inspected. At the next inspection, they wipe off the dust, check the tightness of the contacts and other joints of the tires and wires. At the same time, fuse-links and signal lamps are replaced as necessary. All loose contacts are tightened, and the places of contact connections with traces of burning and oxidation are cleaned, tinned, etc.

The control and signaling circuits of power circuit breakers, ATS and synchronization circuits must be checked after cleaning and revision of the equipment. The operation of protection elements (thermal and electromagnetic releases, relay current protection) is checked once a year for reliable operation and for compliance with the settings to design values. Circuit breakers are checked element by element by primary current. Electrical measuring equipment is checked at least once every two years and, as a rule, timed to coincide with current or major repairs.

Periodicity, volume and norms preventive overhaul tests are established taking into account a comprehensive assessment of the condition of each generator, their design features, subject to the following requirements:

Interrepair tests are carried out no later than three years after the overhaul or previous preventive tests. Rejection of these tests
allowed if the frequency of major repairs does not exceed four years;

The scope of overhaul tests includes a mandatory test of the stator winding insulation with increased voltage at a frequency of 50 Hz or with rectified voltage;

Reducing the test voltage compared to that applied during the last overhaul is allowed by no more than 0.2 U n voltage with a frequency of 50 Hz and no more than 0.5 U H rectified voltage;

Preventive overhaul testing of the winding insulation is carried out in addition to the tests and measurements carried out during the current repair of the generator.

Before testing the stator and rotor windings of the generator with increased voltage, it is necessary to measure the insulation resistance. The insulation resistance of the stator windings is not standardized, it must be compared and contrasted with the readings of previous measurements. The insulation resistance of the rotor winding must be at least 0.5 MΩ, excitation circuits - 1 MΩ, armature windings and its bandages - 0.5 MΩ.

The stator winding of a generator with a power of up to 1000 kW and a voltage of up to 1000 V is tested with an increased AC voltage of industrial frequency equal to 1.6U H +800 V, but not less than 1200 V, for 1 min immediately after the generator stops. The rotor winding during operation with increased voltage is not tested.

During preventive tests, the DC resistance of the stator, rotor and exciter windings is measured. These measurements make it possible to identify various winding damages during major and current repairs. If the resistance of the winding of any phase of the stator differs from the resistance of the windings of other phases (or previously measured) under the same (or given) temperature conditions by more than 2%, then this will be the result of short circuits or poor-quality soldering in the frontal parts of the winding. The DC resistance value of the rotor and excitation windings should not differ from the previously measured value by more than 2%.

In addition to those described, the following checks and preventive tests of generators are carried out: testing of windings and active steel for heating; determination of reactances; electric strength testing of slip rings, field extinguishing machine; measurement of the residual voltage of the generator after its shutdown; detection of coil short circuits in the rotor winding; identification of admissible asymmetric regimes.

Current and capital scheduled preventive repairs of reserve power plants are carried out with the following frequency: current repairs for mobile power plants operating in the open air, every six months, for stationary ones - annually, overhaul for mobile DPPs - at least once every four years, stationary DPPs - as needed, but at least once every five years.

If you want your diesel generator to serve you faithfully for many years, justifying the funds spent on its purchase, you must follow all the rules for its operation. Yes, a commonplace phrase, but there are still many unpleasant incidents associated with the breakdown of diesel power plants, which could have been avoided by knowing the appropriate rules for operating diesel generators.

It is important to understand that the trouble-free and trouble-free operation of a diesel power plant is possible only if all its components and systems work in a coordinated manner. And only specialists who have thoroughly studied the operation manual and technical documentation of the diesel generator can be allowed to service the diesel installation. The operating personnel must be familiar with the principle of operation of the power plant, design features, control and automation units, as well as a clear understanding of the relationship of all elements of a diesel power plant.

