Dairy farm plan 10 heads. Mini dairy farm as a business. How to open and where to start. Who is the best dairy farm business plan for?

Unfortunately, in Russia and other CIS countries production not very tuned up. Only some categories of goods are in such a huge demand that entrepreneurs and businessmen are ready to invest in the production of a product. We are now talking not about the industry, with which everything is more or less normal, but exclusively about consumer goods. Now the CIS countries produce, in the vast majority of cases, only essential goods such as bakery products, sausages, dairy products, as well as alcoholic drinks(probably one of the most "selling" goods, unfortunately).

In this article, we will show a typical dairy farm business plan that you can implement on your own, as well as give information on how much money and effort you will need to organize such a business and what is the average profitability.

It is worth saying that dairy products are very popular with us, milk is not just a “drink”, or the “first” goods made from it (cheese, cottage cheese, yogurt, etc.), today it and dairy by-products are used in most industries. For example, the so-called milk powder, without which no bread-factory can do, as well as ice cream and many other types of products.

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Previously, due to the shortage of “native” production in Russia and other neighboring countries, a lot of dairy products were sold from abroad, this is a huge minus for the entire economy, because such products are much more expensive than “our own” ones - this time, the profit from the sale does not go to the treasury ( in the form of taxes), as well as our residents (who would be engaged in production), and, for the most part, an imported manufacturer. But due to the high foreign exchange rate in recent years (and especially months), imports of dairy products have significantly decreased and there is a need for “our own” milk. So now you can make good money by opening a dairy farm, the only difficulty for most people is the absolute ignorance of this topic, because cows are living creatures and they need careful, special care.

Despite many difficulties, do not be afraid to start a business. Recently, the conditions have changed and now technology helps on such farms in most processes. And having drawn up a competent business plan for a dairy farm, or finding an existing one, you can calculate in advance how much money you will need to purchase cows, build premises, as well as all the necessary equipment and livestock maintenance (this is also a significant part of the costs, especially at the initial stage when money flies away for everything-everything).

How to open your own dairy farm and what to look for

Now we go directly to the dairy farm business plan - how, what and how much, as well as in what time frame. It is worth saying that there are 2 main directions in this field of activity and you, depending on financial capabilities, should immediately decide what you will pull. In most cases, newcomers want to “rise” in this type of business, so:

The first is the opening of an industrial farm of a huge scale (starting from 100 heads you can have huge incomes, with a competent organization of production, of course), which requires millions of investments (in rubles) at the initial stage. The second - "part-time work", or not the main type of activity, is suitable for those people who have money for the organization own business and live in rural areas (well, or near it, in order to be able to control all processes personally).

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In the case of the first option, a huge plot of land is purchased, on which a modern farm is being built, taking into account the latest trends in this market (in other words, very expensive), the equipment is taken as automatically and best as possible, so that the least number of people take part in milk production. To do this, they buy "milking machines" that are available to cows around the clock, when they want - they come up to them and "give" milk, respectively, "organizers" this process, which are needed on small farms, you can not attract and not pay them a salary, but equipment of such a plan will cost oh so expensive. The same applies to the direct purchase of livestock, a cow costs, on average, from 40 to 100 thousand rubles, depending on the breed, “condition” (how and where it was grown, whether it has the necessary vaccinations and stuff like that) and size, so 100 heads will pull at least 5-10 million rubles.

The second option is suitable for most of our audience, as it can be implemented even with a small amount to start. In some not very progressive village, buying land or a barn, as well as reconstructing it, will not be too expensive, especially if you are an entrepreneur, you can save money at all stages and do some types of work yourself, or with the help of local residents, those who want to earn money, who will take much less money for the object than the "urban". For the purchase of 10-15 cows, you will need an amount of ~ 600-800 thousand rubles (or about 17-20 thousand dollars), you need a minimum of equipment, there is not too much feed at first either (namely, about growing cows and the nuances associated with this business, read on in our dairy farm business plan).

So decide for yourself whether you have enough strength and money to start such a business. At the initial stage, it will be very difficult, but in the future, when work will improve, it will be possible to have additional income without any problems and increase the livestock, becoming richer over time, which will allow you to modernize the farm and increase production even more.

