FISH FACTORY ON REPRODUCTION OF Chum salmon in Kamchatka

INTRODUCTION

According to FAO data, at present, humanity consumes more than 150 million tons of products produced by aquatic ecosystems per year, of which more than 60 million tons are aquaculture. The most common object of aquaculture is fish (more than 100 species are cultivated), so fish farming is the most developed branch of aquaculture, especially freshwater.

Fish products are distinguished by high taste and dietary qualities and are a significant source of animal proteins. At present, they make up about one-fifth (22%) of the total protein balance of the Russian population. In addition, the fish has therapeutic and prophylactic properties. It contains all the irreplaceable compounds necessary for a person, including amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids that inhibit the development of atherosclerosis, vitamins, and microelements. According to the content of vitamins, except vitamin C , fish is superior to vegetables and fruits. Thus, the importance of fish is not limited to its nutritional value. That is why over time in Russia the need for fish products will increase even with an increase in the consumption of meat and dairy products. This is also evidenced by world experience.

The relatively low cost of growing fish is also important (for comparison, the cost of 1 kg of pond fish is 4–5 times lower than the cost of 1 kg of meat).

The current volume of freshwater fish production in the country does not meet the needs of the population and does not reflect the development of this area of ​​aquaculture as a whole. To meet the demand of the population in live fish, it is necessary to increase its production by more than 3 times.

Under the current conditions, the stability of commercial stocks of valuable fish species in Russian water bodies is no longer possible without effective work fish hatcheries (RZ) and spawning and rearing farms (NVH).

In recent years, salmon farming has been successfully developing in the Far East, where 52 salmon fish hatcheries operate, of which 32 are in the Sakhalin Region (27 on Sakhalin Island and 5 on Iturup Island), 6 - in Kamchatka, 8 - in the Amur Region, 4 - in the Magadan Region and 2 in the Primorsky Territory. On about. Sakhalin reproduces mainly pink salmon and chum salmon. Salmon fish hatcheries of the Sakhalin Region produce more than 80% of the total output of salmon in the Far East region of Russia. The additional annual catch due to the activities of the Far Eastern salmon hatcheries is estimated at 40-50 thousand tons.

Given the large water resources, the domestic salmon industry has significant potential for development.

The purpose of the work: to develop a course project on the artificial reproduction of chum salmon in Kamchatka.

1. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS KETS

1.1 Systematic position chum salmon

Type Chordata - Chordates

Subphylum Vertebrata - Vertebrates

Superclass Gnatostomata - jawed

Class Osteichtyes - Bony fish

Subclass Actinopterygii - Ray-finned fish

Superorder Clupeomorpha - Clupeoid

Order Salmoniformes - Salmonidae

Family Salmonidae - Salmonids

Genus Oncorhynchus – Pacific salmon

Species Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum, 1792) - Keta (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 - Keta

1.2 Morphology

Compared to pink salmon, chum salmon have large scales (125-150 scales in the lateral line) and fewer gill rakers (19-25). In the sea, the color is silvery, there are no black spots. The meat is fatty and pink. In fresh water, the color is brownish-yellow, the back is dark, dark purple or dark crimson stripes appear on the sides (6-7 in number), in males the back becomes humpbacked and black, the teeth are greatly enlarged, including those on the tongue, they become hook-shaped, the jaws are bent. Immediately before spawning, the color changes to black, the meat becomes whitish and flabby (such a fish is called catfish).

DIII-IV 9-11; A III 12-15; P I 14-16; V I-II 9-11. Pyloric appendages 135-185 (250), vertebrae 69-71. Gill rays 11-16. Number of chromosomes 2n = 74, NF = 100. There are no subspecies. L.S. Berg (1948) singled out two seasonal races (autumn and summer), differing in the time of entry into the rivers.

1.3 Distribution

It lives throughout the northern part of the Pacific Ocean from the Bering Strait to the south of the Korean Peninsula and Japan (Honshu) on the Asian side and on the American side - from Alaska to the river. Sacramento. In the Arctic Ocean, it is distributed eastward to the river basin. Mackenzie, in the west enters Kolyma (to Srednekolymsk), Indigirka, Yana (to the upper reaches) and Lena. In our waters, it is most numerous in the Amur, on the Okhotsk coast, near western Kamchatka and in the Korfo-Karagin region. To the south, its range extends to the river. Foggy. There are on the Kuril Islands (Fig. 2).

Figure 2 - Distribution of chum salmon

1.4 Breeding

An anadromous species that does not have freshwater forms, according to the time of entry into the rivers, summer and autumn chum salmon are distinguished. The presence of two races is not related to the size of the rivers: both races enter the largest Amur River and the very short rivers of western Sakhalin. Autumn chum is especially characteristic of the southwestern (Amur, Sakhalin Island, Peter the Great Bay) and eastern regions (Alaska, British Columbia). It has a higher growth rate, larger size, weight and high fecundity.Chum salmon enter rivers at the age of 3-10 (2+ - 9+), 4-6-year-olds take part in reproduction. The course of summer chum salmon into the rivers begins in July-September, autumn - in September-November. Homing is highly developed. If the spawning grounds are located near the mouths of the rivers, spawning begins immediately after entering the rivers. In the Amur, where spawning grounds are located along the entire channel and tributaries, autumn chum salmon rises up to 2000 km, and summer spawns in the lower reaches. Spawning is from August to November, on stretches with fine-pebble soil, in places where groundwater comes out. The female buries the eggs in the mounds. Fertility ranges from 1,250 to 44,300 eggs. After spawning, the fish die. Hatching of larvae occurs in 70-100 days. After the migration, the juveniles spend their first summer in coastal waters; the main feeding takes place in the ocean. For herds spawning in different geographical areas, different feeding areas are characteristic, located mainly to the north of the mouths of native rivers. During the marine period, there is a mixture of chum salmon from different herds, including American and Asian, but by the time of spawning they again diverge.

1.5 Life cycle chum salmon

1.5.1 Embryonic period of development chum salmon

The embryonic period of chum salmon development is divided into 11 stages:

Stage 1. Irrigation of inseminated eggs, the stage of formation of the embryonic disk.

Stage 2. Cleavage of the germinal disc.

Stage 3. Blastula.

Stage 4. Formation of germ layers.

Stage 5 Formation of the head and body of the embryo.

Stage 6 Separation of the back of the body from the surface of the yolk sac.

Stage 7. Development of the subintestinal-yolk circulatory system.

Stage 8. The emergence of cardinal and mixed subintestinal-yolk and hepatic-yolk circulation.

Stage 9 Formation of the hepatic-yolk circulatory system.

10 stage. Differentiation of the upper and lower myotomes.

11 stage. The development of the mobility of the jaws, gill covers, the completion of incubation.

1.5.2 Pre-larval period of development chum salmon

The prelarval period of chum salmon development is divided into 2 stages:

Stage 1. Passive state of free embryos. Hatched embryos have a massive head with large movable eyes. Their gills, with well-developed petals and rudiments of the first gill rakers, cover the gill covers.

Stage 2. Formation of unpaired, ventral fins and swim bladder. At the beginning of the stage, free embryos acquire a positive reaction to flow and touching foreign objects, a negative reaction to light.

1.5.3 Larval development period chum salmon

The stage of mixed nutrition. When conditions favorable for feeding are created - the necessary temperature, sufficient lighting, suitable food - the larvae are able to swallow and digest food, having a large yolk residue.

1.5.4 Juvenile period of development chum salmon

Changes in chum salmon during the transition to the juvenile state are less noticeable compared to related species. The direction of the ongoing changes shows a comparison of individuals, 35 - 40 mm long, with larger ones. In large juveniles, the body is higher, the length of the head increases, and the diameter of the eyes decreases. With age, the number of gill rakers and pyloric appendages approaches the definitive number. Juveniles with a length of 42 - 43 mm and more have scales, a high coefficient of fatness and intense silvering, the rest of the preanal fold disappears. These are typical babies. All this indicates a change in the morphophysiological state and the transition of chum salmon to intensive feeding.

1.5.5 Sensitive stages of development

Embryo sensitivity. Salmon caviar has a pronounced period sensitive to external influences. Thirty-six hours after fertilization and up to the "eye" stage, the eggs should be disturbed as little as possible. At a temperature of 10 about In 36 hours, development advances by about 10 t s , i.e. embryos reach the 6th stage. The "eye" stage refers to the period that begins with the appearance of the pigmented eyes visible through the shell of the embryos - continues until almost hatching. This period takes about half of the total incubation time. The "eye" period is the most convenient and safest for various types of movement and transportation of caviar. After fertilization of eggs, after about 6 days of development at a temperature of 5 ° C (up to 18 t s ), an increase in the stability of salmon embryos is observed. During this period, they are quite resistant not only to temperature, but also to mechanical stress. Experience has shown that caviar is transportable up to 15 - 21 t s , (comes after 5-7 days of development at 5 ° C, at 10 ° C - about 3 days), although precautions should be taken more than during the "eye" period.

After the middle blastula stage, the sensitivity of the embryos begins to increase. This is revealed not only by temperature, but also by mechanical influences (shaking, shocks, etc.). At the most sensitive stage (the end of fouling), the egg turns white (dies) if it is only moved with a feather. The increased sensitivity of salmon eggs during the fouling of the yolk with a layer of blastoderm is associated with two accompanying processes.

1) thinning of the cytoplasmic yolk membrane, the material of which goes to the construction of the blastodisc during crushing and blastulation;

2) an increase in the tension of that part of the yolk membrane that remains uncovered by the blastoderm during the fouling period (stages 12–15); the fouling ring, while moving along the yolk, pulls it together like a hoop, and the slightest push causes a rupture of the yolk membrane, through which a heavy liquid yolk begins to flow out and coagulate upon contact with the perivitelline fluid; By the end of fouling, the thickness of the yolk membrane reaches a minimum, therefore, the sensitivity of salmon eggs to the impact is greatest at this stage.

