Logistics science and practice includes. Development of logistics as a science and its practical implementation. History of the development of the science of logistics

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Introduction

Logistics is a relatively young and rapidly developing science and business area in our country.

The interest that domestic scientists, university professors, scientific and technical workers, managers of industrial and transport enterprises, engineers and businessmen show in logistics is explained not only by a new and unusual-sounding term for the domestic economy, but also, most importantly, by those impressive results obtained through the use logistic approach in the economies of industrialized countries. Foreign experience shows that logistics plays a strategically important role in modern business. It is no coincidence that more and more professionals who have achieved success in this field are being promoted to senior positions in company management. From a business standpoint, logistics is understood as the effective management of material and related (information, financial, service) flows to achieve corporate goals with the optimal cost of all resources. At present, in leading firms, traditional functional areas logistics (transportation, inventory management, purchases and orders, warehousing, cargo handling, packaging) were integrated on the basis of a common information and computer platform, forming a strategic innovation system. The introduction of logistics management methods into business practice allows firms to significantly reduce all types of stocks of products in production, supply and marketing, accelerate the turnover of working capital, reduce production costs and distribution costs, and ensure the most complete satisfaction of consumers in the quality of goods and services.

In this control work the essence and tasks of logistics are considered. We will get acquainted with the concept of logistics as a science, its goals, the subject of its study, various types of logistics and its functions.

1. The concept and essence of logistics

Logistics comes from the Greek word logistike - the art of calculating, reasoning. The history of the emergence and development of logistics goes back to the distant past. The first logistics positions appeared in Athens. During the period of the Roman Empire, there were servants of logistics or logistics who were engaged in the distribution of products, the formation of stocks, and the exchange between provinces. In Byzantium in the 1st millennium AD. the tasks of logistics were arming the army, supplying it with military equipment.

The first scientific works on logistics appeared in France at the beginning of the 19th century, the author A. Jomini is a military specialist.

Logistics received especially rapid development during the 2nd World War, when it was used to solve strategic problems and to clearly interact with the defense industry, supply bases and transport in order to provide the army with weapons and food in a timely manner. In the 60s, logistics gradually moves from the military to the civilian, and then to production. At the end of the 20th century, logistics science included purchasing, transport, production, information, and marketing logistics. Thus, logistics seeks to satisfy the needs of the consumer as much as possible with minimal costs for the manufacturer.

Logistics is the science of planning, controlling and managing transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process of bringing raw materials and materials to manufacturing enterprise, intra-factory processing of raw materials and materials and semi-finished products, finishing finished products to the consumer in accordance with the interests and requirements of the latter, as well as the transfer of storage and processing of relevant information and relevant financial flows. Logistics is the science of managing the movement of goods.

You can look at the logistics object from different points of view: from the positions of a marketer, financier, planning and production management manager, scientist. This explains the variety of definitions of the concept of logistics. An analysis of foreign and domestic economic literature has shown that today logistics is understood as:

Theory of scheduling various flows in man-machine systems;

A new direction in the organization of the movement of goods;

Aggregate various kinds activities in order to obtain the required amount of cargo in the right place at the right time with minimal cost;

Optimization of delivery processes working capital and finished products and material flows of production processes;

The process of planning costs for the movement and storage of goods from production to consumption;

Efficient movement of finished products from the place of production to the place of consumption;

A new scientific direction associated with the development of rational methods for managing material and information flows;

Science of rational organization production and distribution.

It is convenient to divide the entire set of logistics definitions into two groups:

The first group defines logistics as a direction economic activity, which consists in the management of material flows in the areas of production and circulation;

Another group of definitions considers logistics as an interdisciplinary scientific direction, directly related to the search for opportunities to improve the efficiency of material flows.

Logistics management is based on choice best solution out of several possibilities.

Production and commercial logistics as a science is designed to develop methods for modeling logistics systems and finding optimal solutions for managing these systems.

