How to calculate the tap of a public building. Technical and economic indicators of the building project. Calculation of the production capacity of the enterprise

14.04.2021

Tasks of analysis of technical and economic indicators

- this is a system of meters, absolute and relative indicators, which characterizes the economic activity of the enterprise. The complex nature of the system of technical and economic indicators makes it possible to adequately evaluate the activities of an individual enterprise and compare its results in dynamics.

Technical economic indicators must be analyzed by specialists in most economic specialties.

Evaluation of technical and economic indicators allows us to draw objectively justified conclusions regarding the current economic activity of the enterprise. The result of the analysis can also be individual proposals for improving the situation at the enterprise, which are not directly related to the tasks set.

An analysis of the dynamics of the technical and economic indicators of the enterprise is carried out for at least the last three years.

List of the main technical and economic indicators of the enterprise

Includes the following:

List of technical and economic indicators of the enterprise

Technical and economic indicators	Data source	Calculation method
Annual volume of product sales in value terms	Line 2110 "Revenue" of the Statement of Financial Results
Cost price	Line 2120 "Cost of sales" of the Statement of financial results
Net profit	Line 2400 "Net profit (loss)" of the Statement of financial results
Profitability of sales		The ratio of net profit to revenue (in percent)
Profitability of production		The ratio of cost to revenue (in percent)
Costs per 1 rub. products sold		The ratio of cost to revenue (in rubles)
Average annual cost of fixed assets	Line 1150 "Fixed assets" of the Balance	Average for the period
return on assets		The ratio of revenue to the average annual cost of fixed assets (in rubles)
capital intensity		Return on assets indicator
Number of staff	Average headcount workers
Staff salaries	Fund wages personnel
Labor productivity		The ratio of revenue to the number of employees
capital-labor ratio		The ratio of the average annual cost of fixed assets to the number of employees

The indicators are compared according to the dynamics for several years or periods, which makes it possible to draw a conclusion about positive or negative changes in the activities of the enterprise. Technical and economic indicators are presented in tabular form. The table is followed by an analysis of the indicators by the rows of the table. Then a general conclusion is made about the positive or negative vector of the enterprise's development for the period under review.

An example of the analysis of technical and economic indicators of an enterprise

An example of the analysis of technical and economic indicators

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS				Changes
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Sales volume, thousand rubles
Cost, thousand rubles

Net profit, thousand rubles
Return on sales, %

Return on assets, thousand rubles
capital intensity
Number of personnel, pers.
Staff salaries, thousand rubles

Analyzing the data in the table, the following conclusions can be drawn.

The absolute increase in the volume of products sold exceeded 1.8 billion rubles, the growth was 34.62%. At the same time, the costs per ruble of sold products increased by 6 kopecks, and the cost increased by 43.50%, which is a negative trend compared to the growth in the volume of products sold. The observed growth in revenue, which grew from 5.4 billion rubles. to 7.3 billion rubles, and an increase in net profit by 19.75%, are caused by the expansion of commissioned facilities and ongoing work in 2018. The lag in profit growth indicates an insufficiently effective organization of intra-economic processes.

In this regard, the profitability of sales decreased by more than 11%, although in 2017 there was some growth compared to 2016. This trend indicates a qualitative slowdown in the development of the enterprise against the background of a reduction in the volume of profits while maintaining the cost structure. At the same time, it should be noted the low value of profitability, which indicates a small commercial margin established by the enterprise.

The cost of fixed assets of the enterprise for the analyzed period increased significantly. The key growth factors were the increase in the volume of construction of fixed assets and their expansion in the organization.

A slight reduction in the return on assets by 12.62% indicates a decrease in the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, however, given the increase in the cost of fixed assets, which amounted to 54.06% compared to the sales proceeds, which increased by 44.62%, we can judge the need to intensify the use fixed assets at the disposal of the company.

A slight increase in capital intensity, which characterizes the cost of production fixed assets per 1 rub. products, is a negative trend, indicating a slowdown in the intensive development economic activity enterprises. However, taking into account the level of increase in the value of fixed assets, one should judge the prospective opportunities for further expansion of the scale of the core business of the enterprise.

The average number of employees at the enterprise is 1181 people and has increased significantly over the past three years, the growth was 55.19%. At the same time, staff salaries increased by more than 61 million rubles, and the growth rate was 12.32%, which is significantly less than the growth rate of the number of employees. This indicates that the company has attracted a significant number of employees to full-time positions with low salary. A fairly significant decrease in labor productivity confirms this, however, it should be noted the increase in this indicator in 2018 compared to the previous period, which was affected by a significant increase in sales volumes in 2018. At the same time, the capital-labor ratio practically did not change, a slight decrease of 0.73% was caused by a rapid increase in the number of personnel.

Thus, we can make an objective conclusion that 2017 was a difficult period for the enterprise, which significantly affected the decrease in the efficiency of economic activity due to negative trends in cost growth against the backdrop of lagging revenue and profit growth, as well as a simultaneous significant increase in fixed assets and headcount . However, it should be noted the positive trends in 2018, which make it possible to judge the possibility of systemic development of the enterprise to eliminate structural contradictions in its economic activity. In addition, despite the negative trends, the company demonstrates a steady progressive development, as evidenced by the growth of net profit. In the short term, the enterprise needs to solve internal problems associated with increasing the efficiency of production facilities and increasing their degree of utilization.

An example of the analysis of technical and economic indicators with negative dynamics in an enterprise

Main technical and economic indicators

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS				Changes
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS
Revenue, thousand rubles
Cost of sales, thousand rubles
Costs per 1 rub. sold products, rub.
Net profit, thousand rubles
Return on sales, %
Average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles
Return on assets, thousand rubles
capital intensity
Number of personnel, pers.
Annual payroll fund, thousand rubles
Average annual salary of 1 worker, thousand rubles
Labor productivity, thousand rubles/person
Capital-labor ratio, thousand rubles/person

Let us draw conclusions about the dynamics of the technical and economic indicators of the enterprise for the analyzed period.

During the analyzed period, there is a decrease in revenue by more than 2.8 billion rubles, the decrease was 38.7%. At the same time, the costs per ruble of sold products decreased by 18 kopecks, and the cost decreased by 54.36%, which, compared with the dynamics of revenue, can be recognized as a positive trend. However, net profit decreased by 32.21%, which amounted to more than 164 million rubles. in absolute terms. Thus, these trends do not lead to an unambiguously negative conclusion, since the reduction in revenue and, accordingly, the cost and net profit may be caused by changes in the revenue structure, the completion of a number of major projects in 2015, or other similar factors.

There is a slight positive trend in profitability of sales. At the same time, it should be noted the low value of profitability, which indicates the rational approach of the enterprise to the implementation of its core activities. This situation is caused by the nature of the main activities of the enterprise and the corresponding working conditions.

The value of the fixed assets of the fi-enterprise for the analyzed period slightly increased. At the same time, the decrease in capital productivity by 39.41% indicates a decrease in the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, however, given the reduction in revenue, this trend seems to be objective. At the same time, one can judge the need to intensify the use of fixed assets at the disposal of the enterprise. A significant increase in capital intensity, which characterizes the cost of production fixed assets per 1 rub. products, is a negative trend, indicating a decrease in the rate of intensive development of the economic activity of the enterprise. However, given the relatively low level of capital intensity and the decline in revenue, it should be judged that this factor has no influence on the prospective opportunities for further expansion of the core business of the enterprise.

The average number of employees at the enterprise increased by 253 people, the growth was 20.32%. At the same time, the annual payroll fund increased by almost 229 million rubles, and the growth rate was 12.27%, which is less than the growth rate of the number of employees. This indicates possible problems in working with personnel, since the annual salary of one worker has decreased by 100 thousand rubles.

With regard to labor productivity in 2016, there was a downward trend, but in 2015, compared to 2014, labor productivity did not show serious changes. As a result, for the analyzed period, the reduction in labor productivity amounted to 49.05%, which is significantly more than the reduction in wages, which is an extremely negative moment for the enterprise, indicating a decrease in the efficiency of the use of the enterprise's labor resources. At the same time, this negative dynamics is due to a decrease in revenue in 2016. At the same time, the capital-labor ratio decreased by 15.92%, which was caused by an increase in the number of personnel with a practically unchanged cost of fixed assets.

It should be noted that, despite the negative trends, it can be judged that the enterprise has the possibility of systemic development of the enterprise to eliminate the destructive trends that have arisen in its economic activity. In addition, despite the negative trends, the company remains profitable. In the short term, the enterprise needs to solve internal problems related to increasing the efficiency of using the resources at its disposal.

conclusions

The technical and economic indicators of the enterprise's activity are used for planning and analyzing the production capabilities of the enterprise, assessing the labor and technical capabilities, and the efficiency of using production assets and labor resources. They are the basis for the development of the production and financial plan of the enterprise. On the basis of technical and economic indicators, it is also possible to establish standards for future periods within the framework of intra-company planning at the enterprise.

It should be noted that there are specific technical and economic indicators for individual sectors of the economy and areas of activity. The current system of technical and economic indicators is combined with the established methodology for their calculation and evaluation. This allows comparison various enterprises one industry in terms of the efficiency of economic activity or market segment to assess and identify intra-production reserves. Based on such a comparison, it is possible to obtain additional competitive advantages.

Small business and its role in the economic market. Organizational and economic characteristics of the enterprise. Calculation of TEP when changing factors of production, as well as the development of proposals to improve the efficiency of the object under consideration.

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COURSE WORK

CALCULATION OF TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Introduction

1. Small business

2. Organizational and economic characteristics of ZAO TsSMZ

3. Calculation of technical and economic indicators of ZAO TsSMZ

5. Analysis of TEP and development of proposals to improve the efficiency of the facility under consideration

Bibliographic list

Introduction

World practice convincingly shows that even in countries with a developed market economy, small business has a significant impact on the development of the national economy, solving social problems, and increasing the number of employed workers. In terms of the number of employees, in terms of the volume of goods produced and sold, work performed and services provided, small businesses in individual countries occupy a leading role. In adopted in the Russian Federation during 1991 - 1995. legislative and regulations it is indicated that the development of small business in the country is one of the directions of economic reform that promotes the development of competition, the filling of the consumer market with goods and services, the creation of new jobs, the formation of a wide layer of owners and entrepreneurs.

The Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On State Support for Small Business in the Russian Federation” states that this law is aimed at realizing the right of citizens established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation to freely use their abilities and property to carry out entrepreneurial and other economic activities not prohibited by law. This provision establishes the economic and social role of small business.

Relevance of the topic research is determined by the need to intensify the development of small business as one of the conditions for the speedy completion of the market transformation of the domestic economy. In the system of economic and social relations in most states, small business today performs the most important functions. This area produces the bulk of the gross domestic product and provides employment for the majority of the working population. Small business contributes to the development of scientific and technological progress, creating more than half of all innovations. Finally, thanks to him, the so-called " middle class"- the most important factor in the socio-political stability of modern society. The study of this topic is carried out by such scientists as Blinov A., Vilensky A., Evalenko M., Orlov A., Suvorov A., Tsvetkov V. and others.

The purpose of the course work is the consideration of small enterprises as forms of entrepreneurial activity, the analysis of small business, the identification of promising areas for the development of small business that meet the new conditions of economic transformation.

The set goal involves the solution of the following tasks: - disclosure of the essence of the concept of a small enterprise; - consideration of the criteria for classifying economic entities as small enterprises; - study of the characteristic features of small enterprises; - search for methods for further improvement of measures of state support for small business.

1. Small business

Small business is an entrepreneurial activity carried out by the subjects of a market economy according to the criteria (indicators) established by laws that constitute the essence of the concept. The main criterion for classifying market economy entities as small businesses is, first of all, the average number of employees employed in the reporting period at the enterprise.

The following criteria for referring to small businesses are most often used: the average number of employees employed at the enterprise, the size of the authorized capital, the annual turnover received by the enterprise, as a rule, for the year, and the amount of assets.

AT Russian practice small business was allowed in 1988. Initially, state-owned enterprises were classified as small, in which the average number of employees per year did not exceed 100 people. So, in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of August 1990, small enterprises began to be classified as enterprises with an annual number of employees not exceeding: in industry - 200 people, in science and scientific services - 100, in other sectors of the production sector - - 50, in non-manufacturing sectors - 25, in retail trade - 15.

Along with this, the volume of economic turnover was also taken into account, the right to determine the quantitative value of which was granted to the Union republics. However, the value of economic turnover has not been practically established. The principle of classifying enterprises as small in terms of the number of employees has been preserved in modern Russian legislation.

In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated July 24, 2007 No. 209-FZ "On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation", small and medium-sized businesses include those entered in the unified state register of legal entities consumer cooperatives and commercial organizations(with the exception of state and municipal unitary enterprises), as well as individuals entered in the unified state register of individual entrepreneurs and carrying out entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity (hereinafter referred to as individual entrepreneurs), peasant (farm) enterprises that meet the following conditions:

1. for legal entities - the total share of participation of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipalities, foreign legal entities, foreign citizens, public and religious organizations(associations), charitable and other funds in the authorized (share) capital (share fund) of these legal entities should not exceed 25% (except for the assets of joint-stock investment funds and closed-end investment funds), the share of participation belonging to one or more legal entities, not being subjects of small and medium-sized businesses, should not exceed 25%;

2 . the average number of employees for the previous calendar year should not exceed the following limit values for the average number of employees for each category of small and medium-sized businesses: - from 101 to 250 people inclusive for medium-sized enterprises; - up to 100 people inclusive for small businesses; among small enterprises, micro-enterprises stand out - up to 15 people;

3 . proceeds from the sale of goods (works, services) excluding value added tax or the book value of assets (residual value of fixed assets and intangible assets) for the previous calendar year should not exceed the limit values established by the Government of the Russian Federation for each category of small and medium-sized businesses . The limit values of proceeds from the sale of goods (works, services) and the book value of assets provided for in paragraph 3 are set by the Government of the Russian Federation once every 5 years, taking into account the data of complete statistical observations of the activities of small and medium-sized businesses.

The category of a small business entity is determined in accordance with the highest condition set forth in paragraphs 2 and 3. The category of a small business entity is changed only if the limit values are higher or lower than the limit values specified in paragraphs 2 and 3 within two calendar years following one after the other. Newly created organizations or newly registered individual entrepreneurs and peasant (farm) enterprises during the year in which they are registered can be classified as small businesses if their indicators of the average number of employees, proceeds from the sale of goods (works, services) or balance value of assets (residual value of fixed assets and intangible assets) for the period elapsed from the date of their state registration, do not exceed the limit values established in paragraphs 2 and 3. The average number of employees of a micro-enterprise and a small enterprise for a calendar year is determined taking into account all its employees, including employees working under civil law contracts or part-time jobs, taking into account the actual hours worked, employees of representative offices, branches and other separate subdivisions said micro-enterprise, small enterprise. Revenue from the sale of goods (works, services) for a calendar year is determined in accordance with the procedure established by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The book value of assets (residual value of fixed assets and intangible assets) is determined in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on accounting.

Support for small business in the Russian Federation

State support for small business is carried out in the following areas: - formation of an infrastructure to support and develop small business; - creation of favorable conditions for the use by small businesses of state financial, material and technical and information resources, as well as scientific and technical developments and technologies; - establishment of a simplified procedure for registration of small businesses, licensing of their activities, certification of their products, submission of state statistical and accounting reports; - support for the foreign economic activity of small businesses, including assistance in the development of their trade, scientific, technical, industrial, information relations with foreign countries; - organization of training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for small enterprises.

State support for small business is carried out in accordance with the Federal Program of State Support for Small Business, regional (interregional), sectoral (intersectoral) and municipal programs for the development and support of small business, developed respectively by the Government of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments. The state program is a complex of research, production, socio-economic, organizational and other measures linked by resources, executors, terms of implementation. The Government of the Russian Federation annually, before the submission of the federal budget, submits to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation a draft Federal Program of State Support for Small Business. The federal budget annually provides for the allocation of appropriations for its implementation. State and municipal small business support programs include the following main provisions: - measures to form the infrastructure for the development and support of small business at the federal, regional and local levels; - perspective directions of development of small business and priority types of activity of subjects of small business; - measures taken to implement the main directions and develop forms of support for small business; - measures to involve socially unprotected segments of the population in entrepreneurial activities, including the disabled, women, youth, retired military personnel, the unemployed, refugees and internally displaced persons, persons who have returned from places of detention; - proposals for the establishment of tax incentives and the annual allocation of funds from the relevant budgets to support small businesses; - measures to ensure the transfer to small businesses of the results of research, development and technological work, as well as innovative programs; - measures to ensure the transfer to small businesses of unfinished and empty facilities, as well as unprofitable and unprofitable enterprises on preferential terms; - measures to provide small business entities with the opportunity for priority redemption of the real estate objects they rent, taking into account the funds invested in these objects.

State programs to support small businesses should be correlated with state programs to promote employment, the implementation of migration policy, the solution of environmental problems and the elimination of the consequences of emergencies. Financial support state and municipal small business support programs are carried out annually at the expense of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets, as well as other sources. The amount of mandatory annual allocated funds is indicated in the expenditure side of the federal budget as a separate line. The amount of financing of these programs at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets is indicated in the expenditure side of the respective budgets as a separate line. Lending to small businesses is carried out on preferential terms with compensation of the corresponding difference to credit organizations at the expense of small business support funds. Small business support funds have the right to compensate credit institutions in full or in part for their lost income when lending to small businesses on preferential terms. Small businesses are also insured on preferential terms. At the same time, insurance organizations that insure small businesses enjoy benefits. Small business support funds have the right to compensate insurance organizations in full or in part for their lost income when insuring small businesses on preferential terms. The amount, procedure and conditions of compensation are established by an agreement between the insurance organization and the relevant small business support fund. A special survey of representatives of small businesses showed that a third of the leaders of small businesses intend to receive loans from state funds to support small businesses. Credit - funds provided by a bank or other credit institution (creditor) under a loan agreement to the borrower on terms of repayment and, as a rule, payment (in the form of interest for using the loan). This is followed by the so-called "partnership loan", a bank loan, attracting loans international organizations and foreign firms, obtaining loans from credit cooperatives.

There is no doubt that solving the problem of small business access to sources of financing will significantly activate this sector of the economy in the country. The level of its development, measured by indicators generally accepted in developed countries, is clearly insufficient. Thus, on average, there are only 6-7 small enterprises per 1000 Russians, while in the EU member countries there are at least 25-35.

Currently, with the participation of the Federal Fund, financial and credit mechanisms have been developed, which, subject to consistent support from the state, should provide freer access for small enterprises to sources of financing and, most importantly, allow many start-up enterprises to start their own business from scratch. .

One of the forms of support for small businesses is their participation in the production of products and goods (services) for state needs: The Government of the Russian Federation, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation provide for the reservation for small businesses of a certain share of orders for the production and supply of certain types of products and goods (services) for state needs.

State customers when forming and placing orders and concluding government contracts for the purchase and supply of products and goods (services) for state needs by type of product are obliged to place with small businesses at least 15 percent of the total supply for state needs of this type of product on the basis of tenders for these supplies held between small businesses.

Federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments develop and implement measures to create an appropriate information infrastructure in order to obtain economic, legal, statistical, production, technological and other information necessary for their effective development, and for the purpose of exchanging this information between them.

Federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments develop and implement a set of measures to assist in providing small businesses modern equipment and technology, in creating a network of technology parks, leasing companies, business incubators, production and technology centers and other infrastructure facilities created to support small businesses. Executive authorities and local self-government bodies carry out measures to place orders for the production and supply of specialized equipment and other types of products for small businesses, assist in the creation and organization of the activities of small businesses, specialized wholesale markets, product fairs of small businesses, including by providing buildings, structures, equipment, production and service premises, other property that is in state or municipal ownership. Executive authorities and local self-government bodies ensure the development of a system for training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for small businesses. Institutions and organizations that provide training, retraining and advanced training of personnel for small businesses enjoy benefits.