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Features of this type of business as a dairy farm

Russia's demand for milk is huge - today the required volume is much more than 60 million tons per year, so many will be able to squeeze into this business, ultimately there are still imported goods that can be displaced if you try hard (due to the conditions business, importers simply will not be able to compete with local manufacturers on price). For the right start of this, and any business, it is worth deciding on all stages of action and gaining knowledge about each of them, because any little thing at the initial stage can be for you both an opportunity to save extra money, and lose it if you are in the dark. We offer a basic business plan for a dairy farm, which allows you to get an overall picture of such a business as the production and subsequent sale of milk to buyers.

The most important thing here, as you already understood, is the cows, which are the producers of the main product - milk, therefore, providing them with everything necessary and properly caring for them, you will have a good milk yield and sales, otherwise it will be difficult even to return the initially invested money spent for the construction of a dairy farm and the purchase of livestock.

There is a close relationship between productivity and "live" weight of a cow. The larger the animal, the higher the efficiency, for example - a cow weighing 450 kg gives milk, more than its own weight, only 6.5 times, while having a mass of 750 kg (not even 2 times higher than the previous one), we will get "milk" 14 times the mass of a cow. And this is just one of the nuances, so it’s not worth saving on the necessary care and food, because the larger the animal, the more milk you get and the less the cost of one liter will be for you, as a producer.

The same applies to feed consumption - the more productive a cow, the less she consumes "per unit of product", or, more simply, a liter of milk. And this means the following - at the initial stage, you will need a maximum of cash injections in order to “feed” the cows to their best form, when they give a lot of milk, the cost of which will remain the lowest possible for you.

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Who is the best dairy farm business plan for?

Of course, everyone can open their own dairy farm, but there are a huge number of nuances that make it much easier and more profitable to do it in a rural area (and living in it) than being a resident of a metropolis. If we consider a dairy farm as a business for beginners, then it will be most productive to build (or buy an abandoned barn from neighbors, if there is one), after which it is enough just to buy a dozen heads of cows. With the most efficient approach to raising livestock, in the near future you will be able to make good money selling milk to buyers.

Speaking of efficiency, we return to the topic of the mass of a cow - the more it is, the more milk it can give, so it’s definitely not worth holding money for feeding livestock - the larger it becomes, the less your costs for the production of one liter of milk become, accordingly, you can earn more on a dairy farm. The business plan for a dairy farm is quite simple - especially when it comes to a small farm near your own home. It will be enough just to have a room and a few heads of livestock (for starters), after when the money appears, the business can be scaled up, it’s just that initially you are unlikely to pull a large farm (for example, to open a dairy farm for 250 heads, you will have to spend tens of millions of rubles, which they can afford very few).

According to the estimated set of consumer basket approved for 2016, the consumption rate of meat and meat products for the average Russian is about 60 kg per year, milk and dairy products - about 300 kg per year. Actual figures are usually an order of magnitude higher. If you look at these figures from the perspective of not a consumer, but an entrepreneur, you can see a favorable ratio and an opportunity to make good money in the production of meat and dairy products.

Breeding cows on a personal farmstead as a business

When the preparatory stage has been completed, and suitable conditions have been created for the animals, young animals can be purchased. Consider an exemplary business plan for breeding cows using the example of the most common dairy breed in Russia - black-and-white.

To run a small home farm you can buy 4 heifers and 1 bull. Calves need to be bought from large farms. Healthy, normally developed animals, brought from highly productive cows, should be selected. The appropriate age of a cow for stocking is 1.5 years when the animal reaches sexual maturity.

Business Startup Costs

The cost of a one and a half year old heifer is about 12 thousand rubles, a bull - 18 thousand rubles.

Thus, it will take you 66 thousand rubles to purchase young animals.

Cows will need mandatory vaccination against various diseases, in addition, periodically need to be tested for brucellosis and tuberculosis. About 5 thousand rubles will be spent on veterinary services per year.

One of the most important issues livestock is the organization of feeding at different times of the year. In summer, the bulk of the cow's diet should be fresh grass. AT winter time the animal must be fed with pre-harvested hay, silage, vegetables (beets, carrots, potatoes), compound feed.

Feed consumption rate calculated for one cow per year:

• hay - 2 tons - 7 thousand rubles;
• straw - 1 ton - 2.5 thousand rubles;
• silo - 4 tons - 4.8 thousand rubles;
• green mass - 10 tons - 10 thousand rubles;
• root crops - 2.5 tons - 10 thousand rubles;
• concentrates - 1 ton - 7 thousand rubles.