Logistics should be considered as a system, the purpose of which is the delivery of goods and products to a given place, in the right quantity and assortment, prepared to the maximum extent possible for industrial or personal consumption at a given level of costs. Such a system contains functional areas between which there is a connection and interdependence. For example, if a technology is used in the main production that does not require the presence of significant intermediate stocks of materials and raw materials, then, in accordance with the logistics, it is planned to carry out deliveries at a strictly defined time at short intervals. To fulfill irregular orders in minimum terms, in the field of procurement, appropriate methods are used to purchase a variety of material resources in order to fulfill individual orders. In the logistics chain, i.e., the chain along which the commodity and information flows from the supplier to the consumer pass, the following main links are distinguished (Fig. 1):

Supply of materials, raw materials and semi-finished products;

Storage of products and raw materials;

Production of goods;

Distribution (including the dispatch of goods from the warehouse of finished products);

consumption of finished products.

Each link in the logistics chain includes its own elements, which together form the material basis of logistics. The material elements of logistics include: vehicles and facilities, warehousing, communications and management. The logistics system, of course, also includes personnel, i.e., those workers who perform all sequential operations.

Fig.1 Supply chain

The possibility of planning various operations and analyzing the levels of elements of the logistics system predetermined its division into macro- and micrologistics.

Macrologistics solves issues related to the analysis of the market of suppliers and consumers, the development of a general concept of distribution, the placement of warehouses at the service site, the choice of mode of transport and Vehicle, organization of the transport process, rational directions of material flows, points of supply of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products, with the choice of a transit or warehouse scheme for the delivery of goods.

Micrologistics solves local issues within the framework of individual links and elements of logistics. An example is intra-production logistics, when various logistics operations are planned within the enterprise, such as transport and storage, loading and unloading, it provides operations for planning, preparing, implementing and controlling the processes of movement of goods within industrial enterprises.

2. Subject, object and goals of logistics

The subject of the study of logistics is the optimization of MP, service flows and their accompanying financial (FP) and information flows (IP).

There are so-called "six rules of logistics", which describe the ultimate goal of logistics management:

1) cargo - the desired product;

2) quality - the required quality;

3) quantity - in the required quantity;

4) time - must be delivered at the right time;

5) place - to the right place;

6) costs - with minimal costs.

The tasks of logistics are very diverse and are due to the above ultimate goal logistics management. How the science of logistics sets and solves the following tasks:

Demand forecast and inventory planning based on it;

Determining the required capacity of production and transport;

Development of scientific principles for the distribution of finished products based on the optimal management of material flows;

Development of scientific bases for managing transshipment processes and transport and storage operations at production points and at consumers;

Development of construction of various options for mathematical models of the functioning of logistics systems;

logistics chain operational industrial

Methods of joint planning, supply, production, warehousing, marketing and shipment of finished products, as well as a number of other tasks.

The main tasks of logistics are:

Rationalization of material flows of the enterprise;

Load maximization production capacity consumer orders;

Saving material resources at all stages material flow;

Optimization of costs for the production and sale of finished products.

The principles of logistics: synchronization, optimization and integration - serve as the main methodological approach to improving organization and efficiency, functioning production systems.

The methodology of logistics allows for the systematic rationalization of complex production systems. It equips us with methods to improve the organization of production systems and allows us to effectively gain competitive advantages.

3.Tasks and functions of logistics

In accordance with modern tasks of logistics, the following types of functions are distinguished: operational and coordination.

The operational nature of the functions is associated with direct traffic control material assets in supply, production and distribution, and essentially differs little from traditional logistics functions.

Logistics coordination functions include:

Identification and analysis of the needs for material resources of various phases and parts of production;

Analysis of the markets in which the enterprise operates and forecasting the behavior of other sources of these markets;

Processing of data relating to orders and customer needs.

The listed functions of logistics are to coordinate supply and demand for goods.

From a conceptual standpoint, the following logistics functions can be distinguished:

System function. Logistics is a system effective technologies ensuring the resource management process. In the "narrow sense" logistics forms a system for managing the movement of goods (the formation of economic relations, the organization of the movement of products through places of storage, the formation and regulation of stocks of products, the development and organization of storage facilities);

integrating function. Logistics ensures the synchronization of the processes of marketing, storage and delivery of products with a focus on the market of means of production and the provision of intermediary services consumers. It ensures the coordination of the interests of logistics intermediaries in the logistics system;

regulatory function. Logistic management of material and related flows is aimed at saving all types of resources, reducing the cost of living and materialized labor in various sectors of the economy;

The resulting function. Logistics activities are aimed at supplying products in the required quantity, at the specified time and place, with a given quality (condition), at minimal cost. Logistics seeks to cover all stages of interaction "supply - production - distribution - consumption", i.e. it is an algorithm for converting resources into a supply of finished products in accordance with existing demand.