Systematic activities in training personnel for small businesses are carried out by higher educational institutions of the country, for example, the Russian Academy of Entrepreneurship, the State University of Management, etc. specializations of "entrepreneurship", modern educational and teaching materials have been created.

Taxationsmall business

Small business entities are understood as individual entrepreneurs and organizations registered under the laws of the Russian Federation that meet the following requirements: authorized capital (in the authorized capital, the share of participation of state, municipal property and property public organizations should not exceed 25%, the share owned by one or more legal entities that are not small businesses should not exceed 25%); 2) the average number of employees. State support for small businesses in the field of taxation is carried out in two directions: the provision of tax incentives within the framework of the traditional existing tax system; simplification of the system of accounting, reporting and taxation of small businesses. The first direction of state support for small businesses in the field of taxation is to provide general and special benefits. Currently, the following tax incentives for small businesses are in effect: small businesses have the right to apply accelerated depreciation of fixed production assets; small enterprises engaged in the production of consumer goods, construction and some others do not pay income tax in the first two years of operation; small businesses pay taxes based on the results of work for the quarter, without paying advance payments.

Another benefit is to provide small businesses with a tax credit in the amount of 10% of annual revenue by deferring tax payments to the budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, but not more than 50%. The tax credit is provided for: acquisition and commissioning of domestic equipment that replaces imported equipment; carrying out research and development work; protection environment; replacement of equipment within the framework of the depreciation policy when the service life of the purchased equipment is over 8 years; acquisition and commissioning of automatic lines and automatic sections controlled by computers; equipment designed to create jobs for the disabled. The tax credit is granted on the basis of a credit agreement concluded between the tax authority and a small business.

The second direction - simplification of accounting and taxation - includes both the transition to a simplified system of accounting, reporting and taxation, and the transition to a system of paying a single tax on imputed income. For legal entities, the simplified system of accounting, reporting and taxation includes: replacing most taxes with a single tax on income, simplifying accounting and reporting, reducing the number of accounting forms and tax calculations. The simplified system assumes the payment of one tax based on the results of activities instead of a large number of federal, regional and local taxes and fees established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. For individual entrepreneurs, a simplified system means replacing the payment of personal income tax with the purchase of a patent, keeping a book of income and expenses. The cost of an annual patent is set by the subject of the Russian Federation and depends on the type of activity. Individuals using the simplified system keep a book of income and expenses. A single tax on imputed income for certain types of activities is established and put into effect by the law of the subject of the Federation. The general principles of its collection are determined by federal law. The tax is levied on the imputed income of organizations and individual entrepreneurs from activities in the areas of retail trade, household services and catering. With the introduction of the single tax, taxpayers transferred to its payment cease to pay most federal, regional and local taxes (including insurance premiums to state non-budgetary funds). The tax rate is set by the regional authorities and cannot exceed 20% of the imputed income calculated according to the basic profitability per unit of the conditional indicator and the number of such units (sales space, number of equipped workplaces, number of employees, etc.). A certificate for the payment of a single tax is issued for each specific type of activity separately.

Change in the taxation of small businesses in 2013.

Currently, in Russia, the main tax regimes for small businesses are: a single tax on imputed income (UTII), a simplified taxation system (STS). In addition, in 2012, entrepreneurs could switch to paying the simplified tax system on the basis of a patent. Since 2013, instead of the patent "simplified", an independent patent taxation system has been introduced. Starting from 2013, there will be changes in the taxation of small businesses. Patent taxation system

The patent system of taxation for small businesses will become more attractive and will replace the current USN based on a patent.

Only individual entrepreneurs can apply this regime. In 2012, on a patent under the simplified tax system, taxation was limited to the payment of the cost of the patent. In 2013, on the patent system, the payment of taxes is also replaced by the payment of the cost of the patent. It is calculated at the rate of 6% of the possible annual income. The procedure for paying the cost of a patent differs from the taxation of small businesses in other regimes. You only need to pay the cost of the patent. If a patent is acquired for a period of less than 6 months, then the full cost should be transferred no later than 25 calendar days after the commencement of the patent. If a patent is obtained for a period of 6 months to a calendar year, then one third of the amount is paid no later than 25 calendar days after the start of the patent; two thirds - no later than 30 calendar days before the expiration date of the patent. An important change: the cost of a patent in 2013 cannot be reduced by the paid insurance premiums for compulsory insurance. Single tax on imputed income (UTII)

Another change that affected the taxation of small businesses in 2013: the use of UTII will not be mandatory. In 2012, small businesses were required to pay UTII if the UTII regime was introduced in the region where they operate. In 2013, the transition to UTII is voluntary. The procedure for calculating the “imputed” tax will also change if the activity was carried out for an incomplete calendar month. Since 2013, the tax calculation is carried out from the date of registration, based on the actual number of days worked in a given month. The next important change is that in order to calculate the maximum number of employees (their number should not exceed 100 people), it will be necessary to use not the average number, but the average number. Simplified taxation system (STS)

On the simplified tax system, the taxation of small businesses is limited to the payment of a single tax on the simplified tax system. For entrepreneurs, the "simplified" tax replaces the payment of VAT, personal income tax, property tax of individuals (in relation to property used in activities). The deadlines for submitting notifications of the transition to the simplified tax system have been changed. A notification for the transition to the simplified tax system from 2013 must be submitted no later than December 31, 2012 (and not November 30, as it was before). Newly registered small businesses can apply the simplified tax system from the date of registration. In 2012, it was necessary to have time to inform the inspection about the transition to the simplified tax system within 5 days. Since 2013, the deadline for filing a notice of transition has been increased to 30 calendar days from the date of registration. If the notification is not submitted within the prescribed period, the taxpayer is deprived of the right to apply the simplified tax system.

Conclusion

The development of small business is caused by the following three circumstances. 1. Features of the current stage of development of scientific and technological progress, providing an appropriate material base for the effective functioning of small businesses. 2. Differentiation of consumer demand and the growth of the service sector in the context of rising incomes of the population. 3. The desire to improve their financial situation. The advantage of small business is manifested in flexibility, efficiency, ability to quickly adapt to changes in market conditions. The large number of small firms favors competition. The importance of small enterprises is manifested in the socio-economic and political aspects: -conditions are created for increasing jobs; -Citizens are given the opportunity to show their individual abilities by opening own business, corresponding to their inclinations; -deep specialization and extensive cooperation of production are ensured, which serves as a condition for its high efficiency; this leads to the dynamism of economic development, without which the growth of the national economy is impossible - the activities of large and medium-sized enterprises are serviced: scientific developments are carried out, consulting services are provided, sales of products and the supply of raw materials and equipment are organized; - capturing consumer demand. The development of science, engineering and technology constantly leads to a qualitative change in demand, to which large enterprises cannot quickly respond due to the inertia of production due to its bulkiness. This can be done by small enterprises, which can easily and quickly change and control the production process based on changes in market demand.

Cooperation with small enterprises allows large enterprises to identify sustainable trends in demand and reach millions of consumers through a retail network of shops and stores; - the stability of market relations is ensured, since citizens who have their own business are focused on achieving financial result. entrepreneurship economic market

Thus, small enterprises are an integral part of the country's socio-economic system, small business links the country's economy into a single whole ...

2. Organizational and economic characteristics of the enterprise

Organizational and economic characteristics of ZAO TsSMZ Joint-stock company"Tsimlyansky Ship Mechanical Plant" is a closed joint stock company. The company is a legal entity, operates on the basis of the charter and legislation of the Russian Federation. The Company was created without limitation of the term of its activity, by means of transformation of the leased enterprise and is its legal successor. Postal address: 347320, Russia, Tsimlyansk, Rostov region, st. Factory, 21A. General Director Kvint Viktor Konstantinovich employment contract(contract). The Company ensures compliance with safety regulations, industrial sanitation and fire safety. The company also provides members of the labor contract of the collective with compulsory medical insurance, deductions to Pension Fund, payment of social insurance benefits and also contributions to other mandatory off-budget funds. The purpose of society is to make a profit. The Company carries out the following main activities: - shipbuilding and ship repair; - production of steel, iron and steel castings; - production of machinery and equipment for hydromechanization for sale in Russia - other activities not prohibited by law. - production and supply of thermal energy to consumers through high-quality provision of thermal energy in the form of hot water supply and centralized heating, connected residential buildings, regardless of ownership; - making a profit. The enterprise is a legal entity under the current legislation of the Russian Federation, endowed with property, has an independent balance sheet, a round seal containing its full company name in Russian and an indication of its location, settlement and other bank accounts, as well as stamps, letterheads with its name. Figure No. 1 shows the Structure of the enterprise CJSC "CMZ"

The governing bodies of the company are: - general meeting of shareholders; - Board of Directors; - sole executive body (general director). The company applies the general taxation regime. The enterprise operates in the field of transport engineering, which is an integral part of the most diversified sector of the industry - mechanical engineering. Competitors of CJSC TsSMZ 1) Closed Joint-Stock Company "Hydromechanization Plant" Yaroslavl region, Rybinsk city, Suvorova street 36 Director General Kochueva Svetlana Nikolaevna hydraulic structures. 2) JSC "Promgidromekhanizatsiya" City of Moscow, Guryanova street, 83 General Director Babich Vladislav Valentinovich The company is engaged in the manufacture of suction dredgers, soil pumps, mobile suction dredgers, floating pumping stations, floating slurry pipelines, devices to ensure the operation of suction dredgers, floating cranes, imports, anchors , jet installations, devices for extending the seasonality of dredgers, manufacturing of spare parts.

Basic technical and economic indicators. Table 1

Indicators	For the beginning of the year	At the end of the year	Deviations
			Absolute	% Relative
Sales revenue (thousand rubles)
Production cost (thousand rubles)
Profit from sales (thousand rubles)
Profit before taxation (thousand rubles)
Net profit (thousand rubles)
The average number of employees, incl.