It turns out that in order to feed one cow for a year, it will take about 41 thousand rubles. You can save money if the farmer has his own land, which can be used as pasture in the summer and sown with grass for hay.

Attention! Without fail, the cow must be given at least 100 g of salt per day. This will help maintain the acid-salt balance in the body of the animal.

In order to milk cows 2 times a day, you should purchase a special apparatus, which will cost about 27 thousand rubles. However, this point can be saved if you organize the process manually.

If you make a calculation, it turns out that the launch of a small farm for breeding cows and the first year of work will take the entrepreneur about 300 thousand rubles.

When to expect profit

The farm will begin to bring real income only by the end of the first, and more often - in the second year of its existence.

A cow can bring offspring once a year in the amount of 1 cub. Lactation lasts an average of 300 days. At the same time, in the first time after calving (2-3 months), 50% of cow's milk will go to fatten the calf.

On average, 1 cow per day produces 10 liters of milk. Thus, for the first 90 days of the lactation period, the farmer will be able to sell about 5 liters of milk per day from one cow. From four cows - 20 liters, respectively.

The remaining 210 days will be sold all 10 liters per day from one cow, which means 40 liters from the entire farm.

average price whole cow's milk in 2016 is 60 rubles. for 1 liter.

Therefore, for one lactation, the farmer will be able to earn 153 thousand rubles. from one animal and 612 thousand rubles. from all livestock. And this is only when selling the primary product, that is, milk. If you are engaged in the production and sale of cream, sour cream, cottage cheese and butter, then income may increase.

In addition, the brought calves can be either sold as young animals or fattened and put to slaughter with the subsequent sale of beef. At the same time, young animals can be sold immediately after weaning from the cow, and it will take about a year of fattening to grow calves for meat.

Attention! The average weight of a dairy cow at the age of one year is 300 kg, a bull-calf can reach up to 400 kg. The slaughter yield of beef is approximately 50%. The price for 1 kg is 300 rubles. That is, from the sale of meat, you can earn from 45 thousand rubles. up to 60 thousand rubles.

If we compare the costs of maintaining the farm and the possible revenue, it turns out that breeding cows as a profitable occupation, which, although not so quickly pays off, but in the future brings a lot of money and has many development options.

From a personal farmstead to a real livestock farm

Activities in the field Agriculture Today, it is also beneficial in that every farmer has the potential opportunity to receive real assistance in the development of the economy from the state.

Thus, considerable funds are allocated annually from the federal budget to promote the target program for the development of family livestock farms based on peasant farms in the regions. Within the framework of this program, entrepreneurs are allocated:

• grants for the creation and development of the farm;
• subsidies that provide compensation for costs already incurred;
• soft loans.

To participate in the competition, a farmer must fulfill a number of requirements, details of which can be found in the regional body of the Ministry of Agriculture.

Mini farms for large cattle(cattle) are created for the production of meat and dairy products. The content of cattle is profitable and profitable business, requiring a certain approach and a set of knowledge.

Grazing for a cow is more convenient than keeping in a stall

Preparatory work

The creation of a cattle farm begins with the creation of a business plan that provides for the main stages of implementing the idea:

• Select a site with the necessary communications or with the possibility of their implementation.
• Determine the number of livestock.
• Choose the type of mini-farm direction and the type of animal keeping.
• Decide on the technical premises, equipment.

Farm project for 10 cows

When building a mini farm for 50 heads, a frame or frameless method is used. In the first version, the barn is built taking into account the wishes of the farmer from bricks, cinder blocks, concrete slabs. The frameless method is the construction of a hangar from metal structures. This is a more economical option, but the lack of windows in the hangar deprives the barn of natural ventilation.

Schematic diagram of farm ventilation

The cowsheds provide for ventilation, water supply, lighting, sewerage.

When building or buying a barn, they proceed from the planned number of animals and the norms for their maintenance. When keeping cows, it is important to take into account for each of them from six square meters of area, and for a cow with a calf - from ten square meters.

Area per cow

Keeping cows in stalls has its advantages: the animal has a place where it is fed, watered and milked. With the free movement of cows on the farm, they allocate places for rest, feeding and milking, separate separate pens for calves and bulls. Behind the stalls, a meter-wide passage is arranged for a chute with manure and slurry. The gutter is taken out of the barn through a specially provided window. The floor is made with a slope for the drainage of liquids; an adobe floor with boards rammed into it is practical. In addition to the barn, the farmer will need a room for feed, a place to store manure, a place for walking / grazing animals.