The complication of production and the intensification of competition in the 80s and 90s of our century required a more accurate linkage of logistics with the strategic goals of firms, as well as the activation of the role of logistics in increasing the flexibility of firms, their ability to quickly respond to market signals. In this regard, the main task of logistics was to develop a carefully balanced and reasonable proposal that would help achieve the greatest efficiency of the company, increase its market share and gain advantages over competitors. As practice has shown, underestimation of the close connection between the concept of logistics and an active market strategy has often led and leads to the fact that the purchase of raw materials, semi-finished products and components in itself becomes an incentive to start the production of a particular product without proper demand for it. In the current market situation, such an approach to product release is fraught with commercial failure. Of course, the focus on minimizing costs remains in force, as noted above, but only if the optimal level of combination of costs and profitability of fixed and working capital involved in the market strategy is found.

One of the main tasks of logistics is also to create an integrated effective system for the regulation and control of material and information flows, providing high quality delivery of products. This task is most closely associated with the solution of such problems as:

Correspondence of material and information flows to each other;

Control over the material flow and transfer of data about it to a single center;

Definition of strategy and technology for the physical movement of goods;

Development of ways to manage the operations of the movement of goods;

Establishment of norms for standardization of semi-finished products and packaging;

Determining the volume of production, transportation and warehousing;

The discrepancy between the intended goals and the possibilities of procurement and production.

Fig.2 Functional diagram of logistics

The functions of logistical coordination include: identification and analysis of the needs for material resources of various phases and parts of production; analysis of the markets in which the enterprise operates, and forecasting the behavior of other sources of these markets; processing of data concerning orders and needs of the clientele (Fig. 2). The listed functions of logistics are to coordinate supply and demand for goods. In this sense, marketing and logistics are closely interrelated, and the established formula - "marketing creates demand, and logistics realizes it" - has a weighty basis. To a certain extent, the formula is applicable to the coordination of the relationship between logistics and production. Thus, logistics is engaged in the "docking" of two areas: the demand presented by the market and the proposal put forward by the company, based on the relevant information.

So, the introduction of a logistics system in enterprise management reduces work time, speeds up the supply of materials and product sales, and in general - increases productivity.

Object and subject of logistics

The object of logistics is complex dynamic production and commercial integrated systems of supply, marketing, including organizational and economic aspects of supply activities, transport and technical operations, production and technological and commercial and marketing activities. Characteristic features such systems are:

The dispersal of technical means and teams of people over a large area;

Mobility of a significant mass of technical means, including transport;

High capital intensity of technical means;

Dependence on the result of the work of a large number of related subsystems - consignors, consignees of resources.

These features affect the volume and flow of information processes in logistics systems and subsystems. It is often far from easy to achieve a coincidence of the efforts of the interests of the teams of individual subsystems and the system as a whole. Logistics with its system-cybernetic approach to the studied material and information flow processes helps to find ways to solve this problem.

There are several models of alternative economies - their complete centralization or complete decentralization, in accordance with which the concepts of a totalitarian "socialist market" and "free market" are formed. Between these extremes, in reality, there are often intermediate options, the models of which should also be kept in mind when analyzing.

The need for economic centralism today is due to the following tasks:

General development of the economy as a whole;

Coordination of efforts to successfully achieve the goals of each participant involved in the overall production and commercial process.

Such centralism cannot be fully identified with the role of the formation of organizational and economic structures by the participants in logistics activities.

Economic centralization with a touch of integration in free market models has three pillars:

1) a unified financial-monetary and banking system;

2) the market system, including the financial and money market;

3) the system of reproductive turnover of social capital and product, consumer income and turnover of social capital.

These structures form three flow layers:

Material;

Reproduction-market;

Economic-financial and monetary.

Thus, the core of economic centralization is composed of economic forms: production, exchange, distribution, consumption. And these are stream processes that act as objects of logistics activities.

