Functions customs authorities represent the main activities of the customs authorities. From this point of view, the importance of customs authorities plays a special role from the standpoint of economic development RF and the growth of trade between Russia and foreign countries. The role of customs authorities in the foreign policy activities of the Russian Federation determines a special "set" of functions of customs authorities, but at the same time, the relationship with the implementation of the most important socio-economic and foreign policy programs does not limit the diversity of functions of customs authorities.
Functions of customs authorities:
1) participate in the development of customs policy Russian Federation and implement this policy;
2) ensure compliance with the legislation, control over the implementation of which is entrusted to the customs authorities of the Russian Federation; take measures to protect the rights and interests of citizens, enterprises, institutions and organizations in the implementation of customs affairs;
3) ensure, within their competence, the economic security of the Russian Federation, which is the economic basis of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation;
4) protect the economic interests of the Russian Federation;
5) apply means of customs regulation of trade and economic relations;
6) collect customs duties, taxes and other customs payments;
7) participate in the development of economic policy measures in respect of goods transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation and implement these measures;
8) ensure compliance with the licensing procedure for the movement of goods and Vehicle through the customs border of the Russian Federation;
9) fight against smuggling, violations of customs rules and tax legislation relating to goods transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation, stop illegal circulation across the customs border of the Russian Federation drugs, weapons, items of artistic, historical and archaeological heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, objects intellectual property, endangered species of animals and plants, their parts and derivatives, other goods, as well as assist in the fight against international terrorism and the suppression of illegal interference at the airports of the Russian Federation in the activities of international civil aviation;
10) implement and improve customs control and customs clearance, create conditions conducive to the acceleration of trade across the customs border of the Russian Federation;
11) maintain customs statistics foreign trade and special customs statistics of the Russian Federation;
12) maintain the Commodity nomenclature externally economic activity;
13) contribute to the development of foreign economic relations of the republics within the Russian Federation, the autonomous region, autonomous districts, territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens;
14) contribute to the implementation of measures to protect state security, public order, morality of the population, human life and health, protection of animals and plants, environmental protection natural environment, protecting the interests of Russian consumers of imported goods;
15) exercise control over the export of strategic and other materials vital for the interests of the Russian Federation;
16) carry out currency control within their competence;
17) ensure the fulfillment of the international obligations of the Russian Federation in the part relating to the customs business; participate in the development of international treaties of the Russian Federation affecting the customs business; cooperate with customs and other competent authorities of foreign states, international organizations dealing with customs matters;
18) carry out research work and consulting in the field of customs; carry out training, retraining and advanced training of specialists in this field for state bodies, enterprises, institutions and organizations;
19) provide in accordance with the established procedure the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, other state bodies, enterprises, institutions, organizations and citizens with information on customs issues;
20) implement a unified financial and economic policy, develop the material, technical and social base of customs authorities, create the necessary working conditions for employees of these bodies.
The above list shows how diverse the activities of the Russian customs authorities are. In this case, attention should be paid to one significant point. The customs authorities are called upon to ensure compliance with the permissive procedure for the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border, while acting as executive and administrative authorities, to the customs authorities at the same time as an executive character, acting in certain areas of management, is characteristic in general for administrative and legal regulation. At the same time, the activities of the customs authorities are also characterized by a law enforcement orientation. They take measures to protect the rights and interests of citizens, enterprises, institutions and organizations in the implementation of customs affairs; and in the process of exercising their functions, the customs authorities act precisely as law enforcement agencies - in particular, they combat smuggling, violations of customs rules and customs legislation. At the same time, it should be noted that the activity of the customs authorities in solving crimes in the field of customs legislation involves the commission of the following activities by the customs authorities:
1) detection, prevention, suppression and disclosure of crimes within the competence of the customs authorities, crimes in the field of customs affairs, as well as identification of persons who prepare, commit or have committed them;
2) obtaining proactive operational information about the situation in the zone of customs activity in order to make the right decisions in order to protect the economic interests of the Russian Federation;
3) rendering assistance to the investigative bodies, the prosecutor's office and the court in the collection of evidence in a criminal case, the fulfillment of their instructions;
4) search for persons hiding from the investigation bodies and the court and evading criminal punishment for crimes, as well as the search for missing persons;
5) obtaining information about events or actions that pose a threat to the economic or environmental security of the Russian Federation;
6) participation in joint operational-search activities carried out by the FSB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the FPS and other competent authorities in the interests of ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation;
7) rendering assistance to international customs organizations, foreign customs authorities and the police in the fight against smuggling operations and on other issues provided for international treaties RF;
8) ensuring own security of customs infrastructure facilities;
9) ensuring the security of customs officials, their family members, their property, as well as persons providing confidential assistance to customs authorities;
10) detection, prevention and suppression of facts of corruption and other malfeasance committed by customs officials. This area of activity of the customs authorities has recently been particularly relevant, since crimes related to violation of the regime of the customs border and, in general, customs legislation are one of the most common types of criminal activity.
With the transition from the state monopoly on foreign economic activity to its liberalization, the role and responsibility of customs authorities in regulating international exchange has significantly increased. Their main purpose is to protect the economic security of the state by ensuring the movement of people, goods, cargo across the border, collecting customs duties, customs clearance and customs control. Obviously, this kind of activity is most directly related to the observance of law and order, the protection of the rights and interests of citizens, organizations, the state and society, the fight against smuggling and the application of liability measures, in other words, with the performance of functions law enforcement.
For violations of customs rules, the legislator has provided for the following types of penalties:
1. Warning.
As a measure of responsibility for violation of customs rules, a warning is issued in writing, about which a decision is drawn up on the case. It is used as the main penalty and, as a rule, for customs offenses that do not have serious consequences.
The Customs Code of the Russian Federation provides for two types of fines for violations of customs rules:
Calculated in relation to the amount of the minimum monthly wage, which is understood as the minimum monthly wage established by law on the day the offense was committed, and if such a day cannot be established, on the day the offense was discovered;
Calculated based on the cost of goods and vehicles, in the form of their free (market) price on the day the offense was discovered.
3. Revocation of a license or qualification certificate.
This type of penalty has specific subjects and can be applied to:
Owners of customs warehouses, duty-free shops, free warehouses, temporary storage warehouses;
Customs brokers, customs carriers;
Specialists in customs clearance.
