Economics and sociology of labor lectures briefly. Theoretical foundations of economics and sociology of labor. Theoretical foundations of the discipline "economics and sociology of labor"

09.05.2020

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1 Ministry of Education and Science Russian Federation Federal Agency for Education of the Russian Federation Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service G.G. MYAGKOVA ECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY OF LABOR Training program course in the specialty "Personnel Management" Vladivostok VGUES Publishing House 2008

2 LBC The curriculum for the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor" is compiled in accordance with the requirements of the state standard of Russia. Designed for students of the specialty "Personnel Management". Compiled by: G.G. Myagkova, Associate Professor, Department of World Economy and Economic Theory. Approved at a meeting of the Department of MET. Recommended for publication by UMK IMBE VSUES. Publishing house Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service,

3 INTRODUCTION The transition of the Russian economy to a qualitatively new level of development requires significant changes in the technical equipment of production, organization of labor and management, as well as in the formation labor relations at enterprises in connection with a change in the place and role of workers and employers in the system of industrial relations. In a market economy, labor power is a commodity, and the worker is its seller. To organize production, an entrepreneur must acquire not only the means of production, but also a skilled workforce, while striving to minimize costs and make a profit. The labor process, as a result of the combination of means of production and labor force, is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. The main forms of its manifestation are the costs of human energy, the interaction of the worker with the means of production and the production interaction of workers with each other. In the process of labor, material and spiritual values are created, designed to meet the needs of people, as well as the workers themselves develop, who acquire professional skills, reveal their abilities, replenish and enrich knowledge, i.e. the process of labor is not only the process of creating goods and services, but also the process of forming new social relations. Thus, a very complex system of economic and social relations, as well as processes and phenomena, arises in the sphere of labor, which are the subject of study of the course "Economics and sociology of labor". The program of the course in the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor" includes the content of the lecture material, organizational and methodological guidelines, questions for self-control, a list of basic terms and concepts, a list of references. 3

4 1. ORGANIZATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS 1.1. Goals and objectives of studying the discipline The course is designed for students studying according to the curriculum within the framework of the State Standard of Higher Professional Education for a manager's diploma in the specialty "Personnel Management", full-time education and non-day studies. The purpose of studying the discipline "Economics and sociology of labor" is to obtain the necessary scientific and practical knowledge in the field of economics and sociology of labor. When studying the course, the following tasks are solved: - familiarization of students with the main stages of the emergence, formation and development of the science of labor and the current state of scientific knowledge in this area; - obtaining students of theoretical knowledge in the field of economics and sociology of labor; - students mastering the most important methods of practical work on the division and cooperation of labor, organization and certification of jobs, rationalization of labor processes, study of working time costs, improvement of organization, regulation and remuneration of labor; - development of methods for calculating, analyzing and planning labor economic indicators, assessing economic efficiency and auditing in the social and labor sphere; - students mastering the most important methods of practical work on managing the processes of creation and functioning of social organizations (labor collectives), the formation and development of social and labor relations, social partnership, motivation labor activity Connection with other disciplines The course "Economics and sociology of labor" is closely related to the following disciplines: "Motivation of labor activity", "Organization of labor of personnel", "Fundamentals of labor safety", "Management of labor resources", "Fundamentals of personnel management", " Organizational behavior”, “Economics of an organization (enterprise)”, “Conflictology”. four