Those involved in the maintenance of diesel generators must pass a commission on knowledge of fire safety rules, operating instructions and safety regulations. For maintenance of diesel power plants, it is necessary to have overalls and personal protective equipment.

Inclusion

Before starting the diesel generator, it is necessary to carefully inspect the equipment, including auxiliary units, panels and shields. The instruction manual for diesel generators implies the elimination of all identified malfunctions. Using a megohmmeter with the switches on, check the insulation resistance, which must be at least 0.5 mΩ. When this indicator is below the established norm, it is necessary to do the following: dry the insulation parts, wipe them, and clean them of dust. As indicated in the instruction manual for diesel generators, you need to check the ignition system and the charge level of the batteries.

Remember, the fuel tank valve must be in the "open" position, and the diesel generator tank itself must be filled with diesel fuel. It does not hurt to make sure that there is no air in the fuel system. Now we turn to filling the internal cooling circuit with water (antifreeze, antifreeze) and check the circulation of the liquid in the external circuit.

Check the equipment carefully, there should be no leaks in the cooling, lubrication and fuel supply systems in the diesel power plant. The rules for the operation of diesel generators in this case provide for tightening the clamps, sealing clamps and nuts.

Immediately before starting the diesel generator, check the tightness of the air cleaner connections and make sure that the air damper mechanism is tight. Both start and stop of diesel generators can be automatic, manual or remote.

What is important to know when operating diesel generators

• Before starting the diesel power plant, it is imperative to carry out an external inspection for the presence of any foreign objects on the moving parts. If the moving parts are not open and protected by a casing, then you should make sure that there are no leaks and cracks in the systems that are part of the diesel generator.
• Carry out timely preventive cleaning of equipment from dirt, dust and leaking oil, which is necessary to prevent engine overheating.
• For proper and trouble-free operation of a diesel generator, regular oil changes are required. As a rule, replacement is carried out depending on the operating time of the diesel engine, and a complete replacement is carried out only after 1000 hours of operation of the unit.
• Control the oil level in the oil tank and the speed controller for a more stable operation of the diesel power plant. The allowable rate of oil leakage during operation is 100 g per 100 hours of operation of the unit.
• It is not recommended to start a diesel drive from a cold state. Therefore, before starting the diesel generator, it is necessary to warm up the oil; for this, special electric oil heaters are used. The norm is an oil temperature of 30-35 degrees. Special heaters are either built in at the factory or installed manually.
• Do not attempt to repair any malfunction of the diesel generator yourself, which can only worsen the technical condition of the equipment. Seek help from qualified professionals only.
• Running a diesel generator without load for more than 30 minutes can lead to rapid wear of parts, keep this in mind.
• The drawdown of the crankshaft in the crankcase of a diesel engine can be determined by the position of the clutch. If it is slightly below the initial position, then the rotor drawdown has already reached its critical position. The diesel power plant will work at the same time, but peddling, that is, destroying its thrust bearings.
• It is necessary to ensure that the total number of consumers in no case exceeds the maximum permissible power of the generator, which will cause an overload and shutdown of the diesel generator.
• Keep in mind that a diesel generator gradually fails during long periods of inactivity, because the flexibility of some elements of the system is impaired. To avoid breakdowns, at least once a month, the generator should be turned on for at least one hour.

If you want to buy a diesel generator, then be sure to study all the main points outlined above. By listening to the advice and adhering to the rules for operating diesel power plants, you can avoid unnecessary breakdowns and waste of money. It is also important to keep these rules in mind if diesel generator rentals are used, as in this case your knowledge will protect against possible problems when operating leased diesel generators.

MINISTRY OF FUEL AND ENERGY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

I approve:

Deputy Chairman of the Electricity Committee

REGULATIONS

TECHNICAL OPERATION OF DIESEL

POWER PLANTS

(PTED)

Mandatory for diesel power plants of the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation, design, engineering, construction and installation, repair and commissioning organizations performing work in relation to these DPPs

Developers: NIPIKTI “Selenergoproekt”, Northern Electric Grids of POEiE “Yakutskenergo”, JSC “Elvis” under the guidance and

Editorial committee: chairman - , members of the commission - , Golodnov Yu. M Ph.D. Belyaev V.I., Zaslavsky V.V., Kanaev A.M.

