Optimization of inventory management of a trading enterprise. Management of commodity stocks at the enterprise. Auto-order Optimization of commodity stocks of a trading enterprise

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INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the thesis is as follows. Stocks are one of the most important factors in ensuring the constancy and continuity of reproduction. This important role is played by all components of the total material stock, including inventories held by the enterprise in the sectors of circulation.

It is generally accepted that the products of labor are classified as commodity stocks at enterprises in the sectors of circulation from the moment they arrive at these enterprises until the moment they are loaded onto vehicles for shipment or direct transfer to consumers.

The continuity of production requires that there is always a sufficient amount of raw materials and materials to fully meet the needs of production at any time of their use. Therefore, the need for an uninterrupted supply of production in conditions of continuity of demand and discreteness of supplies determines the creation of inventories at enterprises.

The relevance of the topic of the thesis work is associated with a significant spread of the phenomenon under study and lies in the need to develop recommendations for improving work in the area under consideration.

The object of study of the thesis is the relationship and processes occurring in such an area as inventory management in supply chains.

The subject of the study is the relationship arising in the process of planning, organizing and managing inventories, as well as the study of issues of the nature and significance of inventories.

Despite the fact that now there is a tendency to accelerate the turnover of inventories per enterprise, and consequently a decrease in the size of inventories, up to working with wheels, inventories still play a major role in providing the enterprise with normal rhythmic working conditions.

Their comprehensive study and correct understanding of the essence of inventories, their significance and role in the economy of enterprises and associations, is among the most important problems in saving and rational use material resources of the country and the tasks of improving the material and technical supply of the national economy.

The purpose of this work is to develop proposals for improving the efficiency of inventory management.

To achieve the goal of the study, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

To reveal the functional role of stocks in the production process;

To analyze the western experience of reserve management and evaluate the possibility of its application in our conditions;

Consider the methods of rationing the reserves of the enterprise;

To form possible options for the correct choice of a system for controlling the level of stocks;

It is possible to achieve the set goals and objectives only with a deep understanding of the essence of inventories that are part of the total product.

In this thesis the following research methods were used:

literature analysis;

* analysis of regulatory documents;

* study and generalization of domestic and foreign practice;

* comparison;

* modeling;

* theoretical analysis and synthesis;

* concretization and idealization;

* induction and deduction;

* classification.

The structure of the work is determined by the subject, purpose and objectives of the study. The work consists of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion.

The introduction reveals the relevance, determines the degree of scientific development of the topic, object, subject, goal, objectives and methods of research, reveals the theoretical and practical significance of the work.

1.1 The role and task of stocks in the enterprise

At the level of firms, stocks are among the objects that require large investments, and therefore represent one of the factors that determine the policy of the enterprise and affect the level of logistics services as a whole. However, many firms do not pay enough attention to it and constantly underestimate their future needs for cash reserves. As a result, firms typically find themselves having to invest more capital in inventories than anticipated.

Changes in the volume of inventories largely depend on the currently prevailing attitude of entrepreneurs towards them, which, of course, is determined by market conditions.

When the bulk of entrepreneurs are optimistic about the possibilities of economic growth, they expand their operations, increase the volume of investments in the creation of reserves. However, fluctuations in the levels of the latter are not caused by investment alone. Important factors here are the quality of decisions made, as well as what specific inventory management technology is used.

More than 20 years ago, Western economists tried to establish to what extent it was possible to keep the ratio of stocks and sales unchanged. Using the "fixed accelerator" equation

where J is the level of stocks, units, D is demand and k is the coefficient of uneven demand, they came to the conclusion that such a simple dependence does not correspond to real inventory management.

Using a larger amount of various data for a very long period, and using a modified version of the specified accelerator ("flexible accelerator"), foreign researchers suggested that firms carry out only a partial adjustment of their stocks, bringing them closer to the desired level during each of the periods of production. Over a twelve-month period, the difference between desired and actual inventory levels could only be reduced by 50%. This change is explained mainly by the improvement of the inventory management system based on the use of computer technology.

A number of US scientists have concluded that if 75% of fluctuations in the level of investment in inventories could be controlled, the economy of this country would not experience any of the post-war recessions, during which prices, output and profits fell, and unemployment grew.

The task of inventory is to provide the enterprise with the necessary material resources, in order to ensure the normal operation of the enterprise.

Inventories have always been considered a factor that ensures the security of the logistics system, its flexible functioning, and was a kind of "insurance".

Since the creation of inventories in firms of various sectors of the economy is determined by the specific role that they play in the production process, differences in approaches to capital investment policy in this area and to determining the priority of tasks solved in the course of production are also explainable. In firms of some branches of the national economy, the main task is to control raw materials, in others - to finished products, and in enterprises of industries that produce investment goods, most of the organizational efforts are concentrated on controlling work in progress.

Thus, firms that produce railway rolling stock produce these products according to consumer orders. No one will simply create stocks of, for example, diesel engines. Only minimal stocks are created in the garment industry finished products, which is explained by the inconstancy of tastes and fashion. In the latter case, a significant part of the funds is invested in work in progress - semi-finished products that are prepared in order to quickly respond to changing needs of the product market.

The situation is exactly opposite in the firms that produce tires. Success here mainly depends on how quickly demand is met, and therefore finished products must be available. Custom tires are rarely produced because consumers have a preference for a particular grade or brand of product. Here, the repeated sale to the same consumer of the same (according to the nomenclature) product is characteristic.

Investment in stocks of raw materials and work in progress in tire firms is kept to a minimum.

Many of the firms operating in various sectors of the economy are relatively successful in investing in inventories.

At the same time, in a large number of firms there is an opinion that inventory management is the responsibility of the lowest level of management - a purely technical task. At the same time, American specialists who analyzed the policy on stockpile management trading firms(retail and wholesale), operating in 17 different sectors of the economy, came to the conclusion that if a typical not successful firm did the same thing as a successful one, then it would be able to achieve an acceleration in inventory turnover twice, i.e. with the same turnover, it could reduce inventory by 50%.

Capital turnover ratios are characterized by significant variability and differ significantly not only for successful and not successful companies, but also for firms of various types. The latter is mainly due to the specifics of the cost structure that exists in the sectors of the national economy, seasonal sales fluctuations, the rules of competition adopted in a particular sector of the economy, the level of profitability, the style of enterprise management and the nature of business operations. Thus, the listed circumstances should be attributed to very important factors that have a serious impact on the effectiveness of the policy of any company in the field of creating and selling stocks.

There are three types of inventory: raw materials (including components and fuel); goods at the manufacturing stage; finished products. Depending on their intended purpose, they are divided into the following categories:

a) technological (transitional) stocks moving from one part of the logistics system to another;

b) current (cyclical) stocks created during the average production period, or stocks of one batch of goods;

i) reserve (insurance or "buffer"): sometimes they are called "stocks to compensate for random fluctuations in demand" (this category of stocks also includes speculative stocks created in case of expected changes in demand or supply for a particular product, for example, in connection with with labor conflicts, price hikes or pent-up demand).

Thus, there are many reasons for the creation of inventories in firms, however, they all have in common the desire of subjects production activities to economic security. At the same time, it should be noted that the cost of creating stocks and the uncertainty of sales conditions do not contribute to the increase in the importance of an expensive backup “safety” network in the eyes of company management, since they objectively contradict the increase in production efficiency.

One of the strongest incentives to create reserves is the cost of their negative level (deficit). In the presence of a shortage of stocks, there are three types of possible costs, listed below in order of increasing negative impact:

1) costs due to non-fulfillment of the order (delay in sending the ordered goods) - additional costs for promoting and sending the goods of the order that cannot be fulfilled at the expense of the available inventory:

2) costs in connection with the loss of sales - in cases where a regular customer applies for this purchase to some other company (such costs are measured in terms of revenue lost due to the failure to carry out a trade transaction);

3) costs due to the loss of the customer - in cases where the lack of stocks results not only in the loss of a particular trade transaction, but also in the fact that the customer begins to constantly look for other sources of supply (such costs are measured in terms of total revenue that could be to receive from the implementation of all potential transactions of the customer with the firm).

The first two types of costs are obviously among the so-called "time costs of the firm as a result of the adoption of an alternative course."

The third type of cost is difficult to calculate, since hypothetical customers are different and so are the corresponding costs. However, it is very important for the firm that the estimate of this type of cost is as close as possible to the amount of costs that could actually occur.

It should be borne in mind that the cost of a shortage of inventory is more than just the cost of forgone trade deals or unsold orders. This includes lost production time, lost labor time, and possibly lost time due to costly production interruptions between complex processes.

Technological and transitional reserves. At any given time in a supply chain, there are usually certain inventories moving from one part of the supply chain to another. In the same cases of logistics, when the movement of stocks from one level to another takes a long time, the volumes of transitional stocks will be large. With long lead times for the implementation of orders (for example, with long periods of time between the manufacture of goods and their arrival in finished form at the warehouse), the total amount of technological reserves will be relatively large. In the same way, with long time intervals, between the moment the goods leave the warehouse and the moment they are received by the customer, a large amount of transitional stocks will accumulate. For example, with an average level of demand for this product, equal to 200 items per week, and its delivery time to the customer, equal to two weeks, the total volume of transitional stocks of this product will average 400 items.

To calculate (estimate) the average number of technological or transitional inventories in a given logistics system as a whole, the following formula is used:

where J is the total volume of technological or transitional (in the process of transportation) inventory; S -- the average rate of sales of these stocks for a given period of time; T is the average transportation time.

One-lot inventory, or cyclical inventory.

A feature of most business systems is that goods are ordered in quantities that are in excess of what is currently needed. There are a number of reasons for this, such as: a delay in receiving the ordered goods in full, which forces customers (especially intermediaries) to keep certain goods in stock for some time; discounts provided to customers when selling goods to them in large quantities; taxation of trade transactions with a minimum lot size, which makes it unprofitable to send goods to the customer in quantities less than the established size, and some others.

However, there are certain restrictions on the size of inventory. The limiter is the cost of their storage. Therefore, there is a need to achieve a balance between the advantages and disadvantages, on the one hand, of ordering, and on the other hand, of storing goods.