After the fouling of the yolk is completed, it becomes protected, in addition to the yolk membrane, by a unicellular layer of the periderm, due to which the stability of the eggs somewhat increases. Later, the yolk sac is overgrown with an additional membrane. The fouling front of this membrane is indicated by the yolk vein (stages 23 - 28); and the shell itself consists of many layers of cells, derivatives of different cell primordia. The process of fouling with a new shell is accompanied by fouling with a dense network of blood vessels - vascularization. By the end of vascularization (105 - 170 t s ) the yolk sac is reliably protected from damage. Just at this time, the concentration of pigment in the eye cups reaches such a level that it becomes visible through the shell: a period begins, which fish farmers call the "eye" stage. After vascularization, the protection of the yolk sac becomes so reliable that in the future, the death of eggs is accompanied not by whitening of the yolk sac, but by whitening of the embryo itself.

Thus, transport, selection and other manipulations with embryos are possible at the stages of swelling up to stage 25 - 27 t s . This is followed by a period of increased sensitivity, lasting until the age of 170 t s with a maximum sensitivity at the age of 70 - 85 t s. During the development period from 170 t s and before hatching, the embryos show high resistance to various kinds of influences.

2 SELECTING A SITE FOR A SALMON FISH FACTORY FOR REPRODUCTION KETS

When choosing a site for the construction of a fish farm, it is necessary to take into account the proximity of road transport networks, give preference to areas with favorable topography and soil, pay special attention to water supply sources, water availability throughout the year, water quality, the possibility of gravity or mechanical water intake, as well as the proximity of settlements to provide the enterprise with electricity and labor.

Fish breeding plant for the reproduction of chum salmon on the p-o. Kamchatka will be located on the Kamchatka River, which is the largest river in the Kamchatka Peninsula. It flows into the Kamchatka Bay of the Bering Sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean (Fig. 3).

M 1: 300000

X - the location of the LRZ

Figure 3 - Copy of the geographical map

In the water intake area and on the site of the reservoir at a distance of 20 km upstream are not located industrial enterprises dropping wastewater. The source of water supply is the Kamchatka River. At 2 km from the location of the hatchery near the mouth of the river, there is locality Lazo. Its close location makes it possible to freely provide the plant with electricity and labor.

The R-474 motorway passes not far from the selected site, which solves the problem of communication with major cities and delivery necessary equipment and fodder.

3 HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RIVER KAMCHATKA

The length of the river is 758 km, the basin area is 55,900 km². It originates in the mountains of the central part of the peninsula and before confluence with the Pravaya river is called Lake Kamchatka.

In the upper reaches it has a mountainous character with numerous rifts and rapids. In the middle reaches, the river enters the Central Kamchatka lowland and changes its character to a flat one. In this area, near Kamchatka, there is a very winding channel, in some places it breaks into branches. In the lower reaches, the river, bending around the Klyuchevskaya Sopka massif, turns to the east; in the lower reaches it crosses the Kumroch ridge.

At the mouth, the river forms a delta, consisting of numerous channels separated by sand and pebble spits. The delta configuration changes all the time. At the confluence of the Kamchatka River into the ocean, it is connected by the Ozernaya channel with Lake Nerpichye, which is the largest lake on the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The river has a large number of tributaries, both to the right and to the left along the stream. The largest tributaries: Kensol, Andrianovka, Zhupanka, Kozyrevka, Elovka - left; Kitilgina, Vahvina Left, Urts - right. The most significant of them is the Elovka River.

Food is mixed, with a predominance of underground - 35% (due to a significant part of the precipitation seeping into permeable volcanogenic rocks and replenishing groundwater reserves); snow is 34%, glacial - 28%, rain - 3% High water from May to September, from October to April low water. The average discharge near Nizhnekamchatsk (35 km from the mouth) is 965 m³/s. Freezes in November, opens in April-May.

The river valley is located in a seismically active area with active volcanism. During volcanic eruptions, mudflows may descend into the river basin due to the melting of glaciers. In some places, due to the release of hot springs, the river does not freeze throughout the year.

Table 1 - Chemical indicators characterizing the suitability of water for growing Pacific salmon

Indicator	Biological requirements for chum salmon	Hydrochemical characteristics of the river. Kamchatka
Oxygen (not less), mg/l	6.0 - 8.0
Carbon dioxide, mg/l	Up to 10.0
Hydrogen index (pH)	7.0 - 8.0	6.4 - 7.6
Suspended solids mg/l	1.8 - 2.0
Iron total, mg/l	8.0 - 12.0	0,24-0,82
Ammonium nitrogen, mg/l	Up to 0.01	0,009
Nitrates, mg/l	Up to 0.2	0,06
Nitrites, mg/l	Up to 0.01	0,008
Phosphates, mg/l	Up to 4.0

Hydrochemical parameters of the river. Kamchatka meets the biological requirements of chum salmon.

4 FISH BREEDING CALCULATION

The fish-breeding calculation will make it possible to determine the structure and capacity of individual production units of the projected fish-breeding enterprise, as well as to assess the correctness of the choice of the site, which should be sufficient in size, uninterruptedly provide the necessary volume of water, located near the area of ​​production of spawners and have a reliable transport connection with it.

The fish breeding calculation was made by successive calculations based on the data of the design task. For each link technological process the corresponding amount of fish products has been determined. As a result, the number of fish spawners required by the hatcheries to ensure the fulfillment of the project task was calculated (Table 2) .

Table 2 - Normative and technological indicators of LRZ

	Name	Unit measurements	Norm
	Manufacturers waste during aging: Up to 10 days
	The maximum amount of culling of producers that do not meet the fish breeding requirements
	Average working fecundity	thousand pieces
	Average percentage of fertilization of eggs
	Waste during the incubation period in the apparatus "Box"
	Waste of free embryos during the holding period (before switching to mixed nutrition)
	Departure of juveniles when growing up to an average body weight - 0.8 - 1.0 g

Continuation of table 2

	Name	Unit measurements	Norm
	Producer sex ratio (female:male)	ex:ex

The specified capacity of the LRZ is 15 million units. downstream chum salmon, thus calculated:

1) Departure of juveniles when growing up to an average body weight - 0.8 - 1.0 g 5%:

(15 million units × 100) /95 = 15789500 units – larvae at the beginning of rearing

2) Loss of prelarvae during the holding period (before switching to mixed feeding) 2%:

(15789500 pcs. × 100) /98 = 16111700 pcs. – prelarvae at the beginning of keeping

3) Waste for the period of incubation in the devices "Box" 10%:

(16111700 pcs. × 100) /90 = 17901900 pcs. - fertilized eggs

4) The average percentage of fertilization of eggs is 98%:

(17901900 pcs. × 100) /98 = 18267200 pcs. - unfertilized eggs

5) Average working fecundity 2400 pcs.:

18267200 pcs. / 2400 pcs. = 7612 pcs.

6) The maximum amount of culling of producers that do not meet the fish breeding requirements is 5%:

(7612 pcs. × 100) /95 = 8013 pcs.

7) Waste of producers when aging up to 10 days 10%:

(8013 pcs. × 100) /90 = 8904 pcs. – females caught

8) Sex ratio of producers (female:male) 1:1:

8904 pcs. – males caught

9) Harvested total spawners (females:males) 1:1:

8904 pcs. × 2 = 17808 pcs. – prepared by manufacturers

5 DESCRIPTION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF THE SALMON FISH FACTORY FOR REPRODUCTION KETS

5.1 Harvesting and maturation of sires

Before the start of the spawning run of Pacific salmon, a part of the spawning river (from 1/8 to 1/4 of the width of the river) is blocked by fish barriers with shields consisting of high-strength plastic tubes that are attached to each other. At the bottom, each shield is attached to a metal I-beam, and at the top it is equipped with a float, the length of which is equal to the length of the shield. The float helps raise the upper side of each shield (and, accordingly, all together) during high water, which prevents the passage of producers upstream. Traps and cages are set up in the rest of the free part of the river.

Producers themselves enter the traps, from which they are planted with nets in cages. The planting density of producers in cages is carried out in accordance with the developed standards. The number of fish in each cage is determined depending on the water level in the river. Males and females are kept separately in cages, with males placed upstream of the river. The holding period from the moment of depositing to the full maturation of germ cells is 3-7 days and varies at different plants depending on the location of the fish barriers (in the lower, middle or upper reaches of the river).

Producers are planted in cages during their entire spawning migration (ketu - in the second decade of September-third decade of October). Every decade, biological analyzes of the fish are carried out, including the taking of age-recording structures. These data are then used for various purposes (changes in the biological indicators of spawners are traced, the age structure is established by the scales of chum salmon, marked individuals are established by otoliths, etc.).

As they mature, producers are sorted into cages. Cages are wooden slatted rack boxes 2–4 m long, 1.5–2 m wide and 1.5–2 m high. Planting density is 60–70 kg of chum salmon per 1 m 3 cage. The average weight of the manufacturer is 2.4 kg.

Females and males with mature sexual products secrete eggs and sperm with light pressure on the abdomen. Mature spawners are held by the tail and killed by hitting the head with wooden mallets (slightly above the eye). Then they are laid belly up on conveyor belts, feeding males and females separately to the hatchery's caviar insemination shop.

5.2 Obtaining reproductive products and their insemination

After killing the females, eggs are obtained by opening the eggs in no more than 20-30 minutes. To take caviar, a special plastic table with an inclined mesh frame is used, which serves to separate caviar from mucus, blood clots, and excess abdominal fluid. After the opening of the required number of females, the mesh frame is lifted and the eggs are carefully poured into a dry special plastic basin for further insemination.

Caviar from 5 - 8 female chum salmon is taken into one basin, milk from mature males (5 - 8 males) is filtered there and thoroughly mixed with a rubber-gloved hand.

After 2-3 minutes, fertilized eggs are poured into a mesh basin of a washing container with water, where it must be immediately mixed by hand in order to avoid the formation of sperm clots and remove foam from the surface. Next, the caviar is left in the container until it is completely washed, that is, until clean water flows out. The water pressure is selected so that there is no rotation of caviar in the washing tank.