4. Confiscation of goods and vehicles that are direct objects of violation of customs rules, goods and vehicles with specially made hiding places used to move across the customs border of the Russian Federation with concealment of items that are direct objects of violation of customs rules. Confiscation consists in the forced gratuitous circulation of goods and vehicles that have the above characteristics into federal property. Confiscation is carried out regardless of whether they are the property of the person who committed the violation of customs rules, and also regardless of whether this person has been identified or not. This type of penalty can be applied both as the main one and as an additional one.
5. Recovery of the cost of goods and vehicles that are direct objects of violation of customs rules, goods and vehicles with specially made hiding places used to move across the customs border of the Russian Federation with concealment of items that are direct objects of violation of customs rules. This type of recovery is a forced withdrawal of a sum of money that makes up the free (market) price of goods and vehicles that have the above characteristics, on the day the offense was discovered. It can be applied as a main or additional penalty. It should be borne in mind that the recovery of the cost of goods and vehicles is an independent type of administrative action. The recovery of the cost of goods and vehicles as an independent type of administrative action should be distinguished from the recovery of the cost of goods and vehicles as a measure applied when it is impossible to confiscate goods and vehicles at the stage of execution of the decision of the customs authority regarding confiscation. In the latter case, the confiscation of goods and vehicles is used as a type of recovery, however, if for some reason it is not possible to comply with the customs decision in this part, it is implemented through the recovery of their value.
6. Confiscation of vehicles on which goods were transported, which are direct objects of violation of customs rules. This type of penalty is provided only in the sanction of Article 276 of the Labor Code. RF "Movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border of the Russian Federation in addition to customs control".
internal functions.
Customs has fewer internal functions than external ones, let's list a few of them. So, the internal functions of customs include:
Work on the selection, placement and education of customs personnel and lower customs posts;
Formation of personnel reserves for promotion to leadership positions and their training.
Certification of customs officers and lower customs posts for compliance with their position, when nominating employees for appointment to positions of executives, when nominating employees for special ranks. Submission to the higher customs authority of materials for awarding customs officers and lower customs posts state awards Russian Federation, awarding honorary titles of the Russian Federation. Oath of customs officials and lower customs posts. Ensuring primary professional, combat and physical training, retraining and advanced training of customs officers and lower customs posts. Creation necessary conditions labor for employees of customs and lower customs posts, as well as ensuring the legal and social protection of these employees; participation in the development and implementation of development programs and plans social base customs authorities. Implementation of measures for labor protection, compliance with safety regulations and fire safety. Supporting the commitment of customs officers and downstream customs posts healthy lifestyle life. Organization and provision of control over the use of customs officials and lower customs posts special means and firearms.
external functions.
The list of external functions is wider. First of all, it should be noted that the customs implements legal, economic and organizational mechanisms for the implementation of the customs policy of the Russian Federation in the region under its jurisdiction. Prepares proposals on improving the mechanisms for implementing the customs policy of the Russian Federation, including taking into account the characteristics of the jurisdictional region. Identifies the presence in the subordinate region of problems in ensuring the unity of the customs territory of the Russian Federation and the economic security of the Russian Federation and participates in the implementation of measures aimed at resolving such problems. Participates in the development and implementation of programs for the development of customs in the territory of the subordinate region. Customs applies, ensures, coordinates and controls the use by lower customs posts of the means of customs regulation of economic activity; summarizes and analyzes the practice of using such tools and prepares proposals for their improvement. Takes measures aimed at creating conditions conducive to the acceleration of trade across the customs border of the Russian Federation. Ensures the correct application in the jurisdictional region of customs regimes when moving goods and vehicles across the customs border of the Russian Federation and when conducting economic activities in the customs territory of the Russian Federation. In terms of the competence of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation, it applies economic policy measures in relation to goods and vehicles transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation, including licensing and other non-tariff measures, as well as measures to ensure compliance with the permit procedure for the movement of certain goods and vehicles through the customs border of the Russian Federation; coordinates and controls the application of such measures by lower customs posts. Carries out control over compliance with all legal and individuals rules, procedures and conditions of the customs business; summarizes and analyzes the emerging practice.
External functions also include customs clearance of goods and vehicles and customs control, including for goods and vehicles transported across the customs border of the Russian Federation; organization and control over the production of customs clearance and customs control by lower customs posts; preparation of a proposal to improve customs clearance and customs control.
The customs implements, within its competence, measures aimed at improving customs clearance and customs control. Collects, generalizes and analyzes information on cargo and passenger flows in the part related to the customs business, as well as control over the delivery of goods and vehicles under customs control and documents for them to the places determined by the customs authorities of the Russian Federation.
The customs office controls the activities in the region under its jurisdiction of customs brokers, customs carriers and other persons whose activities are controlled by the customs authorities of the Russian Federation. Performs the collection, generalization and analysis of information about the activities of these persons in the part related to the customs business. Supervises the creation and functioning in the region under its jurisdiction of the warehouses and other facilities provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on customs affairs, the control over the functioning of which is entrusted to the customs authorities. Carries out within its powers and controls the activities of lower customs posts for the implementation of currency control. Performs the functions of a currency control agent. Interacts with banks and other currency control agents. Carries out export control, in particular, control over the movement across the customs border of the Russian Federation of objects of artistic, historical and archaeological heritage of the peoples of Russia and foreign countries ( cultural property).
An important function of customs is the fight against smuggling and other crimes in the field of customs. In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the customs carries out investigations in cases of smuggling and other crimes in the field of customs, as well as operational-search activities. Ensures the performance by lower customs posts within their competence of the functions of bodies of inquiry. Transfers materials on cases of crimes to the bodies of preliminary investigation or to the prosecutor. Customs carries out in the region under its jurisdiction the fight against violations of customs rules and administrative offenses that encroach on the normal activities of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation; organizes and controls the activities of lower customs posts to combat such violations. Conducts proceedings on cases of violation of customs rules and carries out their consideration. Exercises control over the observance of the law by officials of customs and lower customs posts in the course of inquiries in cases of smuggling and other crimes in the field of customs, the implementation of operational-search activities, proceedings in cases of violation of customs rules and their consideration, proceedings in cases of administrative offenses encroaching on the normal activities of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation. Interacts with other law enforcement and regulatory authorities of the Russian Federation, located in the subordinate region, on the detection, prevention, suppression and investigation of crimes and other offenses in the field of customs.