This balance is achieved by choosing the optimal volume of batches of ordered goods, or by determining the economic (optimal) order size - "economic order quantity" (EOQ), which is calculated by the formula "

where A -- production costs; D -- the average level of demand; v -- unit costs of production; d - storage costs.

Reserve, or "buffer", inventories serve as a kind of "emergency" source of supply in cases where demand for a given product exceeds expectations. In practice, the demand for goods can be accurately predicted extremely rarely. The same applies to the accuracy of predicting the timing of orders. Hence the need to create reserve inventories.

To some extent, the services offered by a company are a function of its safety stock, and vice versa: a company's safety stock is a function of its services It is clear that a company will try to minimize its safety stock levels in accordance with its declared customer service strategy. Here again, a trade-off becomes necessary, this time between the cost of holding reserve stocks designed to accommodate unexpected fluctuations in demand, and the benefits accruing to the company in maintaining this level of service to its customers.

Therefore, determining the exact level of buffer stock required depends on three factors, namely:

1) possible fluctuations in the timing of the restoration of the level of stocks;

2) fluctuations in demand for the relevant goods during the period of implementation of the order;

3) the company's customer service strategy.

Determining the exact level of safety stock needed in the face of volatile lead times and fluctuating demand for goods and materials is not an easy task. The probabilistic nature of the above fluctuations and volatility means that adequate modeling or simulation is usually required to find satisfactory solutions to reserve inventory problems.

1.3 Classification by location

Logistics, with the aim of improving the efficiency of the functioning of organizations and the economy as a whole, deals with the management of the flow of material resources. The subject of study is not the material resources themselves, but their movement in space and time. In this case, movement is understood as a continuous change in the state of material resources in terms of quantity, quality, and location. It was movement as a subject of study that allowed logistics to take the place of an independent science.

Speaking about the logistics subsystem dealing with stocks of material resources, it is necessary to link the concept of stocks with the subject of the science of logistics, i.e. with the movement of the material flow within which these stocks are created.

In the previous section, it was shown how material flows in the logistics system of the economy are related to the material flows of the organizations that make up this system and how material flows move within the organization. Regardless of whether material flows are external to the organization or internal, when fixing their location, we are faced with the concept of stocks. We can say that the stock is a form of existence of the material flow.

Fixing the location of the stock does not limit the second parameter of movement - time. A feature of logistics is the study of the stock as an object that is constantly changing over time. The issue of the transformation of stocks from one type and another, associated with a change in their spatial position, is also relevant. Thus, the issue of reserves classification is necessary to solve at least two tasks:

1) concretization of the object of study within a given material flow

2) inventory management within a given logistics system.

The classification criteria can be two parameters that define the concept of movement. This is space and time. The inventory quantity parameter is inseparable from the time parameter. The stock quality dimension is demand-specific and does not result in stock types being allocated.

Before proceeding to describe the types of reserves, it is necessary to define reserves.

Stocks of raw materials, materials, components and finished products are material assets awaiting production or personal consumption.

The introduction of such a definition leads to three conclusions:

1. There is no fundamental difference in the process of working with stocks of products of various types (raw materials, materials, components, finished products), since the only function of the stock is to meet the needs.

2. The determining factor for the size of the stock is the nature of the consumption of the stock of a given type of product.

3. The type of stock depends on the requirement that the stock satisfies.

The first conclusion is related to the criterion of classification by the location of the stock. We will not make reservations about the type of product from which this or that stock is created, since this is immaterial.

The second conclusion is related to the classification criterion by time, which allows us to distinguish different types of reserves depending on their size. We will not talk about the specific sizes of stocks that define the boundaries of one or another species, but we will limit ourselves to describing possible categories, since a more detailed study of the stock is associated with the peculiarities of its consumption.

The third conclusion allows you to add another classification criterion - this is the stock function.

So, we have determined that the criteria for classifying stocks can be two parameters of the movement of material flows - space (or location) and time, as well as a stock function.

Classification by location is shown in fig. 1. All stocks held in the economy are defined as cumulative. They include raw materials, materials, main and auxiliary, semi-finished products, parts, finished products, as well as spare parts for the repair of means of production.

The main part of the total stocks of production is the items of production included in material flow at various stages of its technological processing.

The total stocks of production are divided into two types: production and commodity stocks.

Industrial stocks are formed in consumer organizations. Commodity stocks are located at the manufacturing organizations in the warehouses of finished products, as well as in the channels of the sphere of circulation. Stocks in the channels of the sphere of circulation are divided into stocks and ways and stocks at trade enterprises. Inventory in transit (or transport inventory) is at the time of accounting in transit from suppliers to consumers.

Each individual organization in the supply chain of suppliers and consumers is, on the one hand, a supplier organization, and on the other hand, a manufacturing organization. Consequently, production and commodity stocks are always available at the enterprise.

1.4 Classification by executable function

Classification according to the performed function of stocks allows you to divide production and commodity stocks into several groups (see Fig. 1). At the same time, production and commodity stocks as a whole have their own specific functions.

Industrial stocks are intended for industrial consumption.

They must ensure the continuity of the production process. Industrial stocks are taken into account in natural, conditionally natural and cost meters. These include objects of labor that have arrived at the consumer at various levels, but have not yet been used or recycled.

Commodity stocks are necessary for uninterrupted provision of consumers with material resources.

Industrial and commodity stocks are subdivided into current, preparatory, insurance, seasonal and passing.

Current stocks ensure the continuity of supply of the production process between two deliveries, as well as trade organizations and consumers. Current stocks make up the bulk of production and inventory. Their value is constantly changing.

Preparatory stocks (or buffer stocks) are allocated from production stocks if they need additional preparation before being used in production (drying wood, for example).

Preparatory stocks of commodity means of production are formed if it is necessary to prepare material resources for release to consumers.

Warranty stocks (or insurance stocks) are intended for continuous supply of the consumer in case of unforeseen circumstances: deviations in the frequency and size of supply lots from the planned ones, changes in the intensity of consumption, delays in deliveries on the way. Unlike current stocks, the size of guaranteed stocks is a constant value. Under normal operating conditions, these reserves are inviolable.

Seasonal stocks are formed with the seasonal nature of the production of products, their consumption or transportation. Seasonal stocks should ensure the normal operation of the organization during a seasonal break in production, consumption or transportation of products.

Carrying stocks are the balances of material resources at the end of the reporting period. They are intended to ensure the continuity of production and consumption in the reporting period and following the reporting period until the next delivery.

1.5 Time classification

Classification by time allows you to distinguish between different quantitative levels of stocks. Their ratio is shown in Fig. one.

Rice. 1. Types of stocks by accounting time

The maximum desired inventory determines the level of inventory that is economically feasible in a given inventory management system. This level may be exceeded. In various management systems, the maximum desired stock is used as a guide when calculating the order quantity.

The inventory threshold level is used to determine the point in time when the next order is issued.

The current stock corresponds to the stock level at any point in the inventory. It can be the same as a maximum desired level, a threshold level, or a safety margin.

Guaranteed stock (or insurance stock) is similar to the guaranteed stock in the classification by the function performed by the stock and is intended for continuous supply of the consumer in case of unforeseen circumstances.

It is also possible to allocate illiquid stocks - this is the name for long-term unused production and commodity stocks. They are formed due to the deterioration of the quality of goods during storage, as well as obsolescence. This is the only type of stock that does not meet the criteria defined above.

1.6 Standard reserve value

The current level of productive forces, including vehicles, the state of economic relations for the supply of products, has not yet eradicated the need for reserves, but even does not make it possible to significantly reduce their size. Therefore, the problem of rational formation and regulation of material reserves arises.

Inventories are one of the important factors affecting the efficiency of production. In order to scientifically substantiate the organization of the supply of production with the necessary material resources.

Industrial stocks at enterprises are created in a planned manner, and their normalized quantity is determined by calculation strictly within the limits of the need to ensure the rhythmic functioning of the enterprise.

The stock rate is the minimum amount of material resources that must be in enterprises or organizations for a normal supply process.

The standard value of inventories depends on:

The volume of the enterprise's need for various types of raw materials and materials;

The frequency and quantity of a one-time launch or continuity of consumption of materials by the consumer;

The frequency of manufacture and shipment of the relevant products to supplier enterprises;

Sizes of transit and custom delivery rates;

Correlation of transit and warehouse supply of consumers;

Possibilities of transferring to guaranteed integrated supply of consumers;

The location of the consumer's enterprise in relation to suppliers and supply bases;

The type of transport used;

Seasonality of supply and consumption of materials;

Regularity and reliability of supplies in terms of compliance with the completeness and nomenclature and quality parameters.

Inventories can be defined in natural,

cost and conditional meters. The most common and simplified concept is the rationing of stocks in days of turnover, based on natural-volume indicators of the need for them.

The purpose of the rationing of inventories is to determine their level, which would ensure the uniformity and rhythm of output. Violation of the rhythm of production is closely related to the sale of products, therefore, this affects profit.

The existing inventory rationing methodology presupposes a deterministic nature of consumption; stock rates are usually established from average sizes and delivery intervals.

Depending on the purpose and reasons for the formation, the production stock is divided into preparatory, current, and insurance.

The maximum size of the current stock is defined in different ways. The generally accepted method - the size of this stock is determined based on the time required to receive the material from the supplier - by multiplying the average daily consumption of this material by the interval between two deliveries in days.

According to many authors, the average current stock is set as half of the maximum current stock. Others believe that it is not 50%, but 50-70% of the production stock. At the same time, additional reasons for the formation of inventories are the negative mode of consumption of material resources, the need for consumers to perform loading and unloading operations, the complex intra-production structure of enterprises, seasonal nature, etc.

The main reasons for the formation of an insurance stock can be considered:

change in the need for materials, failure by suppliers to fulfill their obligations for the timely shipment of materials, receipt of materials of inadequate quality by enterprises, random delays in materials during transportation, and others.

At its core, the standard expresses the average need for inventories, and is established mainly on the basis of the actual balances of the 4th quarter of the year. The establishment of the standard according to the data of the 4th quarter seems to be formal, without detailed consideration of the next year's production plan and analysis of these residues, in order to identify materials that are not used in production, excess residues, illiquid assets, etc.