The subject of study in logistics is the optimization of material and related financial and information flow processes. At the same time, the sphere entrepreneurial activity is limited to the production and commercial cycle, which is also considered as a multi-layered closed process that forms the basis of logistics. The boundaries of the production and commercial logistics system are determined by the production and commercial cycle, including lending processes (part financial flow), procurement of logistics, their warehousing, transportation, storage, ^ intra-production organizational and technological distribution, warehousing and marketing of finished products, generating income and repaying a loan (the final part of the financial flow).

From the definition of the subject of logistics, it follows that its task is to develop methods for evaluating efficiency.

4. Goals and objectives of logistics

The purpose of logistics is the delivery of goods "just in time" with minimal labor and material resources. The basic condition of logistics to comply with this principle requires that raw materials, semi-finished products, goods and their components are first of all ready for assembly, order picking, their dispatch and delivery, when demand arises both within the boundaries of production and beyond. The supply of materials, raw materials, finished products "just in time" has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the entire economic system, allows you to significantly (sometimes 3-4 times) reduce stocks in the warehouses of industrial enterprises. Logistics fully works for the consumer. Therefore, it is believed that the implementation of marketing functions in the field of logistics is carried out through the "six rules": cargo, quality, time, cost, quantity and place. To meet these conditions, material flows are optimized, a set of measures is taken to rationalize containers and packaging, unify cargo units, including bundling and containerization of transportation, implement an efficient warehousing system, optimize the size of orders and stock levels, plan the most advantageous routes for moving goods at warehouse facilities of enterprises and beyond them on the main transport.

The construction and functioning of logistics systems are based on the following most significant conceptual provisions:

Implementation of the principle systems approach, which manifests itself primarily in the integration and clear interaction of all elements of logistics systems. This principle is reflected in the development and implementation of a single technological process of production and transport system, in the transition from construction certain types equipment for the creation of integrated production and storage and production and transport systems;

Individualization of requirements for technological and handling equipment and industrial products, i.e. rejection of universality in favor of a more complete compliance of equipment with specific conditions;

Humanization of technological processes, taking into account the creation modern conditions labor, exclusion of adverse effects on the environment;

Accounting for the totality of costs throughout the entire supply chain with its orientation to the market;

Development of service services at a modern level, ensuring flexibility, reliability and high quality.

The logistics system usually operates in conditions of pronounced uncertainty external environment- for market conditions, transport operation, random processes are characteristic, therefore, in the conditions of their action, an indispensable property of the logistics system is the ability to adapt.

Conclusion

Logistics in Russia, as a science, began to develop relatively recently, but even now we can talk about its importance in the enterprise. The application of logistics to industrial enterprises leads to the following: - production is focused on the market;

Establish partnerships with suppliers;

Reduced equipment downtime;

Stocks are being optimized - one of the central problems of logistics (an analysis of the experience of a number of Western European firms shows that the use of logistics can reduce inventories by 50%);

The number of auxiliary workers is reduced;

Improving the quality of products;

Logistics, both today and in the future, will be a major factor in competition. Success in the competitive struggle between enterprises and networks of a single value chain, between countries and economic regions is determined primarily by the level of competence in logistics. Thus, studies conducted in enterprises prove a positive relationship between efficient logistics and business success.

The exceptional importance that logistics has today and will have in the future is due primarily to modern ideas about logistics, and secondly, to the current and future state of development of value systems and economic structures.
ten most prestigious and demanded specialties.

List of used literature

1. Bakarev P. F. Stages strategic management: management of the company. - M., 2009

2. Gadzhinsky A.M. Basics of logistics: Tutorial. - M.: ITC "Marketing", 2010.

3. Kotler F. Marketing according to Kotler: how to create, win and keep the market. - M.: Alpina Publisher, 2011.

4. Markova V.D., Kuznetsov S.A. Strategic management. - M.: FORUM, INFRA-M, 2008.

5. Sergeev V.I. Logistics in business: Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2009

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The sphere of practical implementation of the logistics concept and logistics approach is the logistics activities of the enterprise.

logistics activities some scientists consider business entities as a practical implementation of complex logistics functions and elementary logistics operations. Complex logistics functions are divided into basic (supply, production, marketing), key (maintaining customer service standards, purchasing management, transportation, inventory management, order management, production procedure management, pricing, physical distribution) and supporting (warehousing, cargo handling, protective packaging, ensuring the return of goods, providing spare parts and service, collection of returnable waste, information computer support). The main components of logistics functions are loading, unloading, packing, freight forwarding, transportation and storage of goods, acceptance and release of goods from a warehouse, reloading, sorting and bundling, cargo consolidation, collection, storage and transmission of information about cargo, settlements with suppliers, cargo insurance , transfer of ownership of goods, customs clearance and other logistics operations that are carried out at the enterprise.