The customs participates and ensures the participation of lower customs posts in the implementation of a system of measures aimed at suppressing illegal trafficking across the customs border of the Russian Federation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, weapons, objects of artistic, historical and archaeological heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation and foreign countries (cultural values), objects intellectual property, endangered species of animals and plants, their parts and derivatives, other goods; makes proposals to the higher customs authority on the improvement of such a system. Carries out the collection and processing of primary data for the formation of customs statistics of foreign trade and special customs statistics; submits such data to a higher customs authority and ensures their reliability. Considers coming from bodies state power subjects of the Russian Federation and law enforcement agencies located in the region under their jurisdiction, unregulated requests on various aspects of foreign trade. It collects, summarizes and analyzes information about the state of the domestic market in the territory of the region under its jurisdiction. Customs protects the rights, property and other interests in the courts, arbitration courts and other organizations when considering lawsuits, complaints in cases arising from administrative and legal relations; ensures the participation of its employees in legal proceedings as representatives of customs and lower customs posts. Considers complaints about decisions, actions or inactions officials customs, lower customs posts and their officials, ensures timely and complete consideration of complaints; identifies the causes and conditions that contribute to the violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of organizations and citizens, and takes measures to eliminate such causes and conditions. Considers appeals of organizations and citizens, ensures timely and complete consideration of appeals of organizations and citizens by lower customs posts.
The customs authorities of the Russian Federation are state bodies that directly carry out activities in the field of customs. Customs authorities are executive authorities. The executive activity of the customs authorities consists in the daily practical organization of solutions to issues related to the customs business. The main activity of the customs authorities is the implementation of their functions and powers in the field of organizing the movement of goods across the customs border, customs clearance, placement of goods under certain customs regimes, implementation of special customs procedures, collection of customs payments.
The subject of the study is "Goals and objectives of the customs service". The purpose of the work is to consider the goals and objectives of the customs service. To achieve the goal, we have set the following tasks:
1. Consideration of the customs service of Russia.
2. Consideration of the goals, objectives and functions of the customs authorities.
3. Consideration of the development of the customs service.
1. Customs Service of Russia
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 9, 2004 N 314 "On the system and structure of federal executive bodies" The State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation (SCC of Russia) was transformed into the Federal Customs Service (FCS of Russia). Its functions of adopting normative legal acts in the customs sphere have been transferred to the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, and in terms of customs payments, to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.
The customs authorities of the Russian Federation are state bodies that directly carry out activities in the field of customs. Customs authorities are executive authorities. The executive activity of the customs authorities consists in the daily practical organization of solutions to issues related to the customs business.
The main activity of the customs authorities is the implementation of their functions and powers in the field of organizing the movement of goods across the customs border, customs clearance, placement of goods under certain customs regimes, implementation of special customs procedures, collection of customs payments.
Customs authorities carry out both executive and administrative activities. Both of these activities are closely related. At the same time, the administrative activities of the customs authorities are carried out strictly within the framework of the provisions determined by the customs law.
An important distinguishing feature of the customs authorities is that they are classified as law enforcement agencies by the current legislation.
As law enforcement agencies, the customs authorities protect the economic sovereignty and economic security of the Russian Federation, the rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities. Customs authorities are fighting crimes and administrative offenses in the field of customs.
The customs authorities constitute a single federal centralized system. State authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public associations cannot interfere in the activities of customs authorities in the exercise of their functions (Article 401 of the Labor Code).
In accordance with Article 402 of the Customs Code, the system of customs authorities includes:
1) the federal executive body authorized in the field of customs (currently it is the Federal Customs Service (FCS);
2) regional customs departments (RTU);
3) customs;
4) customs posts.
The central body exercising direct management of the customs business in the Russian Federation is the federal executive body authorized in the field of customs business - the Federal Customs Service of Russia. He is in charge of the main components, blocks and sections of the customs business, which he manages through the relevant departments, departments, services, other structural divisions of his apparatus, as well as through regional customs departments, customs, customs posts.
The legal status of the Federal Customs Service of Russia in the system of customs authorities is determined by the Federal Law of June 29, 2004 N 58-FZ "On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation and Recognizing Some Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation as Invalid in Connection with the Implementation of Measures to Improve Public Administration" and the Regulations on the FCS of Russia, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 21, 2004 No.
The Federal Customs Service is a federal executive body that performs the following functions in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation:
1) on control and supervision in the field of customs;
2) a currency control agent;
3) special functions to combat smuggling, other crimes and administrative offenses.
At the same time, the customs service carries out:
1) maintenance of Registers of persons carrying out activities in the field of customs;
2) maintaining the Register of banks and other credit organizations that have the right to issue bank guarantees for the payment of customs duties;
3) maintenance of the customs register of objects of intellectual property;
4) cancellation of qualification certificates of customs clearance specialists;
5) issuance of licenses for the establishment of a free warehouse.
In addition to the above, the customs service:
Keeps customs statistics of foreign trade and special customs statistics;
Informs and advises, free of charge, on customs issues of participants in foreign economic activity;
Carries out, within its competence, currency control of operations related to the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border of the Russian Federation;
Carries out proceedings on cases of administrative offenses and consideration of such cases in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses;
Carries out inquiry and production of urgent investigative actions in accordance with the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation;
Carries out operational-search activities in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
Carries out in accordance with the established procedure the development and creation of information systems used by the customs authorities, information technologies and means of their provision;
Carries out the functions of the main manager and recipient of federal budget funds provided for the maintenance of the Service and the implementation of the functions assigned to it;
Ensures, within its competence, the protection of information constituting a state secret;
Considers complaints against decisions, actions (inaction) of customs authorities and their officials, etc.
In agreement with the Ministry of Economic Development of Trade of the Russian Federation, the Federal Customs Service has the right to:
Create, reorganize and liquidate customs posts, specialized customs authorities, the competence of which is limited by certain powers, to perform certain functions assigned to customs authorities, or to perform customs operations in relation to certain types of goods;
Determine the region of activity of customs authorities;
Approve general or individual regulations on customs authorities.
The Federal Customs Service is not entitled to carry out regulatory legal regulation in the established area of activity, except for cases established by federal laws, decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as the functions of managing state property and providing paid services.
2. Goals, objectives and functions of the customs authorities.
The main goals, tasks and functions of the customs authorities are determined in Chapter 39 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.
The Customs Code defines the customs authorities as law enforcement and as an integral part of the forces for ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation. They are designed to directly ensure compliance with customs legislation and other legislation, the control over the implementation of which is entrusted to the customs authorities.