Labor productivity, thousand rubles for 1 worker
per worker
Average monthly salary (rub.)
Average annual salary (thousand rubles)
Payroll fund (thousand rubles)
Total capital (thousand rubles)
Average annual cost of fixed assets
Average annual cost of working capital
Return on sales %
Costs per 1 ruble of sales

1. Appendix B report data, position 010 A.O = sales revenue at the end of the year - sales revenue at the beginning of the year sales revenue at the beginning of the year)

2. Appendix B data, position 020 A.O = cost at the end of the year - cost at the beginning of the year 984536-969837 = + 14699 O.O in% (14699 * 100) / 969837 = 1.5 (969837 - cost at the beginning of the year) 3. Appendix B data item 050 A.O. = sales profit per q.g. - sales profit per n.g. 248825-251827=-3002 O.O. in % (3002*100)/251827=1.1(251827-sales profit for n.y.)

4. Appendix B data item 140 A.O = profit before tax per q.g. profit before tax per n.g. 224006-230011 \u003d -6005 O.O. (6005 * 100) / 230011 \u003d 2.6 (230011 profit before tax for the year)

5. Appendix B data item 190 A.O. net profit per q.g. - net profit per n.g. 173365-188009 \u003d -14644 O.O (14644 * 100) / 188009 \u003d 7.7 (188009 - net profit for the year)

6. Appendix B data (staffing) Working A.O. 327-307=+20 O.O. (20*100)/ 307=6.5 Workers A.O. )/225=8.9

7. Labor productivity per worker = sales revenue at the beginning of the year (end of the year) / average number of employees 3998.2-4169.1 \u003d -170.9 O.O (179.9 * 100) / 4169.1 \u003d 4 Labor productivity per worker \u003d sales revenue at the beginning of the year (end of the year) / average number of workers N.g. 1279934/225=5688.5 K.g.

8. Appendix B data (staffing) (Payroll / average number of employees) / 12 months * 1000 N.g (60786:307): 12 * 1000 = 16500 K.g (67100.4: 327): 12 *1000=17100 A.O 17100-16500=+600 O.O(600*100):16500=3.6

9. Average annual salary = (average monthly salary * 12 months): 1000 N.Y. 17100*12:1000=205.2 A.O.205.2-198=+7.2 O.O (7.2*100):198=3.6

10. Payroll fund \u003d average annual salary * average number of employees N.g 198 * 307 \u003d 60786 K.g 205.2 * 327 \u003d 67100.4 A.O 67100.4-60786 \u003d + 6314.4 O. O(6314.4*100):60786=10.3

11. Total capital \u003d fixed assets (Appendices A, position 120) + current assets total for section II (Appendices A, position 290) H.g.265384+347023=612407 K.g. 132701 O.O. (132701*100): 612407=21.6 Deviations of the average annual cost of fixed assets A.O. 309895-265384=+44511 O.O. About 435213-347023=+88190 O.O(88190*100):347023=25.4

12. Return on sales \u003d (sales revenue: production cost) * 100-100 N.g (1279934: 969837) * 100-100 \u003d 31.9 K.g (1307438: 984536) * 100-100 \u003d 32.7 A .O 32.7-31.9 \u003d + 0.8 O.O (0.8 * 100): 31.9 \u003d 2.5 :1279934=0.758 K.G.984536:1307438=0.753 A.O. 0.753-0.758=-0.032 O.O.

3. Calculation of technical and economic indicators of the enterprise for the reporting period

Table No. 2 Initial basic data of the company

Indicators	Designation	For the beginning of the year	At the end of the year
Sales revenue. thousand roubles
Average population
including workers
The total cost of goods. thousand roubles.
Labor costs % of cost
Conditionally fixed costs% of cost
Other income, thousand rubles
Other expenses, thousand rubles
Authorized capital, thousand rubles
Fixed assets, thousand rubles
For the beginning of the year
Input(quarter)
Withdrawal, thousand rubles (quarter)
Fixed assets at the end of the year
Working capital, thousand rubles
For the beginning of the year
At the end of the year
Intangible assets
Capital investments, thousand, rub.
Borrowed capital, thousand rubles
Land area m 2

1 and 3. Item Appendix B item 010 and 020

2. Item Appendix B (staffing)

3.1 St \u003d Fzp * 100 / C N.g 60786 * 100 / 969837 \u003d 6.2 K.g 67100.4 * 100 / 984536 \u003d 6.8

3.2. ATP=100-6.2=93.8(beginning of the year) ATP=100-6.8=93.2(end of the year)

4. Appendix B data position 090+120 1627+1202=2829 (beginning of the year) 2110+1506=3616 (end of the year)

5. Appendix B data position 100+130 14101+9749=23850 (beginning of the year) 11389+16141=27530 (end of the year)

6. Ku - position 410 of appendix A

7. Cos- position 120 of appendix A

8. Code item 290 of Appendix A

10. Kkv - position 140 of Appendix A

11. Кз - position 590+690 of Appendix A 1903+38270=40173 (beginning of the year) 12120+54120=66240 (end of the year)

Table No. 3 Calculation of the main technical and economic indicators of the enterprise for 2011

Indicators	For the beginning of the year	At the end of the year	changes
Sales revenue, thousand rubles

including workers
Total capital, thousand rubles


3) intangible assets
4) capital investment
5) Borrowed capital, thousand rubles.



2) land tax, thousand rubles









3) material costs
Gross profit, thousand rubles


Income tax, thousand rubles





Equity
Authorized capital
reserve fund
accumulation fund
consumption fund
Social Sphere Fund

1. Data taken from Table 2 point 1 Rate of change (Vn end of the year/ Vn beginning of the year)*100-100 (1307438/1279934)*100-100=2.1

2. Data taken from Table 2 point 2 Rate of change (N end of the year/N start of the year)*100-100 (327/307)*100-100=6.5 - Rate of change (Np end of the year/Np start of the year)* 100-100=8.9

3.Ko=Kos+Kob+Kkv+Kz Beginning of the year Ko=265384+347023+7053+40173E=659633 End of the year Ko=309895+435213+20482+66240=831830 Rate of change Ko= (Ko kg /Ko ng)*100 -100 (831830/659633)*100-100=26.1

1) Kos data table 2 paragraph 7.4 Rate of change Kos = (309895/265384) * 100-100 = 16.8

2) Data Cob table 2 paragraph 8.2 Rate of change Cob = (435213/347023) * 100-100 = 25.4

5) Data Kz appendix A position 590+690 (or table 2 item 11) Rate of change Kz= (66240/40173)*100-100=64.9

4) Data Kkv appendix A position 140 (or table 2 point 10) Rate of change Kkv = (20482/7053) * 100-100 = 190

4. Data table 1 point 2 (or Cps + Cp) Rate of change C \u003d (984536 / 969837) * 100-100 \u003d 1.5

4.1 Сс=Са+Нз 1) Са=Кos*0.05 Beginning of the year Са=265384*0.05=13269.2 End of the year Са=309895*0.05=15494.7 Rate of change Са=(15494.7/ 13269.2)*100-100=16.7

2) Data S table 2 point 12 =15569.75 The rate of change Cps=(15569.75/13344.2)*100-100=16.6

4.2 Sp=M-Sps Beginning of the year Sp= 969837-13344.2=956492.8 End of the year Sp=984536-15569.75=968966.2 Rate of change Sp=(968966.2/956492.8)*100-100=1.3

1) Appendix B St data (staffing) total Rate of change St=(67100.4/60786)*100-100=10.3

2) Csn \u003d St * 0.34 Beginning of the year 60786 * 0.34 \u003d 20667.2

End of the year 67100.4*0.34=22814.2 Rate of change Csn (22814.2/20667.2)*100-100=10.3 -Np= St*0.26

Beginning of the year 60786*0.26=15804.36

End of the year 67100.4*0.26=17446.2

Rate of change Нp=(17446.2/15804.36)*100-100=10.3 -Нс=St*0.029

The beginning of the year is 60786*0.029=1762.

End of the year 67100.4*0.029=1945.9 Rate of change Hc=(1945.9/1762.8)*100-100=10.3 -Hco=St*0.002

Beginning of the year 60786*0.002=121.5

End of the year 67100.4*0.002=134.2 Rate of change Hco(134.2/121.5)*100-100=10.3 -Nm=St*0.051

Beginning of the year 60786*0.051=3100 End of the year 67100.4*0.051=3422 Change rate Nm=(3422/3100)*100-100=10.3

2) Nm=Nmf+Nmt Nmf=St*0.031 Beginning of the year 60786*0.031=1884.3 End of the year 67100.4*0.031=2080

A) Change rate Nmf=(2080/1884.3)*100-100=10.3 Nmt= St*0.02 Beginning of the year 60786*0.02=1215.7 End of the year 67100.4*0.02=1342

B) Change rate Nmt=(1342/1215.7)*100-100=10.3 Beginning of the year Nm=1884.3+1215.7=3100 End of the year Nm=2080+1342=3422

3)Sm=Sp-St-Ssn Beginning of the year Sm=956492.8-60786-20667.2=875039 End of the year Sm=968966.2-67100.4-22814.2=879051 Rate of change Sm=(879051/875039)*100-100=0.4

5. Data Pv appendix B position 029 Rate of change Pv=(322902/310097)*100-100=4.1

6. Data Pp appendix B position 150 Rate of change Pp=(248825/251827)*100-100=-1.1

7. Data Pto appendix B position 140 Rate of change Pto(224006-230011)*100-100=-2.6

8. Data Npr appendix B position 150 Rate of change Npr=(50641/42002)*100-100=20

9.Pch=Pto-Npr Beginning of the year 230011-42002=188009 End of the year 224006-50641=173365 Rate of change Pch=(173365/188009)*100-100=-7.7

10.Pchr=Pch*0.05 Beginning of the year 188009*0.05=9400 End of the year 173365*0.05=8668 Rate of change Pchr=(8668/9400)*100-100=-7.7

11.Pchn= Pch*0.35 Beginning of the year 188009*0.35=65803 End of the year173365*0.35=60677 Rate of change Pchn=(60677/65803)*100-100=-7.7

12.Pchp=Pch*0.3 Beginning of the year 188009*0.3=56402.7 End of the year 173365*0.3=52009.5 Rate of change Pchp=(52009.5/56402.7)*100-100=-7.7

13.Pchs=Pch*0.2 Beginning of the year 188009*0.2=37601 End of the year 173365*0.2=34673 Rate of change Pchs=(34673/37601)*100-100=-7.7

14.Ks \u003d Ku + Fr + Fn + Fp + Fs - Ku \u003d application data A position 410 - Fn \u003d Sa + Pn Beginning of the year 13269.2 + 65803 \u003d 79072.2 End of the year 15494.7 + 60677 \u003d 76171.7

Rate of change Fn=(76171.7/79072.2)*100-100=-3.6 -Fp=St+Pchp Beginning of the year 60786+56402.7=117188 End of the year 67100.4+52009.5=119109 Rate of change Fp=(119109/117188)*100-100= 1.6 -Fs=Pchs Beginning of the year 37601 End of the year 34673

Rate of change Фс=(34673/37601)*100-100=-7.7 -Beginning of the year Кс=41+79072.2+117188+37601=233903 End of the year Кс=41+76171.7+119109+34673=229995

Rate of change Кс=(229995/233903)*100-100=-1.6

According to the profit and loss statements for 2011, we can say that the year for the company was not productive, since the deviations of the main indicators - profit, cost and sales revenue are negative. However, the average number of employees increased. It is possible that negative deviations in the main indicators take place due to the fact that the executions under the last contracts with partners were paid later and were not included in the financial statements.