5 1.3. Knowledge, abilities and skills that a student should acquire as a result of studying the discipline As a result of studying the discipline, the student must master the mechanisms for regulating labor behavior, methods of work on managing socio-economic processes in work teams, optimizing labor processes, organizing and rationing labor, apply various forms and systems of remuneration, providing an increase in the efficiency of the work of employees of the enterprise. The knowledge gained during the course "Economics and sociology of labor" will help future managers, depending on the technical, technological, social, economic, socio-psychological conditions of work, find ways to rationally use the workforce, increase labor productivity, determine the most acceptable systems of material and moral stimulation of labor, improve methods of planning labor indicators. The main types of classes and features of their conduct in the study of the discipline The course is designed for 102 hours, of which 34 hours are lectures, 17 hours are seminars and practical classes, 51 hours are independent work. Lectures. Lectures contain a logically connected among themselves the theoretical material of fifteen topics, each of which reveals the main theoretical and methodological foundations of the economics and sociology of labor. For part-time students, lectures are held during the session. The lecture deals with the most difficult topics for students to understand. Seminars and practical classes The topics of practical classes coincide with the topics of lectures. During their implementation, a discussion of theoretical material is provided, the solution of typical problems that allow students to learn the methodology for calculating labor economic indicators and the relationship between them. 5

6 For students of non-day forms of education, practical classes are held during the session. During the practical classes, the most difficult questions for the student's understanding are discussed and tasks are solved. Independent work During the semester, the student carries out independent work on studying the course, namely, they systematically prepare for practical classes, using not only educational literature, but also materials of scientific publications, monographs and special magazines. When studying the course, the student may be asked to perform individual task in the form of an abstract on one of the problematic topics. The topic of the abstract can also be chosen by the student. In the process of independent study of the course, students of non-day forms of education perform one control work. Students receive assignments for performing tests in the methodological office of the IZDO. Types of current, intermediate and final control of students' knowledge in the discipline and methods for their implementation current control is carried out during the semester, taking into account the student's attendance at lectures, seminars and practical classes. Intermediate control is carried out in two stages on the eighth and fifteenth weeks of the semester in the form of tests, which include problem solving and a written survey on two questions or in the form of a test within 2 academic hours. The final control of knowledge is an exam in the discipline at the end of the semester in the form of electronic testing. Students who have scored at least 41 points during the semester are allowed to take the exam. During the exam, the student must demonstrate knowledge of the lecture and practical materials submitted for the exam. 6

7 2. CONTENT OF THE DISCIPLINE 2.1. List of topics of lectures Topic 1. Introduction to the course "Economics and sociology of labor" The place and importance of economics and sociology of labor in the system of socio-economic knowledge. Content, goals and objectives of the course "Economics and sociology of labor" Subject of labor economics. The subject of the sociology of labor. Relationship between economics and sociology of labor. Relationship of economics and sociology of labor with other labor sciences. Development of economics and sociology of labor abroad and in Russia. The role of economics and sociology of labor as a science in increasing the efficiency of production. Topic 2. Labor as the basis of human life and society The essence of the concept of "activity", types of human activities. The concept of labor and labor activity of a person and its basic principles. The dual nature of labor as a means of exchange between man and nature and as a means of communication between people in the production process. Functions of labor, its social aspects. Development of the theory about the role and place of labor in the life of society. The concept and elements of the working environment. Content and character of labor, social form of labor, social organization of labor, attitude to labor. Factors that shape attitudes towards work. Working conditions and the order of their formation. Topic 3. Social and labor relations and their regulation Essences, types and subjects of social and labor relations. The structure of social and labor relations. Formation and development of social and labor relations. The system of regulation of social and labor relations. Social partnership. Regulation of social processes in labor collectives. Resolution of collective labor disputes. Topic 4. Labor organization as a social system The concept of labor organization. The composition of the elements and properties of the labor organization. The concept of a social group. Classification social groups. Labor collectives: types, goals, functions, structure. Enterprise personnel: composition and structure. Number of personnel: payroll, secret, actual, average payroll. 7