Winter walk at the farm

In cowsheds, it is necessary to maintain a certain microclimate. The table shows the requirements necessary for the comfortable keeping of young animals and cows older than one year.

Options	room
		loose content
Temperature	10 0 C (8 0 C -12 0 C)	6 0 C (5 0 C -8 0 C)
Humidity
Permissible carbon dioxide content

Cow barn with calf

Equipment

Keeping cows in a mini farm is impossible without necessary equipment: you will need feeders, drinkers, a milk pipeline (to a large farm), milking machines and systems. Farms for cows must be equipped with feeders. The simplest type of feeder is a wooden chute, which is made in one piece or with folding sides for easy cleaning. For a large herd of cattle, group feeders are used.

A few cows can be milked by hand, but portable bucket milkers or herringbone systems are used to milk large numbers of cows.

For hardware milking, it is necessary to provide a stall for milking

Scales for cattle are used to check the weight gain of animals, cows are weighed before sale. Scales represent a platform with a protection for fixing of an animal.

If it is not possible to buy scales in small private farms, the weight of cows is determined by measuring the oblique body length and chest girth. To calculate the weight, the Trukhanovsky formula is used. The result obtained is increased by 5% - 10% with a high fatness of the animal, and reduced by the same percentages with a fatness below the average level.

Drawing how to make wood feeders

Metal feeder for hay

Drinkers for cattle

In free-range farms it is possible to install a group drinker or individual automatic drinkers for each cow. Group drinkers are divided into stationary and mobile. Stationary use in a barn, mobile on pastures.

If cows are kept in stalls, individual automatic drinkers or level-type drinkers are installed.

Metal drinker in the barn

In small mini farms, buckets are often used. Drinkers for cattle are bought in a store or made on their own, but drinkers industrial production more hygienic. Without harm to the health of cows, metal, cast iron or plastic drinkers are used. Drinking bowls with water heating are also produced. Experts recommend the use of individual automatic drinking bowls, their use helps to avoid mass infection.

Feeding the calves in the barn

paddock

To create a farm and walk animals, a land plot is bought or rented. The main thing is that it should be in a high place, without lowlands, best option- former farmland, abandoned collective farm or state farm land, no further than a kilometer from the barn. According to experts, during the grazing season, the cost of medicines is reduced, including the need for fewer drugs for insemination.

Demand for raw milk in Russia exceeds supply. The profitability of production in the southern regions of the country reaches 37% in 3-5 years after the start of the farm and the repayment of loans.

 

Milk production for a long time in Russia it was considered profitable only for large agricultural complexes. The constant shortage of raw materials has forced processors to pay attention to small producers, moreover, they offer goods at competitive prices and more High Quality. A dairy farm as a business for small entrepreneurs and peasant farms has become especially attractive after the introduction of state support.

To assess the prospects of investing forces and resources in this labor-intensive and difficult production, consider:

1. product demand, market trends;
2. FEO of opening a dairy farm;
3. manufacturer support programs;
4. examples of successfully operating peasant farms.

Brief overview: how much milk you need and where to get it

Milk is included in the list of the Doctrine of National Food Security, it belongs to strategically important products. Its consumption in 2015 amounted to 230 kg per person, which is 2 times less than the recommended norm. According to the Russian Food Market magazine, its sales in 2015 grew by 7%, and in general, dairy products increase by 2.5% every year, despite prices.

Almost the only importer today is Belarus, and the total share of imports last year was about 16%. According to Soyuzmoloko, processing capacities are only 60-70% loaded.

Economists always compare current figures with the level of "pre-perestroika" 1990. By comparison, milk consumption fell steadily until 2000, when it reached an all-time high of just 51% of per capita consumption in 1990. After that, the trend has changed, and there is a constant increase. If there is enough milk in stores, then the same cannot be said about other products derived from it. The production of domestic cheese already in 2011 was 65% of the level of the base year 1990, and butter - only 26%.

The bulk of milk for processing is produced by agricultural organizations. Households receive about the same amount of it, it is also consumed there, a small part is sold on the market. The share of peasant farms and small farms is only about 7%, but it is steadily increasing from year to year. In 2015, farmers overtook agricultural enterprises in all indicators: the increase in the herd, its productivity, marketability of products (Fig. 1). The average number of cows is 40 in peasant farms, and about 300 in organizations.