4. Calculation of TEP with a change in factors of production

Table 4 - changes in production factors for the project (option 8)

Indicators	Increase in indicators %	Indicators after increase
Sales revenue Vn
Cost price
Average number of employees
Average annual cost of fixed assets Kos
Average annual amount of working capital Kob
Average monthly salary
Equity

1.1307438+1307438*0.16=1516628

2. 984536+984536*0.12=1102680

3.327+327*0.05=343

4.309895+309895*0.14=353280 5.435213+435213*0.15=500495

6.17100+17100*0.14=19494

7.229996+229996*0.12=257596

Table 5 - Calculation of the main technical and economic indicators of the enterprise under the project (taking into account the factors of change)

	Indicators				changes
	Sales revenue, thousand rubles
	Average number of employees
	including workers
	Total capital, thousand rubles
	1) the average annual cost of fixed assets, thousand rubles.
	2) the average annual amount of working capital
	3) intangible assets
	4) capital investment
	5) Borrowed capital, thousand rubles.
	Total cost of production, thousand rubles
	Fixed costs, including
	1) depreciation deductions of fixed assets, intangible activity, thousand rubles. 0.05
	2) land tax, thousand rubles
	Conditionally variable costs, thousand rubles
	1) Labor costs (cp fund)
	2) contributions to the unified social tax, thousand rubles.
	Pension fund, thousand rubles 26%
	Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, thousand rubles 2.9%
	Mandatory insurance fund against accidents at work and occupational diseases 0.002%
	Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund 5.1%
	a) the federal compulsory insurance fund 3.1%
	b) Territorial Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund2%
	3) material costs
	Gross profit, thousand rubles
	Profit (loss) from sales, you felling.
	Profit (loss) before taxation, thousand rubles
	Income tax, thousand rubles
	Net profit (loss), thousand rubles
	Deductions to the reserve fund 5%
	Accumulation fund deduction 35%
	Consumption fund deduction 30%
	Contribution to the social sphere fund 20%
	Equity
	Authorized capital
	reserve fund
	accumulation fund
	consumption fund
	Social Sphere Fund

In the column "year" we transfer the column to the end of the year table 3

1. Data Vn in “project” position 1 table 4 Rate of change (Vn project / Vn year)*100-100 (1516628/1307438)*100-100=15.9

2. Data taken from table 4 point 3 Rate of change (N end of the year/N beginning of the year)*100-100 (343/327)*100-100= 4.8

3.Ko=Kos+Kob+Kkv+Kz Project Ko=353280+500495+20482+66240=940497 Rate of change Ko= (Ko project /Ko year)*100-100 (940497/831830)*100-100=13

1) Kos data table 4 item 4 Rate of change Kos=(353280/309895)*100-100=13.9

2) Data Cob table 4 point 5 Rate of change Cob=(500495/435213)*100-100=15

4. Data table 4 point 2 (or Cps + Cp) Rate of change C \u003d (1102680 / 984536) * 100-100 \u003d 11.9

4.1 Cps=Ca+Hz A)Ca=Kos*0.05 Project Ca=353280*0.05=17664 Rate of change Ca=(17664/15494.7)*100-100=13.9

4.1 Project ATP=17664+75=17739 Rate of change ATP=(17739/15569.75)*100-100=13.9

4.2 Sp=S-Sps Project Sp=1102680-17739=1084941 Rate of change Sp=(1084941/968966.2)*100-100=11.9

1) Project St = average monthly salary (table 4 point 6) * 12 months * average number of employees (table 4 point 3) St = 19494 * 12 * 343 = 80237 Rate of change St = (80237/67100.4) * 100-100 = 19.5

2) СSN= St*0.34 Project 80237*0.34=27280

Rate of change Csn (27280/22814)*100-100=10.3 -Np= St*0.26 Project 80237*0.26=20861 Rate of change Np=(20861/17446)*100-100=18.5 -Ns=St*0.029 Project 80237* 0.029=2327

Rate of change Hc=(2327/1946)*100-100=19.5 -Hco=St*0.002 Project 80237*0.002=160.4

Rate of change Нсo(160.4/134.2)*100-100=19.5 -Nm=St*0.051 Project 80237*0.051=4092

Rate of change Nm=(4092/3422)*100-100=19.5

2) Nm=Nmf+Nmt A) Nmf=St*0.031 Project 80237*0.031=2487 Change rate Nmf=(2487/2080)*100-100=19.5

B) Nmt = St*0.02 Project 80237*0.02=1604 Rate of change Nmt=(1604/1342)*100-100=19.5

3)Sm=Sp-St-Ssn Project Sm=1084941-80237-27280=977424 Change Rate Sm=(977424/879051)*100-100=11.1

5.Pv=Vn-C Project 1516628-1102680=413948 Rate of change Pv=(413948/322902)*100-100=28.1

6.Pp=Vn-C-sales and administrative expenses (Appendix B, position 030 and 040) Draft Pp 1516628-1102680-26180-47897=339871 Rate of change Pp=(339871/248825)*100-100=36.5

7. Pto = Pp + all income - all expenses (position 060-070 + 080 + 90-100 + 120-130 of Appendix B) Pto = 339871 + 401-1306 + 2110-11389 + 1506-16141 \u003d 315052 The rate of change of Pdo ( 315052/224006)*100-100=40.6

9.Pch= Pdo-Npr(position 150 of appendix B) Project Pch=315052-50641=264411 Rate of change Pch=(264411/173365)*100-100=52.5

10. Pchr=Pch*0.05 Project 264411*0.05=13220.5 Rate of change Pchr=(13220.5/8668)*100-100=52.5

11.Pchn= Pch*0.35 Project 264411*0.35=92544 Rate of change Pchn=(92544/60677)*100-100=52.5

12.Pchp=Pch*0.3 Project 264411*0.3=79323.3 Rate of change Pchp=(79323.3/52009.5)*100-100=52.5

13.Pchs=Pch*0.2 Project 264411*0.2=52882.2 Rate of change Pchs=(5288.2/34673)*100-100=52.5

14.Ks=Ku+Fr+Fn+Fp+Fs -Ku= application data A position 410 -Fn=Sa+Pn Project 17664+92544=110208

Rate of change Fn=(110208/76171.7)*100-100=44.6 -Fp=St+Pchp Project 80237+79323=159560

Technical and economic indicators in construction

TEP or technical and economic indicators are calculated to compare space-planning and building and choose the best option.

Technical and economic indicators (TEP)- calculated for each building to compare constructive and and select a cost-effective solution.

Living space- the sum of the areas of all living rooms in the building. The area per floor is multiplied by the number of floors. The living area does not include the area of kitchens and sanitary facilities.

total area- the area of all premises, except for staircases and elevator halls.

Built-up area- the area occupied by the building on the surface of the earth.

Building volume- the product of the built-up area by the height to the top of the coating.

When constructing buildings and structures, both for and for the purpose, you must first perform a feasibility study. The justification is assessed on the basis of technical and economic indicators. When evaluating the construction of a new or reconstruction of an existing building or structure industrial purpose it is necessary to justify the planned production capacity, the list of products, location, etc. It is also necessary to calculate the planned efficiency of capital investments and technical and economic indicators specific to a particular industry.

For comparison, all of the above indicators are compared with similar already operating advanced domestic and foreign enterprises.

Technical and economic indicators serve as the basis for evaluating the entire project assignment in any part of it (technological, construction, and others). Indicators help to substantiate the effectiveness of the design decisions made. ultimate goal development, calculation of the feasibility study is to obtain the greatest return on capital investment. Objectivity in calculations affects final result and, as a result, the final decision on the efficiency and feasibility of construction or reconstruction.

For buildings and structures for industrial purposes, the main technical and economic indicators are the cost of manufactured products, capital investments, labor and time spent on construction. And for public facilities - the cost of operating a building or structure, labor costs, capital investments and construction time. It is also important to take into account indicators expressing natural values. For production facilities, these are the volumes of consumption of raw materials and materials, fuel, electricity for the production of products. For non-industrial facilities - total and usable area, etc. Depending on the industry, there are specific technical and economic indicators.

Such an important indicator as the cost price is determined on the basis of calculations compiled using previously adopted and developed standards for the consumption of raw materials and materials, labor costs, etc. All standards can be found in special reference books. For objects of a non-production nature, such an indicator as the cost of, include the calculation of depreciation, the cost of using equipment such as elevators, as well as the cost of heating and more. The final and most important indicator is the specific capital investment. This indicator for production facilities is calculated as the ratio of the entire calculated construction cost object to the planned annual capacity of manufactured products. For socially significant and residential facilities, this is the ratio of the cost of construction to such an indicator as, for example, 1 m² of living space, etc.

As units of measurement of the main technical and economic indicators for evaluating objects that produce any product, there are such units in physical terms as: a ton, pieces, etc., as well as in value terms - the ruble of manufactured products. For non-production facilities, a unit of measurement is taken - 1 m², for example, for residential complexes - this is 1 m² of living space, for socially significant buildings - this is 1 place for a child (preschool), 1 place in the auditorium (theatre, cinema), etc. d.