8 Formation and development of the labor collective. Personality in the labor organization. Conditions for the development of personality in the organization. Essence and structure of labor adaptation. Types of adaptation. Stages of adaptation of a novice in the workforce. Role adaptation mechanism. Sociological approach to personality as a set of social roles. Management of labor adaptation. Objective and subjective indicators of adaptability of workers. Formation of professional stability. Personal and production factors of labor adaptation. Measures to adapt to the work of new members of the team. Theme 5. Labor productivity as the main indicator of the effectiveness of labor activity. The essence of the effectiveness of labor activity. Indicators of effective labor activity Labor productivity as the most important indicator of labor efficiency. Essence and social significance of labor productivity growth. Conditions for the growth of labor productivity. Indicators of the level and dynamics of labor productivity. Requirements for performance indicators. Methods for measuring labor productivity. Natural method of measuring labor productivity, its advantages and disadvantages, scope. Labor method for measuring labor productivity, its advantages and disadvantages, scope. cost method measurement of labor productivity. Labor intensity of products. Types of labor intensity. Interrelation of indicators of labor input and output. The essence of the concept of "factors of productivity growth". Classification of labor productivity growth factors. Attitude to work as a factor in the growth of labor productivity. Job satisfaction. The essence of the concept of "reserves for growth in labor productivity" Classification of reserves for growth in labor productivity. Interrelation of factors and reserves of labor productivity growth. Topic 6. Labor process, methods and techniques of labor The concept of production and labor processes. Classification of labor processes. Requirements for the organization of labor processes. eight

9 Manufacturing operation as a separate part production process. Analysis of the production operation. The division of the operation on labor and technological grounds. Labor movement, action, technique, complex of techniques. Technological division of operations: transition, passage, installation. Methods and methods of work. Principles of economy of motions. Rationalization of methods and techniques of work. Topic 7. Labor organization, its essence and content The concept of labor organization. The main elements of labor organization and their relationship. Tasks of the organization of labor. The main directions of labor organization. Principles of labor organization. Scientific foundations of labor organization. The essence and significance of the division of labor. General, particular, individual division of labor. Forms of division of labor: technological, functional, professional, qualification. The boundaries of the division of labor: technological, physiological, psycho-physiological, social. The essence of labor cooperation. Forms of labor cooperation. Cooperation of main and auxiliary workers. Collective forms of labor organization. Production team and its types. Conveyor system of labor organization. Progressive forms of organization of individual labor. Combination of professions and functions. The main conditions and prerequisites for the effective combination of labor functions, specialties and professions. Multi-station service. Topic 8. Organization and maintenance of workplaces Workplace as an element of the production process. Basic requirements for the organization of jobs: Classification of jobs. Workplace equipment. Classification of tooling forms according to their functional purpose, intended use, design features. Ergonomic requirements for the equipment of workplaces. Workplace planning. External and internal layout of workplaces. Workplace planning requirements. The principles of the general layout of workplaces. Work zone. Requirements for the placement of means and objects of labor in the working area. Working posture of an employee at his workplace. Organization of workplace services. Job service functions. Job service systems: centralized, decentralized, mixed. Basic principles of system organization 9

10 job maintenance topics. Forms of workplace maintenance: standard, preventive, mixed. Requirements for the organization of the workplace service system. Criteria for evaluating service systems. The choice of service system depending on working conditions. Certification and rationalization of jobs. Topic 9. Methods for studying labor processes and working time costs Goals and objectives of studying labor processes and working time costs Working time. Purpose and types of classification of working time costs. Classification of the cost of working time in relation to the employee, in relation to equipment, in relation to the object of labor. Index letter designations of types of expenses of working time. Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time. Working hours and break times. Time of work to fulfill the production task: preparatory and final time; operational time(main and auxiliary); workplace maintenance time (technical and organizational maintenance time). Types of working hours: time self made, the time of machine-manual work, the time of monitoring the operation of the equipment (active, passive monitoring). The concept of overlapped and non-overlapped time. Hours of work not provided for by the performance of the production task. Break times. Scheduled and non-scheduled breaks. Classification of equipment use time. Classification of the cost of working time in relation to the object of labor (production process). Standardized and non-standardized costs. General characteristics of the methods used to study and measure the cost of working time and equipment operation time. Methods of direct measurements: continuous, selective, cyclic measurements. Method of momentary observations. Advantages and disadvantages of methods for studying the cost of working time. Measuring methods. Timing, its varieties and order. Photo of the working day, its purpose and types: individual, group, mass (route). Photograph of working time by the method of momentary observations. Self-photography. Photochronometry, conditions of its application and sequence of carrying out. ten