Introduction

"Rules for the technical operation of diesel power plants" determine the procedure for organizing the operation of equipment, heat engineering and cable communications of diesel power plants (DPP).

The rules apply to stationary DPPs owned by the Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation with a capacity of 500 kW and above.

The rules do not apply to reserve and mobile diesel power plants.

The need to develop these Rules arose due to the fact that the Rules for the Technical Operation of Power Plants and Networks, published in 1989, do not apply to diesel power plants.

However, given that many provisions of these Rules are applicable to diesel power plants, for the convenience of using the document, some provisions of the PTE of power plants and networks are repeated in these Rules.

The requirements for the design, construction, installation, repair and installation of power plants in these Rules are set out very briefly, since they are considered in the current NTD. These include:

- “Norms for technological design of diesel power plants. NTPD-90”;

1.1.1. The main task of diesel power plants (DPP) is the production, distribution and supply of electrical energy and heat (in the presence of utilization), the implementation of the dispatch schedule.

1.1.2. The power plants operated by the power system, equipped with internal combustion engines, are organized in structural units acting on the basis of the "Regulations on the structural unit (enterprise) on the basis of cost accounting".

1.1.3. When several power plants work together, dispatch services should be created to control and regulate their operating modes.

1.1.4. The main duties of DES employees:

Compliance with the specified conditions of energy supply to consumers;

Maintaining the normal quality of the supplied energy - the normalized frequency and voltage of the electric current;

Compliance with operational and dispatching discipline;

Ensuring maximum efficiency and reliability of energy production;

Compliance with the requirements of explosion and fire safety during the operation of the equipment;

Compliance with occupational health and safety requirements;

Reducing the harmful effects of production on people and the environment.

1.1.5. At each power plant, by order of the head, the functions for servicing equipment, buildings, structures and communications between responsible persons from among the engineers should be distributed.

1.2. Commissioning of equipment and facilities

1.2.1. Completely completed diesel power plants, as well as, depending on the complexity, their queues and start-up complexes must be put into operation in the manner prescribed by the current rules. This requirement also applies to the commissioning of stations after expansion, reconstruction, technical re-equipment.

1.2.2. The start-up complex should include a part of the total design volume of the diesel power plant that ensures normal operation under the given parameters. It should include: equipment, structures, buildings (or parts thereof) of the main production, auxiliary production, auxiliary, household, transport, repair and storage purposes, dispatch and technological control facilities (SDTU), communications, engineering communications, treatment facilities, a landscaped area that ensures the production, transmission and supply of electricity and heat to consumers. To the extent envisaged by the project for this launch complex, standard sanitary and living conditions and safety for workers must be provided; protection against pollution of water bodies and atmospheric air; Fire safety .

The launch complex must be developed and submitted by the general designer in a timely manner
, agreed with the customer and the general contractor.

1.2.3 . Before acceptance into operation of the power plant (start-up complex), the following must be carried out:

Individual testing of equipment and functional testing of individual systems;

Comprehensive testing of equipment.

During the construction and installation of buildings and structures, intermediate acceptance of units of equipment and structures, including hidden works, should be carried out.

1.2.4. Individual and functional tests of equipment and individual systems must be carried out by the general contractor with the involvement of the customer's personnel according to design schemes after the completion of all construction and installation work on this unit.

Before individual and functional tests, compliance with: these rules, building codes and regulations, standards, including labor safety standards, technological design standards, rules of Gosgortekhnadzor and other supervisory authorities, “Electrical Installation Rules”, safety and industrial sanitation rules, rules explosion and fire safety, manufacturer's instructions, equipment installation instructions.