In the course project, it is necessary to complete and include in the explanatory note the calculation of the main technical and economic indicators for a residential building: built-up area (S), living space (S lived), the area of the apartment (S sq.), the total area of the apartment (S about), total building volume (V page), including those above ±0.000 (V overs. parts) and below ±0.000 (Subtitle V parts).

The area of the premises of residential buildings is determined by their dimensions, measured between the finished surfaces of walls and partitions at floor level (excluding skirting boards). When determining the area of the attic room, the area of this room is taken into account with a sloping ceiling height of at least 1.5 m at an inclination of 30 degrees to the horizon; 1.1 m at 45 about; 0.5 m at 60 ° and more. The area of the room with a lower height is taken into account in the total area with a coefficient of 0.7, while the minimum height of the wall should be 1.2 m with a ceiling slope of 30 °; 0.8 m at an inclination from 45 o to 60 o; is not limited at an inclination of 60 degrees or more.

S- built-up area of the building, defined as the area of the horizontal section along the outer contour of the building at the basement level, including protruding parts. The area under the building, located on poles, as well as driveways under the building, are included in the built-up area.

S lived - the living area of apartment buildings is defined as the sum of the areas of living rooms, excluding built-in wardrobes.

S sq.- the area of the apartment, is defined as the sum of the areas of all the premises of the apartment, with the exception of loggias, balconies, terraces, cold storerooms and outdoor vestibules.

S total- the total area of apartments, is defined as the sum of the areas of all premises of the apartment (with the exception of entrance vestibules in single-family houses), built-in wardrobes and summer rooms, calculated with the following reduction factors:

For balconies and terraces - 0.3;

Glazed balconies - 0.8;

Verandahs, glazed loggias and cold storerooms - 1.0.

The area occupied by the oven is not included in the floor area. The area under the march of the intra-apartment staircase with a height from the floor to the bottom of the protruding structures of 1.6 m or more is included in the area of \u200b\u200bthe premises where the staircase is located.

V page- construction volume of the building, defined as the sum of the construction volume above the mark ±0.000 (above-ground part) and below this mark (underground part).

V overs. parts- the building volume of the above-ground part, equal to the product of the horizontal cross-sectional area at the level of the first floor, above the basement, by the full height of the building from the level of the finished floor of the first floor to the upper plane of the attic insulation.

Subtitle V parts- the building volume of the underground part of the building as the product of the cross-sectional area at the level of the first floor above the basement by the height from the finished floor of the first floor to the floor of the basement and basement floor. In the absence of a basement, the volume of the underground part is not taken into account.

The calculated technical and economic indicators are summarized in a general table.

GRAPHIC DESIGN OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS

Drawings are recommended to be carried out at the stage of a techno-detail project, i.e. with the elaboration of fundamental architectural and construction solutions for the building, as well as building details. The graphic part of the project is presented on sheets of A-1, A-2, A-3 format. When drawing up drawings, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the standards of a single system design documentation ESKD and SPDS.

When performing course projects, graphic materials should be located on the subject of drawings on separate sheets:

Architectural and construction solutions (drawings of AS brand): facade, floor plans, sections, details, roof plan.

Structural solutions (drawings of grade KZh, KM, KD): plans for foundations, ceilings, coverings.

Exemplary schematic plans for the placement of drawings for this project on sheets of A2 format are shown below in fig. 7.1, 7.2.

Rice. 7.1. AP brand drawing layout diagram.

Rice. 7.2. Layout diagram of the drawing grade KZh, KD

Rice. 7.3. Main inscription for the project (stamp)

Brief instructions for the design of drawings

Drawings for the project are made on the basis of the preliminary design of all sections of the project, diagrams and assemblies as the structural parts of the building are developed.

The development of all drawings included in the project is carried out in mutual projection and overall coordination of space-planning and structural elements of the building with consistent refinement in the projections of each designed structure.

Work on a drawing begins with the development of a plan for placing individual drawings on a sheet (sheet layout), taking into account general list required types and required scales.

The building elements that fall into the section are outlined with thick (main) lines, the projections of the building elements that do not fall into the section are outlined with lines of medium thickness, axial and dimension lines are thin, the projections of invisible elements are of medium thickness with a dashed line. When designing a project, attention should be paid to the proportionality of the main and secondary inscriptions (signatures). They are performed in a simple architectural or drawing font.

Floor plans

The floor plan is the basis for the construction of the building, it reflects the functional and structural schemes and therefore must be carried out with great care. The plan is being developed for the first and second floors. In the case of a single-section residential building project, plans for both floors should be developed. If a two- or multi-section house is being designed, the plans for the first and second floors should be combined in one drawing, dividing the drawings with the axis of symmetry: on the left section, develop a plan for the first floor, on the right - for the second.

Floor plans are shown as projections of horizontal sections of the building. The plan should show everything that falls into the horizontal plane of the section, as well as what is located below it. It is conditionally considered that this plane is located at a height of 1000 mm from the floor level.

The plan is developed on the basis of a given planning scheme in the following sequence:

Determine the structural scheme of the house;

The coordinate axes of load-bearing and self-supporting walls are applied. In the process of determining the coordinate axes, it is necessary to adhere to the requirements of the modular system. The transverse axes are taken out to the bottom of the drawing and marked with numbers; in the case of non-through transverse walls, the axes can also be moved to the upper part of the drawing. The longitudinal axes are taken out to the left side of the drawing and marked with letters, starting from the bottom. Axes are assigned only to load-bearing structures (walls, pillars, etc.) that have foundations;

Perform binding of the thickness of the outer and inner walls to the coordinate axes. The axes of the outer walls are located at a distance of 150-200 mm from the inner surface of the wall; internal walls - in the middle of the wall thickness;

Draw the stairwell (refer to section 5.2 for instructions on stair design). Stairs are applied with a breakdown of platforms and steps and an arrow indicating the direction of ascent. The staircase plan reflects its appearance at different levels of horizontal sections: along the basement, along the basement, first floor (under the interfloor platform). On the plans of the stairs, they put the dimensions of the stairwell in the axes, the width of the platforms and the laying of the marches, the width of the marches and the gap between them, the binding of the walls to the center axes. When executing the plans of the stairs, it is necessary to show all the elements that fall into the horizontal section, as well as marches and landings below the section. In the march falling into the section, the entire lower step is shown, and for all other steps, a part is “cut off” by a diagonal line passing from the lower corner of the march to the opposite upper one.

Determine the dimensions of the interior. The sizes of living rooms and kitchens are selected depending on the type of apartment in accordance with the recommendations set out in section 5.1. During the development of apartment layouts, it is sometimes necessary to adjust the distance between the coordinate axes that were set on the plan diagram. The recommended layout of bathrooms and the dimensions of sanitary equipment are given in annex 2. The depth of built-in cabinets must be at least 600 mm.

Window and door openings are applied in the walls - openings with outer quarters for windows and with quarters from the side opposite to opening for doors. Openings in the inner walls are made without quarters. In the locations of the doorways, the direction of opening the doors is shown, placing the door leaf at an angle of 30 ° to the plane of the wall. Width entrance doors it is recommended to take: in the apartment - 900, 1000 mm; in living rooms and kitchen - 800 mm; to the bathroom and toilet - 700 mm, entrance to the house - 1300 mm. The nominal width of window openings is chosen depending on the area of the room and the height of the window; width of balcony doors - 750 mm.

For brick walls and partitions, the dimensions of the piers are calculated and indicated so that they are a multiple of ½ brick, taking into account the seam (130 mm) - 510, 640, 770, 900, 1030 mm. Each living room and kitchen must have at least one window or window and balcony doors. The plan indicates the types of filling of doorways in circles with a diameter of 5 mm; the position numbers of windows (OK1, OK2 ...) and balcony doors (DB1, DB2 ...) are indicated.

The location of furnaces, smoke and ventilation ducts is indicated. Ventilation ducts are placed in the internal walls adjacent to the rooms in which ventilation is provided. In two-story residential buildings it is necessary to provide one channel for each room of the kitchen, bathroom and toilet on each floor. Ventilation ducts are taken with a size of 140x140 mm (see. annex 30);

In apartments, the following technical equipment should be designed and indicated on the drawings (see. application 2): in the kitchen - a refrigerator 600x600, a gas stove 600x600 mm and a sink for dishes 600x600, in the bathroom - a bathtub 1700x700 mm and a washbasin 700x500 mm, in the toilet - a toilet bowl with a tank 670x360 mm (in the toilet, remote from the bathroom, you need to install an additional wash basin);

Internal dimension lines are applied at least in two places along the entire length of the building, and in the transverse direction - at the locations of different rooms. The dimensions of the plan show: binding of internal walls and partitions to the center lines; thickness of walls and partitions; dimensions of openings in internal walls, brick, concrete and reinforced concrete partitions; binding openings to the contour of the wall and to the partition or center axis;

Apply external dimension lines from four (or three) sides of the plan and put down on three parallel lines. On the first dimension line, located 15 mm from the walls, they show the dimensions of openings and piers, as well as the dimensions of protruding and sinking wall elements (if any) with their binding to the axes. On the second dimension line, which is located at a distance of 7 ... 8 mm from the first, the distances between the axes are shown. The third dimension line shows the size of the building between the extreme alignment axes. Linear dimensions are indicated in millimeters. Dimensions are applied in the form of a closed chain, serifs of 2-3 mm are made at the ends of the dimension lines. The distance from the dimension line to the circle of the marking axis mark is 4 mm, the diameter of the circle is 8 mm;

In each room, in the lower right corner, the area of the room is indicated with an accuracy of 0.01 m2 (the areas of bathrooms and toilets that are repeated can be shown only in one apartment), while the figure is applied above the line without indicating the measurement. The areas of the premises are calculated according to the internal dimensions of the premises. In the hallway of each apartment is the residential and total area of the apartment. If the plan drawing contains an explication of the premises, then the area of the premises is indicated in the explication table;

Carry out the marking of windows and doors, show the lines of transverse and longitudinal sections. Section lines are open strokes with arrows. The direction of the arrows is taken from bottom to top or from left to right. If necessary, you can choose another direction. The lines indicating the position of the cutting plane should not pass inside the contour of the plan or come close to it. Depending on the position of the dimension lines and the workload of the drawing, they can be placed either at the outline of the plan or behind the extreme dimension line;

If the plan drawing contains sections with floors at different elevations, these elevations must be indicated;

After the development of plans is completed, load-bearing and self-supporting walls are outlined with lines 0.7 ... 0.8 mm thick, partitions - with lines 0.6 ... 0.7 mm thick. The inscriptions are made in a standard font.