1.7 Inventory rationing and its significance

The calculation of the standard of inventories is carried out in the context of their individual types by purpose (current, preparatory, insurance and seasonal) with a wide involvement for this of the actual data of the enterprise on the organization of material and technical supply for a number of years. The source materials for the calculations are statistical reports on the balances of commodity material assets, turnover sheets for accounting for the movement of materials, balance books and other operational accounting data.

In a theoretical aspect, the rationing of inventories is interpreted in a simplified version based on the use of annual weighted average indicators in conditional figures and intervals. Whereas the calculation method, which is the basis for the rationing of inventories, involves a deep and comprehensive analysis of the actual data on the remains of materials and the dynamics of their movement over a number of years.

The current stock is intended to ensure uninterrupted power supply of production during breaks (intervals) between the receipt of materials directly from the supplier or from the warehouses of supply and distribution organizations. Its dimensions are determined by the frequency or intervals of delivery. The value of the current stock is equal to the planned delivery interval, and its norm is taken equal to half the interval between deliveries. The average current stock is half the maximum, since it must be provided in the middle of the interval between two deliveries.

where P is the average daily consumption of material resources

t - delivery interval

p=Pyear/360=Pquarter/90=Pmonth/30

P... - need for material resources

The average planned interval between two deliveries is determined by dividing the size of the planned delivery lot by the average daily consumption of a particular type and size of the material in the planned year.

1. Method for determining the delivery interval, if it depends on the minimum material issue rate:

where B is the minimum material issue rate, and P is the average daily material consumption.

2. Method for determining the delivery interval using the carrying capacity of the transport vehicles:

where G is the carrying capacity of these means

3. Calculation method of the weighted average delivery interval:

tvv=(tf*B)/B,

where tf is the actual interval for the previous period,

B - batch size.

To calculate the weighted average delivery batch, the receipt of material resources for all its forms is summarized.

The safety stock is created to ensure production in case of deviation of the actual conditions of supply and consumption of material resources from the planned ones. Therefore, in the current methodological documents, the value of the safety stock in physical terms is taken equal to 25% of the maximum deviation of the stock level before deliveries from its average value, and in relative terms it is determined by dividing the stock rate in physical terms by the average daily consumption in the analyzed year.

Calculation method

Zstr \u003d (P * (t "f-tav) * V / (V"

t "f - actual intervals that exceed the average delivery interval;

tav - average interval between deliveries;

B - batch size;

B "- the size of the lot, which corresponds to the delivery interval t "f

Lead stock is associated with preliminary preparation materials for production use.

The seasonal stock is formed in the conditions of seasonal production and consumption of materials or during the seasonal operation of transport for the delivery of goods.

Both of these stocks are calculated according to the principle of direct counting and according to the same methodology. If seasonal stock is available, the need for safety stock is eliminated.

where P is the average daily consumption of material resources in the preparatory or seasonal period, and t is the interval, the duration in the break between the receipt and consumption of material resources.

At present, one of the main directions for improving the rationing of stocks of material resources is to increase the accuracy of calculations, taking into account the mathematical dependence of their value on the main norm-forming factors.

The size of stocks is in a certain dependence on the size of demand, although there should not be a direct proportion in their growth. The study of this dependence on certain types of material resources can contribute to a significant improvement in the existing methods of rationing inventories in all their varieties. For this, there are models of the dependence of the amount of stocks on the number of deliveries in a certain period of time, and the norms of stocks in natural measurements, depending on the need for materials.

It is known that the results of production economic activity enterprises largely depends on the state and speed of movement of their stocks of material assets, the correspondence of their size to actual needs, scientifically based standards.

The formation of excess and surplus reserves, associated with the attraction of additional financial resources, causes the use of unscheduled sources both from other items of own funds, and due to the growth of accounts payable and an increase in bank credit. This, in turn, leads to a violation of the settlement and financial discipline of the enterprise, reduces its profitability and affects the product distribution system.

Sometimes an enterprise, having an excess of sources of its own funds, for the most complete provision of production with materials, allows their formation, equal to semi-annual and even annual needs. Thus, conditions are unconsciously created for freezing and slowing down the turnover of the means of production for the enterprise.

Thus, to eliminate such shortcomings, it is of great importance to establish optimal norms for inventories.

Improving the rationing of inventories, improving turnover rates, accelerating the advancement of material resources to places of consumption and reducing the level of their stocks in all sectors of the national economy contributes to an increase in production volumes, an increase in the quality of products and a consistent decrease in the material intensity of the national income.

CHAPTER 2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

2.1 The concept and structure of inventory

Commodity stocks are part of the commodity supply, which is a set of commodity mass in the process of its movement from the sphere of production to the sphere of consumption. Features of the production and transportation of goods determine the nature of the process of replenishment of stocks of goods, and the characteristics of consumption - the nature of the process of spending stocks.

Stocks represent the material flow of inventory items at all stages of their movement from production to the consumer, i.e. at all stages of the supply chain. They are part of the product offer and serve as a material basis for the manufacture of products and their sale. Commodity-material assets that form material stocks are divided into production stocks, commodity stocks (stocks of means of production, logistics goods; stocks of goods in trade, public catering and procurement activities), consumption funds.

Stocks in the reproduction process perform the following functions:

Ensuring the continuity of economic reproduction and the normal process of circulation of goods.

Realization of surplus value.

Creation of conditions for a wide choice of goods and the most complete satisfaction of consumer demand.

Formation of factors of effective activity of economic entities.

Ensuring that product offerings meet customer demand.

Improving the range of goods.

Commodity stocks serving the commodity process are part of the total commodity mass intended for the sale of goods to intermediate and final consumers.

In the process of movement, the commodity stocks of the sphere of circulation take on different forms: -> stocks of finished products -> goods in transit -> goods in the warehouses of wholesale intermediaries -> goods in transit from wholesalers to retailers -> stocks in the warehouses of retailers. In turn, stocks of goods in trade can be located directly in trade organizations, be purchased and paid for, but left in safe custody with suppliers or handed over for processing.

The need for the formation of commodity stocks is due to the following reasons:

The discrepancy between the rhythm of consumption and production.

Seasonal fluctuations in production and consumption.

Factors of inconsistency between the production and trade assortment, which requires sub-sorting, packaging, packaging, and additional work.

Features of the territorial location of production.

Remoteness of the consumer from the producer.

The gap in time between the moment of receipt of goods and their consumption.

Conditions and time necessary for the transportation of goods, including the time for loading, unloading, customs clearance and clearance.

The link of goods movement.

The need to create insurance reserves to smooth out possible gaps in demand and production of goods under the influence of external and internal factors.

The state of the warehouse.

Physical and chemical properties of goods and the possibility of their storage.

For more deep learning economic essence and the creation of an optimal inventory management system, it is advisable to classify them according to various classification criteria: purpose; units of measurement; size; terms of measurement; location assortment structure; depending on the volume and structure of trade; meeting demand; the nature of the replenishment, etc.

Based on the essence of the functions performed by commodity stocks and related trading activities, they are divided into current insurance and target ones.

The current inventory is intended to meet the daily needs of the trade. Stocks of current storage are constantly updated and replenished. They make up about 80-85% total amount stocks. Current inventory is not a constant value, their size should not be either overestimated or underestimated. Exaggerated stocks of goods in current storage lead to large material (part of the goods with an expired shelf life have to be written off) and financial losses (the cost of storing goods increases). Understocking can lead to poor customer service, reduced turnover, shortages, consumer dissatisfaction, and in some cases, abandonment of purchases at a given outlet. Overestimation compared to the need for them, inventory becomes one of the main reasons for the bankruptcy of the organization.

Seasonal stocks of goods are formed with the seasonal nature of the production of goods, their consumption or transportation. They are created for those commodity groups that, due to the characteristics of their production, demand, the need to ensure economic and commodity security, have a gap in the time of their production and sale.

Special-purpose commodity stocks are created to ensure trade in certain hard-to-reach areas of the country, between two possible dates for the delivery of goods, for targeted activities not related to the current activities of organizations (for counter trade, during the season of procurement, participation in public events, provision of patients, disabled people with special products).

According to the guidelines of the national statistical committee of the Republic of Belarus “On Accounting for Turnover and Inventory in Trade” dated 02.06.2002 No. 59, retail inventory is accounted for at retail prices without sales tax, but including value added tax. In warehouses of vegetables, potatoes, fruits, bases and warehouses belonging to organizations of various trade and Catering, in the prices at which they are listed on the balance sheet of these organizations.

Inventory in trade includes:

current, seasonal and special-purpose goods intended for retail trade and public catering,

goods purchased, paid for, but left in safekeeping with suppliers,

goods sent for processing.

Inventory in trade does not include:

items are on their way,

containers of all kinds,

goods intended for logistics,

goods in commission stores (departments) and stores selling purchased items,

finished products in the back rooms of industrial production of trade organizations,

goods accepted for safekeeping.

The creation of reserves is associated with significant financial costs. At its core, this process can be called physical and real investment. The level of investment in stocks made by a trading organization depends on the quality of forecasts of future demand, the volume and structure of trade, the volume of stocks required from one delivery to another, the size of insurance stocks in case of unforeseen situations. To improve efficiency financial investment invested in stocks, it is important to create an optimal system for their accounting and forecasting in a trading organization. AT financial terms it is advisable to provide the necessary, carefully substantiated sources of financing for the process of creating and storing inventories.

The commodity stocks created in trade organizations are estimated by a number of indicators - the sum of stocks in value terms; the number of stocks in physical terms; the amount of inventory in days of turnover.

Any product belongs to the category of commodity stock until the moment of sale. And it is a constantly existing value, since the commodity stocks are not sold immediately, but gradually, that is, they are regularly renewed. The size of commodity stocks is various depending on concrete economic conditions. The absolute value of commodity stocks changes all the time depending on the receipt and sale of goods. Therefore, commodity stocks are commensurate with the turnover, for this purpose they are expressed in days. This indicator is relative, it characterizes the amount of inventory in the store on a certain date, and shows how many days of trading these stocks will last. Commodity stocks in days of turnover are calculated by the formula:

ТЗdn = ТЗ/Ortho, (2.1)

where ТЗдн - the level of commodity stocks, days of turnover;

ТЗ - the amount of commodity stocks on a certain date, rub.;

Ortho - the volume of one-day turnover, rub. .