Diverse in nature, the activities of the customs authorities are aimed at solving the following main tasks.
The solution of economic problems is achieved through the participation of customs authorities in ensuring, within their competence, the economic security and unity of the customs territory of Russia, as well as the collection of customs duties, taxes, anti-dumping, special and countervailing duties, customs fees when goods are moved across the customs border of the Russian Federation.
The solution of the problems of regulation of the customs business is achieved through the organization of the application and improvement of the means of customs regulation, based on the priorities of the development of the economy of the Russian Federation. Among such means is making decisions on the classification of goods in accordance with the TN VED, on the country of origin of the goods, on the protection of intellectual property rights, on ensuring the uniform application of customs legislation by customs authorities, etc.
The solution of law enforcement tasks is achieved by identifying facts of violation of the rules, prohibitions and restrictions established by the customs legislation, performing urgent investigative actions and inquiries in criminal cases and proceedings in cases of administrative offenses on the facts of customs offenses.
The activity of the customs authorities is expressed in the performance of numerous functions by them. They reveal the essence and content of the executive, control and supervisory activities at all levels of customs management and reflect the distribution of responsibilities between individual bodies that make up a single system of customs authorities.
Classifying the functions of customs authorities, they can be divided into basic and providing.
The main functions reveal the essence of the management activities of the customs authorities. The list of the main functions of the customs authorities is enshrined in Article 403 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation:
Implementation of customs clearance and customs control, creation of conditions conducive to the acceleration of trade across the customs border;
Collection of customs duties, taxes, anti-dumping, special and countervailing duties, customs fees, control over the correctness of calculation and timeliness of payment of the said duties, taxes and fees, taking measures for their enforcement;
Ensuring compliance with the procedure for the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border;
Ensuring compliance with the prohibitions and restrictions established in accordance with Russian legislation on state regulation of foreign trade activities and international treaties of the Russian Federation in relation to goods transported across the customs border;
Ensuring, within its competence, the protection of intellectual property rights;
Combating smuggling and other crimes, administrative offenses in the field of customs, suppression of illegal trafficking across the customs border of narcotic drugs, weapons, cultural property, radioactive substances, endangered species of animals and plants, their parts and derivatives, objects of intellectual property, other goods, as well as assistance in the fight against international terrorism and the suppression of unlawful interference at Russian airports in the activities of international civil aviation;
Implementation, within its competence, of currency control of operations related to the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border, in accordance with Russian legislation on currency regulation and currency control;
Maintenance of customs statistics of foreign trade;
Ensuring the fulfillment of the international obligations of the Russian Federation in the part related to customs, cooperation with customs and other competent authorities of foreign states, international organizations dealing with customs matters;
Implementation of informing and consulting in the field of customs affairs, providing state bodies, organizations and citizens with information on customs issues in the prescribed manner;
Holding competitions and concluding state contracts for the implementation of research work in the field of customs.
The supporting functions of the customs authorities include all types of administrative and economic activities:
Personnel activities;
Financial, accounting activities;
Psychological and educational activities and social security;
Logistics;
Development of customs infrastructure, capital construction, etc.
The list of functions of the customs authorities is concretized and detailed in the Regulations on the federal executive body authorized in the field of customs affairs, and in general provisions about other customs authorities.
Customs bodies carry out their functions both independently and in cooperation with other state bodies. This applies primarily to financial and tax authorities, the border service, transport authorities and other authorities that are directly functionally related to the customs authorities.
3. Prospects for the development of the customs service
The target program determines the strategic goal of developing the customs service to implement national tasks in the field of customs and ensure unconditional and full compliance with the customs legislation of the Russian Federation for the economic prosperity and social well-being of the nation.
The strategic goal will be achieved by solving the following tasks.
Task 1. All-round assistance in the development of trade, acceleration of trade and expansion of Russia's foreign trade relations.
Task 2. Filling the revenue part of the federal budget of the Russian Federation.
Task 3. Reducing potential threats to the state caused by the movement of goods prohibited, restricted for import (export) into the territory of the Russian Federation or the illegal movement of goods across the customs border of the Russian Federation, as well as illegal foreign exchange transactions that can harm society or undermine the country's economy. Improving the management system of customs authorities.
The listed tasks correspond to the functions of the Federal Customs Service, which are enshrined in Art. 403 Customs Code Russian Federation and the Regulations on the Federal Customs Service.
To solve the tasks defined by the Target Program, comprehensive measures have been developed that will be implemented through the implementation of three departmental budget programs.
1. Departmental budget program "Customs border. Improving customs control at checkpoints across the border of the Russian Federation". This program will allow:
Ensure the necessary and sufficient level of control over goods and vehicles moving across the border;
Create conditions for speeding up customs procedures;
Ensure the use of the latest information and customs technologies in the activities of customs posts and customs at the border; to strengthen the customs infrastructure on the State Border of the Russian Federation through the construction, reconstruction and operation of automobile checkpoints and other customs infrastructure facilities;
Ensure the detection and suppression of crimes and other offenses when moving goods across the border;
Strengthen the personnel potential of customs posts (customs clearance and customs control departments) located at checkpoints;
Raise the level of logistical and information support border customs authorities.
2. Departmental budget target program "Administration and control over compliance with international trade agreements. Customs clearance and customs control in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation". This program will allow:
Ensure the fulfillment of the planned tasks of the Government of the Russian Federation for the transfer of customs payments to the federal budget;
Ensure the necessary and sufficient level of control over goods and vehicles at the places of customs clearance;
Create conditions for accelerating the process of customs clearance and customs control of goods and vehicles at the places of customs clearance;
Ensure the use of the latest information and customs technologies in the activities of customs posts and customs in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
Ensure the detection and suppression of crimes and other offenses in the field of customs and currency legislation in the field of foreign trade;
Strengthen the customs infrastructure of customs posts located within the country through the construction, reconstruction and operation of administrative buildings (office premises), the creation of temporary storage warehouses and customs warehouses established by customs authorities;
Strengthen the personnel potential of customs posts located within the country (departments of customs clearance and customs control);
To raise the level of material, technical and information support of customs posts and customs houses in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
3. Departmental budget target program "Institutional development and formation of the information and technical potential of customs authorities. Organization of the implementation of the customs legislation of the Russian Federation and international treaties of the Russian Federation". This program will allow:
To improve the efficiency of the customs administration system;
Ensure the organization of customs clearance and control processes;
Modernize the information system of customs authorities;
To increase the effectiveness of ongoing measures to combat smuggling and violations of customs rules;
Expand and strengthen international cooperation;
Strengthen the system of departmental control;
Provide training, retraining and advanced training of personnel;
Provide medical care and social guarantees to customs officials;
Raise the level of material and technical, legal, financial, personnel, information support of customs authorities.