1.2.5. Defects and malfunctions made during construction and installation, as well as equipment defects identified in the course of individual and functional tests, must be eliminated by construction and installation organizations and manufacturers before the start of comprehensive testing.

1.2.6. Before the comprehensive testing of the power plant, the customer must carry out test runs. During a trial run, the operability of the equipment and process flow diagrams, the safety of their operation should be checked, all monitoring and control systems, protection and interlock devices, alarm devices and instrumentation should be checked and adjusted, and the equipment should be ready for comprehensive testing.

Before a test run, conditions must be prepared for reliable and safe operation power plants:

Staffed, trained operating and maintenance personnel;

Operational instructions and operational schemes, technical documentation for accounting and reporting have been developed;

Prepared stocks of fuel, materials, tools and spare parts;

The monitoring and control system was installed and adjusted;

Permits for the operation of diesel power plants were obtained from the Gosgortekhnadzor and other state supervision bodies, sanitary inspection.

1.2.7. Comprehensive testing must be carried out by the customer. In a comprehensive test, the joint operation of the main units and all auxiliary equipment under load should be checked.

The beginning of a comprehensive testing of the power plant is considered the moment it is connected to the network or under load.

Comprehensive testing of diesel power plant equipment is considered to be carried out under the condition of normal and continuous operation of the main equipment for 72 hours with a rated load.

During complex testing, the instrumentation, interlocks, signaling and remote control, protection and automation devices provided for by the project should be included.

1.2.8. To prepare the power plant (start-up complex) for the presentation of the acceptance commission, the customer must appoint a working commission, which accepts the equipment according to the act after its individual tests for comprehensive testing. From the moment of signing this act, the customer is responsible for the safety of the equipment. The working commission must accept the equipment according to the act after a comprehensive testing and elimination of the identified defects and imperfections, and also draw up an act on the readiness of the completed buildings and structures for presentation to the acceptance committee.

1.2.9. When accepting equipment, buildings and structures by the working commission, the general contracting construction organization must submit documentation to the customer in the amount provided for by the current SNiP and industry acceptance rules.

1.2.10. Control over the elimination of defects and malfunctions identified by the working commission should be carried out by the customer, who presents the power facilities for acceptance.

1.2.11. Acceptance into operation of start-up complexes, queues or diesel power plants as a whole must be carried out by the acceptance committee.

The acceptance committee for the acceptance of diesel power plants is appointed by the customer.

1.2.12. After a comprehensive testing and elimination of identified defects and malfunctions, the acceptance committee must issue an act of acceptance into operation of the equipment with related buildings and structures.

Acceptance into operation of equipment, buildings and structures with defects, imperfections is prohibited.

1.2.13. The customer must submit to the acceptance committee the documentation prepared by the working committee, in the amount provided for by the current SNiP and industry acceptance rules.

All documents must be entered in general directory, and in separate folders with documents there must be certified descriptions of the contents. The documents must be kept in the customer's technical archive together with the documents drawn up by the acceptance committee.

1.2.14. Completed by construction, stand-alone buildings, structures and electrical devices, built-in or attached premises for industrial, auxiliary production and auxiliary purposes with equipment installed in them, control and communication facilities are accepted for operation by working commissions as they are ready before the acceptance of the launch complex for presentation of their acceptance commissions.

1.2.15. The date of putting the diesel power plant into operation is the date of signing the act by the acceptance committee.

1.3. Staff training.

1.3.1 . When hiring, workers and engineers of DES must periodically undergo a medical examination in the manner and within the time limits established by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

1.3.2. The head of the station conducts an introductory briefing with all applicants for work, including trainees.

1.3.3 . For operational, operational and repair personnel (OPR) and personnel associated with maintenance, repair, adjustment, testing of equipment, training is carried out according to the position with on-the-job training (internship).