Commodity stocks can be expressed in natural terms (pieces, meters, tons, etc.) and in value terms (in rubles).

In addition, the size of commodity stocks is directly related to the speed of circulation of goods. With a constant volume of turnover, an acceleration in the turnover of goods leads to a decrease in inventory, and, conversely, a slowdown in turnover requires a greater mass of inventory.

Goods turnover is one of the most important qualitative indicators of the work of trade organizations. Turnover refers to the time of circulation of goods from the date of sale, as well as the speed of turnover of goods. The circulation time characterizes the average duration of stay of goods in the form of commodity stock. The turnover rate shows how many times during the study period there was a renewal of inventory. At the same time, it is not the goods themselves that are turned around, but the funds invested in them. After the sale, goods are not returned to trade, but are used to satisfy the needs of buyers. The acceleration of commodity turnover is of great economic importance: working capital invested in commodity stocks is released, losses of goods and other commodity expenses are reduced, the quality of goods is preserved, customer service is improved, etc. The slowdown in the time of circulation of goods requires additional attraction of loans and borrowings for the purchase of new goods, which leads to an increase in the costs of a trade organization, a decrease in profits, and a deterioration in the financial position of the organization.

Calculation of commodity turnover as an indicator of the effectiveness of a trade organization allows a qualitative assessment of two parameters inherent in commodity stocks: - time and speed of their circulation. There is a stable proportional relationship between time and the speed of commodity circulation. A decrease in time and an increase in the speed of commodity circulation make it possible to achieve a greater volume of trade with a smaller inventory, which helps to reduce commodity losses, the cost of storing goods, paying interest on loans, etc. .

The average inventory is calculated using the chronological average formula:

ТЗav = (1/2 ТЗ0 + ТЗ1 + ТЗ2 +… +1/2 ТЗn) / (n - 1), (2.2)

where ТЗav - average commodity stocks, rub.;

ТЗ0, ТЗ1, ТЗ2 … ТЗn - commodity stocks for specific dates, rub.;

n is the number of periods.

The turnover in days is calculated by the formula:

Tob \u003d TZav / Ortho, (2.3)

where Tob - commodity turnover or circulation time, days;

ТЗav - average commodity stocks, rub.;

Ortho - the volume of one-day turnover, rub.

Goods turnover can be expressed by the number of revolutions and calculated by the formula:

Tob \u003d Ortho / TZav, (2.4)

where Tob - turnover ratio, number of revolutions;

Ortho - the volume of one-day turnover, rub.;

ТЗav - average commodity stocks, rub. .

Indicators of time and speed of commodity circulation are interrelated, and inversely proportional. An increase in the speed and a decrease in the time of commodity circulation makes it possible to carry out a larger volume of trade with a smaller inventory, which has an impact on reducing the cost of storing goods, reducing commodity losses, etc. .

The turnover of goods can be accelerated only by improving the entire trade, commercial and economic activity organizations. This requires a deep understanding of the influence of various factors on the formation of commodity stocks.

The amount of inventory and turnover depend on many factors. Some of these factors accelerate the turnover of goods and thereby objectively reduce the required amount of stocks, while others, on the contrary, slow down the speed of commodity circulation and thereby increase the size of stocks. Knowing this, it is possible to identify reserves for accelerating the organization's inventory turnover; improve the supply of consumer goods to the population; reduce the cost of education and maintenance of commodity stocks.

2.2 Factors affecting stock levels

The availability of commodity stocks, their size, structure, turnover depend on many factors of the external and internal nature of the action. Changing factors can affect the amount of inventory and turnover, both improving and worsening these indicators. Some factors contribute to the acceleration of turnover and thereby reduce the need for an increase in the value of inventory. Others, on the contrary, lead to an increase in the volume of commodity stocks, which is accompanied by a slowdown in the speed of circulation of goods. Knowing the directions of action of factors on inventory, managing them, you can ensure the optimality of their formation and use, identify directions and sizes of acceleration of turnover, reduce the cost of education, maintenance and management of inventory.

The group of factors of the external nature of the action include:

1. Factors of production (commodity supply): volumes, rhythm, seasonality of production, quality of industrial and agricultural products, their compliance with consumer needs and world standards, saturation commodity markets, physical and chemical properties of goods, location and remoteness of production centers from consumption centers.

Commodity offer is the basis for the development of trade. The growth in the volume of commodity resources, the expansion of their assortment structure, the improvement of the quality of goods to world standards, makes it possible for trade to fulfill the task of meeting the ever-changing demand of consumers to the fullest extent and, on this basis, increasing trade turnover with the optimal size of commodity stocks. However, if a failure occurs in the production process, this negatively affects the efficiency of all economic entities. Commodity stocks grow unjustifiably in all channels of commodity circulation, payment discipline is violated, problems arise in the sale of goods.

2. Seasonality of production. Many goods (sugar, cereals, vegetables, fruits, etc.) have a seasonal nature of production due to the seasonality of the production of agricultural raw materials. During the production season, prices for goods are lower and commodity organizations have the opportunity during this period to buy goods on favorable terms for themselves in large volumes to meet the seasonal demand of buyers.

3. The physical and chemical properties of goods determine their shelf life, and hence the frequency of deliveries. Depending on the frequency of demand due to physical and chemical properties, all goods have a different speed of their circulation. For everyday goods and perishable goods, it makes no sense to accumulate large stocks in various trades, their size is due to the normal timing of the sale of goods. A high frequency of imports is typical for perishable goods. And for goods of a complex assortment (clothing, fabrics, household goods, haberdashery, etc.), it is necessary to have more significant stocks that allow organizing their sale, taking into account the diversity of consumer demand.

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The concept of the essence of commodity stocks and the main methods of managing them. Influence of inventory management on the effectiveness of the company's management. Analysis of the movement of goods, the volume of purchases, storage facilities, equipment, optimal mode storage.

Introduction

1. Inventory and inventory management methods of a trading enterprise

1.1 Inventory

1.2 The main factors affecting the amount of inventory

1.3 Optimizing inventory management

2. Organizational and legal characteristics of the Sheksna POPO and analysis of inventory turnover indicators and their structure

2.1 General characteristics of the enterprise

2.2 Analysis of inventory turnover indicators and their structure in Sheksna POPO

3. Measures to improve inventory management in Sheksna POPO

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Russia has been in a state of economic growth for some time. But memories of times of crisis with sharp fluctuations in prices, an unstable economy and the political situation in the country are fresh. There is no consensus on the duration of Russia's economic growth. Objectively, in such conditions, the most profitable areas in which the period of capital turnover is minimal. Trade belongs precisely to such areas and is very attractive.

No commercial enterprise can exist without commodity stocks. The results of the commercial activity of the enterprise largely depend on their volume and level. They are sensitive to any changes in market conditions, and, first of all, to the relationship of supply and demand. The very fact of their existence does not bring their owners anything but costs and losses.

Commodity stocks are called consumer goods that are in the sphere of commodity circulation, and, simply speaking, "reserve" is a product that is waiting for the moment of its sale. After the commodity is sold, it passes into the sphere of consumption and ceases to be a commodity stock.

Inventory management is aimed at increasing the profitability and speed of circulation of invested capital. It provides for at the stage of formation of inventories - control of the level of inventories and substantiation of the optimal volume of orders, at the stage of sale of inventories - a change in the volume and reasons for the creation of inventories and the development of a policy for the implementation of excess inventories.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that inventory is the main cash investment for trading companies, the main source of profit, the main problem of daily control. Currently, trading companies in the face of tougher competition are forced to reduce the percentage of the established margin. Therefore, to ensure the necessary return on the funds invested in the business, to ensure the necessary growth rates of the company, it is relevant to optimize the required amount of inventory.

Naturally, excess inventory, "hanging" in the warehouses of the enterprise, leads to losses and losses, hindering the release of working capital and occupying useful retail and storage space. At the same time, inventory shortages that cause constant stockouts of certain types of goods can negatively affect consumer attitudes.

The choice of inventory optimization policy practically consists in answering one fairly simple question: “What is the optimal amount of inventory for the company?” Therefore, the company must find for itself the optimal combination between the costs and benefits of the chosen level of inventory and determine what amount of inventory for each product group (or even item) is sufficient.

The purpose of this work is to optimize the value of inventory and their analysis of the trade organization.

The object of this research term paper is the economic activity of the Sheksna settlement consumer society. The work used the reporting data of the Sheksna POPO for 2007 - 2008, the materials of statistical reporting. The analysis of commodity stocks in the Sheksna POPO is carried out on the basis of materials received in the accounting department, planned economic department and personnel service of the enterprise for the reporting period 2007-2008.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the works of leading economists on the problem under study, legislative and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation, reference materials, recommendations of research institutions.

When writing a paper, the following methods and techniques of analysis are used: searching, collecting and processing information, establishing logical relationships between phenomena, summarizing data and formulating conclusions based on the work done.

trade inventory turnover

1. Inventory and inventory management practices

commercial enterprise

1.1 Inventory

For the implementation of the continuous process of commodity circulation, certain stocks of goods are necessary. Commodity stock is a set of commodity mass, which is in the sphere of circulation and is intended for sale. Commodity stocks perform certain functions:

They ensure the continuity of expanded production and circulation, during which their systematic formation and expenditure take place;

Satisfy the effective demand of the population, as they are a form of product offering;

They characterize the relationship between the volume and structure of demand and product supply.

The need for the formation of commodity stocks of commodities is caused by the following reasons:

Continuity of circulation processes;

Seasonality of production and consumption;

Uneven distribution of production and areas of consumption;

Unforeseen fluctuations in demand and rhythm of production;

The need to transform the production range into a trade one;

The need to form insurance reserves,

Other reasons.

Inventories are classified according to various criteria. So, depending on the characteristics of circulation, they are divided into: commodity stocks of current storage, which are designed to meet the daily needs of trade in the uninterrupted sale of goods for the population, as well as stocks of seasonal accumulation and early delivery of goods, which are associated with the seasonality of production and consumption of individual goods, with the conditions of their transportation to certain regions of the country.