Considering that the purpose of logistics activity is to harmonize the interests of producers, suppliers and consumers, its main directions are: improving the parameters of input resource flows based on improving relations with suppliers; improvement of internal flows, that is, the results and coordination of actions of the enterprise's divisions; improving communications with consumers, ensuring the most accurate correspondence of the output flows of goods and services with their requirements.

The logistics activity of an enterprise can also be considered from the point of view of the implementation of the main logistics processes - coordination:

Activities according to the operational calendar plan for the supply of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products; transport and storage work with supplies;

Activities under the plan of physical distribution in the production of products; intra-factory movement of materials, raw materials, spare parts and finished products, loading and unloading operations, transport and storage operations from work in progress, etc.;

Economic activities marketing plan for the sale of products, demand forecasting, after-sales service, operational scheduling, processing customer orders, warehouse and transport work.

Thus, the implementation of logistics activities at industrial enterprises gives reason to consider it as constituent part logistics systems.

Most researchers consider logistics activities through the implementation of logistics functions, which in turn are divided into logistics processes and logistics operations.

Logistics process - this is a sequence of logistics operations organized in time that allows you to achieve your goals. Logistic processes include processes associated with changing the parameters of space (location), time, shape, properties of logistics flows. For example, formation of economic relations for the supply of goods, delivery of resources from suppliers, management of warehouse operations, forecasting the need for transportation, performing transportation and all related operations necessary for this, delivering products to stores, representative offices, as well as management processes that ensure effective planning, control and regulation streams. Logistics processes are characterized by technological modes, technical support means, material and labor costs, etc. .

The logistics process consists of two main subsystems (flows): informational and material. The logistics process begins precisely with the operations of planning and organization, that is, the collection and processing of information, when the material flows themselves are not yet available. The operations of the information subsystem are various calculations, the collection and processing of information, negotiations with other participants in the logistics process, meetings, the conclusion of contracts, the adoption management decisions etc. The operations of the material subsystem are the transportation of goods, warehousing, reloading, formation and disbanding of cargo transport units (packages on pallets of containers), sorting of goods, packaging of goods, assembly of transport parties, and so on. When the stage of material cargo flow begins, the operations of the information subsystem and the material subsystem go in parallel, since the material processes of transportation, warehousing and reloading of goods are always accompanied by information processing (issuance of transport documents, accounting for the movement of goods, etc.). At this stage, the operations of the information and material subsystems interact with each other and can contribute to or hinder the flow of the logistics process. Thus, a delay in the execution of transport, legal or financial documents can delay the processes of transportation and warehousing of goods. In turn, untimely arrival or incorrect assembly of the transport party can lead to a delay in the execution of legal documents (acceptance of goods) or financial documents (payment for goods or work). At the stage of control and analysis, when the physical distribution, transportation of goods is completed, only the operations of the information subsystem are performed (data collection and analysis of the actions of consumers and competitors, the state of prices on the market, drawing up reports and offers, etc.)

Logistics operation - this is a part of the logistics process, performed at one workplace or with the help of one technical means; this is a set of actions aimed at transforming logistics flows that is not subject to decomposition. For example, elementary actions for cargo processing (picking, loading, unloading, etc.), information or financial flow (accepting an order, drawing up a contract, developing a route, paying for goods, etc.).

Logistic function - this is an enlarged set of logistics operations aimed at implementing a specific task of the logistics system, For example, transportation, warehousing, order management, inventory management and more. Logistic processes are carried out within the scope of logistic functions.

The allocation of logistics functions is associated with the structural divisions of the logistics service at the enterprise, which are responsible for inventory management, procurement, transportation, warehousing, packaging, cargo handling, customs clearance, etc.

The performance of some logistics functions, the company can entrust another economic unit. So organization of logistics activities is possible in two scenarios: outsourcing outsourcing) and insourcing insourcing).