1.3.4. For specialists and managers directly involved in the management of power plants or their maintenance and adjustment, as well as all workers, it is mandatory to check the knowledge of the current rules for the technical operation of diesel power plants, safety rules, instructions, fire safety rules, Gosgortekhnadzor rules.

1.3.5. Checking knowledge of the rules and instructions is carried out:

Primary - before admission to independent work, but no later than three months from the date of appointment;

Periodic - according to PTE, production and job descriptions, PPB at least once every three years;

Periodic - according to the PTB, the rules for the installation and safe operation of equipment controlled by Gosgortekhnadzor, for persons directly related to the management and maintenance of power plants and for workers of all categories - once a year, and for other managers and engineering and technical workers - once every three of the year;

Extraordinary - in case of violation by the personnel of rules, norms and instructions, at the request of state supervision bodies, employees of the State Inspectorate for the Operation of Power Plants (DES) and its zonal bodies, by decision special commissions and higher authorities, when new or duly revised rules, norms and instructions are put into effect.

1.3.6. Fulfillment of duties under the supervision of a duty officer at the workplace (duplication) is mandatory before starting independent work for operational and operational maintenance personnel.

The terms of duplication of each employee are established by the decision of the qualification commission, depending on his level of knowledge, length of service and experience of operational work, but not less than 6 shifts.

1.3.7. Control training should be carried out with each DES employee, including:

Emergency, fire-fighting or combined - with operational and operational-repair personnel, after duplication, periodically once a quarter;

Fire-fighting - the rest of the staff at least once every six months.

1.3.8. For operational, operational and repair personnel, as well as those associated with the repair, adjustment, testing, installation and dismantling of equipment, briefings are held on labor safety and fire safety:

Introductory,

Planned - at least once a quarter,

Unscheduled - when the existing rules of the governing documents are changed, when the personnel violates labor safety requirements during breaks in work for more than 30 days.

Operational-repair and repair personnel are also given ongoing briefings at the workplace before performing work on orders.

For the personnel of auxiliary departments (mechanical workshops, garages, etc.), all types of briefings are carried out, except for the current one.

1.3.9. Directly at the diesel power plant for the personnel of the main workshops (drivers, switchboards, electricians, locksmiths), advanced training should be organized.

1.3.10. Work with DES personnel should be carried out and taken into account in the documentation, the volume of which is established by the list and procedure approved by the higher management.

1.4. Monitoring the efficiency of the DPP.

1.4.1. At power plants, an analysis of technical and economic indicators should be organized to assess the condition of the equipment, its operating modes, compliance with standardized and actual indicators, and the effectiveness of ongoing organizational and technical measures.

The purpose of the analysis should be to improve end result operation of each power plant.

1.4.2. At diesel power plants, accounting of equipment operation indicators (shift, daily, monthly, annual) should be organized according to established forms to control its efficiency and reliability, based on the readings of instrumentation, test results, measurements and calculations.

1.4.3. Power plant managers must ensure the reliability of the readings of control and measuring instruments, the correct setting of accounting and reporting in accordance with the current regulatory and technical documents.

1.4.4. The results of the work of the shift, the shop of the power plant should be considered at least once a month with the personnel in order to analyze and eliminate the shortcomings of its work, as well as familiarize themselves with the experience of advanced shifts and individual workers.

1.4.5 . At diesel power plants, measures should be developed and implemented to improve the reliability and efficiency of equipment operation, energy conservation, including saving fuel and other energy resources, and the use of secondary energy resources.

1.4.6. The following are established as the main technical and economic indicators in the electric power industry:

The amount of electricity and heat generated and supplied by each DPP;

Operating electric power and performance indicators for the use of the installed capacity of the power plant;

Accident rate, time to failure;

The cost of electricity supplied by the power plant and the enterprise;

Profit on the enterprise;

Specific reference fuel consumption for supplied electricity and heat;

Specific consumption of process water for cooling;

Electricity consumption for own needs (SN) of power plants, classified separately as electricity generation and heat supply;

Specific number and service factor of industrial and production personnel.