When accounting and planning inventory, absolute and relative indicators are used. The absolute value of commodity stocks can be expressed in natural or in value units. The absolute value of commodity stocks is a variable value. It changes all the time depending on the receipt and sale of goods. Therefore, when analyzing and planning, it is of great importance to compare inventory with turnover. For this purpose, inventories are expressed in days. This indicator is relative, it characterizes the amount of inventory that is in the trade enterprise on a certain date, and shows how many days of trade there will be enough inventory.

The size of commodity stocks is directly related to the speed of circulation of goods. With a constant volume of trade, an acceleration in the turnover of goods leads to a decrease in inventories, and, conversely, a slowdown in turnover requires a greater mass of inventories.

Accelerating the time of circulation of goods is of great importance: it increases the economic efficiency of all social production, affects the rate of reproduction, and at the same time is an important condition for increasing the profitability of the trading activity of an enterprise.

The turnover of goods can be accelerated only by improving the entire trade, commercial and economic work of the enterprise. This requires a deep understanding of the influence of various factors on the formation of commodity stocks.

Some of these factors accelerate the speed of circulation of goods and thereby objectively reduce the required amount of stocks, while others, on the contrary, slow down the speed of commodity circulation and thereby increase the size of stocks. Knowing this, it is possible to detect reserves for accelerating the turnover of the company's stocks, reduce the cost of forming and storing inventories.

1.2 The main factors affecting the amount of inventory

The main factors that affect the turnover and the amount of inventory include the following.

The relationship between supply and demand for goods. In conditions when the demand of the population exceeds the supply of goods, their turnover sharply accelerates, the trade turnover is carried out with smaller commodity stocks. As the supply of goods increases, the market is saturated, there is a slight slowdown in the speed of circulation of goods. Studying the demand of the population is one of the conditions that contribute to the normalization of commodity stocks;

The complexity of the range of products. The time of circulation of goods of a complex assortment, as a rule, far exceeds the time of circulation of goods of a simple assortment;

Organization and frequency of importation of goods. The more often goods are delivered to the store, the less inventory you can fulfill the turnover plan. In turn, the frequency of importation depends on the location of trade enterprises, conditions of transportation, placement manufacturing enterprises. The closer placed industrial enterprises or wholesale bases to areas of consumption, the more often the delivery of goods is made, the less time is spent on their delivery. The high frequency of importation is typical for goods that quickly deteriorate;

Consumer properties of goods. They either reduce or increase turnaround time.

Rhythm of receipt of goods during the quarter and month, the order of delivery of goods.

A great many other factors also influence the circulation of goods: the organization of advertising and the sale of goods, transport conditions, the state of the material and technical base, the features of packaging of goods, etc. The qualifications of personnel and the level of management of a complex trading process, organization of work, etc. are important.

1.3 Optimizing inventory management

In developed countries, inventory management is based on the use of powerful information technologies that allow almost every day to monitor their status and dynamics, automatically place orders through a computer network and replenish stocks to the optimal level. The most common inventory management systems that are based on the use of the EQQ model, the red line tool, the two-sector tool. Recently, the Just-In-Time inventory management method has become widespread. At the same time, the completeness and reliability of the information base is ensured by automating accounting and using the international coding system for goods.

The general principle on which all inventory management systems are based is the relationship of input and initial parameters, which are indicated in Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Inventory management system

Such systems are created for the most effective solution the following problems:

Real assessment of the current state of stocks;

Establishing the necessary terms for placing orders;

Determining the appropriate volume of a consignment of goods that is ordered;

Determining the required volume of insurance stocks;

Estimation of inventory management costs and means of their minimization.

The first problem is solved by using inventory control systems that provide management needs for operational information about the dynamics of their implementation and the current state.

Existing inventory control systems vary from the simplest to the most complex, depending on the size of the enterprise, management policy and technology, volume, types and other characteristics of stocks.

Common stock level control systems are those based on the use of red line tools. The essence of the means is to fix the marginal limit, below which the level of stocks should not fall. When this limit is reached, a new order is automatically placed.

The second type of control systems is based on the use of a two-sector facility, according to which stocks for storage are kept in two sectors - working and reserve. When the stocks of the working sector are exhausted, two processes are included - the working sector is replenished at the expense of the reserve, and a new order is placed.

The classification approach to inventory management (ABC system) has become widespread in developed countries.

His idea is to use the classification of stocks and the allocation of three groups - A, B, and C, depending on the degree of influence of this type of stock on the increase in the turnover of the enterprise. Group A includes stocks, the sale of which makes the largest contribution to the volume of trade in monetary terms. This group includes stocks that provide 70% of the sales volume. Typically, this is the most expensive goods, and their share in the volume of reserves in physical terms does not exceed 10%. Stocks of this kind require special attention of managers and the use of quantitative tools and models to optimize decision making. Group B includes stocks of medium importance, which provide 20% of the company's sales volume. Their share in physical terms, as a rule, is about 20%. The choice of group B inventory management tools should be based on a comparison of management costs and the economic effect of their use. Commodity stocks, the sale of which has an insignificant contribution to the volume of trade, about 10%, are classified as group C. Quite often they make up a significant part of the volume of stocks in physical terms - about 70%. It is inappropriate to apply complex quantitative management methods to the management of group C reserves, since in this case, the management costs may be greater than the economic effect of their use. The principle of classifying reserves into groups according to their importance to the enterprise is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Classification of reserves (ABC system).

A relatively new approach to inventory management is the Just-In-Time management principle. This approach was first used by Japanese corporations and has since spread throughout the world. The main idea is that stocks are practically not created, and the process of delivery of goods by suppliers is strictly coordinated with the technological process at the enterprise. At the present time, this approach is effectively used by Toyota, General Motors and many others. This system allows you to get a significant economic effect by bringing storage costs to zero. However, the high level of requirements for the accuracy of the functioning of the supply system and the risk of possible errors that will lead to a violation of technology do not allow this approach to be used in countries with an underdeveloped information and communication infrastructure.

Majority control trading companies developed countries is based on the use of computer technology. Control systems include automated system accounting for stocks and placing orders with suppliers. The movement of each unit of goods, with the help of magnetic bar coding, is reflected in the database, which covers information throughout trading network companies. The database management system allows you to constantly update information about the status of stocks, automatically place orders through a computer network and take into account replenishment information. At the same time, information about the sale of goods enters the inventory, receivables and cash management system and is processed on the basis of the model tools built into the system.

2. Organizational and legal characteristics of the Sheksna POPO and

analysis of inventory turnover indicators and their structure

2.1 General characteristics of the enterprise

Sheksna village consumer society - a voluntary association of citizens - created on a territorial basis on the basis of membership by combining its members (shareholders) of property shares for trade, procurement and other activities in order to meet the material and other needs of its members.

Sheksninsky POPO is a non-profit organization, a legal entity, operates on the basis of the Charter (re-registered on March 11, 2001 by the department for managing municipal property of the Sheksninsky district Assembly), owns property. Location legal entity- 162560, Vologda region, Sheksninsky district, working settlement Sheksna, Gagarina street, house 11.

The supreme management body of the enterprise is the Meeting of Representatives, the administrative body is the Council (chairman - Repina Inna Alexandrovna), the executive body is the Board (chairman - Tsvetkova Tatyana Valerievna), the chief accountant is Petrova Elena Mikhailovna.

The main activities are:

retail trade food products, including drinks, and tobacco products in specialized stores;

retail trade in pharmaceutical and medical goods, cosmetics and perfumery goods;

Retail sale of jewelry.

The company has the following licenses:

1. Pharmaceutical activity (License series No. 99-02-005482 dated 16.06.05).

2. Types of licensed activities related to the circulation of ethyl alcohol, alcoholic and alcohol-containing products (license series AA No. 000117 registration number 108 dated April 25, 2006

Form of ownership (according to the Charter) - the property of consumer cooperation. The strength and significance of cooperation is that it acts as a form of unification of the population and takes on some of the functions of the state ( social protection population).

There are 23 retail outlets as part of the Sheksninsky PSPO (11 shops in the village of Sheksna - center, 1 shop Combine "Baltika", 2 pharmacy kiosks, 1 vetkiosk, 2 shops in the village of Churovskoye, Sheksninsky district, 1 shop in the village of Slizovo, Sheksninsky district, 1 shop for Seletskaya, Sheksninsky district, 1 store in the village of Podgorny, Sheksninsky district, 1 store in the village of Malinukha, Sheksninsky district, 1 store in the village of Lyubomirovskoye and 1 store in the village of Nifantovo), of which 7 are in the village. Sales floor area up to 150 m 2 - the organization is on a single tax on imputed income for certain types activities. In the structure of retail trade enterprises of the company, a mixed type of stores prevails. Where there is no stationary trading network, the population is served by delivery trade. In addition to the main activity - trade, the company provides some types of services, which in 2008 amounted to 80.1 thousand rubles, including glass cutting - 7.6 thousand rubles, funeral services 16.8 thousand rubles, photo services 20.4 thousand rubles, transport services 35.3 thousand rubles Commercial space for rent. When choosing a pricing strategy, Sheksna POPO proceeds from the fact that the determining factor in increasing income is not price increases, but an increase in volumes, expansion of the range and quality of products sold, and the opening of new retail trade enterprises.

The average annual number of employees in 2008 was 134 people. Currently, the number of employees is 144 people.

The purpose of this enterprise is to make a profit, it has civil rights and bears the obligations necessary for the implementation of any activities not prohibited by law.

Sheksninskoye POSPO has contracts for the supply of products with suppliers from the cities of Vologda, Cherepovets, Samara, Moscow, Smolensk, St. Petersburg and others.

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2.2 Analysis of indicators of inventory turnover and their

structures in Sheksna POPO

The formation of turnover for the sale of goods largely depends on the state of the inventory of a trading enterprise.

The purpose of the analysis is to identify reserves for the normalization of commodity stocks, aimed at accelerating the turnover of funds, saving costs and ensuring the competitiveness of the consumer society.