The washed caviar is carefully poured into a container for swelling, lowering the basin into the water column. For the convenience of laying out the caviar, the swelling tank is preliminarily lined with a small-mesh, knotless delyu.

After the end of the swelling process, which, depending on the temperature, lasts 1.5 - 2 hours, the eggs are loaded into incubators.

5.3 Incubation of eggs

For the incubation of caviar, box-type devices "Box" with a capacity of 500 thousand chum salmon caviar are used.

Caviar is placed in apparatuses on mesh pallets or baskets in bulk. The design of the devices and the scheme of their installation (cascade) provides, with proper care for caviar, 100% of its washing. Water supply to each row of devices is carried out separately by ball valves, with which you can easily adjust the flow (Fig. 4).

Figure 4 - Box-type incubators (in the background)

The cascade water level in the "Box" devices is created by their three-stage installation. All devices are provided with acrylic covers that protect developing embryos from exposure to ultraviolet rays. Barrier nets are installed on the outflow from the apparatuses, which prevent the removal of caviar.

The main condition for successful incubation of eggs is uninterrupted water supply and ensuring uniform washing of all eggs in the apparatus. In order to avoid premature hatching, raising the larvae into the water column (raising to the “float”) and accelerated consumption of nutrients, thermoregulation is carried out. The rate of water consumption during the incubation period per Atkinson apparatus is 30 l/min.

Depending on the temperature of the water source, the period of incubation of chum eggs lasts from two to five months. During this time, it is necessary to carefully monitor and care for caviar, which consists in washing from silt, “loosening” - to create normal washing, selecting dead caviar and carrying out preventive treatments.

At sensitive stages of development, from the moment of fertilization to the stage of pigmentation of the eyes, special care is required when working with caviar. During this period, caviar washing is carried out only in cases of severe silting and violation of water exchange (“gushing”, “swelling” of caviar). Perform it as follows. A hand or a wooden spatula with a smooth surface is lowered into the incubation apparatus "Box" to the level of the mesh tray and the layers of eggs in the apparatus are shifted by 2 - 3 cm in the horizontal direction. Such a manipulation is carried out in several places of the apparatus, then the bottom drain plug is removed and water is released. Two or three times a change of water in the apparatus achieves the release of caviar from silt deposits, which contributes to the access of oxygen to caviar.

The phenomena of “blowing” and “spouting” of caviar in the apparatus can also be caused by the accumulation of air under the mesh tray. Air can be removed using a wire hook, lifting the edge of the tray by 1 - 1.5 cm. Air bubbles will escape through the water intake chamber without damaging the eggs. Upon reaching the stage of eye pigmentation (220 - 240 degree days), the eggs are washed weekly and mixed, followed by treatment with a solution of malachite green (concentration 1:300,000, exposure 1 hour) in running water using a drip device. With this setting, you can process one device or a number of devices, as well as all devices at the same time. In the latter case, the disinfectant solution is introduced into the water distribution tray on the watercourse.

The frequency of preventive treatments of eggs during incubation on groundwater: from the day of fertilization to the collection of incubation waste - 1 time per decade, then according to the condition of the eggs; when incubating on river water: from the day of fertilization to the selection of waste - 1 time per week, then - 1 time in 10 - 14 days according to indications. Moreover, the first preventive treatment of eggs is done a day after fertilization.

The sampling of incubation waste of eggs by spawning machines is carried out in the range from 300 to 400 degree-days, when the embryo is most resistant to mechanical stress.

It is recommended to use the stress selection method, which consists in a preliminary (one day before selection) mechanical impact on the eggs, as a result of which weak embryos die and the protein becomes cloudy in the eggs developing in a parthenogenetic way (unfertilized). To do this, eggs are fed from the incubation apparatus into a mesh basket using a siphon (hose with a diameter of 35 mm). A jet of water with caviar is directed to the wall of the basket to increase the impact, then the caviar is poured without water into another mesh basket or basin.

After these manipulations, the eggs are placed in an incubation apparatus filled with water. Dead weak and unfertilized eggs become white during the day, which ensures high-quality selection of viable embryos by the automatic machine. In the future, there is no need to re-sample the waste.

In the process of sampling the incubation waste, the amount of collected and laid caviar is re-counted (caviar inventory), and the amount of dead caviar is also calculated. Accounting is carried out by weight or volume. Caviar is weighed before being loaded into the caviar and the selected waste is subtracted from this amount. All data for each batch are recorded in the appropriate journals.

Hatching of prelarvae during incubation of eggs in bulk may occur somewhat earlier (with a smaller number of degree-days) than during incubation on frames under identical hydrological conditions. This is facilitated by an increased density of eggs per unit volume of water and a large amount of the “hatching” enzyme accumulated in the apparatus. In order to avoid premature hatching of prelarvae in the apparatus, the eggs should be taken to the nursery 5-7 days before the expected start of hatching and placed on “hatching trays”.

To control the development of embryos, observations are made for the first, middle, and last batches. At the end of each month, biological tests are done. Weight gains, yolk sac consumption, etc. are determined.

During the incubation of Pacific salmon eggs, the thermal regime is very different in hatcheries. On some of them, the water temperature is almost stable (5 - 4 and 7 - 5 ° C), while on others it has wide fluctuations (13 - 0.2 ° C). Hence, different durations of incubation of eggs of these salmon are observed at the hatcheries. So, chum caviar is incubated for 100 - 210 days. Incubation of eggs of Pacific salmon at a temperature of 8 - 12 ° C ends in 40 - 45 days.

Due to the unequal dates of egg collection and different temperatures during the period of its incubation, the hatching of prelarvae in fish hatcheries can be extended in time if the water temperature is not controlled. In this case, the incubation of chum salmon eggs ends very early, which negatively affects the survival of their juveniles in the sea. In this regard, the water temperature during the incubation of chum salmon eggs should be - 0.2 - 3 ° C. At a temperature of 3 ° C, incubation will be 150 days.

5.4 Preparing nursery canals

Before placing eggs for hatching, it is necessary to prepare nursery channels in a timely manner. When using the nursery in the first season after commissioning, the channels are kept with running water for two weeks to remove alkali from the concrete (Fig. 5) .

Figure 5 - Nursery channels

Then, with an increased current of water, they sweep them with stiff brushes. Sandor grooves are cleaned of sand.

For creating optimal conditions when keeping the prelarvae, the bottom of the nursery canals is covered with a substrate. The substrate provides the prelarvae and larvae with normal water exchange, protects them from the direct impact of the water flow and prevents the formation of accumulations. When using nursery channels in the future as rearing fish tanks, tubular and honeycomb substrates are used, since they are easily removed from the channels after raising the larvae afloat. The bottom of nursery channels should be completely covered with the substrate, without gaps.

Mats of a tubular substrate are placed across the nursery canal to exclude the effect of a “hydraulic pipe” and the possibility of free movement of larvae in it (Fig. 6).

Figure 6 - Placement of mats from a tubular substrate in nursery channels

The honeycomb substrate is used only in combination with "louvers", since the latter serve to transform the horizontal flow of water into a vertical one and, thus, provide water exchange in the "honeycomb nests".

“Honeycombs” (without gaps) are laid on the concrete bottom, “honeycombs” are placed on the “honeycombs”. The "blinds" plates should be facing towards the water flow. Pallets with caviar are placed on the "blinds", also without gaps. It is forbidden to use "blinds" as a substrate without "honeycombs".

The water level in the nursery canals is set with the help of type-setting stopors of type "A", "B" and "C". The “A” type stopper has a height of 10 cm, without holes, the “B” type stopper is 6 cm high, also without holes, the “C” type stopper is 6 cm high with adjustment holes and rubber plugs. The tightness of the stopper is provided by rubber seals, which are inserted into the groove of the bottom plane of the stopor.

The height of the water layer above the tray with caviar should not exceed 1.5 - 2 cm in order to avoid the creation of an upper flow of water and the appearance of freezing phenomena.

In the water supply area, one “B” type sandora is installed, which is not fixed rigidly, but is afloat. This setting of the sandora eliminates the disturbance of the water surface and ensures the movement of water below.

The nursery canals are a series of paired cement pools 100–160 cm wide, partitioned off by chandors into sections 5–10 m long and 0.5–0.8 m deep.

5.5 Placement of embryos for hatching

When placing eggs for hatching, it should be remembered that during this period the need for oxygen increases in the embryo. For good caviar washability, the flow rate should be maintained at 1 - 1.5 cm/s or 2 l/s.

After the hatching of the prelarvae, the water flow decreases to 50 - 60 l / min and is maintained at this level until the larvae start to swim afloat (under the condition of normal saturation of the water with oxygen (the decrease in oxygen in the outflow should be no more than 50% compared to the inflow).

Before placing the eggs for hatching, the nursery shop is darkened. The windows are covered with lightproof curtains, and each nursery canal is covered with a black film. Hatching and subsequent holding of prelarvae should take place in total darkness. Switching on electric lighting, opening windows is prohibited. All subsequent observations and work should be carried out under the light of a flashlight.

The prelarvae usually hatch within 7 to 15 days. Knowing the usable area of ​​each nursery canal, it is necessary to determine the amount of eggs (embryos) placed for hatching. Stocking density standard for prelarvae per 1 m 2 when keeping chum salmon - 15000 ind./m 2 . The number of prelarvae per one channel will be 570 thousand pieces.

Eggs for hatching are placed in plastic trays, which are placed directly on the substrate laid on the bottom of the hatching channels. When using a tubular substrate, pallets are placed with an interval of 0.2 - 0.3 m from each other, on a “honeycomb” substrate - close to each other, since the prelarvae cannot disperse over the cells of the “honeycomb”. The first pallet from the water supply is installed at a distance of 1 m, the last at 1.0 - 1.5 m to the outlet.