1.4.7. At each diesel power plant with a capacity of 3 MW or more, energy characteristics must be developed. equipment that establishes the dependence of the technical and economic indicators of its operation in absolute or relative terms on electrical and thermal loads;

1.4.8. The energy characteristics of the equipment and the norms of individual indicators should be presented to the operating personnel in the form of regime charts, instructions, tables and graphs.

1.4.9. The energy characteristics of the equipment and schedules of calculated specific fuel and water consumption rates for the supplied electricity and heat for each group of power plant equipment should be reviewed once every 5 years.

The revision should also be carried out in the case when, due to the technical re-equipment and reconstruction of the diesel power plant. Changes in the type of fuel burned Actual specific fuel consumption for electricity supply change by more than 2%.

1.4.10 . The distribution of electrical loads between the units of power plants should be carried out on the basis of the method of relative increases in fuel consumption.

1.4.11. The results of the activities of stations to increase efficiency and improve fuel use should be evaluated by the amount of fuel saved compared to that provided for in the standard characteristics of costs, taking into account the actual operating conditions of the equipment.

1.4.12. Encouragement of personnel for saving fuel and oil should be carried out in accordance with industry methods on the basis of personal savings accounts that determine the personal contribution of the employee to the overall performance of the station.

Stimulating the saving of other energy resources, reducing process flow water, electricity consumption for own needs and the use of secondary resources should be carried out on the basis of approved indicators and standards.

1.5. Technical Supervision.

Control over the organization of operation.

1.5.1 . At each diesel power plant, by order of the head, persons responsible for the condition and safe operation of the facilities and premises included in the complex must be appointed, as well as official duties all staff in the following areas:

Organization of supervision over the technical condition of equipment, buildings and structures;

management technological processes for the generation of electricity and heat;

Development, organization and accounting of the implementation of measures to ensure the safe and economical operation of the facility;

Investigation and accounting of all violations in operation;

Monitoring compliance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documents for operation, repair and adjustment.

1.5.2. The person responsible for the technical condition and safe operation of the DPP facilities and equipment is Chief Engineer DES, and in the absence of this position, the head of the DES.

1.5.3. The person responsible for the technical condition and safe operation of structures and equipment related to the thermal and mechanical part is the senior foreman for operation and repair.

1.5.4. All equipment, buildings and structures that are part of the diesel power plant are subject to periodic technical examination.

The scope of periodic technical inspection should include: external and internal inspection, inspection technical documentation, tests to ensure the safety of equipment and structures. The results should be recorded in a special journal.

1.5.5. Terms of technological supervision or inspection of equipment:

The main and auxiliary thermal and mechanical equipment within the time limits provided for by the schedules drawn up on the basis of the instructions of the manufacturers;

Water cooling towers, fuel storage facilities, etc. within the established deadlines current instructions but at least once every 5 years;

Lifting equipment (hoists, hoists, crane - beams) 1 time per year;

Compressed air cylinders not under the jurisdiction of Gosgortekhnadzor 1 time in 4 years;

Electric welding equipment 1 time per year.

1.5.6. Control over the organization of operation and compliance with the PTE. PTB, PPB and operating instructions are assigned to higher authorities.

1.5.7 . The responsibilities of the higher authorities include:

Periodic monitoring of the condition of equipment, buildings and structures;

Organization of periodic surveys;

Monitoring compliance with the established deadlines for medium and major repairs;

Control over the implementation of measures and requirements set forth in the regulatory, technical and organizational and administrative documents;

Control over the investigation of violations of the PTE and operating instructions;

Assessment of the sufficiency of preventive and preventive measures to improve the technical level of operation;

Control over measures to prevent accidents and readiness for their liquidation;

Accounting for violations of the PTE, operating instructions and other regulatory and technical documents, including at facilities controlled by state supervision bodies;

Accounting for the implementation of emergency measures at facilities controlled by state supervision bodies;

Control over the development of regulatory and technical documentation to ensure the safe operation of power facilities;

Conducting claims work with manufacturers.