Thus, the activity of the customs authorities is universal and specific, it has no analogues. Its versatility is manifested in the variety of social functions performed by the customs authorities. Fundamental changes in the economy, the demonopolization of foreign economic activity, the separation of customs authorities into an independent state structure, and many other factors led to the fact that more than 20 ministries and departments of Russia transferred part of their powers and functions to the customs authorities: economic, statistical, environmental, etc. functions has become an integral element of the competence of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation.
The activity of the customs authorities as executive authorities is expressed in the performance of the functions assigned to them by the state.
Conclusion.
A special place among the subjects of customs law is occupied by state customs officers working both in customs authorities and in other organizations subordinate to the State Customs Committee of Russia, directly involved in the implementation of customs affairs in the country.
The concept of "customs service", like many other legal categories, can be considered in a broad and narrow sense of the word. In a broad sense, the customs service should be understood as the totality of customs authorities and other organizations of the State Customs Committee of Russia directly involved in the implementation of customs affairs, the legal status of officials of customs authorities, as well as the procedure and conditions for performing public service in customs authorities and organizations of the customs service. The customs service in the narrow sense is a type of professional activity to ensure the powers of the customs authorities.
A state customs officer is a citizen of the Russian Federation who, in accordance with the procedure established by law, performs the duties of his position in the customs bodies and organizations of the customs service for a monetary remuneration paid from the federal budget, and who, in the manner prescribed by law, has been awarded a special rank.
The position should be understood as a separate and fixed in official documents part of the organizational structure of the customs authority with the corresponding part of the competence of this customs authority, granted to a person - a civil servant for the purpose of its practical implementation. The position determines the scope of official duties, the rights and limits of responsibility of the state customs officer, the requirements for his professional and qualification training. It reflects the content of the work performed by the customs officer and defines it. legal status in the general system of the state customs service.
The content of the activities of the customs authorities is the performance of their functions to implement the tasks of the customs business in the country. There are many ways to implement these functions, so the form of activity must be characterized, first of all, as a part, more precisely, one of the parts into which the activities of the customs authorities for the implementation of the functions assigned to them can be divided. Moreover, this part of the activity, firstly, must be objectively expressed in some way, and secondly, it must differ from other forms of similar activity.
Legality is one of the basic principles of the state customs service. It has a constitutional basis and means that all the activities of the customs authorities and their officials must be carried out on the basis of strict and unswerving compliance with the requirements of the current Russian legislation. Strict service discipline must also be observed in each customs authority or organization of the customs service.
The implementation of general supervision over the activities of customs authorities and their officials is within the competence of the prosecutor's office, whose activities are regulated by the law of the Russian Federation. In case of detection of violations in the activities of the customs authorities and their officials, the prosecutor is obliged to respond appropriately: bringing a protest, making a presentation and issuing an appropriate decision.
List of used literature:
2. Federal Law No. 164-FZ of December 8, 2003 "On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activities" (as amended on February 2, 2006)
3. Federal law in the Russian Federation "On currency regulation and currency control" dated 10.12.2003 173-FZ (as amended on 2207.2008)
4. Legal support of the new organization and activities of customs authorities: the state and tasks of further improvement (A.F. Nozdrachev, "Legislation and Economics", N 2, 3, 4, February, March, April 2008)
5. Stages of customs clearance (Berator "Practical encyclopedia of an accountant. Currency. Export. Import") (as amended in November 2007)
6. Control customs value in the system of state regulation of foreign economic activity (A.V. Agapova, "Financial Bulletin: Finance, Taxes, Insurance, Accounting", N 1, January 2008)
7. Order Federal Service on technical and export control of April 4, 2008. N 79 "On approval of the Administrative Regulations of the Federal Service for Technical and Export Control for the performance of the state function of issuing opinions on the application of non-tariff regulation measures in the implementation of foreign economic activity"
8. Order of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation of February 27, 2008. N 79 "On approval of the Recommendations on the organization of work on the collection and processing of information for the preparation of schedules for the transportation of oil outside the customs territory of the Russian Federation and the transit of oil of the CIS member states through the customs territory of the Russian Federation "
9. Gabrichidze B.N. Customs law.2nd ed., corrected. and additional - L.: Law and Law, 2007. - 500 p.
10. Khalipov S.V. Customs law (Customs regulation of foreign economic activity). 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - M.: IKD Zertsalo, 2008. - 276 p.
Elasticity of demand
Change in demand
Change in demand
Demand for resources
Price elasticity
Influence and dependence of demand on supply
Demand(in economics) - this is the quantity of a product that buyers are able and willing to buy at a given price. full demand for product is the total demand for this product for various prices.
The concept of demand, its elasticity
Demand is determined by the solvent needs of buyers. Demand is depicted as a graph showing the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to buy at a certain price of the possible prices within a certain period of time. It shows the quantity of goods for which demand will be presented at different prices and the quantity that consumers will buy at different possible prices. demand - the maximum at which acquirer willing to buy this product. Demand quantities must have a certain value and refer to a certain period of time. The fundamental property of demand is as follows: with all other parameters unchanged, a decrease in price leads to a corresponding increase in the quantity demanded. There are times when practical data contradict law demand, but this does not mean its violation, but only a violation of the assumption, other things being equal. Any price set by the firm, one way or another, will affect the level of demand for the product. The relationship between the price and the resulting level of demand is represented by the well-known demand curve. The curve shows how much product will be sold for market during a specific period of time at different prices that may be charged within a given period of time. In a normal situation, demand and price are inversely proportional, i.e. the higher the price, the lower the demand. And accordingly, the lower the price, the higher the demand. So by raising the price of a product, it will sell a smaller quantity of the product. Consumers with a limited budget, faced with a choice of alternative products, will buy more those products whose prices are acceptable to them.
Most demand curves tend downward in straight or curved lines.
characteristic of consumer goods. However, in cases with prestige goods, the demand curve has a positive slope, that is, when the price of a product increases, the quantity of its sale increases. In this case, consumers considered a higher price as an indicator of more High Quality or greater desirability of these spirits. However, if the price rises further, the demand for goods may fall.