The required number of pallets is determined by the amount of caviar placed in the channel. The norm of caviar laying out on a pallet for chum salmon is 25.0 thousand. Caviar is laid out on a pallet using a measuring cup quickly and carefully, since embryos are very sensitive to external influences before hatching. The tray with caviar is placed in water and shaken slightly to achieve an even distribution of caviar. To prevent caviar from being washed off the tray during immersion, it is necessary to reduce the water flow in the channel for the period of placement.

After the hatching of the prelarvae, the trays are removed from the nursery canal, thoroughly washed and stored. The caviar shells settled on the substrate are removed with nets. The waste of caviar is calculated by the volumetric or weight method, the data are entered in the appropriate journal.

5.6 Holding of prelarvae

Keeping prelarvae should take place in optimal mode. Lack of oxygen, increased flow rates, weak obscuration make the prelarvae move and expend energy to overcome these negative impacts. As a result, the larvae rise prematurely into the water column and with a smaller mass. In order to avoid this, it is necessary to perform the following measures after the end of hatching when holding the prelarvae on a tubular substrate:

Remove pallets;

Reduce the flow of water supplied to the nursery canal;

Reduce the water level above the substrate to 2 - 3 cm (total level 6 cm).

It should be remembered that it is impossible to sharply lower the water level. This leads to substrate movement and injury to prelarvae. If the upper stopor with holes is used, then the plugs are first opened, then the stopor is slowly raised to smoothly drain the water.

For the period of keeping prelarvae, the flow velocity in the channel should not exceed 0.5 cm/s for chum salmon. The flow rate of water supplied to the channel to create such a speed is calculated by a method similar to the calculation of the flow rate for the hatching period.

When the prelarvae are kept on a honeycomb substrate, after hatching, the upper sandora with holes is removed (the removal technique is the same as on the tubular substrate). Next, the pallets are removed, freed from caviar waste, washed with clean water and brushes and put back on the blinds. The pallets prevent the substrate from moving and serve as an additional darkening of the channels.

The water level is set so that under the bottoms and the upper part of the stiffening ribs of the blinds are above the water surface, that is, a sandor "A" with a height of 9 - 10 cm is left. The water flow in the channel at this level and the flow rate of 0.5 m / s should be equals 1.0 l/s or 60 l/min.

In all nursery channels, in order to avoid spontaneous exit of prelarvae, a mesh barrier stopper on a sealing gasket is installed in the first stop groove. The sandor mesh must be cleaned daily of contamination.

The light regime in the nursery during the period of keeping the prelarvae must be strictly observed. Even short-term switching on of electric lighting is prohibited. The temperature regime of chum salmon, as a rule, is 3 - 4 ° С.

At the Far Eastern hatcheries, prelarvae are kept for 45–50 days at a water temperature of 3–4 °C, after which the prelarvae become larvae and switch to mixed feeding.

5.7 Growing larvae

The rise of larvae into the water column (“float”) is timed to coincide with the moment of a steady increase in water temperature to 4 °C, since at lower temperatures the feeding activity of larvae is low. The conditions for raising the larvae into the water column are provided as follows:

1) Darkening is gradually removed. The black film is removed from the nursery channels, electric lighting is turned on in the nursery. On a cloudy day, you can open the curtains on the windows; on a clear day, the curtains are slightly opened only from the northern (unlit) side, since bright sunlight disturbs the larvae, creating an additional stressful situation. The larvae, not adapted to bright light, nestle on the bottom, creating massive aggregations, which can lead to increased mortality of weaker individuals. Lighting in the nursery during the raising of the larvae "to swim" and the initial period of feeding should be diffused.

2) Raising the water level in nursery canals. To feed the larvae, the minimum water level must be at least 25 cm. To achieve this level, sandors 10 cm high (2 pcs.) And 6 cm high (1 pcs.) Are used. It should be remembered that in order to prevent the larvae and juveniles from leaving the channels, a mesh stopor is installed in the first stop groove (in front of the wooden ones). The time of installation of the net is determined by the moment of passive migration of juveniles to the lower part of the channel. Type-setting stopors are installed in the second groove. For the convenience of cleaning the channels, a narrow sandor is placed on top. If necessary, the sandors are fixed with wedges.

3) Regulation of water flow. Since the oxygen consumption of actively swimming and feeding larvae increases, special care should be taken when regulating the water supply. During the rise of the substrate, after the water level rises, the water supply should be adjusted so that the flow rate in the channel remains the same, i.e. equal to the flow rate during the holding of prelarvae. To maintain the initial flow rate (0.5 cm / s), when the water level rises to 25 cm, it is necessary to ensure a water flow rate of 2.5 l / s.

4) Raising the substrate. Raising the level and adjusting the water supply, proceed to remove the substrate. When lifting the substrate, it is prohibited:

Walk along the bottom of the channel;

Raise mats of a tubular substrate filled with larvae to the surface of the water (by slightly shaking in the water column, you need to get it out of the tubes);

Leave for more than a day in the channels the departure of prelarvae during the holding period. In case of non-simultaneous raising of the larvae “afloat”, when some of them are pressed against the bottom of the channel, a small amount of substrate mats should be left for several days until the larvae fully adapt to the lighting and feeding regime. The substrate should be lifted from the head of the canal to avoid injury to juveniles concentrating near the water supply.

5) Cleaning of nursery channels. After raising and removing the substrate, with the help of nets, the waste for the holding period (individuals with developmental defects and injured) is selected and calculated. The nursery canal is cleared of silt, foreign objects that have fallen into the canal with water; the grid on the spillway is thoroughly cleaned. It must be remembered that in nurseries where there is no lower groove for the net sandora, in order to avoid the loss of juveniles, a sealing material is attached to the lower edge of the net (in particular, parallon, 1.5 - 2.0 cm thick). The integrity and correct location of the sealing material must be checked daily, replacing the worn-out one in a timely manner.

The substrate removed from the nursery canals is immediately thoroughly washed with soapy water with brushes, rinsed with a strong stream of water, disinfected and folded on a flat horizontal surface to prevent its deformation.

To obtain better and more uniform fry, feeding should begin after resorption of no more than 10% of the yolk sac from the initial mass. The starting food for young chum salmon is food with a particle size of less than 0.3 mm (1 fraction). The daily feed rate is 2.5 - 2.8% of body weight and the fry are fed continuously during daylight hours using automatic feeders of various types, including the belt type. Due to the fact that the larvae immediately manifest hierarchical behavior (large individuals seize food, drive away smaller ones, preventing them from eating), small individuals, as a rule, are located in the second half of a rectangular pool or nursery channel (section of the channel), where they are fed by hand (Table 3).

Table 3 - Growth of chum salmon larvae

Duration of feeding, days	Weight of juveniles, mg

Using the data of feed tables, the amount of feed required for growing larvae and early juveniles of chum salmon can be determined by the formula:

Where K is the amount of feed, kg/day;

n is the number of fish stocked in the nursery excluding waste, pcs.;

P – average weight, g;

N - the daily norm of feeding from body weight,%.

15789500 pcs. - the number of larvae at the beginning of rearing

15 million pieces - juveniles after rearing

15789500 pcs. – 15 million pieces = 789500 pcs. - withdrawal for the growing period in nursery canals.

1 day - 15789500 pcs.

Day 15 departure 60% for the time total time rearing and rearing - 15263200 pcs.

Day 30 - 15 million pieces

15789500 pcs. × 0.008 g × 2.8% / 100 × 1000 = 3.5 kg × 15 days = 52.5 kg (from day 1 of feeding for 15 days)

15263200 × 0.232 × 2.8 / 100000 = 99.1 × 10 = 991 kg (on the 15th day of feeding for 10 days)

15 million pieces × 0.8 × 2.8 / 100000 = 336 × 5 = 1680 kg (on day 30 of feeding for 5 days)

52.5 kg + 991 kg + 1680 kg = 2723.5 kg

In total, 1474.95 kg of dry starter compound feed will be required to grow juvenile chum salmon to the downstream stage.

With the start of feeding the larvae, the following fish breeding activities are carried out:

1) The water supply is regulated. With a lack of oxygen and a large amount of water supplied, larvae and juveniles, having positive rheotaxis, form large accumulations in the head part of the channels, in places of water supply. For a more uniform dispersal of larvae and juveniles over the canal area, part of the water is fed into the central part of the canal with the help of perforated pipes (40 mm in diameter, 5-10 m long). So that larvae and juveniles do not accumulate under the tubes and are not injured by them during cleaning of the channels, it is advisable to hang the aeration system from concrete paths.

With intensive feeding, the need for juveniles in dissolved oxygen increases. Oxygen is also consumed for the oxidation of organic residues (feces, food residues), therefore, it is necessary to regulate the water flow in the canal in accordance with the oxygen concentration in the water. The drop in oxygen content due to the vital activity of larvae and juveniles and oxidative reactions should not exceed 50% of the oxygen concentration in the water in the inlet. The lower limit of oxygen concentration at the outflow is 3.5 - 4.0 mg/l.

In the event of extreme situations (insufficient water supply) to prevent the death of juveniles, it is necessary to stop feeding until the normal reaction to external stimuli is restored, increase the water supply, making sure that juveniles do not choke on the net, since under adverse conditions the weakest juveniles accumulate on the outflow .

2) Nursery channels are cleared of organic residues. To maintain the optimal hydrochemical composition of water during intensive feeding of juveniles, nursery channels must be cleaned daily of excrement and food residues.

Before the first feeding, the dirt accumulated during the night is adjusted with nets and brushes to the mesh sandora and removed from the canal by an increased flow of water. To create an increased flow of water, the two upper stopors on the outflow alternately rise, while it is necessary to ensure that the juveniles are not injured on the net. With constantly repeated forced training of swimming abilities, juveniles easily overcome a short-term increased flow of water, which imitates for them going to the rapids. After cleaning, waste is selected. You can also clean the bottom of the nursery section with a siphon or special device using an electric pump of low power and brushes from a household vacuum cleaner.