Based on this goal, the main tasks of the analysis are:

Determining the compliance of actual reserves with the established standard;

Studying the dynamics of stocks in conjunction with changes in turnover for the sale of goods;

Assessment of the changes that have taken place in the volume and composition of commodity stocks;

Identification of the level of provision with stocks of individual stores;

Studying the dynamics of the turnover of funds invested in stocks of goods;

Preparation of information necessary for the management of commodity resources;

An important element of management is rationing, i.e., the establishment of a norm and standard for stocks for each trade enterprise. The norm is set in days to turnover, and the standard in the amount. In the analysis, the actual reserves at the end of the reporting period are compared with the standard for the future period.

The organization's need for inventory depends on the speed of their turnover. Inventory turnover is characterized by two indicators: circulation time and turnover rate.

The circulation time (B) shows the number of days for which the average inventory was sold in the past period, and is calculated by the formula:

where is the average inventory, rub.;

T - actual one-day turnover of the same period, rub.

The turnover rate (C) shows the number of revolutions of the average inventory and is determined by the formula:

where O is the volume of trade, rub.

Average inventories are calculated depending on the availability of known data:

If there is data for two dates, it uses the simple arithmetic mean:

, (3)

where Z n - commodity stocks at the beginning of the period, rub.;

З to - commodity stocks at the end of the period, rub.

If there are data for three or more dates, then the chronological average is used.

, (4)

where З 2, З 3 ... - stocks of goods for certain dates, rub.,

n is the number of dates.

where t is the number of days in the period.

We will calculate the turnover indicators according to the above formulas, based on the data in Appendix A. We will draw up the results in a summary table 2.

To calculate the average inventory in the reporting and base periods, we apply the formula for the average chronological:

Let's determine the time of inventory circulation:

,

Let's define the circulation speed:

,

Table 2. Indicators of inventory turnover of Sheksna POPO for 2007-2008, thousand rubles.

Name of indicator	Base period (2007)	Reporting period (2008)	Deviation
			absolute	relative, %
Average stocks
One day maintenance
Turnaround time
Speed ​​of circulation
Trade turnover

Average inventory tends to increase. So, in the reporting period, their value amounted to 21773.04 thousand rubles, which is more than the base period by 4579.32 thousand rubles. or by 26.63%. This is due to the increase in trade turnover by 35.3% and the policy of conquering the market sector, which provides for the constant opening of new outlets, which in turn requires a significant inventory. In 2007, Clothes and Mir detstva stores were opened. In 2008, a store was opened in the village of Yurochkino, Assorted, Wine and Vodka, Everything for the Home and World of Childhood. The time of circulation of goods is 31.3 days, and the speed of circulation in the number of turnovers per year of average stocks is 11.5 times, that is, the average stocks made 11.5 turnovers per year. The speed has increased by 0.7 revolutions. This is due to the increase in trade. Each enterprise tries to accelerate the speed of inventory circulation, this affects the general condition and profitability of the activity. It is important for the analyzed enterprise to strive for a balance between turnover and stocks in order to increase the speed of circulation of goods.

Dynamics of retail trade turnover and used resources for Sheksna POPO for 2007-2008 is presented in Appendix B.

Commodity stocks should ensure a normal level of turnover, both in general and for individual groups. Constant calculations are carried out, which are aimed at the constant search for the optimal structure of commodity stocks. To study the composition and structure of commodity stocks, we will compile the following analytical table:

Product groups	Actual reserves as of 01.04.08		Set for April			deviation
		Share % to total	One-day turnover thousand rubles			In the amount of thousand rubles	In days of turnover
				normal days	Standard
Foodstuffs
Non-grocery goods

The data in table No. 3 indicate that commodity stocks exceed normative indicators. The non-food group is especially overstocked.

The condition and level of commodity stocks are a kind of barometer of the state of trade and the degree of balance between supply and demand.

Such information is the key to analyzing the state of inventory. One of the aspects of inventory management is the skillful and efficient maneuvering of resources between the shops of the consumer society. The rational placement of stocks of individual goods is an undoubted lever for accelerating the turnover of invested funds. If there are a large number of stores selling similar products, you should examine the status of stocks in those stores in which the largest part of the stock is concentrated. To do this, Sheksna POPO analyzes the inventory turnover for individual stores.

This appendix analyzes the turnover for the month of December 2008. from it we see the turnover amounted to 28756.21 thousand rubles, one-day turnover of 927.6 thousand rubles, the turnover ratio of 32 days, the actual amounted to 27.8 days. Inventory turnover slowed down in stores: Building Materials, Slizovo TPS, R-Sosnovka TPS, Seletskaya TPS, Appliances, Pharmacy, veterinary kiosk, Pharmacy No. 2, Clothing, and food group stores accelerated due to increased turnover.

Many factors influence the formation of commodity stocks, but it is important to single out exactly those that have the greatest impact on a particular enterprise. These factors are divided into internal and external.

Internal factors in the enterprise is the breadth of the range, the frequency of its renewal, the volume and structure of turnover.

The breadth of the assortment in Sheksna POPO is very large and reaches more than 4,000 items of goods. This situation requires a higher level of inventory due to the need to maintain a normal turnover. The above breadth of the assortment is due to the specifics of the chosen type of activity and a certain level of incompatibility of products from different manufacturers (it is not possible in all cases to supplement the goods of one manufacturer with the goods of another), and the wide diversification of the Russian consumer market.

The frequency of updating the non-food assortment is insignificant, since the breadth of the assortment covers the main part of the assortment. There is a pharmaceutical activity where it is necessary to keep assortment list medicines. Therefore, we take this factor into account, but only to take into account possible changes in demand in the future.

External factors are product quality, seasonality and fluctuations in demand, the level of filling of the commodity market and the shelf life of goods.

The quality of the products provided by Sheksninskoye POPO is up to standard and has a low defect rate, but still the level of stock increases to be able to satisfy customer complaints without losing the optimal balance between turnover and inventory. The quality of products, which in turn affects the price of goods, is a particular factor that affects the slowdown in the speed of circulation of commodity stocks during periods of deepening crises, which are accompanied by a significant drop in consumer demand.

In the formation of commodity stocks, the company's own and borrowed funds were used.

3. Measures to improve inventory management in

Sheksna POPO

Even the best-prepared product management strategies and tactics require constant improvement, which is associated with changes that are constantly taking place in the external environment.

Consider the possibility of the enterprise to attract borrowed funds to increase current assets. Sheksna POPO in 2007 used exclusively own funds enterprises. If borrowings did take place, they were so short-term that they did not have a significant impact on the financial condition of the enterprise. In 2008, the company was forced to resort to lending to replenish working capital, so the funds were diverted to the construction of the Vertical shopping center. November 2008 shopping center opened, where Assorted, Wine and Vodka, Everything for the Home, World of Childhood stores were created. The company has a current account in the Vologda branch 8638 Vologda, so we use the interest rates of this bank.

Also, considerable attention should be paid to market research, improvement of advertising activities. The company explored the market of Sheksna and some regional centers, so every year it opens new outlets. Even taking into account the fact that effective demand there is lower than in Vologda and Cherepovets, even more attention should be paid to speed up the turnover of commodity stocks. Taking into account the specifics of the activities of PSPO and its development trends, as well as objective advantages, it is advisable to build an advertising policy based on the address-complex principle, combining:

Inform potential customers about the existence of certain types of products;

Inform about the need for the press, about its role in the economy and society;

Disseminate information about the high quality of services;

Formation of consumer demand for products;

Create a "reputation basis" for the subsequent introduction of new brands to the market;

Eliminate misconceptions, gaps in information, and other barriers to sales.

POPO advertising should be targeted and aimed at full coverage of the area's market. It is obvious that each group of customers should have their own advertising media, and the content of the advertisement should also be original. It is also advisable that there be a single “advertising space” around POPO, since psychologically nearby advertising products are perceived as related to this complex.

In particular, in order to effectively implement the inventory management policy, it is necessary to inform citizens about the ongoing sale by distributing printed leaflets in Sheksna and the region.

Attracting buyers can be noted in an increase in turnover and an increase in the speed of turnover of inventory.

An in-depth study of the market will allow you to optimize the structure of inventory as much as possible. It is necessary to reduce the range of goods, since some goods and product groups have a very slow turnover rate, it is possible to increase it only through a wide advertising campaign which is currently and in the near future economically viable.

It would be advisable to apply the classification approach to inventory management (ABC system). His idea is to use the classification of stocks and the allocation of three groups - A, B, and C, depending on the degree of influence of this type of stock on the increase in the turnover of the enterprise. Group A includes stocks, the sale of which makes the largest contribution to the volume of trade in monetary terms. This group includes stocks that provide 70% of the sales volume. As a rule, their share in the volume of reserves in physical terms does not exceed 10%. Group B includes stocks of medium importance, which provide 20% of the company's sales volume. Their share in physical terms, as a rule, is about 20%. Commodity stocks, the sale of which has an insignificant contribution to the volume of trade, about 10%, are classified as group C. Quite often they make up a significant part of the volume of stocks in physical terms - about 70%.

Such an analysis will help to identify such groups of goods, the share of which should be increased (group A), and goods, the importation of which is more expedient to refuse (part of group C).

Any enterprise in a market economy is constantly planning its activities.

Inventory planning follows turnover planning, as the volume of retail turnover serves as the basis for developing an inventory plan.

The first step in developing an inventory forecast is a comprehensive economic analysis of past performance. The results of the analysis, the identified trends and conclusions serve as the basis for the conclusion of forecasts.

At the second stage, factors are determined that, in the forecast period, will influence the development of the market sector where the enterprise operates. The most important factors are selected and quantified, and with their help, options for forecasting reserves are calculated.

You should learn from your competitors in inventory planning.

The range of Sheksna POPO is quite wide, this is an advantage of the organization and, at the same time, its disadvantage. Fluctuations in market conditions can adversely affect the position of the enterprise. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly update the assortment due to product groups that the company does not sell. This can insure activities and makes it possible to maneuver current assets.

It is necessary to increase the profitability of the company through the search for favorable conditions supply and promotion trade margin, minimize transport, insurance, storage and other costs. Since the low level of profitability, although it is due to the conquest of the market, will not allow saving the accumulated achievements in the future.

Conclusion

The course work analyzed the activities of the Sheksna POPO, which operates in the retail sector. Each trading enterprise for the normal organization of the trading process must have a strictly defined amount of inventory. Excess inventories, as well as their lack, are undesirable, therefore maintaining stocks in the optimal size is one of the tasks of economic and commercial services. This is the main goal of inventory management.