Doer market you need to know how sensitive demand is to price changes. Elasticity of demand - change in demand for a given product under the influence of economic and social factors associated with price changes; demand can be elastic if the percentage change in its volume exceeds the decrease in the price level, and inelastic if the rate of price decrease is greater than the increase in demand. Economists use the concept of price elasticity to measure the sensitivity of consumers to changes in the price of a product. If small changes in price lead to large changes in the quantity purchased, then such demand is called relatively elastic or simply elastic. If a significant change in price leads to a small change in the number of purchases, then such demand is relatively inelastic or simply inelastic.
If a change in price does not lead to any change in the quantity demanded, then such demand is perfectly inelastic. If the least price drop encourages buyers to increase their purchases from zero to the limit of their capabilities, then such demand is perfectly elastic.
What determines price elasticity of demand? demand is likely to be less elastic under the following circumstances:
There is little or no replacement for the product, or there are no competitors;
buyers do not immediately notice the increase in prices;
shoppers are slowly changing their shopping habits and
not in a hurry to look for cheaper goods;
buyers believe that the increased price is justified
product quality improvement, natural growth inflation etc.
Demand quantity
It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of the magnitude of demand and demand. The quantity demanded is the willingness to buy a certain amount of a product at one particular price, and the total demand for a commodity is a set of quantities demanded at all possible prices, that is, a functional dependence of the quantity demanded on price. As a rule, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded, and vice versa. In some cases, there is a so-called paradoxical demand (Giffen product) - an increase in the quantity demanded with an increase in price. Demand is also characterized by elasticity. If, with an increase or decrease in price, the product is bought in almost the same quantities, then such demand is called inelastic. If a change in price leads to a sharp change in the quantity demanded, then it is elastic.
Inelastic, as a rule, the demand for basic necessities, the demand for other goods is usually more elastic. Paradoxical is often the demand for luxury items or status attributes. One of the fundamental concepts of a market economy, which means the desire, the intention of buyers and consumers to purchase this product, supported by a monetary opportunity. S. is characterized by its value, which means the amount of a product that is willing and able to purchase at a given price at a given period time. The volume and structure of S. depend both on product prices and on other, non-price factors, such as fashion, consumer incomes, and so on. from the price of other goods, including substitute goods and related, related goods. The following types of S. are distinguished: individual - S. of one person, market - S. published on the market and cumulative - S. in all markets of a given product or for all produced and sold goods. Demand is characterized by its magnitude, which means the quantity of a product that the buyer is willing and able to purchase at a given price at a given time. period time. The volume and structure of demand depend both on product prices and on non-price factors such as fashion, income consumers, as well as the price of other goods, including substitute goods.
Distinguish:
individual demand,
market demand,
aggregate demand.
For managers company(firm) it is important to know more or less reliably the volume of market demand, market capacity, expected demand for those goods that firm(organization) will offer to the market. Depending on the level of demand, the following types of it are distinguished:
negative demand
hidden demand,
falling demand,
irregular demand,
full demand,
excessive demand,
irrational demand,
lack of product.
The given states of demand correspond to a certain type of marketing. For managers According to the analysis of market conditions, an important task is not only knowledge about the presence of demand, but the need to determine the magnitude of demand, both current (at the moment) and expected in the future (prospective), in order to reasonably determine the development of production of goods. The level of individual (separate purchaser) demand and market demand depends on numerous factors that must be taken into account in marketing management, in the management of a firm (firm).
The Market and the Law of Demand
Market - an indirect, mediated relationship between producers and consumers of products in the form of the sale of goods, the scope of sales and commodity-money relations, as well as the entire set of means, methods, tools, organizational and legal norms, structures, etc., ensuring the functioning of such relations. The market is the only system of purchase and sale relations, the structural elements of which are the markets for goods, capital, labor, securities, ideas, information etc. The market is the basis of a market economy.
A market is a tool or mechanism that brings together buyers (demanders) and sellers (suppliers) of individual goods and services. Some markets are local, while others are international or national. Some are distinguished by personal contact between the demander and the supplier, while others are impersonal - they are the buyer and salesman never see or know each other at all,
The state of the market is determined by the ratio of the magnitude of demand and suggestions
Ask sentence- interdependent elements of the market mechanism, where demand is determined by the solvent needs of buyers (consumers), and - a set of goods offered sellers(manufacturers); the ratio between them develops into an inversely proportional relationship, determining the corresponding changes in the level of prices for goods.
Demand is depicted as a graph showing the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to buy at a certain price from the prices available over a certain period of time. Demand expresses a range of alternative possibilities that can be represented in a table. It shows the quantity of goods for which (ceteris paribus) will be demanded at different prices. Demand measures the quantity of a good that consumers will buy at different possible prices. The bid price is the maximum price at which the buyer is willing to buy the product.
Demand quantities must have a certain value and refer to a certain period of time. The fundamental property of demand is as follows: with all other parameters unchanged price drop leads to a corresponding increase in demand. There are times when practical data contradict the law of demand, but this does not mean its violation, but only a violation of the assumption, other things being equal.
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The existence of the law of demand is confirmed by some facts:
1. Usually people actually buy a given product more at a low price than at a high one. The very fact that companies are throwing "sales" is clear evidence of their belief in the law of demand. Businesses are reducing their inventory not by raising prices, but by lowering them.
Encyclopedia of the investor. 2013 .
Synonyms:Antonyms:
See what "Demand" is in other dictionaries:
demand- Demand, and... Russian spelling dictionary
Demand- The law of supply and demand Demand (in economics) is the relationship between the price (P) and the quantity of goods (Q) that buyers can and are willing to buy at a strictly defined price, in a certain period of time. Full demand for goods ... ... Wikipedia
DEMAND- (demand) The quantity of goods and services that buyers are willing to purchase. The demand function establishes the relationship between the volume of demand and the factors determining it, which include: consumer income, the price of a given product and prices ... ... Economic dictionary
DEMAND- DEMAND, demand, husband. 1. Action according to Ch. ask in 1, 2 and 3 digits. ask (colloquial). "Trying is not torture, demand is not a problem." (last) “You didn’t miss answering the demand.” Nekrasov. “They embarrassed me with incessant demand about the master: what, they say, but how ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
DEMAND- the need for goods and services, provided with the necessary monetary and other means of payment (the solvency of buyers). Dictionary of financial terms. Demand Demand is a specific need backed by purchasing power. Financial vocabulary
Definition of demand
Any entrepreneur, supplying a product to the market, first of all faces the problem of demand for this product. Suppose he intends to invest money in the production of leather bags. But for this, he first of all should establish whether there is a demand for bags and what is its value.