In the evening (if necessary), a sparing cleaning regime is applied (it should be borne in mind that fed fish are more susceptible to stressful situations and it is more difficult to get out of them). Organic residues are carefully adjusted to the net with nets and removed from the nursery canal. The cleanliness of the mesh sandora on the outlet is maintained regularly throughout the day. It must be borne in mind that fish-breeding equipment is used separately for each nursery shop and is treated with a 5.0% solution of table salt.

3) Nursery lighting mode is provided. With intensive feeding, it is necessary to create the maximum possible lighting in the nursery - all windows must be open and the internal lighting turned on. With the help of artificial lighting, it is possible to increase the length of daylight hours, thereby creating more favorable conditions for feeding and consumption of juveniles. daily ration in full.

The duration of growing juveniles is about 30 days. During this time, juveniles reach a body weight of 0.8 - 1.0 g.

5.8 Accounting and release of juveniles

The resulting chum salmon fry, which have reached a mass of 0.8 - 1.0 g, are released from nurseries into the river.

The release of juvenile chum salmon is timed, as a rule, with the exception of anomalous years, to the peak of the migration of juveniles from natural spawning grounds (from the third ten days of June to the end of the first ten days of July). The release of juveniles into the river is carried out at night, in batches of no more than 2 - 3 million specimens, when optimal hydrological conditions are established in the coastal areas of the sea (water temperature 7 - 8 ° C) .

On the day of release, a sample of 100 copies is taken. fry for biological and ichthyopathological analyses. At 23 - 24 hours in nursery channels, from which the release of juveniles is planned, net sandors are removed.

To count the released juveniles, the UPR-1 fish counting device is used (Fig. 7).

Figure 7 - Fish counting device UPR-1

Designed for automatic counting of juvenile fish based on the interruption of the ultrasonic signal (Table 4) .

Table 4 - Technical specifications UPR-1

Error, no more than %
Speed, thousand pieces/h
Water flow rate in the accounting area, m/s
Counter weight, kg	11,8

During the night there is a free, non-compulsory exit of juveniles. The juveniles remaining in the channel are fed during the next day. If the juveniles have not left the nursery channel within two days, they undertake (also at night) a forced release - having raised the sandors, the juveniles are released into natural conditions with a stream of water. After the release of water and juveniles, the sandors are installed in place, before the canals are cleaned.

It is forbidden to forcibly expel juveniles with brushes and nets and release them earlier than 4 hours after the last feeding.

5.9 Post-release activities

After the complete exit of juveniles from the nursery canal, its bottom and walls are thoroughly washed with brushes. The sealing material is removed from the mesh stoppers and all types of stoppers are washed with brushes with water (if necessary using detergents), disinfected, dried and stored in a dry room on a flat surface in a horizontal position.

After the release of all juveniles from the nursery, all water tanks, water distribution and spillway trays are washed, the aeration unit is disassembled, washed and stored. All concrete paths and metal ladders are thoroughly washed. The nursery is fully prepared for disinfection, which is carried out after the complete release of juveniles. Disinfection is carried out with hypochlorite (10 g per 1 m:). First, all devices, channels are cleaned of dirt and silt, washed with water under pressure. After everything is dry, they are treated with hypochlorite using watering cans (water supply chute, bottom, nursery walls, transition ladders). Everything stays in this state for a month. Then everything is washed well with water. Nursery channels are filled with water and kept for about a week. Before placing the eggs for hatching, again everything is washed well.

6 SALMON FISH FACTORY SCHEDULE FOR REPRODUCTION KETS

Calendar plan the work of the enterprise allows you to clearly present the entire manufacturing process, from the harvesting of spawners to the release of downstream fry on hatcheries (Fig. 8) .

Name of works

Months

Producer Procurement

Keeping spawners in cages

Caviar incubation

Post-incubation in nursery canals

Holding of prelarvae

Growing larvae

Release of larvae

Repair work

Figure 8 - Calendar schedule for the work of the hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon

Before the start of the spawning run of the Pacific salmon, a part of the spawning river is blocked by shields for protecting fish. Producers themselves enter the traps, from which they are planted with nets in cages.

Producers are planted in cages during their entire spawning migration (Kets - in the second decade of September-third decade of October). As they mature, producers are sorted into cages. Females and males with mature sexual products secrete eggs and sperm with light pressure on the abdomen. Mature spawners are held by the tail and killed by hitting the head with wooden mallets (slightly above the eye). Then they are placed belly up on conveyor belts, which feed males and females separately to the hatchery's caviar insemination shop. Sexual products from females are taken by opening, eggs are inseminated by dry method. For incubation of caviar, devices of the Box type are used with a capacity of 500 thousand chum salmon caviar. At a temperature of 3 ° C, incubation will be 150 days. At the end of incubation, the frames with eggs are placed in hatching channels for hatching. Keeping prelarvae lasts 45 days at a water temperature of 3-4 °C, after which the prelarvae become larvae and switch to mixed feeding. Growing juvenile chum salmon is approximately 30 days and individuals have a body weight of 0.8 - 1.0 g, after which they are released into the river.

7 CALCULATION OF EQUIPMENT FOR SALMON FISH FACTORY FOR REPRODUCTION KETA

The calculation of equipment, vehicles, inventory required for the operation of the hatchery is based on the data from the task for the course project, the accepted biotechnology of artificial reproduction, the number of fish products (spawners, caviar, prelarvae, larvae, juveniles) and the accepted stocking density standards and the corresponding fish-breeding tanks (Table 5).

Table 5 - Calculation of equipment for hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon

Regulatory indicators		Fish products		Equipment		Note
name, unit measurements	quantity	name, unit measurements	quantity	name, unit measurements	Qty
1. Stocking density of producers in floating cages, pcs.		Manufacturers, pcs.	17808	Floating cages, pcs.
		Caviar, pcs.	18267200	Incubation apparatus "Box", pcs.
3. Stocking density of prelarvae and larvae in nursery canals, thous.		Prelarvae, pcs.	16111700	Nursery canals, pcs.

1) Planting density of producers in floating cages:

V \u003d 4 × 2 × 2 \u003d 16 m 3 – floating cage volume

70 kg × 16 m 3 = 1120 kg

1120 kg / 3.0 kg = 373 pcs. – producers in one floating cage

17808 pcs. /373 pcs. = 48 pcs. – floating cages will be required to keep spawners.

18267200 pcs. /500 thousand pieces = 37 pcs. – apparatus "Box" for incubation of caviar

3) Stocking density of prelarvae and larvae in nursery canals:

16111700 pcs. /570000 pcs. = 29 pcs. – nursery canals for holding prelarvae, rearing larvae and rearing early juveniles.

8 WATER SUPPLY OF SALMON FISH FACTORY FOR REPRODUCTION KETS

The water supply of the hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon is mechanical, the source of water supply will be the Kamchatka River (Table 6).

Table 6 - Calculation of the one-time water consumption at the hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon

Workshop equipment	Regulatory indicators		Equipment		Note
		units measurements	water consumption, l/s	quantity	total water consumption, l/s
Caviar incubation shop. Devices "Boxing"	PCS.	0,28		10,36
Placement of hatching embryos in nursery channels	PCS.
Keeping prelarvae in nursery canals	PCS.
Growing larvae in nursery canals	PCS.			72,5
Household expenses

1) Caviar incubation shop. Devices "Boxing":

50 l / min \u003d 0.83 l / s - water consumption for one row of Boxing devices from three devices

0.83 l / s / 3 = 0.28 l / s - for one device "Box"

0.28 l / s × 37 \u003d 10.36 l / s - for all Box devices

2) Placement of embryos for hatching in nursery channels:

For one nursery channel, water consumption during hatching is 2 l/s

2 l/s × 29 = 58 l/s

3) Keeping prelarvae in nursery canals:

For one nursery channel, the water flow during holding is 1 l / s

1 l/s × 29 = 29 l/s

4) Growing larvae in nursery canals:

Per nursery channel, water consumption during rearing 2.5 l/s

2.5 l/s × 29 = 72.5 l/s

Based on the data in Table 5 and the calendar schedule for the operation of a salmon hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon, we build a histogram of the plant's water consumption (Fig. 9)

Figure 9 - Graph of water consumption by hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon

9 NATURE PROTECTION

One of the most important tasks of fish farm operation services is rational use water resources and their protection from pollution.

For water supply of fish ponds, as a rule, surface sources (rivers, reservoirs, streams, etc.) are used. The use of groundwater (mainly for water supply of incubation and larval shops) is allowed with appropriate justification by the project in agreement with the geological service of the region and the basin authorities for the protection of water resources.

The schedule of water consumption of the fish farm must be linked to the hydrograph of the intra-annual distribution of runoff, so that in the water source after the withdrawal of water from it for the needs of the fish farm, the minimum sanitary consumption is maintained, the value of which is determined by the water protection authorities.

To account for the amount of discharged and withdrawn water, the project provides for special water-measuring devices (measuring weirs, conical inserts, etc.).

In order to reduce the level of pollution and create favorable conditions for the mineralization of organic substances, annual reclamation treatment of sweat and shallow water zones of ponds, systematic mowing and removal of hard aquatic vegetation, as well as the use of herbivorous fish breeding as additional objects are envisaged.

To prevent pollution of water bodies in the territory adjacent to the farm with oil products, refueling of feeders and reed mowers is provided by mechanized refueling units equipped with automatic refueling valves. Storm water is drained from the territory of the economic center through an oil trap. The car wash site should have a closed water supply system that does not have a discharge, in which only the replenishment of losses is provided.

10 COMPOSITION OF THE SALMON FISH FACTORY FOR REPRODUCTION KETS

The composition of the LRZ includes (Fig. 10):

1. Producer holding cages
2. Workshop for insemination and incubation of eggs (Fig. 11)
3. Workshop-nursery with nursery channels
4. Administrative and technical block
5. Fuel depot, garages and workshops
6. oil trap
7. Artesian well
8. Process water pumping station
9. jetty

Water supply is carried out using a pumping station through a water supply system. Before being used for technical needs, water enters the filters and is purified, and only after that it enters the ponds.