11 Topic 10. Fundamentals of labor rationing Essence and tasks of labor rationing. The labor norm as a measure of labor, its economic and social significance. The structure of labor standards. Types of labor standards: time norm, production rate, service norm, number norm, normalized task. General characteristics of the methods of establishing labor standards. Analytical method of labor rationing and its essence, content, types. Analytical-calculative and analytical-research methods for establishing labor standards. Experimental-statistical method of establishing norms, conditions for its application. Microelement regulation. Features of the calculation of labor standards for manual (machine-manual) machine, automated work and instrumental processes. Rationing for multi-machine maintenance. Rationing in the brigade organization of labor. Rationing of labor at work on maintenance of production. Regulation of the work of employees. Topic 11. Motivation and stimulation of labor Labor motivation as a process of formation of internal motivating forces of labor behavior. Sources of labor behavior motivation: needs, value orientations, ideals. Functions of motives. Structure of labor behavior motives. Motivational core. The essence of labor stimulation and its functions. The role of labor stimulation in a market economy. Classification and characteristics of labor incentives. Material and non-material incentives. Features of moral and social stimulation of labor. Requirements for the organization of labor incentives. Salary as the main material incentive. The essence of wages and its functions in a market economy. The state minimum wage, its economic significance and the procedure for establishing. Nominal and real wages and their relationship. Real incomes of the population. Organization of wages: elements and principles. Tasks and features of improving the organization of wages in modern economic conditions. Topic 12. Tariff system of wages Tariff system as the main instrument of centralized state regulation ratios to wages by industry, district, heterogeneous groups and categories of workers and employees. eleven

12 Tariff system of remuneration of workers. Elements of the tariff system: tariff rates, tariff scales, tariff-qualification guide. Additional payments and allowances to the tariff rates of workers. Features of building a system of payment for harmful and difficult working conditions. Features of the organization of remuneration of managers, specialists, employees. Additional payments and allowances to the official salaries of specialists and employees, their appointment and the procedure for establishing them. Tasks in the field of further improvement of the tariff system of remuneration. Foreign experience in building a tariff system of remuneration. Topic 13. Forms and systems of wages Forms and systems of remuneration of workers, their purpose and classification, distribution trend. Time-based form of wages, its purpose and scope. Systems of time wages: simple time, time-bonus. Piecework form of wages, its purpose and scope. Piecework wage systems. Methods of wage distribution in the brigade under the collective wage system. Tariff-free wage system. Organization of bonuses at the enterprise. The procedure for the development and approval of bonus systems for employees at the enterprise. Improving the forms and systems of wages in a market economy. Foreign experience in organizing wages Wage fund: composition and structure, analysis and planning. Topic 14. Audit in the social and labor sphere The essence and goals, tasks of the audit in the social and labor sphere. General principles audit. Types and strategies of audit. Object and subject of audit. Organization of the audit and its information support. Assessing the effectiveness of the audit check List of practical training topics Lesson 1 Theme 1. Introduction to the course "Economics and sociology of labor." Topic 2. Labor as the basis of human life and society. 12

13 Lesson 2 Topic 3. Social and labor relations and their regulation. Topic 4. Labor organization as a social system. Lesson 3 Topic 5. Labor productivity as the main indicator of labor efficiency. Lesson 4 Topic 6. Labor process, methods and techniques of labor. Topic 7. Organization of labor, its essence and content. Lesson 5 Topic 8. Organization and maintenance of workplaces. Topic 9. Methods for studying labor processes and working hours. Lesson 6 Topic 10. Basics of labor rationing. Lesson 7 Topic 11. Motivation and stimulation of labor. Topic 12. Tariff system of wages. Lesson 8 Topic 13. Forms and systems of wages. Topic 14. Audit in the social and labor sphere. 13