Demand is determined by the desire of consumers to purchase a product. But define demand in an economy based only on the desires of buyers is almost impossible and fraught with serious errors. It is safe to assume that almost all students want to have Reebok shoes, but the manufacturers of these sneakers will make a serious mistake if they focus only on the desires of students. It is clear to everyone that today this desire is far from feasible for all schoolchildren.
In addition to the desire to have sneakers, you must have the opportunity to buy them, and for this you need to have about $ 120 in your wallet. Those who do not have such an amount of money will not be able to fulfill their desire, and for this group of buyers, manufacturers of this goods should not be guided. Consequently,
Demand should not be equated with the magnitude of demand. What determines the amount of demand?
First of all, the quantity demanded will be determined by the price level. Let's say we did a survey. large group possible buyers, as a result of which it was possible to identify the following relationship between the magnitude of demand and the price of the goods, which is presented in Table. 3-1.
Table 3-1 shows that an increase in price is accompanied by a decrease in the quantity demanded. So, at a price of 10 r. per bow of a commodity, the quantity demanded will be equal to 50 pieces of the commodity. 1price increase to 15 p. will entail a decrease in the quantity demanded to 42 pieces, etc.
This dependence of the quantity demanded on the price level is called the scale of demand. Determining the magnitude of demand and its dependence on price, we have in mind a set time and place. If our study had been conducted in a different country, region, or time, perhaps each price level would have corresponded to a different quantity demanded. That's why,
The established relationship between the price and the quantity demanded can also be depicted in the form of a graph (see Fig. 3-1).
The DD curve obtained on the chart (from the English demand - demand) is called the demand curve. Each point of this curve reflects the dependence of the quantity demanded on the price level. The DD curve is constructed in accordance with the data given in Table. 3-1.
The demand curve can be viewed from two perspectives:
For any particular price, the quantity demanded indicates the maximum quantity of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase;
For any given volume of demand, a maximum price is set at which sellers will be able to sell a given quantity of goods.
Law of demand
Any competitive market where goods are exchanged has its own market laws. They are a characteristic feature of the economic response of the parties to the ratio of the quantity of exchanged goods and their pricing policy. One of the most important laws that are involved in the process of commodity exchange and pricing is the law of demand.
The law of demand is such a law, in which, with an increase in the price of a product, the quantity demanded decreases, and a decrease in prices leads to an increase in demand for this product. It can be said with certainty that the law of demand is the link with which the quantity of the purchased goods and its price are connected.
That is, the originality of this law lies in the inverse relationship that exists between the price and the quantity of the purchased goods. You have probably observed more than once how, with an increase in price, the number of goods purchased by the consumer immediately decreases, and vice versa - if the price of a product decreases, then the quantity of goods sold immediately increases, as consumers like to purchase goods in reserve.
Just as naturally, there is such a tendency, when the quantity of a commodity on the market increases, then it can be sold, provided that the price of it decreases. And, probably, you noticed that if there is a shortage of goods familiar to the buyer, then the price for them instantly rises, but, as a result, demand.
But you can also observe another feature of the law of demand, in which the demand of buyers is decreasing. Such a decrease in purchases of a particular product is no longer due to high price, but due to the saturation of the market with this product. As a rule, such a glut occurs because, due to the low price, the population has made many purchases of the same product and the moment has come when such purchases are reduced, although the price of it has remained low.
Now we can highlight such important features of the market that the law of demand dictates to us.
The first such feature can be called the inverse relationship that was established between the price and the quantity of goods that the consumer buys;
The second important feature of the law of demand is such a pattern as a gradual decrease in demand for any commodity exchanged on the market.
Effects affecting the law of demand
As we already know that the demand for a product is not always the same, since different effects can have different effects on its value. These can include the following effects:
Firstly, this is the “herd effect” or when the moments of joining the majority work, according to the principle “probably come in handy”;
Secondly, this is the Veblen effect or it is also called the conspicuous consumption effect.
Thirdly, the snob effect also affects demand.
And now let's try to understand in more detail such effects that affect our choice and demand.
The effect of joining the majority
The pattern of this effect is that many people succumb to the herd mentality and buy the product that everyone buys. As a rule, it is dictated by fashion. Each person strives to be in trend, keep up with fashion trends, be on a par with others and maintain a common style.
snob effect
But unlike the previous one, the snob effect is that the consumer tries to stand out from the crowd and acquires such a special product that will be different from the majority. He will never buy what attracts the majority. In this example, we can also say that the choice of a snob buyer depends on the choice of other consumers, but with the only difference that such a dependence is inverse.
Veblen effect
The next is the Veblen effect. It got its name from an American economist and sociologist who developed his theory and published it in a book called The Theory of the Leisure Class. In his theory, Thorstein Veblen tried to explain such a concept as prestigious and ostentatious consumption. That is, in this case, a person acquires some thing not because it is vital for him, but for the purpose of prestige, in order to impress others and other consumers. With such an acquisition, a person wants to emphasize his belonging to a high status.
In this case, such a buyer is not so much interested in the characteristics and quality of this product as in the price that he is willing to pay. That is, in this case it is worth talking not about the real price of this product, but about the prestigious one. After all, the real price is the price that a person really paid for the product, and prestige.
Law of Demand Factors
It will not be a secret to anyone that the main factor on which demand depends is the price or the price factor.
But besides the price, there are also factors that relate to non-price factors. These factors are:
Patterns of the law of demand
To justify the reliability of the law of demand, several arguments can be proposed.
1. In the vast majority of cases, there is a so-called price barrier: if the price rises, then for some part of the people the product is not available, and they will be forced to refuse to buy it; the higher the price, the more people will be for whom the price barrier will be insurmountable; sales, widely practiced in all countries, when in order to increase the volume of demand the price is sharply reduced, sometimes to the level of the cost of liquidating the goods, can serve as an example of lowering the price barrier.
2. An increase in the volume of demand with a decrease in price can be justified by the income effect arising from this. An income effect occurs when a reduction in the price of a good saves some of the buyer's income; the income itself in this case does not change absolutely, but the saving gives the buyer the opportunity to purchase an additional amount of goods for the amount of money saved. For example, if the price of bananas drops from 30 p. up to 20 rubles, the buyer instead of 2 kg of bananas for 60 rubles. will be able to buy 3 kg, although his income has not changed. It rose only relative to the falling price of bananas.