The administrative building is supplied with water from an artesian well. Waste water passes through treatment facilities and enters the drainage system.

The drainage system passes through the drainage network, having previously passed through the cleaning system. The spillway necessarily flows into the river downstream of the head of the water intake of the pumping station.

1 - water intake with a fish barrier; 2 - pumping station; 3 - sump for water; 4 - water supply network; 5 - cage for keeping spawners (males); 6 - cage for keeping spawners (females); 7 - berth; 8 - incubation apparatus of the "Box" type; 9 - drain for waste water; 10 – caviar insemination shop; 11 - nursery canals; 12 - drainage network; 13 - administrative and technical block; 14 - sewer well; 15 - oil trap; 16 - garage; 17 - fuel and lubricants warehouse; 18 - artesian well

Figure 10 - Scheme of a salmon hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon

11 BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE SALMON FISH FACTORY FOR REPRODUCTION KETS

To determine the biological efficiency of the work of hatcheries for the reproduction of chum salmon, it is necessary to calculate the value of the commercial return from the number of juveniles that, according to the task, should be grown and released into natural reservoirs by a fish farm. Then it is necessary to determine the commercial return from the amount of eggs that the females used in the hatcheries would have spawned under natural conditions. In this case, the biological fecundity of females is taken into account, in contrast to the indicators of industrial return from hatched fry, where the calculations are based on data on the working fecundity of females.

The biological efficiency of the work of the hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon is determined by the ratio of the values ​​of the two indicators of the commercial return.

The commercial return of chum salmon when releasing a downstream larva is 1.2%.

15 million pieces × 1.2% / 100 = 180,000 pcs.

Since the reproductive products of female chum salmon are taken by the autopsy method, the working fertility is equal to the biological one. The commercial return under natural conditions from caviar is 0.33%.

17808 pcs. × 2.4 thousand pieces = 42.7392 mln.

42.7392 mln. × 0.33 / 100 = 141016 pcs.

Biological efficiency: 180000 pieces / 141016 pieces. = 1.28

Artificial reproduction of chum salmon in hatcheries is 1.28 times more efficient than natural reproduction of the species.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

1. Serpunin G.G. Biological bases of fish farming. – M.: Kolos, 2009. – 384 p.
2. Serpunin G.G. Artificial reproduction of fish. - M.: Kolos, 2010. - 255 p.
3. Skornyakov V.I. et al. Workshop on ichthyology / V.I. Skornyakov, T.A. Appolova, L.L. Mukhordova. – M.: Agropromizdat, 1986. – 269 p.
4. Atlas of Freshwater Fishes of Russia / Ed. Yu.S. Reshetnikov. - M.: Nauka, 2002. - T. 2. - 251 p.
5. Smirnov A.I. Biology, reproduction and development of Pacific salmon. - M.: MGU, 1975. - 335 p.
6. Anisimova I.M., Lavrovsky V.V. Ichthyology. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1991. - 288 p.
7. Free encyclopedia Wikipedia "Kamchatka River" - http://www.wikipedia.org. date of the application
8. Yandex- p-o cards Kamchatka - http://www.yandex.ru. date of the application
9. Hydrology Kamchatka - http://www.hydrology.ru. date of the application
10. Ivanov A.P. Fish farming in natural reservoirs. – M.: Agropromizdat, 1988. – 367 p.: ill.

11. Serpunin G.G. Artificial reproduction of fish: method. decree. according to issue well. slave. for stud. for example 110901.65 - Water bioresources and aquaculture - Kaliningrad: FGOU VPO "KSTU", 2009. - 29 p.

12. Temporary biotechnical indicators for the breeding of juveniles (larvae) in institutions and enterprises subordinate to the Federal Agency for Fisheries, engaged in the artificial reproduction of aquatic biological resources in water bodies of fishery significance. - Moscow: Federal Agency for Fisheries, 2010. - 94 p.

13. Designing of fish-breeding enterprises / E. V. Grinevsky, B. A. Kaspin, A. M. Kershtein et al. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990. - 223 p.

14. Methodology for calculating the amount of damage caused to aquatic biological resources. - M: Rosrybolovstvo, 2011.

Implementation investment project will allow to preserve and increase the population of chum salmon and pink salmon in the Nevelsky district

The economy of the Sakhalin Region is actively developing, and one of the drivers of its growth is the fishing industry. In many ways, this is facilitated by the implementation of large-scale investment projects related to the reproduction of marine biological resources. One of them is the construction of a modern salmon hatchery on the Volnaya River in the Nevelsky District in the south of Sakhalin Island. Now the object is at the final stage. The construction is expected to be completed in the coming months. IA SakhalinMedia.

The implementation of the investment project - the construction of a plant for the reproduction of chum salmon and pink salmon - is being carried out with the support of the Sakhalin Investment Promotion Agency.

According to Anton Sheredekin, head of the Sakhalin Investment Promotion State Public Institution, the project has been implemented since January 2017. The construction will be completed soon. The project was launched on the basis of an existing enterprise with its own production facilities.

The location of the plant is due to the connection to the spawning river called Volnaya, on which the fishing site of the enterprise is located.

The total capacity of the plant will be: 15 million pieces. Of these: 10 million pieces of juvenile chum salmon and 5 million pieces of pink salmon.

According to the Sakhalin Investment Promotion Agency, as a result of the plant's operation, the "return" of salmon to spawning may significantly increase, and, accordingly, the fishing volume in the enterprise's catch area may also increase.

It should be noted that within the framework of the project implementation, one capital building of a fish-breeding plant and two residential buildings for staff living and working will be built.

As for the technological process implemented at the plant, it includes the following steps:

collection and fertilization of caviar of chum salmon and pink salmon;

caviar incubation;

keeping larvae in the nursery;

rearing of juveniles with the use of granular feed;

The total investment for the project will amount to 70 million rubles. The project is being implemented on own funds enterprises - LLC "Kanif". It will pay for itself in about 10 years. During the implementation of the project, 10 permanent jobs will be created. And tax deductions to all levels budget system for the period of project implementation will amount to 158 million rubles.

It is very important to note that the implementation of the investment project will allow to preserve and increase the population of chum salmon and pink salmon in the Nevelsky district, and, accordingly, increase the volume of production and processing by the enterprise.

"In the south-west of Sakhalin - the site of the construction of the plant - there is almost no salmon left. It is practically destroyed by local poachers. We will try to restore the salmon population. The plant will provide profit and jobs. In addition, south-west Sakhalin will come to life if the rivers are filled with spawning fish," - said Viktor Pogodin, deputy director of Kanif LLC.

Factory farming of salmon has more than a century of history. It can be argued that the world has already established a practice of correlation between the participation of the state and private business in this branch of fisheries. There are 14 national and 9 federal salmon hatcheries in 4 Pacific states of the USA. 25 factories are owned by the indigenous population and probably have state support, and only 5 factories are private. In Alaska, 20 out of 48 plants are the main ones and are owned by the state government. The rest are private property. In Japan on about. There are 37 state and 6 municipal factories in Hokkaido, and 104 private factories, but these are usually small factories. Almost all factories located on Honshu are owned by private cooperatives. In Canada, only 29 factories are financed by the government. In the Republic of Korea, there are factories at scientific institutes, and their work is financed by the state (two factories), and the rest are private. From the above data, it is obvious that the APR states are actively involved in maintaining the number of salmon by financing the work of salmon hatcheries. However, private factories successfully operate nearby.

This issue in Russia deserves special attention and cannot have a single solution in general throughout the Far East. In each of the regions, specific conditions for the hatchery reproduction of salmon and its correlation with their natural reproduction have developed. In addition, in most cases, salmon hatcheries carry an important social burden, providing employment local population. Without taking into account these features, it is impossible to approach the solution of this problem.

According to the developed Federal Target Program "Improving the efficiency of use and developing the resource potential of the fishery complex in 2009-2013", it was planned to reconstruct and build new salmon hatcheries in the Far East in the amount of 21 plants for a total amount of almost 4 billion rubles (4012.2 million rubles). rub.). At the same time, in addition to the reconstruction of pond areas and other hydraulic structures, it is planned to carry out either a complete reconstruction or new construction at 12 plants, bringing the release of downstream fry to 194 million. For these purposes, it is planned to allocate 3,348.1 million rubles from the total amount. Based on these indicators, then an impersonal salmon fry will cost 17.26 rubles. capital investment per skier. And if we take such a species as chinook salmon, then according to the Program for 1 downstream this amount could be 635 rubles. If the reconstruction of the two Primorye plants takes place, then the specific capital costs may amount to 14.1 rubles. on a skier. For comparison, I will point out that the specific capital investment per 1 chinook downstream (the most expensive in cultivation) at North American plants is 7.62 rubles. ($0.238). Naturally, these calculations for our plants were made on the basis of the programmed figures. Now it is not known what was actually included in the Program, since it was sequestered, and some of the objects were excluded. If the sequestration amounted to 30%, then even then the capital costs will amount to 12.1 rubles. on a skier. It is obvious that during its preparation, no one particularly went into the economy. Otherwise, there would not have been such a planned cost of one downhill.

Let us now touch on the situation with the construction of private factories in Russia. As you know, they are mainly built on Sakhalin. According to the chairman of the Association of Salmon Fish Hatches of Non-State Forms of Ownership of the Sakhalin Region, 1.5 billion rubles were spent on their construction. In 2008, these plants produced 227.4 million pieces of juvenile salmon, which amounted to only 6.6 rubles. capital investments per 1 skier. These figures are quite comparable with those for US plants, but almost 2.6 times lower than those planned by the Program.