1.5.8. All operated equipment, buildings and structures must be subject to special departmental supervision.

1.5.9. The main tasks of departmental supervision are:

Monitoring compliance with established requirements for maintenance and repair (factory and local instructions);

Control over the implementation of PTE, PTB, PPB and operating instructions;

Monitoring the investigation, accounting and analysis of failures in work;

Control over the implementation of preventive measures to prevent failures in work and industrial injuries;

Organization of the development of regulatory and technical documents and measures to improve the operation and increase the reliability of equipment;

Control over the periodic technical examination.

1.6. Maintenance, repair,

modernization and reconstruction.

1.6.1. Maintenance, scheduled preventive maintenance, modernization and reconstruction of equipment, buildings, structures and communications of diesel power plants should be organized at each diesel power plant.

1.6.2. Responsibility for the organization of maintenance and repair, modernization of power plants lies with the head of the DPP .

1.6.3 . The scope of maintenance and scheduled preventive repairs should be determined by the need to maintain the working condition of the diesel power plant, its periodic restoration and bringing it into line with changing operating conditions.

1.6.4. Periodic maintenance should be carried out according to a preventive system based on factory maintenance instructions.

In the scope of periodic maintenance, an assessment of the technical condition of the equipment should be made by examining the condition of working surfaces, measuring gaps, drawdowns, checking the status of adjustments, etc. The results of the assessment should be recorded in the log of the technical condition of the equipment. When planning maintenance work, the actual condition of the equipment should be taken into account.

1.6.5 . An increase in the frequency of maintenance and repairs of equipment in comparison with the normative ones can be adjusted taking into account the actual state in justified cases.

During the warranty period of equipment operation, adjustment of the frequency of technical inspections and repairs established by the factory instructions is not allowed.

1.6.6. The organization of repair production, the technology of repair work, the procedure for preparing and putting into repair, as well as the acceptance and assessment of the condition of repaired equipment, buildings and structures must comply with the “Rules for the organization of maintenance and repair of equipment, buildings and structures of power plants and networks”.

1.6.7. The withdrawal of equipment for repair and their commissioning should be carried out according to dispatcher requests.

1.6.8. The power equipment of the diesel power plant, which has undergone a major overhaul, is subject to acceptance tests under load within 24 hours.

1.6.9. The end time of the overhaul is the time of inclusion in the network, if the equipment is operating with normal parameters and no defects were found during the acceptance tests that prevent it from working with the rated load.

1.6.10 . Power plants, repair and maintenance organizations must keep a systematic record of the technical and economic indicators of the repaired and maintained equipment of buildings and structures and, based on their analysis, develop organizational and technical measures to improve these indicators.

1.6.11. At power plants, workshops and repair sites in production facilities should be equipped.

1.6.12. Diesel power plants must be equipped with stationary and mobile lifting and transport vehicles, rigging devices, tools, means of mechanization of repair work.

1.6.13. DPP should be provided with spare parts, materials and exchange stock of fittings, assemblies and equipment in accordance with applicable standards.

A record of all spare parts and spare equipment available in the warehouse and at the station should be organized, their condition should be checked periodically.

Equipment, spare parts, assemblies and materials, the safety of which is impaired under the influence of external atmospheric conditions, must be stored in closed warehouses.

1.7. Technical documentation.

1.7.1. Each power plant must have the following documents:

Acts of land acquisition;

Acts (or observation logs) on settlements of buildings, structures “foundations for equipment;

Technical passport of buildings and structures;

Acts of acceptance and working commissions;

Acts of testing internal and external water supply systems, fire water supply, sewerage, heat supply, heating and ventilation;

Acts of testing technological and electrical protection;

Acts of individual testing and testing of equipment and technological pipelines.