By region, milk production is very uneven (Fig. 2). The leaders are Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Altai and Krasnodar Territories, Rostov Region. In total, 15 regions of the country provide 50% of the production. In 2015, 91.5% of the planned volume in the country was produced, while the deficit is about 30%.

The distribution of marketable milk is very different from the general picture, for example, in the Siberian district it is only half of the volume. The distribution of state subsidies occurs depending on this indicator. Who received the most public money in 2015 can be seen from the diagram - in these regions there are more chances to receive real support (Fig. 3).

How Much Does a Dairy Farm Cost: Financial and Economic Case

When organizing a business, you need to focus on modern technologies maintenance and feeding of livestock, new means of mechanization. Good profitability is shown by farms that use high quality rough and succulent fodder, robotic installations that provide milk accounting, automatic filtration, and cooling. Such machines are equipped with a washing and disinfection system, which allows you to get high-grade milk. Here are two investment calculations. They are compiled for completely different regions of the country, however, the main indicators are very similar.

Table 1. Vologda region. Korobov family farm, 6 people. Share land allotment of 100 hectares, own production of hay, haylage and silage.

	Basic expenses, rub.		Source of funds, rub.
Purchase of cows	3,000,000 (50 heads)	Credit funds (Rosselkhozbank, 13% for 3 years)
Purchase of milking equipment, mechanization		Subsidy under the program of the Vologda Oblast
Premises construction		Own contribution
Sales of products	Delivery to the processing plant
Loan repayment	2 223 800 per year
Total profit
Profitability
Profit after taxes

Table 2. Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Khakassia. KFH Malykhin, 3 people, 100 hectares of land.

Indicators	Expenses, rub.		Attachment Source
Acquisition of livestock	1,600,000 (30 heads)	Grant of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic
Buying a feed truck		Rosselkhozbank loan (14% per annum)
Homemade barn construction		Own funds
Sales directions	Retail: markets, individuals
Planned revenue per year
Net profit
Payback period and profitability	48 months

Investment level in dairy production high, so you need a well-thought-out business plan. It is required for both subsidies and concessional loans. The advantages of small farms are that they produce environmentally friendly products, providing a relatively low cost due to labor efficiency. Profitability increases many times if the entrepreneur himself is engaged in milk processing.

Support and lending to milk producers

1. Programs of the Ministry of Agriculture.

The main types of assistance are provided under the state subprogram "Development of dairy farming".

• Subsidy per liter of commercial milk sold. Provided to all producers, since 2015 only the highest grade is subsidized. It is determined by the processor. Regional authorities can introduce their own conditions: the number of calves, the percentage of fat and others. To receive a subsidy, you need to apply with an application to the local administration department, head of agrarian issues.
• Subsidized interest on loans. Support is provided through accredited banks. The state repays part of the interest in the amount of 100% of the refinancing rate, regional authorities up to 3% of the amount taken. Due to this, banks reduce interest for agricultural producers, and the loan is cheaper.
• Reimbursement of part of the costs of business projects. The application is made through the administration of the district, region. Provides a refund on new investment projects, expenses for modernization and re-equipment - up to 40%, for the purchase of highly productive dairy breeds - up to 50%. The money is transferred to the account of the commodity producer not earlier than 2 years after the start of the project, provided that it reaches its design capacity. When buying animals - not earlier than the 5th year.

Three examples of successful work of "dairy" peasant farms

In 2002, he organized his own farm, took a loan from the Russian Agricultural Bank, in 2012 he registered a peasant farm and received a grant for development. Now he keeps 70 cows, cultivates 150 hectares of land, delivers 150 tons of marketable milk per year for processing. In comparison with a large farm located in the neighborhood, the cost of milk is several times lower due to complete autonomy (own feed), labor efficiency (2 people).

Alexander is only 25 years old. He set up his business in 2012. On the farm 38 dairy cows, 100 hectares of land for rent. Milk is sold fresh through its own outlets in the markets of the city of Abakan. He receives 300 liters per month from one cow, and 3,900 in revenue. He dreams of changing the herd, buying a Simmental breed of cows, and dramatically increasing milk yield. He believes that without his own feed base, milk production will be unprofitable.