The second part of the cost of salmon farming is the unit operating costs for the operation of the hatcheries. At the same time, they are based on wage and energy costs. For example, in the US North Pacific plants, operating costs exceed capital costs by 2.3 times, and 50% of them are wages. In Russia, the situation is different due to low wages. As a result, in Russia, the specific capital costs, on the contrary, are twice as high as operating costs. Nevertheless, for example, at the plants of Amurrybvod in 2007, wages accounted for 37% of the total cost of their maintenance. Factories of non-state forms of ownership here are in more favorable conditions. As a rule, the number of permanent employees working for them is reduced to a minimum. Peak labor requirements at hatcheries occur only during the laying of eggs and during the feeding of juveniles. At this time, temporary workers are being hired. This is exactly what private salmon farms in Sakhalin practice. State salmon plants constantly maintain a staff. For example, in 2009, the annual financing of two Primorsky plants amounted to about 50 million rubles. With the planned release in 2010 of 19.89 million pieces of juvenile chum salmon and salmon, operating costs will amount to 2.51 rubles. for 1 skier. As a result of this, it is obvious that the operating costs in a private plant are much lower.

Creation of a salmon farm by Kometa LLC (Sov-Gavansky District, Khabarovsk Territory) deserves special consideration. Its current capacity is 24 million pieces of downstream chum salmon fry. The history of the creation of the chum salmon herd is interesting. In 2003, on about. For the first time, 230,000 chum salmon juveniles grown at the Anyui farm were delivered to Tikhoe for the first time. His chum salmon in the tributaries of the lake. Quiet was not due to the lack of spawning grounds. In the next two years, juveniles continued to be imported from the same hatchery, bringing up to 955 thousand. However, already in 2007, the first returns of producers began, and in 2008, according to the accounting work, 51,319 chum salmon specimens approached the plant. This made it possible already in 2009 to release 13.31 million chum salmon fry. Good results at this plant were also obtained for Sima, but work on it was stopped due to the presence of this species in the Red Book. Khabarovsk Territory. Thus, following the Ryazanovskiy EPRZ, the possibility of creating industrial populations of chum salmon in rivers, where there is enough water for the plant, but there are no spawning grounds, has been convincingly confirmed. However, the entry into force at the end of 2008 of the new law "On Fishing" put this plant out of legal framework Russian legislation, like all private factories in Sakhalin.

Let's consider this situation in more detail. Private salmon farms in Sakhalin were created on the basis of contractual relations with the Federal Agency for Fisheries and had the right to catch returning fish. With the release of the law “On Fishing and Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources”, non-state-owned plants lost the right to catch a return, as fish from salmon juveniles released into the sea becomes state-owned. The entrepreneur has no right to catch it. Under these conditions, the already built salmon plants were outside the legal framework. Even the permitted capture of spawners for the purposes of reproduction, which takes place at the factories of Sakhalin, determines the inexpediency of the fish-breeding activities of a private entrepreneur. Obviously, under the current legislation, new plants will not be built at all. And the fate of those already built is a big question.

In connection with the foregoing, the persistent desire of the state to transfer fish-breeding enterprises in concession is completely incomprehensible. First, the existing legislation precludes the possibility commercial activities fish-breeding enterprise with the release of juveniles in natural environment. Secondly, so far there is no law either on aquaculture or a law on concessions. In the current realities, it is completely unclear what proposals the Federal Fisheries Agency can prepare “on the possibility of privatization, leasing or using in other forms of public-private partnership part of the capacities for the artificial reproduction of aquatic biological resources.” It is this task that is written in the Decision of the last Collegium of the agency. Without appropriate laws, no by-laws and temporary intra-departmental provisions will be able to really affect the positive economic side of the functioning of a private fish-breeding enterprise.

There can be only one way out of this situation. Bringing legislation in line with the realities of the existence of salmon plants already built by private firms. With their obvious economic feasibility, they should have the right to exist.

This is especially true in conditions economic crisis when the state does not have enough funds to finance its enterprises.

Viktor MARKOVTSEV, Leading Researcher, FSUE TINRO-Center, Ph.D.

In Portland, Oregon on the Pacific coast of the United States (and later in Seattle, Washington), a meeting was held public organizations Russia and the USA, as well as international environmental organizations involved in the conservation of salmon biodiversity and their sustainable use - the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the Russian Salmon Foundation, the Pacific Protection Center environment and Natural Resources (PERC), Wild Salmon Center, Sakhalin Salmon Initiative, Sakhalin Environment Watch and the Kamchatka Public Coalition "Save Salmon TOGETHER!".

In particular, we proposed, within the framework of the communications development project, to revive the project to create a single information space "Northern Pacific" in order to preserve biodiversity and apply the principles of sustainable fishing in the North Pacific Ocean (North Pacific) - the most bioproductive fishing zone of the World Ocean. This project was interesting, first of all, because it can link into a single communication chain all projects, one way or another aimed at the conservation of wild salmon and its sustainable use.

But let's get back to the global (basic) topic.

Salmon hatcheries (LRZ)

On this issue, related to the need for artificial reproduction, although the discussion "for and against" has been going on for more than a year, there is no unequivocal answer and, probably, cannot be.

Currently, five countries of the North Pacific - the USA, Canada, Japan, Russia and South Korea - are engaged in artificial breeding of Pacific salmon.

The fundamental difference between the artificial reproduction of Pacific salmon for their subsequent grazing in the ocean and farm commercial reproduction and rearing of Norwegian salmon and trout on artificial feed has been recognized. It is considered wild salmon, which, as a result of feeding with artificial feed, has gained less than ten percent of the future marketable weight.

But one more important principle of grazing reproduction on hatcheries has been defined, when salmon can be considered wild, in the event that the artificial reproduction program is aimed at restoring natural reproduction. If there is no such program, then the fish farm cannot participate in the environmental certification of its fisheries and salmon products, as it contradicts the program for the conservation of wild salmon stocks.

Today, five BILLION juvenile salmon are sent to the waters of the North Pacific every year. FIVE BILLION! share Russian Federation- 700 million (of which more than 80 percent are accounted for by 34 hatcheries in the Sakhalin Region). The share of Alaska is 1 billion 500 thousand fry (with the main part falling on pink salmon (800 million) and chum salmon (500 million), and on other species, including for sport fishing, when the fish is sterilized and cannot reproduce, only 200 million).

It is not always correct to talk about the low return of artificially bred salmon. Fish farmers today give examples of very high efficiency of the work of hatcheries, which cannot but be convincing: all Japanese chum salmon in Hokkaido is of artificial origin and annually about 300 thousand tons of fish are caught here, which the Japanese want to certify according to the standards of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), that is according to the standards of ECOLOGICAL certification.

Sakhalin fish farmers, or rather their high Moscow authorities, also do not get tired of repeating that the historically unprecedented approaches of pink salmon and chum salmon to the Far Eastern rivers are the result of the efforts of the Sakhalin and Kuril (and partly other Far Eastern) hatcheries.

The figures are also staggering - five billion fry released from factories throughout the North Pacific. No one today knows what the possibilities of salmon food supply are in this part of the ocean, where American and Asian salmon stocks feed and mix. Scientists talk (and we see this in the example of pink salmon) about favorable conditions for survival in the ocean. And at the same time, both American and Russian experts almost unanimously assert that pink salmon hatcheries are economically INEFFICIENT.

Executive Director of the Sakhalin Salmon Initiative (SLI), ex-Director of the Department of Fishing Industry of the Sakhalin Region Sergey Didenko is very skeptical about the contribution of salmon hatcheries in Sakhalin to the historical volume of the return of pink salmon to spawning, which Moscow is proud of and is preparing new projects for the construction of pink salmon hatcheries on Dalny East.

Firstly, according to the estimates of the fish farmers themselves, the maximum return of salmon of hatchery origin for spawning is 9 thousand tons. A drop in the bucket when compared to the historical catch in eastern Sakhalin in the fishing season of 2009, which exceeds this figure by almost twenty times.

And, secondly, what the fish farmers of Sakhalin do not like to talk about, they reproduce non-commercial pink salmon, since the caviar is laid in September, and the fishing season ends in August. That is, these factories work ONLY FOR THEMSELVES, to ensure reproduction in FACTORIES, and not in rivers, improving natural reproduction. Therefore, these factories are running idle. And the question is, does the state need such factories? In the United States, there is a similar problem with pink salmon plants and a program has been launched to close economically inefficient enterprises. But Congress initially commissioned research in 2000 to prepare hatchery reform. And it turned out that "factory farming does not solve the problem of destruction of natural habitats and restoration of natural populations of salmon. Based on the results of these studies and conclusions, a comprehensive list of reforms has been developed, which are currently being implemented at more than 100 hatcheries, including the closure of some of them" .

We are going to build new ones.

Experts give two explanations, and both of them are connected with the protectionism of the state, with the state will.

Firstly, against the background of an increase in the catch of pink salmon, it is very convenient to report on the successes in implementing the Concept for the Development of the Russian Fishing Industry until 2020, which, if anyone has studied it, is fundamentally different from the version of the Concept originally approved by the Government of the Russian Federation and rejects radical ideas for the development of the coastal fishing industry. complex of Russia, that is, the idea of ​​reviving the Russian coast, defends the only idea - artificial breeding of fish, although, as the results of the Putin season of 2009 showed, we do not know what to do with pink salmon of natural origin, selling it at prices that are made by the fishing and fish processing enterprises of Sakhalin and Kamchatka UNPROFITABLE.

Well, and, secondly, the construction of private hatcheries on the largest spawning rivers of Sakhalin and Kamchatka is the way to real-life (and not imaginary) salmon resources, the use of which COMPENSATES for the idea of ​​building hatcheries and the construction itself. This is a real way to fish in the conditions of corrupt Russian capitalism. Let us recall the history of the construction of private Kamchatka fish hatcheries at the end of the last century. I will give only one example, which has already set the teeth on edge, with the construction of a hatchery plant on the Khapitsa River in the Kamchatka River basin. The idea was compensated in the form of a fishing site for a sea fixed seine set up for fishing for sockeye salmon, and a sockeye salmon reproduction plant was never built, although if there was a threat with the ownership of the site, then the Royal State company, which initiated the construction of the hatchery, here I would have installed a module, as happened on Sakhalin, where they also saw the real path to the resource in the construction of new hatcheries. Let us recall the recent (2008) salmon wars on Sakhalin, when fish farmers from state-owned factories were already eager to catch fish for completely different purposes than reproduction, with the support of their high-ranking leaders.