Commodity stocks is called a set of commodity weight, which is in circulation and is intended for sale to the consumer. Reducing the time of circulation of goods is of great importance both for the national economy and for the economy of a commercial enterprise. For a trading enterprise, reducing the circulation time allows for the uninterrupted sale of goods at lower costs, helps to reduce product losses, changes in the need for loans, credits, etc.

Inventory management is the regulation of the inventory level of a trade organization in such a way that any goods can be delivered without delay, but at the same time not excessively large amounts of money are tied to the inventory.

In a rapidly changing market situation, the state of commodity stocks in trade acts as the most important lever of marketing regulation of the enterprise, is used as a tool to ensure the necessary proportions between supply and demand. Therefore, one of the most important conditions for inventory management is their constant analysis and operational control over their condition.

In developed countries, inventory management is based on the use of powerful information technologies that allow almost every day to monitor their status and dynamics, automatically place orders through a computer network and replenish stocks to the optimal level.

The Sheksna POSPO uses the computer program “1C: Trade and Warehouse”. It is aimed at a real assessment of the current state of reserves, their planning and optimization.

In this work, the state of the company's commodity stocks, their structure and dynamics of change over the period 2007-2008 were analyzed. Currently, the company is at the stage of the life cycle - increasing.

The object of our study is the Sheksna settlement consumer society. Evaluation of the financial condition of the enterprise showed that it is financially stable and solvent. The absolute amount of commodity stocks at the end of 2008 amounted to 26270.11 thousand rubles. The amount of inventory in the organization as a whole increased compared to 2007 by 10,646.51 thousand rubles. or by 68.1% with an increase in retail turnover by 35.3%. In general, in society, as well as in individual stores, the growth rate of commodity turnover outstrips the growth rate of commodity stocks, which objectively leads to an acceleration in turnover and indicates an increase in the efficiency of inventory management in Sheksna POPO.

However, the growth rate of inventories outstrips the growth of turnover for the whole organization and for individual stores, which should be assessed negatively, this led to a slowdown in turnover and a decrease in the efficiency of using funds invested in inventory, forcing the organization to attract bank loans. Another reason for the increase in inventory at the end of 2008. is the opening of new outlets.

Average inventory tends to increase. So, in the reporting period, their value amounted to 21773.04 thousand rubles, which is more than the base period by 4579.32 thousand rubles. or by 26.63%. This is due to an increase in turnover by 35.3%. The time of circulation of goods is 31.3 days, and the speed of circulation in the number of turnovers per year of average stocks is 11.5 times, that is, average stocks made 11.5 turnovers per year. The speed has increased by 0.7 revolutions. This is due to the increase in trade. Every company tries to accelerate the speed of circulation

In order to improve the economy of the Sheksna POPO, it is necessary to take measures to accelerate the turnover of goods and improve the rationing of commodity stocks. One of the most important conditions for inventory management is their constant analysis and operational monitoring of their condition. To organize an effective system of analysis and control over the state of commodity stocks, it is necessary:

Complete computerization of accounting and analysis of commodity circulation, ensuring complete and experimental accounting of commodity stocks, both in value and in kind;

Regular recalculation optimal sizes stocks by groups of goods in accordance with the change in the conditions of sale and their use as mobile stock standards;

Operational analysis and control of stocks in the absence of computer processing of information by compiling ten-day signal information on "problem" commodity groups, the actual stocks of which deviate from the optimal by 20% or more for urgent action.

Computerization of accounting and calculations of the optimal size of stocks will improve the quality of inventory management, obtain daily special information on the state of inventory in the consumer society as a whole and in stores, determine the deviation of actual stocks from established standards for any date: by assortment, amount and in days; conduct a comprehensive assessment of the receipt, sale and balance of goods.

List of sources used

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5. Valevich R.P., Davydova G.A. "Economics of a commercial enterprise". Textbook, - Minsk: Higher School, 2000

6. Golovanov T.I. "Economic regulation of the turnover of a trading enterprise", - M .: Delo, 2002

7. Grebnev A.A. "Economics of a trading enterprise", - M .: INFRA-M 1999

8. Zergman P.N. "The practice of inventory management", - M.: Delo, 2000

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10. Ushakova N.N. "Improving the analysis and planning of trade turnover", Study Guide, - Kyiv, 1999

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thirteen. . Sheremet, A.D. Enterprise Finance: Textbook / A.D. Sheremet, R.S. Saifulin.- M.: INFRA-M, 1997.-343 p.

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17. Stankovskaya I.K., Strelets I.A. Economic theory: Textbook, 2nd art Moscow. Ekamo, 2006, 443pp.

18. Economics of a commercial enterprise. Trading business. Textbook, under the L.A. series Bragin. M., Infra-M, 2008

19. Smagin V.N. Economics of enterprises: Uch. allowance., M.: Knorus, 2006.

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21. Vladimirova L.P. Forecasting and planning in market conditions: Uch. allowance, M., 2005 399pp.

When calculating the volume of commodity stock for future periods, the optimal stock is calculated for the period from the moment the order is settled until the moment the order is received at the warehouse. This optimal inventory represents the upper estimate of the consumption of inventory with a target service level over the delivery time period. The forecast balance is the sum of the actual balance at the time the order is settled, taking into account the goods in transit and the orders placed, minus the reserves and the upper estimate of the inventory consumption for the delivery period.

Classical methods involve the use of a normal distribution as an estimate of the probability distribution of demand. However, in the case of discharged demand, this approach leads to an incorrect calculation of the safety stock. At low levels of service, the safety stock is overestimated by 2-3 times, by high levels service (from 98% and above) is underestimated by 1.5 times. This leads to excess inventory in group C and shortages in key positions in group A. Using the Poisson distribution helps to solve this problem partially for group Y products in terms of sales variability and infrequent sales. However, for the Z group, this distribution often gives an incorrect approximation.

In this case, infrequent sales are sales that have an average interval between sales events of more than 1.25 periods. It is shown that the use of classical forecasting methods for such time series of demand does not give good results and is a highly biased estimate of demand.

Our solution allows you to successfully calculate the optimal inventory for any warehouse items, regardless of the variability in sales volumes. Our product uses a class of probabilistic algorithms to predict the optimal inventory with a given level of service to estimate the optimal stock of goods of various product groups. A certain algorithm is selected automatically based on the characteristics of the demand time series (average interval between sales events, sales volume variation, presence of seasonal components, variation of intervals between sales events, etc.).

The algorithm uses a prepared sales history and restores the actual demand in moments of shortage, marketing promotions and random sales. To predict the optimal stock, an operation is performed to calculate the empirical distribution of demand by the bootstrapping method using Markov chains of the first and second order or machine learning algorithms (neural networks).

After performing such an operation, we obtain an empirical distribution of demand that is characteristic of a particular commodity item and a particular point of shipment. Using this distribution, by calculating the cumulative probability, we determine how many units of production will satisfy a given level of service.

Using the previously calculated forecast balance and the resulting optimal stock, the required optimal order quantity quantity is calculated as the difference between the two values. Further, the system imposes seasonal coefficients, trends, expert growth adjustments, and also takes into account restrictions on the minimum lot, packaging multiplicity, etc.

Result:

• release from 20% to 40% of working capital;
• stock reduction up to 30% (2-3 times reduction in the volume of inventory balances) without loss of sales;
• increase in turnover by 30-40% (increase in the dynamics of cash receipts);
• reduction of safety stock and "out-of-stock" up to 30%;
• reducing the load on the procurement department according to the principle of “working the whole department in one click” (will reduce routine calculations and the influence of the human factor, increase the KPI of the procurement department).

In developed countries, inventory management is based on the use of powerful information technologies that allow almost every day to monitor their status and dynamics, automatically place orders through a computer network and replenish stocks to the optimal level. The most common inventory management systems that are based on the use of the EQQ model, the red line tool, the two-sector tool. Recently, the Just-In-Time inventory management method has become widespread. At the same time, the completeness and reliability of the information base is ensured by automating accounting and using the international coding system for goods.

The general principle on which all inventory management systems are based is the relationship of input and initial parameters, which are indicated in Figure 1.

Figure 1-Inventory management system

Such systems are created to most effectively solve the following problems:

Real assessment of the current state of stocks;

Establishing the necessary terms for placing orders;

Determining the appropriate volume of a consignment of goods that is ordered;

Determining the required volume of insurance stocks;

Estimation of inventory management costs and means of their minimization.

The first problem is solved by using inventory control systems that provide management needs for operational information about the dynamics of their implementation and the current state.

Existing inventory control systems vary from the simplest to the most complex, depending on the size of the enterprise, management policy and technology, volume, types and other characteristics of stocks.

Common stock level control systems are those based on the use of red line tools. The essence of the means is to fix the marginal limit, below which the level of stocks should not fall. When this limit is reached, a new order is automatically placed.

The second type of control systems is based on the use of a two-sector facility, according to which stocks for storage are kept in two sectors - working and reserve. When the stocks of the working sector are exhausted, two processes are included - the working sector is replenished at the expense of the reserve, and a new order is placed.

The classification approach to inventory management (ABC system) has become widespread in developed countries. His idea is to use the classification of stocks and the allocation of three groups - A, B, and C, depending on the degree of influence of this type of stock on the increase in the turnover of the enterprise.

Group A includes stocks, the sale of which makes the largest contribution to the volume of trade in monetary terms. This group includes stocks that provide 50% of the sales volume. As a rule, these are the most expensive goods, and their share in the volume of stocks in physical terms does not exceed 15%. Stocks of this kind require special attention of managers and the use of quantitative tools and models to optimize decision making.

Group B includes reserves of medium importance, which provide 35% of the company's sales volume. Their share in physical terms, as a rule, is about 35%. The choice of group B inventory management tools should be based on a comparison of management costs and the economic effect of their use.

Commodity stocks, the sale of which has an insignificant contribution to the volume of trade, about 15%, are classified as group C. Quite often they make up a significant part of the volume of stocks in physical terms - about 50%. It is inappropriate to apply complex quantitative management methods to the management of group C reserves, since in this case, the management costs may be greater than the economic effect of their use.