See an example of a plan. application 31.

Incision

The section serves to reveal the volumetric and constructive solution of the building, the relative position of individual structures, rooms, etc.

To make a cut, the position of the cutting plane is chosen in such a way that it cuts the most important structures of the building and makes it possible to identify the characteristic features of the designed object. In the course project, a cross section is built along the cut line assigned on the plan, which necessarily passes through the window openings, the doorway in the inner wall and the stairs so that both flights of stairs and the basement, if any, are visible on the projection (the cut line can be assigned as a broken line) .

The section sets the following data:

The design and profile of the foundations of external and internal supports and depths of laying (pillar foundations should be cut not along the pillars, but along the foundation beam);

The design of the basement and basement parts, blind area;

The design of the interface of walls and ceilings, a variant of the design of wall insulation;

Structures for filling openings, lintels;

Architectural and constructive solution of the eaves;

Details of floor structures (basement, interfloor, attic);

The design of the truss system;

staircase design;

Removal of structural elements of floors and roofs.

The section drawing is developed in the following sequence:

The transverse centering axes of the structure are applied and wall thicknesses are tied to them;

The lines of the floor level of the first and second floors and the conditional level of the top of the attic floor are applied, based on the accepted floor height; basement floor, foundation soles, ground surface. Auxiliary lines are applied that indicate the height of the basement, the top and bottom of window and door openings, the top of the cornice or parapet, the level of the top of the ventilation shaft or chimney, the height of the roof ridge;

Draw a staircase, starting with drawing the width of the interfloor area and the length of the flight of stairs. The lower march, which leads from the floor level in the vestibule to the floor level of the first floor, is provided in five or six steps in order to provide an opening for doors under the interfloor platform.

Apply the thickness of the floors and develop the design of the basement, interfloor and attic floors, as well as the floor on the ground on the ground floor and in the basement;

They draw the internal walls and partitions that have fallen into the cut, outline the window and door openings, and the distance from the level of the finished floor to the bottom of the window opening is recommended to be 800 mm;

Draw the foundations of the bearing and self-supporting walls of the house, which fell into the plane of the section;

Develop the design of the bearing part of the roof - rafters and roofs. The slope of the roof is determined depending on the given roofing material. The design of the rafters is carried out in accordance with the recommendations, see also application 28;

When drawing on a section of the roof, it is necessary to show the ventilation and chimney pipes that pass through the coating. The level of the top of the pipe relative to the ridge of the roof is taken in accordance with Annex 30. For all load-bearing elements of the roof, callouts should be made that give the names of the elements and the dimensions of their cross section;

Apply dimension lines, count and put down dimensions and marks. On the section, the dimensions of the openings, the ceiling structure in the form of a chain along the entire height of the building located indoors are put down. The dimensions of the foundations, the thickness of the walls, the distance from their faces to the alignment axes are put down, the dimension lines between the alignment axes are given. It is necessary to show the marks of the levels of the top and bottom of all floors, window and door openings, the sole of the foundation, the basement, the levels of the landings, the cornice, the ridge, the top of the pipes;

Carry out flags of inscriptions indicating the composition of all floors and floors, explanatory inscriptions; |

Structural elements of the building, made of the material that is the main for this structure, are not shaded. In this case, only sections of the walls that differ in material are highlighted with conditional shading. For example, in a brick building, reinforced concrete lintels or ordinary brickwork in walls made of lightweight concrete blocks are shaded.

Elevation marks are indicated with three decimal places. The relative elevation of the floor of the 1st floor is indicated by “0.000”, the marks below zero are indicated with a “-” sign (for example, -0.150), the marks above zero are indicated with a “+” sign (for example, +3.000).

For an example of a cut, see application 32, 33.

Facade

Work on the drawing of the facade can only begin after the development of floor plans and sections.

All visible elements of the outer volume of the building are depicted on the facades - the basement, the wall field with all openings, the cornice, etc. External stairs and porches, expansion joints, ramps, parapet slabs and louvered grilles, pipes of external drains are shown.

Window and door openings are drawn with a pattern of window bindings, door panels. The type number of the window opening is placed at the bottom of the contour of the window opening. Opening types are marked by serial numbering, depending on the number and type of window products included in its filling, as well as the nature of the opening of the bindings.

When drawing facades, first, according to the plan and section, lines are drawn that limit the general contour, then the contour of windows and doors, and then they begin to draw elements (belts, visors, etc.). Hatching highlights sections of walls made of a different material.

Facade drawings give a general idea of the building, so special attention should be paid to their graphics. Visible contours in the drawings of facades are outlined with thin lines. The contours of the building and openings have a thickness of 0.3-0.4 mm, the contours of window sashes, wall divisions, the contours of corbels, cornices and other architectural elements of the walls are outlined with lines 2 times thinner than the contours of the building and openings.

The drawing of the facade shows the marks of the ground, the basement, the bottom and top of the window and door openings, the cornice and the top of the roof. On the facades, centering axes - angular ones, as well as in places where the heights of the building differ, should be taken out and marked in circles. To designate the facade, it is recommended to put down the axes without specifying the dimensions. Facades are named according to the extreme centering axes, for example, "Facade 1-4", "Facade A-G".

For an example of a façade, see application 38.

Layout of foundation elements

The width of the sole of strip foundations is taken depending on the load and bearing capacity of the base. In the course work, the width of the sole of the foundations for external walls can be taken as 600 ÷ 800 mm, and for internal walls - 700 ÷ 1000 mm.

The drawing of the layout of the foundation elements is performed in the following sequence:

Apply coordinate axes; tie the accepted width of the base of the foundations and the base to the axes;

Apply a dotted line ledges in places of difference in the depth of foundations; if there is a basement - show the stairs to the basement;

Apply dimension lines and dimensions. The layout diagram of the foundation elements shows the dimensions between the alignment axes of the walls, the width along the base and edge of the foundation, and ledges. The foundations of free-standing pillars, furnaces are tied to the center axes. If there are protrusions, their dimensions are indicated.

The depth of the foundation is indicated by a mark. If the laying depth changes, the distance from the ledge to the stakeout line is indicated. A dotted line is given where the sole marks change, and the sole marks are shown nearby.

The drawing is accompanied by notes that provide information about the material of the foundation, the composition and grade of the mortar, the type of waterproofing, and the features of the construction of the foundation.

For a more complete identification of the design of foundations in places that require explanation, 2-3 cross sections are given. Sections of the foundations are performed on a scale of 1:20, 1:25. to show the holes and ledges in the foundation, as well as the location and grades of the foundation blocks, the foundations are developed.

For an example of designing the layout of foundation elements, see annex 34.

The layout of the floor elements

Drawings are performed in the following sequence:

Apply the coordinate axes of the structure;

Apply the contours of load-bearing walls, columns, girders - the main beams and their binding with ventilation and smoke ducts;

The layout is carried out between the faces of the bearing walls of the floor elements (beams, shields, roll slabs, reinforced concrete floor slabs), monolithic sections are indicated. The step of the beams must be a multiple of 100 mm. If floors cross channels or openings, they are also shown on the plan. Floor slabs are laid out close to the walls. Particular attention should be paid to ensure that the beams do not rest on the passage of ventilation and smoke ducts.

Elements related to the floor structure are outlined with a line with a thickness of 0.4-0.6 mm, and the contours of the remaining elements are drawn with a line with a thickness of B / 2.

The prefabricated elements of the floor in the drawing are marked with conditional marks (beams with brand B, slabs - P), guided by the catalog of industrial products ( applications 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).

On the drawing, dimensions are put down between the alignment axes of the bearing walls, between the axes of beams, floor slabs with binding of these dimensions to the axes of the walls. The dimensions of individual elements of the floor structure are indicated (the width of the embedment in place, etc.), holes, channels, fire breaks, etc.

The layouts of the floor elements are supplemented with notes that indicate the design features of the floor.

An example of the implementation of the layout of the elements of the interfloor ceiling on reinforced concrete beams, see Fig. application 35.

The layout of the elements of the truss system (rafter plan)

On the plan of the rafters, the load-bearing elements of the roof, the spans and the step of their setting should be shown. The development of the drawing begins with drawing the contours of the main walls, pillars, smoke and ventilation ducts, after which the elements of the rafters are drawn: mauerlats, upper run, rafter legs, racks. The rafters are depicted showing cuttings and structures of dormer windows.

On the plan of the rafters indicate the dimensions between the axes of the rafters, the distances to the chimney and ventilation pipes, the binding of the rafters to the center axes.

On the plan of the rafters, the elements of the rafters are distinguished with a thick line: rafter legs, crossbars, struts, girders, racks, etc. the contours of the walls are shown with a thin line, and the contours of the roof are hatched. On the plan of the rafters, callouts should be applied indicating the names of the structural elements of the rafters and their sections (see table in annex 28).

In addition to the plan, you can make longitudinal and transverse sections of the rafters. In these drawings, the marks of the elements of the rafters are indicated, they give links to structural details, and elevation marks are applied in the necessary places.

For an example of a rafter plan, see application 36.

Roofing design

The roof plan can be combined with the rafter plan.

Coordination axes, distances between them and between extreme axes are applied on the roof plan. The outer face of the outer walls is applied with thin dashed lines, observing the binding to the axes.

The lines of the roof cuts (slopes) are shown, observing the amount of overhang (overhang) of the eaves. The roof plan shows the slopes and the lines of their intersection: the lines of the oblique ribs (at an angle of 45 o), the valleys, the line of the roof ridge.

Dormer windows, gutters, drainpipes, chimneys and ventilation devices are depicted in projection connection with floor plans, roof railings. When constructing a roof with a parapet, the outline of the parapet is shown.

The slopes of the slopes are indicated on the roof plan (as a percentage or by the ratio of the legs). The direction of the slopes (slope) is indicated by an arrow.