And here's an example: in 2004, the governor of the Sakhalin region issued a decree that prohibited the construction of fish hatcheries on 67 key spawning rivers. And in 2008, this resolution was canceled, because (I quote) "the regional authorities do not have the authority to make such decisions regulating federal biological resources."

At the same time, 17 percent of all jobs in the Far East are in salmon fishing and related industries. According to the Constitution of Russia, natural resources are the basis for the life and activities of the population living in a given territory. But it turns out that the regions do not have the right to protect themselves even from those hatcheries that damage natural reproduction.

And now let's calculate what these plants cost us. Incomes from the Pacific salmon fishery for the Far Eastern regions total 16.6 billion rubles. The annual expenses of the LRP of the Far East are 814.4 million rubles from the federal budget, that is, from the general pocket of the country.

It is planned to build 9 more new hatcheries on Sakhalin, in the Kamchatka and Khabarovsk territories, as well as to reconstruct 15 operating plants throughout the Far East - that is, another 9.5 billion rubles.

And at the same time, half of all hatcheries in the Russian Far East will continue to be focused on the production of pink salmon, which today DOES NOT NEED such care and more than covers all the state’s expenses aimed at saving it, and like hordes of Huns (or locusts, who knows?) falls on fertile pastures in the depths of the oceans. God grant, of course, that these pastures endure the pink salmon invasion and universal abundance and prosperity come. God grant that pink salmon occupies its ecological niche and does not pass to those food items that other types of salmon need. God forbid that pink salmon does not start to force out other, more valuable species of salmon, from that living space in the ocean, which cannot be infinite in size and in its feeding possibilities. Although scientists from different countries are already beginning to sound the alarm on this issue of the feeding capacity of salmon pastures, since the curves of ups and downs in the number of salmon in the North Pacific over the past hundred years are quite well known to science.

And this is a very serious issue, as noted at the meeting in Protland.

Like the other - they say that the peak in the growth of pink salmon has already come? And will soon begin as rapid as the rise, the decline in the number of pink salmon and all other species of salmon? But after all, on the way to Russian spawning grounds for salmon there are many troubles that are unknown neither in the USA, nor in Canada, nor in Japan, nor in South Korea - large-scale drift net fishing and IUU fishing - mass poaching. In scales and volumes reaching, and sometimes exceeding, the official industrial withdrawal of these fish.

And what then? How will we save Far Eastern Russian salmon if hatcheries are not efficient by definition?

(to be continued)

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Fishing for spawning chum salmon for breeding in artificial conditions began in Primorye
Nature and ecology of the Far East / October, 2015

Seasonal commercial fishing has begun in Primorsky Krai. This year, the Barabashevsky salmon hatchery will catch about 50 tons of chum salmon for spawning in order to return ten million new fry to the river next spring.

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I visited the enterprise and looked at how fish are caught to further increase the population in industrial conditions. Chum salmon fishing for the purpose of breeding began on the Barabashevka River in the Khasansky district.

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Since the end of September, a protective seine has been installed on the reservoir. It deters the herds of salmon going to spawn, and allows you to drive the fish into a special trap.

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I took photos from above in November 2014. Then I was lucky to fly around the entire south of Primorsky Krai by helicopter and prepare an excellent report. If anyone missed it here link .

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As told to a reporter Chief Engineer Federal State Budgetary Institution "Primorrybvod" of the Barabashevsky Salmon Fish Hatchery Roman Bulatov, the annual quota of the enterprise is 50 tons of chum salmon. This fish becomes a supplier of caviar and milk for artificial breeding.

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“Here we have a slaughterhouse, a seine net and cages for rearing and keeping fish so that the caviar ripens.

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- Fish are suitable with varying degrees of maturity. We endure them here, withdraw them, probe them. If the eggs are shed by pressing on the stomach, then the female is ready for fertilization, she is immobilized and killed.

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- A mobile workshop has also been deployed here, where cutting takes place - females are cut, and males are milked.

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- Caviar is fertilized, kept for a certain time and sent to a fish hatchery. The plant sells the slaughtered fish under contracts for the sale of chum salmon for technical processing,” said Roman Bulatov.

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He added that at least 10 million fry will be obtained from caviar from 50 tons of fish.

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According to the specialist, artificially bred fish is mixed with the main herd and is no different from the natural population.

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The male weighs an average of 4 kg, the female - 3.5 kg. Also, fish farmers are sure that the Barabashevskaya chum salmon population consists mostly of “hatchery” individuals. After all, every year poachers completely destroy spawning grounds, catching females with caviar.

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According to experts, earlier, 90% of fish damaged by prohibited fishing gear - nets and hooks "cats" came to the barrier seine. Now the situation is somewhat better, but the problem of illegal fishing remains very relevant for the spawning rivers of Primorye.

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Keta is a valuable commercial fish. In Russia, however, chum salmon catches are significantly smaller compared to the pink salmon fishery.

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The main object of breeding for plants is the "autumn" chum salmon

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Barabashevsky salmon fish hatchery has existed for more than 25 years

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On the pontoon, fish are being removed from cages and sexually mature individuals are being selected

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The base river for the BLRZ is the Barabashevka River; in some years, caviar was laid from the Narva River

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According to fish farmers, the fish itself does not recover. Due to intensive fishing, salmon spawning grounds are overgrown and clogged with mud. Fish will not spawn in this area. And in order to avoid this, it is necessary to create a stock of salmon, which will expand their population range.

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During the operation of the hatchery, the chum salmon population in the Barabashevka River is maintained at a constant level, and an artificial herd of chum salmon has been created in the Ryazanovka River. A technique for breeding Sima is being developed, positive results have been achieved with one- and two-year cultivation

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The activity of such plants is aimed not only at reproduction, but also at the effective protection of producers during spawning.

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Fish are suitable with varying degrees of maturity. If the eggs are poured when you press on the stomach, then the female is ready for fertilization.

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Transfer of chum salmon for caviar collection by employees of the Barabashevsky salmon fish hatchery, owned by FGU Primorrybvod, on the Barabashevka River.

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Transfer of fish to a mobile workshop located right there, on the river bank, where specialists, selecting caviar and milt, carry out artificial insemination, wash and place the caviar in containers for swelling.

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Leading fish farmer of the Barabashevsky salmon fish hatchery Vyacheslav Goryachev told how specialists are trying to increase the number of the Barabashevskaya salmon population:

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“Now I monitor fertilization, I control the laying of eggs at the factory. So far we are planning at least 10 million fry. The yield from the caviar is not 100%, but, compared to nature, the plant is much more efficient. We have 80 percent, but in nature - God forbid, if there are 20. Of 10 million fry released, between 2 and 10% survive, depending on conditions.

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Larvae will hatch from the now fertilized eggs by the new year.

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At the end of February, they will rise afloat and begin to feed. And at the end of April they should be released - they will reach a mass of 0.7 to 1 gram.

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The fry go into the pond, from it into the river, feed in the mouth areas and go to the sea. They will feed in the Gulf of Peter the Great and then go along the Primorsky Current to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Bering Sea. The fish will return to Barabashevka in 3-4 years to spawn and die here.”

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Vyacheslav Goryachev said that when salmon goes to spawn, they overcome any obstacles with joint efforts - even the “dam” created by the factory workers.

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Males can approach the barrier seine, fall on it and drown it in order to let the school go forward. The same situation occurs in nature: if the rift is shallow, the fish spring it up with their bodies, and when there is enough water, the shoal goes upstream.

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The power that is at the end life cycle attracts salmon to spawn in their places of birth, in science it is called “homing”. In some artificially bred specimens, it is so strong that they do not just return to spawn in Barabashevka, but try to jump into the plant's chimney, from which they once entered the river as fry.

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Future herd of chum salmon

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Milking a male chum salmon

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Caviar is mixed with milk and allowed to brew for exactly three minutes. An hourglass is used to measure time.

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Two hours after artificial insemination, the eggs are placed in the incubation shop of the plant for further growth. Having reached a weight of 0.6 grams, the chum salmon fry roll down the pipe to the workshop into the pond on the territory of the plant. “The pond is fenced to prevent predatory fish from entering it. Here, with the help of artificial feed, we bring the weight of fry to 1.5 grams and release them into the river. On it, fry go to sea to return in four years, ”said Alexei Sopko, director of the plant.

In order for the fish to return back, the so-called Homing principle works, literally - the “instinct of the house”, which is available in many animals and birds.

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The Barabashevsky Salmon Fish Hatchery has been operating for more than 25 years. Its main task is to maintain the population of the chum salmon in the Barabashevka River. As told plant director Alexei Sobko, the enterprise is expanding its capacity - a new workshop has appeared here, twice as powerful as the old one. In the new building there are baths with running water for incubation of eggs, as well as pools for fry. Every year, 20 million new chum salmon will be born here. Aleksey Sobko noted that in the future the plant plans to start breeding fish for sale.

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In total, more than 600 million units were released into the rivers over the years of the plants' operation. fry various kinds salmon fish.

By the way, the debate about the effectiveness of such plants does not stop. According to fish farmers, the fish itself does not recover. Due to intensive fishing, salmon spawning grounds are overgrown and clogged with mud. Fish will not spawn in this area. And in order to avoid this, it is necessary to create a stock of salmon, which will expand their range of population.

Thank you for your attention!
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The use of photographic material is permitted only with my personal consent. If you are using photos in non-commercial purposes do not forget to put an active link to my journal. All pictures posted in this magazine are my authorship, unless otherwise stated. Text description of objects used from open sources/ Smith-mitty