Under outsourcing (contract logistics) understand the transfer of part of the production or logistics processes to other enterprises, For example, purchase of finished components, components for the assembly of products or the use of services provided by a transport or storage company.

The range of use of outsourcing in the supply chain can be different: narrow (limited to purchasing some features) or wide (comprehensive agreements relating to the management of the entire supply chain). The level of use of outsourcing is determined by the level of logistics specialization acceptable at the enterprise.

Insourcing- this is the opposite of the previous scenario and means the execution of processes in the enterprise, For example, handing over the project to a worker instead of hiring an outside contractor or company to do the work.

Sometimes they also consider such a component of logistics activities as a logistics procedure. Logistic procedure- this is a part of the logistic function, arises as a result of its decomposition and is characterized by the homogeneity of the work and decisions made. For example, formation of the need for material resources, selection of a supplier, development of a cargo transportation plan. In some sources of logistics information, functions, procedures and operations have a common name - logistics activities.

To maintain a high competitiveness of the enterprise, the logistics chain must be constantly developed and improved. To do this, you need to have a way to determine the following points:

how well the supply chain is currently performing;

in what direction should it be improved;

How successful is the process of transformation of the logistics chain in the chosen direction.

Answers to these questions can be obtained by analyzing the indicators of logistics activities, tk. they reflect in a concise form the state of the functioning of logistics. Indicators can be direct or indirect, absolute or relative. Proxy indicators are often related to finances, such as profitability or payback period. On the one hand, financial indicators:

easily identified;

look convincing;

allow comparison of the obtained results;

give a general picture of the current state of the logistics system;

are popular.

However, they have a number of significant disadvantages:

they reflect past performance;

slow to respond to change

depend on a number of accounting techniques;

do not take into account important aspects of logistics;

do not show specific problems and how to fix them.

Direct indicators are more suitable for analyzing the causes of the current situation and finding management decisions. These include: the weight of the delivered goods, the inventory turnover rate, the distance of the cargo transportation, the number of unfulfilled orders, the number of violations of the terms of delivery, etc.

Absolute indicators include single (for example, sales or availability) and total (balance sheet indicators, income and expense figures). Relative indicators are divided into specific (ratios of parameter values ​​to the total number of any objects), interconnected (ratios of different values ​​​​to each other), indices (ratios of homogeneous values ​​\u200b\u200bto each other, the denominator is the base value).

The most common performance indicators of supply chains include indicators that characterize the capacity of the supply chain and productivity.

LC power is not a given constant value, as it may seem at first glance, but really shows the effectiveness of the organization of resource use. The fact is that power, firstly, depends on the way resources are used, and secondly, it changes over time. For example, the professionalism or unprofessionalism of managers can respectively increase or decrease the throughput of an enterprise with the same available resources. In addition, during the working day, the efficiency of employees decreases, which leads to a decrease in capacity. In this regard, as mentioned earlier, design, effective and actual power are distinguished.

In addition to the absolute value of capacity, for the analysis of the effectiveness of logistics activities, the capacity utilization factor is used, showing the proportion of the design capacity actually used. For example, if a fleet of vehicles is designed to deliver 100 tons of materials per week, but actually delivers only 60 tons, then its capacity utilization rate is 60%.

Performance is one of the most widely used indicators. There are several types of performance:

Overall Performance- the ratio of the total bandwidth to the total amount of resources used.

Logistics costs (costs)- the sum of all costs associated with the implementation of logistics operations, as well as the costs of personnel, equipment, premises, warehouse stocks, for the transfer of data on orders, stocks, deliveries.

Direct costs can be directly attributable to a product, service, order, or other specific vehicle. Indirect costs can only be charged directly to the media by performing auxiliary calculations.

Adjustable costs- costs that can be managed at the unit level. Unregulated costs are costs that cannot be influenced at the unit level, since these costs are regulated at the company level as a whole or in an external link in the supply chain (at another enterprise).

Productive costs- the cost of work aimed at creating the added value that the consumer wants to have and for which he is willing to pay. Logistics maintenance costs do not create value in and of themselves, but they are necessary, such as the costs of transportation, ordering, checking employees, keeping records of products. Control costs are the costs of activities aimed at preventing undesirable results of customer service.