For an example of a roof plan, see application 37.

Architectural and structural units

Work on components and details is carried out after the development of the main drawings of the building. The designation of units and parts must be shown on the drawings of plans and sections. The nodes are indicated on the section or plan by a circle with a remote shelf, on which the number of the node is affixed, and in the denominator - the number of the sheet on which the node is drawn. Two concentric circles are placed above the node image (the larger diameter is 16 mm; the smaller diameter is 14 mm): the number of the node is put in the numerator, and the number of the sheet on which the section or plan is located is in the denominator.

When arranging nodes on a sheet, it should be taken into account that some of them form, as it were, a single whole and cannot be located in different parts of the sheet. For example: the top and bottom of a window, the top and bottom of a flight of stairs, etc. parts that fall into the cut are outlined with a 0.6 mm thick line and give a symbol of the material. Knots are drawn to scale to provide a clear and detailed representation. On the drawings of assemblies and parts, it is necessary to put down the main dimensions of the elements and make explanatory inscriptions. Details of rafters, walls, ceilings, stairs can be given for development.

The technical and economic assessment of the designed building includes an assessment of space-planning and design solutions.

Estimated documentation for the construction of buildings is intended for:

determining the cost of construction,

· registration of financing of this construction, production of payments for the performed construction and installation works.

Units of account for buildings are as follows:

Residential buildings, hostels, hotels - an apartment or a room,

1 m 2 of living space, 1 m 2 of total area;

Kindergartens, kindergartens, schools - capacity (number of seats),

1 m 2 of total area, 1 m 2 of usable area;

· Medical and health institutions - one place for a patient or a vacationer, 1 m 2 of the total area, 1 m 2 of useful area;

Estimate cost-effectiveness of space-planning and constructive decisions buildings and comparison with the best existing solutions are usually carried out according to the following technical and economic indicators:

1. Estimated cost of construction (only construction and installation works), referred to 1 m 2 of the total area and

1 m 2 of the designed building;

2. The quality of the space-planning decision, which is determined by the values of the coefficients K 1 , K 2 , K 3 , (calculation procedure is given); these coefficients make it possible in the design process to compare various solutions with each other and with reference projects;

3. Consumption core building materials(steel, cement) in kg, forests and reinforced concrete products in m 3, blocks in thousands of pieces of conditional brick per 1 m 2 of usable area and

1 m 3 buildings;

4. the complexity of building a building, determined by establishing the specific labor intensity per 1 m 3 of the building and 1 m 2 of usable area;

5. assembly coefficient - the ratio of the cost of prefabricated structures and their installation to the total cost of the building;

6. Weight of 1 m 3 of the building;

To space-planning characteristics include:

For residential buildings- number of storeys, planning type (sectional, corridor, etc.); number of apartments (places in the hostel), total area, living area, built-up area, construction volume, width and length of the building, area of balconies, loggias, extra-apartment communications (corridors, elevator lobbies, etc.), total floor area per one staircase and elevator node, presence and area of non-residential areas built into a residential building, illumination, specific perimeter of external walls (the ratio of the perimeter of the walls along the heated contour of the building to the total area of a typical floor), K 1 - the ratio of the living area of a floor of the building to the total area; K 2 - the ratio of the building volume to the total area of the building;

For public buildings- number of storeys, capacity, total, useful and estimated area of the building; floor height, construction volume, built-up area, specific perimeter of external walls, area of communications (corridors, halls). To 1 - the ratio of the estimated area to the usable; K 2 - the ratio of the construction volume to the estimated area; K 3 - the ratio of the area of external enclosing structures to the total area;

For industrial buildings- number of storeys, built-up area; useful, constructive, working area, utility and storage areas, building volume, coefficient K 1 - the ratio of working area to usable area; K 2 - the ratio of the volume of the building to the working area; K 3 - the ratio of the surface area of the enclosing structures (the area of the outer walls) to the usable area;

Comparative evaluation space-planning solutions for residential buildings

Evaluation of various options for design solutions for residential buildings is carried out by the method of comparative analysis using a system of space-planning coefficients that characterize the ratio of areas and volumes.

Planar planning factor To 1 characterizes the rationality of the use of space, is defined as the ratio of living space (S residential) to the total area (S total):

K 1 = S lived. / S gen. ;

The coefficient K 1 depends on the number of rooms in the apartment. Its optimal value is accepted in the existing layout within: K 1 \u003d 0.5 - 0.7

Volumetric coefficient K 2 characterizes the use of volume, is defined as the ratio of the construction volume of the building (V building) to its total area (S total):

K 2 \u003d V zd. / S gen. ;

The value of the coefficient K 2 depends on the height of the floor, the size of the non-apartment areas (staircase and elevator node), the material of the walls and partitions, therefore its value varies significantly K 2 \u003d 3.5 - 5

Compactness factor K 3 characterizes the ratio of the area of the outer enclosing structures S limit. (walls, window and balcony openings, roofs) to the total area S total:

K 3 \u003d S limit. / S gen.

The change in K 3 depends on the configuration of the building and is reflected both in the estimated cost of the building and in the size of operating costs (heating, repair of facades and roofs).

Is within K 3 \u003d 0.8 - 1.3

Perimeter coefficient K 4 characterizes the ratio of the perimeter of the outer walls (P n.s) to the building area S built.

K 4 \u003d P n.s. /S stuck

Where K 4 \u003d 0.24 - 0.4 - for urban-type houses

Design factor K 5 characterizes the ratio of the cross-sectional area of vertical structures in terms of S constr to the built-up area of the building S built:

K 5 = S construct. /S stuck

The coefficient K 5 characterizes the degree of saturation of the building plan with vertical structures (walls, partitions, columns, pilasters). For large-panel houses, the coefficient K 5 \u003d 0.1–0.15; for brick and large-block K 5 \u003d 0.15 - 0.2

K factor 6 characterizes the ratio of the area outside the apartment communications(stair-lift nodes) S l.uz. to built-up area of the building S building. :

K 6 \u003d S l.uz. /S stuck

The lower value of K 6 is typical for sectional type houses, the larger one for tower, corridor and gallery types.

Housing stock density(net) - the total area, m 2, per 1 ha of the residential area of the microdistrict (quarter, settlement).

Housing stock density(gross) - the total area, m 2, per 1 ha of the entire territory of the microdistrict (quarter, settlement).

building density(development coefficient) - the area of buildings under construction, % of the residential area of the microdistrict (quarter, settlement).

Built-up area is determined by multiplying the length by the width of the building, measured along the outer contour of the building at the basement level.

The residential area includes the area of the building and the free undeveloped area of the residential part of the microdistrict. The undeveloped area depends on the dimensions of the building and mainly on its height. The requirement for insolation of apartments for at least 3 hours a day is the main factor on which the size of the gap between buildings depends. In the earlier existing norms, this gap between the longitudinal sides of buildings, based on the requirements of insolation, was set equal to two heights of the tallest building. In the current standards, the minimum gaps are set according to the table

Minimum gaps between buildings

The rules for calculating areas and volume in residential buildings (dormitories) in accordance with SNiP 2.08.01-89 "Residential buildings" are as follows:

Living space equal to the sum of the areas of living rooms in the house as a whole and for an apartment on average.

Apartment area equal to the sum of the areas of living rooms and utility rooms, excluding loggias, balconies, verandas, terraces and cold storerooms, vestibules.

Total area of apartments should be determined as the sum of the areas of their premises, built-in wardrobes, as well as loggias, balconies, verandas, terraces and cold storerooms, calculated with the following reduction factors: for loggias - 0.5, for balconies and terraces - 0.3, for verandas and cold pantries - 1.0.

The total area of apartments in residential buildings should be determined as the sum of the areas of apartments in these buildings, determined in accordance with paragraph 2; the total area of public premises built into residential buildings is calculated separately in accordance with SNiP 2.08.02-89*.

Underground areas for ventilation of a building designed for construction on permafrost soils, an attic, a technical underground (technical attic), non-apartment communications, as well as vestibules of staircases, elevator and other shafts, porticos, porches, external open stairs are not included in the total area of buildings.

Residential building area should be defined as the sum of the areas of the floors of the building, measured within the inner surfaces of the outer walls, as well as the areas of balconies and loggias.

The area of staircases, elevators and other shafts is included in the floor area, taking into account their areas at the level of this floor.

The area of attics and utility underground is not included in the area of the building.

Floor area of residential buildings should be determined by their dimensions, measured between the finished surfaces of walls and partitions at floor level (excluding skirting boards). When determining the area of the attic room, the area of \u200b\u200bthis room is taken into account with a sloping ceiling height of 1.5 m at an inclination of 30 ° to the horizon, 1.1 m - at 45, 0.5 m - at 60 ° or more. For intermediate values, the height is determined by interpolation. The area of the room with a lower height should be taken into account in the total area with a coefficient of 0.7, while the minimum wall height should be 1.2 m at a ceiling slope of 30°, 0.8 m at - 45° - 60°, not limited to a slope of 60 ° and more.

Structural volume of a residential building is defined as the sum of the construction volume above the mark ± 0.000 (above-ground part) and below this mark (underground part).

The construction volume of the above-ground and underground parts of the building is determined within the bounding surfaces with the inclusion of enclosing structures, skylights, etc., starting from the mark of the clean floor of each part of the building, excluding protruding architectural details and structural elements, underground channels, porticos, terraces, balconies , volume of passages and space under the building on supports (clean), as well as ventilated undergrounds under buildings designed for construction on permafrost soils.

building area defined as the area of the horizontal section along the outer contour of the building at the basement level, including protruding parts. The area under the building, located on poles, as well as driveways under the building, are included in the built-up area.

When determining the number of storeys of the above-ground part of the building, the number of floors includes all above-ground floors, including the technical, attic and basement floors, if the top of its floor is at least 2 m above the average planning elevation of the ground.

The underground for ventilation under buildings is not included in the number of above-ground floors.

With a different number of floors in different parts of the building, as well as when placing the building on a site with a slope, when the number of floors increases due to the slope, the number of floors is determined separately for each part of the building.

The technical floor located above the top floor is not taken into account when determining the number of storeys of the building.