The principle of classifying reserves into groups according to their importance to the enterprise is shown in Table 1.

Table 1 - Classification of reserves (ABC system).

A relatively new approach to inventory management is the principle of Just-In-Time ("just in time") management. This approach was first used by Japanese corporations and has since spread throughout the world. The main idea is that stocks are practically not created, and the process of delivery of goods by suppliers is strictly coordinated with the technological process at the enterprise. This system allows you to get a significant economic effect by bringing storage costs to zero. However, the high level of requirements for the accuracy of the functioning of the supply system and the risk of possible errors that will lead to a violation of technology do not allow this approach to be used in countries with an underdeveloped information and communication infrastructure.

The management of most trading companies in developed countries is based on the use of computer technology. Management systems include an automated system for inventory accounting and placing orders with suppliers. The movement of each unit of goods, with the help of magnetic bar coding, is reflected in a database that covers information throughout the company's distribution network. The database management system allows you to constantly update information about the status of stocks, automatically place orders through a computer network and take into account replenishment information. At the same time, information about the sale of goods enters the inventory, receivables and cash management system and is processed on the basis of the model tools built into the system.

Yakubova Nigina Yakubovna,

Senior Lecturer, Department of Economics and Entrepreneurship, Institute of Economics and Trade, Tajik State University

Commerce, Khujand

OPTIMIZATION OF COMMODITY STOCK AS A FACTOR OF EFFICIENT ACTIVITY OF A TRADING ENTERPRISE

The effectiveness of the use of inventory is determined by their turnover and profitability.

Goods turnover is one of the most important indicators of trading activity, reflecting the intensity of the work of a trading organization. The increase in the turnover of goods contributes to the growth of turnover, reducing the costs of commodity circulation and cost intensity - the costs per unit value of the goods; increase profits and profitability.

Analysis of turnover is carried out by comparing the volume of turnover and inventory.

The value of commodity stocks is directly related to the speed of their circulation. Ceteris paribus, an acceleration in turnover leads to a decrease in the need for stocks, and a slowdown leads to an increase in the commodity mass.

The time during which inventories are sold is called the speed of circulation of goods, or turnover. If commodity stocks in days show how many days of trade they will last, then commodity turnover characterizes the average time of circulation of commodity stock for a certain period (quarter, year). To calculate the turnover of goods, two formulas are used: one - to determine the turnover in days, and the other - in the number of revolutions.

Turnover - the time of circulation of the average inventory for a certain period, the time required for a complete renewal of inventory.

Turnover in days shows the time during which commodity stocks remain in circulation, that is, the number of days for which the average commodity stock turns over. Goods turnover including

turnovers shows the number of turnovers of the average inventory for the analyzed period. There is an inverse relationship between the two indicators: the shorter the time spent by the average commodity stock in circulation, the more turnovers the average stock of goods makes for the analyzed period (3.156).

In domestic practice, to assess the management of commodity stocks, both indicators of the turnover of goods are used, but priority is given to the average time of inventory circulation. The less time the product remains in the form of a stock, the more efficiently financial resources are used and the costs of its production and circulation are reimbursed faster.

In countries with market economies, priority is given to the indicator “rate of turnover of goods”, the meaning of which is to show: how many times the capital invested in stock has turned around over a certain period of time or how much somoni of net proceeds has turned 1 somoni of inventory.

The inventory turnover rate is an important part of the analysis of all aspects of the organization's activities and is used in various economic management systems.

Turnover rate analysis current assets and their components practically contributes to the acceleration of their turnover, which reduces the amount of working capital that is necessary to conduct a trading business of a certain scale. When expanding a commercial business, it is necessary to know how much capital must be advanced additionally to increase current assets. The source of this expansion can be funds released from existing departments, outlets, bases of the enterprise.

In the analysis of the turnover of current assets, it must be borne in mind that only the inventory component coincides with their natural turnover. For other types of assets, it is necessary to calculate - in order to find acceleration factors - natural turnover using indicators closer to them than revenue (turnover).

An increase in the number of turnovers made by stocks over the analyzed period reduces the need for working capital, which allows economic agents to provide a given volume of turnover with a relatively lower level of stocks.

The higher the inventory turnover, the less funds are associated with this least liquid group of working capital, the more liquid the assets structure, the more stable the financial condition of the trade organization.

In the rate of circulation of reserves is manifested and business activity trade organizations. The acceleration of turnover contributes to the expansion of contacts with suppliers and buyers, the growth in the number of transactions.

With this in mind, one of the main tasks of inventory management is to accelerate their turnover. Obviously, for trade turnover, the turnover will be as much higher as the value of the average inventory size is lower, which implies rational inventory management.

Table 1.

Dynamics of commodity stocks and commodity turnover in trade of the Sughd regional consumer union for 2000-2010 __________

Indicators 2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2010 in % to

2000 2006 2007 2008 2009

Commodity stocks at the end of the year, (thousand soms) 3000 6905 3450 2959 3743 2527 84.2 36.6 73.25 85.4 67.5

Average inventory, (thousand soms) 3213 6484 3300 2680 3348 2412 75.1 37.2 73.1 90 and

Retail trade turnover 5250 10304 21027 30063 36627 39972 761.4 388 190.1 133 109

Inventory to trade turnover 57.1 67.01 16.41 9.84 10.22 6.32 11.1 9.43 38.5 64.2 62

Time of circulation, days 205.5 241.4 59.1 35.4 36.8 22.8 11.1 N 38.6 64.4 62

Speed ​​of circulation, number of revolutions 1.6 1.6 6.4 11.22 10.9 16.6 1038 1038 259 148 152.3

Source: Tajikistan: 20 years of state independence. Statistical collection. -Dushanbe. Official publication Agency for Statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, 2011. Author's calculations.

These tables show that the time of circulation of inventory in days and the speed of circulation in the number of revolutions tends to accelerate. In 2010 the figures amounted to 22.8 days and 16.6 turnovers, respectively, which is significantly higher than in 2009 and 2008. This gives

the opportunity to free up part of working capital, involve them in circulation and get additional profit.

Table 2.

Retail trade turnover in the Sughd region through all sales channels __________________________________________ (in, actual prices, million somoni)

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total volume of retail trade turnover through all sales channels 574.3 701.2 789.1 990.1 1209.7 1627.3 2019.2

public sector 10.2 8.8 9.1 9.0 13.3 11.4 14.9

non-state sector 564.1 692.4 780.0 981.1 1196.4 1615.9 2004.3

commercial trade 13.2 14.1 20.3 34.8 49.4 84.4 111.6

cooperative trade "Tajikmatlubot" 10.4 12.2 13.1 19.3 24.4 32.7 41.4

including

Sughd Regional Consumer Union 7.6 8.6 9.02 10.3 21.02 30.06 36.6

unorganized market 540.5 666.1 746.6 927.0 1122.5 1498.8 1851.2

Specific gravity (in %)

Total volume of retail trade turnover through all sales channels 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

public sector 1.8 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.7 0.7

non-state sector 98.2 98.7 98.9 99.1 98.9 99.3 99.3

commercial trade 2.3 2.0 2.6 3.5 4.1 5.2 5.5

cooperative trade "Tajikmatlubot" 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1

including

Sughd Regional Consumer Union 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.04 0.2 1.85 1.8

unorganized market 94.1 95.0 94.6 93.7 92.8 92.1 91.7

Source: Tajikistan: 20 years of state independence. Statistical collection. - Dushanbe. Official publication of the Agency on Statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, 2011. Author's calculations.

An analysis of this table shows that in the total volume of retail trade turnover through all sales channels, the share of the public sector has decreased by 0.9% over the past seven years. In 2003 the share of the public sector in the total volume of retail trade through all sales channels amounted to 1.8%, and in 2009. - 0.7%. The share of the non-state sector, on the contrary, increases by 1.1%. Thus, the share of the non-state sector in 2003 amounted to - 98.2%, and in 2009. - 99.3%. Including the share of commercial trade increased by 3.2% and the share of cooperative trade "Tajikmatlubot" also increased by 0.3%. The share of the unorganized market has also been declining by 2.4% over the past seven years. This indicates that the main volume of retail trade falls on the share of the non-state sector, namely the share of commercial trade and partly the share of the cooperative trade "Tajikmatlubot".

For the study period, the share food products in the total volume of trade has a steady downward trend. So, for the period from 2006 to 2010. the volume of trade decreased by 10% (79.1-89.1). In the composition of the turnover of food products, goods with a non-food shelf life and perishable products predominate.

Bibliography

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2. Yarnykh E.A. Statistics of the finance of a trade enterprise - M .: Finance and statistics, 2002.

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N.Ya. Yakubova

Optimization of inventory as a factor in the efficient operation of a trading enterprise Keywords: inventory, turnover, turnover, organized market, unorganized market

Commodity stocks are formed at all stages of product distribution: in the warehouses of manufacturing enterprises, on the way, in the warehouses of wholesale and retail trade enterprises. Any product belongs to the category of commodity stock until the moment of sale. The absolute value of commodity stocks changes all the time depending on the receipt and sale of goods. Education and accumulation

excess stocks leads to a reduction in turnover, a decrease in the profitability of the enterprise, and the freezing of funds invested in inventories. Understated inventories cause a narrowing of the range, reduction specific gravity sales of individual goods, a decrease in the volume of trade, which adversely affects all indicators of the economic activity of a trading enterprise.

Optimization of Goods Stocks as a Factor of Activities of Trading Company Key words: goods stocks, commodity circulation, organized market, non-organized market

Goods stocks are formed at all the stages of commodity movement: at warehouses of enterprises-producers, on their way to consumers, at storehouses of wholesale and retail trading enterprises. Any commodity refers to the category of goods stocks up to the moment of sale. Absolute magnitude of goods stocks is changing all the time respectively of goods entry and offtrading. Formation and accumulation of excessive goods entail reduction of their turnover and decrease of enterprise revenues, freezing of resources invested into goods stocks. Lessened goods stocks precondition reduction of assortment, abatement of a proportion of certain commodities being traded off, decrease of goods circulation volume; all these factors telling upon all the indices of the economic activities of the irading company in the negative.