Established in 1992, in 2004 there were 50 heads of cattle, now there are 122 cows on the farm. In 2006, they reconstructed the farm, purchased German milking machines, a mini milk processing plant. They produce 10 tons of milk per day, packaged on their own equipment, deliver to stores in their city and Yekaterinburg, supply the plant Catering, schools, kindergartens.

conclusions

There is a demand for milk, it is growing, and exceeds the supply. Especially, given the course to increase the production of their cheeses and butter. Accordingly, the dairy farm as a business, in the long run looks profitable business.

The risks are also high: crop failures leading to feed shortages, rising prices for seeds, breeding animals, seasonality in milk production, delays in subsidies - they must be taken into account when planning.

Igor Nikolaev

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For the construction of farms choose brick, blocks, wood. Wood is less preferred. At high humidity, it deforms and rots. The floor is made of concrete. So it will be easier to clean it from dirt, but the concrete is cold: a thick bedding will be required. Often use a warm mat for cows. The gutter is also better made of concrete. Feeders can be plastic or metal. The edges are processed, rounded off so that the animals do not get hurt about them.

If the farmer decided to breed bulls and heifers, then he needs to prepare separate pens for animals. When stall keeping for bulls, stalls are equipped in another room. So they won't see the heifers. This is necessary to avoid complications during the puberty of animals.

Feed costs

In addition to the farm for cows, you need to take care of the feed base for animals. It is better to acquire calves in the spring, when grass will rise in the meadows. The young will find their livelihood in the pasture, but still they must receive hay daily. Roughage is necessary for the normal functioning of the rumen. In calves, it is just being formed. It is important to prevent any pathologies in the gastrointestinal tract. 10 bulls will need 30 kg of hay every day.

The pasture period continues until October, depending on the climatic conditions of the region. During this time it is necessary to carry out preparation activities. Gobies will need vegetables, concentrates, grain mixes, salt and chalk.

1. For a calf, it is necessary to prepare carrots, potatoes, beets. He eats 4 kg of root crops a day. For the winter period, he will need 720 kg of vegetables.
2. The goby eats 1.5 kg of concentrates daily. For winter period he needs to prepare at least 270 kg of dry mix.
3. With the growth of bulls, the amount of feed is increased. It is necessary to look at their appetite. By the year of the calf, the norm increases by 2 times. Combined feed can be replaced with cake or pulp. Concentrates are given to calves in the form of a mash. For one-year-old young animals, grain mixtures can be poured into feeders without first steaming.

Bulls are fattened until they reach 700 kg. This will take at least a year. The last 3 months before slaughter, the young are put on fattening. For them, a certain methodology is provided: on silage, on stillage, on pulp. Before doing meat production must be carefully calculated. Business with bulls is profitable, but you will have to invest a lot of money. It is also worth considering the costs of a veterinarian, vaccinations, and taking tests.

If it is decided to engage in dairy production on the farm, then they acquire heifers of dairy breeds. It is better to make a purchase from local breeding farms. Acquire usually six-month-old calves. They can already eat green grass, hay and dry food. Milk from them will not be soon.

The first insemination is carried out at 14-16 months, a year after the acquisition of the young. It makes sense to buy already one-year-old individuals. You will have to pay for the services of a sire bull. The bull is chosen according to the milkiness of the mother. His mother should have good milk production. If a cow gives birth to a heifer, she will have good milk yields. Otherwise, it will have to be slaughtered along with the bulls.

Pregnancy continues for another 285 days in cattle. 1.5 months the cow gives colostrum. Milk that can be sold will appear in a cow closer to 2 months. Before selling it, you need to get a certificate from a veterinarian. He will take milk for analysis, conduct a study, then issue a document. All this is not free.

If you buy a six-month-old heifer, then the income from it will be only after 2 years, so they buy both bulls and heifers together. The payback of the enterprise should be expected not sooner than in 4-5 years.

For 1 year old heifer, you need to prepare the following diet:

The feed base is calculated depending on the number of heads in the herd. The portion of feed will increase with age. By the dry period, the amount of feed will increase by 2 times. This must be taken into account when purchasing dairy livestock. The farmer should always have juicy, dry fodder and hay, which can be enough for cows for 60 days. An enterprise for the cultivation of cattle is required to be registered with the tax authority. Podvortsy recommend registering a peasant farm: pay less taxes.