Term "logistics" comes from the Greek word logistike, which means the art of calculating, reasoning. This term has a long history. The ancient Greeks understood logistics as the art of making calculations, and special state controllers were called logisticians.

According to the testimony of Archimedes, in the 4th century BC there were logisticians in Greece, in Rome, during the period of the Roman Empire, there were servants who bore the title "logistics" or "logistics"; they were engaged in the distribution of food.

In the first millennium of our era, in the military lexicon of a number of countries, logistics was associated with the activity of providing the armed forces with material resources and maintaining their stocks. The king of Byzantium, Leon VI (865-912), who lived in the 9th-10th centuries AD, used the term "logistics" in a textbook on military affairs in the meaning of "rear, supply of troops."

Logistics has grown as a science thanks to the military. Creator of the first scientific papers in logistics, it is customary to consider the French military specialist of the early 19th century, Jominy, who gave the following definition of logistics: "the practical art of maneuvering troops." He argued that the concept of logistics includes a wide range of issues, such as planning, management and supply, determining the location of troops, as well as the construction of bridges, roads, etc.

Word logistics in modern European languages ​​it is used mainly in the following two meanings:

1) mathematical logic (as obsolete);
2) equipment and technology of transport and storage operations in the military and (or) civil area.

During the Soviet period, the term logistics could at first be found only in the English-Russian military dictionary of 1956. In the 1980s in the Russian language, the meaning of this word has expanded and from a scientific term it has become a general literary one, moreover, in its second meaning.

Since the beginning of 1990. in Russia (as in Western Europe and the USA), this term began to be used not only in specialized literature, but also in means mass media to designate a new direction in science - the theory and practice of managing material and related information flows, i.e. the whole range of issues related to the processes of circulation of raw materials, materials and finished products, bringing them from the supplier to the manufacturer and from him to the end user in accordance with his requirements and interests.

Views of foreign and Russian scientists on the understanding of logistics. Logistics as a science

There is no single point of view on the understanding of logistics, both among foreign and Russian scientists. Here are some definitions .

American Council on Management: “Logistics is the planning, implementation and control of technologically and economically efficient processes movement and storage of goods, materials, semi-finished products and finished products, as well as the transfer of relevant information from the place of production to the place of consumption in accordance with the interests of consumers.

British Institute of Procurement Organization Problems: “Logistics is the management and coordination within the supply chain - production - sales, including the selection of a supplier, the organization of material support for production, the placement of stocks and the delivery of finished products to consumers through distribution channels.

Professor G. Pavelek: “Logistics is the planning and control of the material flow entering the enterprise, processed there and leaving this enterprise and the information flow corresponding to it.”

W. Kielhof (Germany): “Logistics is the coordination of all systems for the movement of materials and finished products both inside and outside the enterprise. It allows you to manage material flows from the moment of procurement to implementation in the physical, informative and organizational sense.

The broadest interpretation of logistics is given by Professor T.V. Aleksinskaya. She understands logistics as the management of all types of flows (material, human, energy, financial, etc.) that exist in economic systems. Managing any object implies first making a decision and then implementing it.

Based on this, logistics is considered, on the one hand, as a science, and on the other hand, as an economic activity.

Logistics as a science develops scientific principles, methods, mathematical models, allowing you to plan, control and manage transportation, warehousing and other tangible and intangible operations performed in the process:

• bringing raw materials to the production enterprise;
• internal processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products;
• bringing the finished product to the consumer in accordance with its requirements;
• transmission, storage and processing of relevant information.

Logistics as an economic activity. Classification according to various criteria

Logistics as an economic activity - this is the process of managing the movement and storage of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and finished products in economic circulation from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer of finished products, as well as information related to these operations.

Logistics allows solving a variety of tasks of varying complexity and scale on a scientific basis :

• forecasting demand and determination on its basis of the required stock, development of a stock management system;
• determination of the required capacity of production and transport;
• organization of distribution of finished products;
• management of transshipment processes and transport and storage operations at production points and at consumers;
• modeling of the functioning of logistics systems;
• design of logistics systems;
• planning and implementation of supply, production, warehousing, marketing , transportation;
• harmonization of goals and coordination of activities of individual enterprises in the supply chain and various departments within the enterprise, etc.