3. An increase in the volume of demand with a decrease in price is also explained by the substitution effect. This effect is related to the problem of choice. If, of two interchangeable goods, one becomes cheaper, then the buyer will give preference to the cheaper product and reduce purchases of the other, which has become more expensive relative to the first. So, if pears fell 1.5 times in price, and the price of apples did not change, many consumers will reduce their purchases of apples and purchase more pears.
4. An increase in the magnitude of demand with a decrease in price can also be explained by the principle of decreasing marginal (additional) utility of a product. Imagine that you are on a hot afternoon at the beach and you are thirsty. Entrepreneurial people will take advantage of this and offer you to buy a bottle of Fanta. The pleasure or utility you get from the first bottle you drink will be very great. The second will bring you less pleasure, i.e., its marginal utility will be less; but most of you will agree to buy the third bottle only if it is offered to you at a lower price, since its marginal utility will be very low, and for some it will even become negative.
The above arguments allow us to explain why the demand curve is directed downward from left to right, that is, it has a negative slope: a decrease in the price segment on the vertical axis is accompanied by an increase in the segment reflecting the magnitude of demand on the horizontal axis.
Are there exceptions to this rule?
Giffen effect
The English economist and statistician Robert Giffen (1837-1910) described a situation where an increase in price leads to an increase in the quantity demanded. This situation has been called the Giffen effect. He watched how poor working-class families increased their consumption of potatoes, despite the rise in price. The explanation boils down to the fact that potatoes occupied a large share of the cost of food in poor families. Other food they could afford infrequently. And if there was an increase in the price of potatoes, the poor family was forced to abandon the purchase of meat and other whole foods and spend all their small income on the purchase of goods such as potatoes. The demand curve in this case would have a positive slope.
Other factors affecting demand
Considering the effect of price on the magnitude of demand, we have simplified the situation compared to what happens in real life. We assumed that other factors that affect the magnitude of demand remain unchanged. However, in practice, changes in demand depend on a number of factors that are not related to changes in the price of a given product.
Let's return to our example and suppose that in the surveyed group potential buyers of this product, there was a change in the income of their families: wages increased. How will this affect the scale and demand curve?
Under the new conditions, the scale of demand is shown in Table 3-2.
Consideration of the scale of demand allows us to conclude that the pattern of interaction between the magnitude of demand and price has been preserved: an increase in price leads to a decrease in the volume of demand. But now each price value corresponds to a larger amount of demand. In conditions of general income growth, and at low, high, and average prices, more purchases will be made. How will this affect the chart?
Let's build a new demand curve D"D" next to the previous DD curve.
The graph shows that the demand curve has shifted to the right, indicating a change in demand. Now we must make a significant refinement of the two concepts - demand and magnitude of demand - and distinguish between them.
A change in the magnitude of demand is caused only by a change in the price of a given commodity and can be illustrated by movement along the points of the demand curve. For example, moving from point A to point B and C on the DD curve shows that a decrease in the price of a good leads to an increase in the quantity demanded.
The change in demand, its growth or decrease, will be reflected in the new position of the demand curve relative to the original one. An increase in demand, for example, due to an increase in income, will shift the demand curve to the right, and a decrease in income will lead to a decrease in demand, in this case the demand curve will shift to the left.
What factors lead to a shift in the demand curve, i.e., cause an increase or decrease in demand?
1. The level of income of buyers. We have already analyzed the influence of this factor. Here we need to clarify that the growth of incomes of buyers affects the demand for different types of goods differently. Distinguish between "lower" and "normal" goods.
The "inferior" goods include those goods that are usually purchased by people with low incomes. These are less valuable goods, although their quality may be good. For example, “inferior” goods include cereals, bread, pasta, second-hand goods, shoe repair services, etc.
As household incomes rise, the demand for “lower” goods decreases, and the demand curve shifts to the left. People buy less bread, margarine, cereals, replacing them with fruits, vegetables, meat, butter, refuse to repair worn shoes, buying new ones, etc.
“Normal” goods are more valuable, more useful goods. Their consumption reflects high level the welfare of the people. If consumers' incomes rise, they increase their purchases of "normal" goods, such as meats, valuable fish, vegetables, fruits, sports equipment, travel agencies, etc. Demand for these increases, the demand curve shifts upward to the right.
2. Tastes and preferences of consumers. Consumer tastes and preferences change quite often. They depend on successful advertising campaign, explanatory work (for example, about the dangers of smoking), marketing activities related to sales promotion, the emergence of new products, changes in fashion, the season of the year.
3. The demand for goods will change if the prices of other goods that are in any way related to this product change. In this regard, it is necessary to distinguish between interchangeable and complementary goods.
Interchangeable goods are a group of goods that satisfy similar needs. For example, various laundry detergents, certain types of soft drinks, etc. If the price of washing powders increases significantly, the demand for soap will increase, since it will be relatively cheaper. Then the demand curve for soap will shift
to the right. If the price of Pepsi-Cola decreases, the demand for Fanta will decrease and the demand curve for Fanta will shift to the left.
Complementary goods are goods that cannot be consumed one without the other. Examples of complementary goods are cameras and film, tape recorders and cassettes, tennis rackets and tennis balls, and so on. If the price of tennis rackets increases, the demand for balls will fall. Then the demand curve for tennis balls will shift to the left.
4. Expectation of changes in income and prices. The demand for goods is related to the expected changes in income and prices. If a decision is made to increase wages in the coming month, before their incomes rise, people will start buying more goods. They will give up part of their savings, make delayed purchases, which will cause an increase in demand for goods.
The same effect is caused by the expectation of rising prices. In this case, people will try to stock up on goods for future use and spend money that is expected to depreciate in the near future. The demand for goods will increase, whether they are expensive or cheap.
5. Change in the number of buyers. Demand will rise if there is an increase in the number of buyers. So, if a tray with ice cream is brought to the school building, many schoolchildren, passing by, will want to buy this delicacy, since they will not have to run to the nearest supermarket during recess. In this case, the demand for ice cream will increase. More will be bought as its inexpensive varieties, as well as those that are more expensive.
An increase in the birth rate will cause an increase in demand for goods children's assortment.
Ivanov S.I., Sheremetova V.V., Sklyar M.A. and others / Ed. Ivanova S.I. Economics (profile level), grades 10-11, Vita-Press
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