1.7.2 . Each diesel power plant must have a list of necessary instructions and flow charts, the list must be approved by the head of the enterprise.

The list is reviewed every three years.

1.7.3. All main and auxiliary equipment, including pipelines, busbar sections, fittings must be numbered. The main equipment should have serial numbers, and the auxiliary equipment should have the same number as the main one, with the addition of A, B. C, etc. The numbering of the main equipment should be carried out from the permanent end of the building and from row A. Separate links of the fuel supply system should be are numbered sequentially in the direction of fuel movement, and parallel links with the addition of the letters A and B to these numbers in the direction of the fuel from left to right.

1.7.4. Designations and numbers in the diagrams must correspond to the designations and numbers applied in kind.

1.7.5. All changes in power plants made during operation must be made to the diagrams and drawings immediately with a signature. responsible person indicating the position and date of the change.

1.7.6. Technological schemes(drawings) must be checked for their compliance with the actual operational at least 1 time in 2 years with a mark on them about the check.

Information about changes in the schemes should be brought to the attention of all employees (with an entry in the order log), for whom knowledge of these schemes is mandatory.

1.7.7. Sets of the necessary schemes must be kept by the head (senior) of the shift of the power plant.

The main circuits must be posted in a conspicuous place in the room of this installation.

1.7.8 . All workplaces must be equipped necessary instructions compiled in accordance with the requirements of these Rules on the basis of factory and design data, standard instructions and other regulatory and technical documents, operating experience and test results, as well as taking into account local conditions. Instructions must be approved by the head of the DES. Instructions of system importance must be agreed with the CDS and approved by the eye engineer of the power pool.

1.7.9. The operating instructions for equipment, buildings and structures, means of relay protection, telemechanics and communications for each installation must indicate:

Brief description of the installation equipment, buildings and structures;

Criteria and limits for the safe state and modes of operation of an installation or a complex of installations;

The procedure for preparing for launch, the procedure for starting, stopping and servicing equipment, maintaining buildings and structures during normal operation and in emergency conditions;

The procedure for admission to inspection, repair and testing of equipment of buildings and structures;

Requirements for labor safety, explosion and fire safety, specific for this installation.

1.7.10 . AT job descriptions for each workplace must be indicated:

A list of instructions for servicing equipment and other regulatory and technical documents, schemes of equipment and devices, knowledge of which is mandatory for employees in this position;

Rights, duties and responsibilities of the employee;

1.7.11 . The instructions for labor protection for each workplace must indicate:

General safety requirements;

Safety requirements before starting work, during work, at the end of work;

The safety requirements for emergency work(emergency situations).

1.7.12. The instructions must be reviewed at least once every three years.

In the event of a change in the state or operating conditions of the equipment, appropriate additions must be made to the instructions and brought to the attention of employees, for whom knowledge of these instructions is mandatory, which should be recorded in the order log.

1.7.13. Duty personnel must maintain operational documentation, the volume of which is presented in table 1.1.

Table 1.1.

Operational documentation to be maintained by duty personnel

Duty staff	Document
Power System Manager	Daily operational executive (layout)	operational log	Log of applications for decommissioning: equipment under the control and maintenance of the power system manager	Journal of Relay Protection, Automation and Telemechanics	Maps of settings for relay protection and automation	Order journal	Journal of urgent instructions of the State Inspectorate for Operation (operation engineer)
Responsible duty officer for DES	The same is the operational executive scheme of the main pipelines		The log of requests to the dispatcher to decommission the equipment under the control of the dispatcher	Log of applications to the senior foreman (chief engineer) for the decommissioning of equipment that is not under the control of the dispatcher			Journal of technological protection and automation	Journal of accounting for work on orders and orders	Log of defects and hardware problems

Depending on local conditions, the scope of operational documentation may be specified.