Classification of the concept of logistics as an economic activity according to various criteria presented in table 1.

Table 1 - Classification of the concept of logistics as an economic activity according to various criteria

By the scale of the problem being developed	1. Macrologistics - studies the processes taking place at the regional, interregional, national and interstate level 2. Micrologistics - deals with a set of issues related to the management of material, information and other flows, based on the interests of an individual enterprise or a corporate group of enterprises, united by common goals of optimizing economic ties.
By the nature of the control zones	1. External logistics - deals with issues of regulating flow processes that go beyond the scope of activities, but are in the sphere of influence of a business entity. 2. Internal logistics - is aimed at coordinating and improving economic activities related to the management of flow processes within an enterprise or corporate group of enterprises.
Based on business principles	1. Procurement logistics (supply) - solves issues related to the material and technical support of the enterprise and the preparation of products for production use; 2. Production logistics - solves issues related to the organization and management of the movement of material flows (from raw materials to finished products) directly in the production process. 3. Distribution (marketing, sales) logistics - solves issues related to the sale of products, including its delivery "just in time" from the "door" of the manufacturer to the "door" of the buyer and after-sales service. 4. Transport logistics– solves issues related to the transportation of material resources to consumers.

material flow. Classification of the material flow according to various criteria

The main object of logistics management, as an economic activity, is through material flow , i.e., the material flow passing through the logistics chain, starting from the primary source of raw materials through all intermediate processes until reaching the final consumer.

Widespread is material flow definition , as "products considered in the process of applying various logistics operations to it (transportation, warehousing, etc.) and related to the time interval" .

One of the forms of existence of material flows is the movement of goods in the processes of procurement, production and marketing. Therefore, the material flow can be defined as a product in a state of motion, to which actions related to physical movement in space are applied: loading, unloading, packing, transportation, sorting, consolidation, disaggregation, etc.

If the product is not in a state of movement, then it goes into stock. Thus, the material flow, considered in a certain time period, is a stock of material resources, work in progress or finished products.

Material flows are characterized by a certain set of parameters and can be classified according to several criteria (table 2).

Table 2 - Classification of the material flow according to various criteria

In relation to the logistics system	1. Internal - not going beyond the logistics system; 2.External: a) input - coming into the logistics system from the external environment, b) weekends - leaving the logistics system to the external environment.
In relation to the link of the logistics system	1.Input, 2.Output.
By nomenclature	1. Single-product, 2. Multi-product.
By assortment	1.Single-assortment, 2.Multi-assortment.
According to the characteristics of products during transportation	According to the transport factor, which includes such features as the type of transport and the method of transportation, overall, weight and physical and chemical cargo characteristics, packaging methods, transportation conditions, etc.
According to the degree of determinism of flow parameters	1.Deterministic - a flow with completely known (deterministic) parameters. 2. Stochastic - if at least one of the parameters is not known or is a random variable.
On the basis of continuity in time	1. Continuous - flows of raw materials and materials in continuous production (technological) processes of a closed cycle, flows of oil products or gas transported through pipelines, etc. 2. Discrete - interrupted in time

In addition, material flows can be characterized by the following features: product range, initial, final, intermediate points and their connections, the presence and size of stocks at these points, the intensity or quantity of products passing through points per unit of time, the relationship of flows, and so on.

Due to the fact that the organizational and economic system that manages the flow of resources operates on the basis of business, it seeks to minimize the costs of performing the functions of purchasing, placing and selling products.

1. 1. Development of logistics as a science and its practical implementation.

Logistics (from the Greek word logistike) is the art of calculating, reasoning. The history of the emergence and development of logistics is a thing of the past. In the Roman Empire, there were ministers who bore the title of "logisti", or "logistics", who were involved in the distribution of food.

There is an opinion that logistics has grown into a science thanks to military affairs, which includes such a wide range of issues as planning, management and supply, determining the location of troops, as well as the construction of bridges, roads, etc. Over time, under the influence of various factors, logistics began to move from the military field to the sphere of economic practice, taking shape as a theory of management of commodity and material resources in the sphere of circulation, and then production.

A logistics technology for the interaction of various modes of transport (within the framework of the transport hub) was developed, which was the basis for the development of a unified European transport system of the countries of the European Union.

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