14 3. METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STUDYING THE COURSE independent work students with educational, methodical and periodical literature, as well as the rational organization of the process of studying the course "Economics and sociology of labor" and the sociology of work. 2. The subject of the sociology of labor. 3 The subject of labor economics. 4. Connection of the course with other disciplines. 5. Formation and development of the sciences of economics and sociology of labor abroad. 6. Formation and development of the sciences of economics and sociology of labor in Russia. Topic 2. Labor as the basis of human life and society 1. The essence of the concept of "activity", types of human activities. 2. The concept of labor and labor activity of a person and its basic principles. 3. The dual nature of labor 4. Functions of labor, its social aspects. 5. To reveal the essence of the concept of "content of labor". 6..To reveal the essence of the concept of "nature of labor" 7. Working conditions and the order of their formation. Topic 3. Social and labor relations and their regulation 1. To reveal the essence of social and labor relations. 2. Name and reveal the main elements of the system of social and labor relations. 3. List the factors influencing the formation of social and labor relations. 4. What types of agreements are concluded in the Russian Federation 14

15 5. Describe the system of measures of public and state regulation of social and labor relations. Topic 4. Labor organization as a social system 1. Expand the essence of the concept of "labor organization". The composition of the elements and properties of the labor organization. 2. Expand the concept of a social group. Classification of social groups. 3. Describe the labor collective as a social community. 4. List the main types of labor collectives. 5. Expand the content of the economic, integrative and socio-cultural functions of labor collectives. 6. Describe the structure of the personnel of the enterprise 7. Reveal the essence of the concepts: "attendance", " payroll”, “actual number” 8. Expand the concept of “labor adaptation”. 9. Describe the types of adaptation. 10. List and characterize the stages of adaptation. 11. Describe the objective conditions and subjective factors that affect the adaptation of the worker. Topic 5. Labor productivity as the main indicator of labor activity efficiency 1. Essence and social significance of labor productivity growth. 2.Indicators of the level and dynamics of labor productivity. 3. Requirements for labor productivity indicators. 4. Natural method of measuring labor productivity, its advantages and disadvantages, scope. 5. Labor method for measuring labor productivity, its advantages and disadvantages, scope. 6. Cost method for measuring labor productivity. 7. Labor intensity of products. Types of labor intensity. 8. What are the conditions for the growth of labor productivity. 9. Expand the essence of the concept of "factors of productivity growth." Classification of labor productivity growth factors. 10. Expand the essence of the concept of "reserves for productivity growth" Classification of reserves for productivity growth. fifteen

16 Topic 6. Labor process, methods and techniques of labor 1. The concept of production and labor processes. 2. Classification of the labor process. 3. Production operation as a separate part of the production process. 4. Methods and techniques of labor. 5. Principles of economy of motions. 6. Rationalization of methods and techniques of labor. Topic 7. Organization of labor, its essence and content 1. To reveal the essence of the concept of "organization of labor". 2. Tasks of labor organization. 3. The main directions of labor organization. 4. Principles of labor organization. 5. Scientific foundations of labor organization. 6. The essence, forms, boundaries and meaning of the division of labor. 7. Essence and forms of labor cooperation. 8. Collective forms of labor organization. Production team and its types. 9. Progressive forms of organization of individual labor. 10. Combination of professions and functions. 11. Multi-station service. Topic 8. Organization and maintenance of workplaces 1. Workplace as an element of the production process. Basic requirements for the organization of jobs. 2. Classification of jobs. 3. Equipment of workplaces. Ergonomic requirements for the equipment of workplaces. 4. Layout of workplaces. 5. Organization of workplace maintenance. Functions and systems for servicing workplaces. 6. Certification and rationalization of jobs. Topic 9. Methods for studying labor processes and working hours. 1. Goals and objectives of the study of labor processes and the cost of working time. 2. Working hours. Purpose and types of classification of working time costs. 3. Classification of the costs of the contractor's working time. 16

17 4. Classification of equipment use time. 5. Classification of the cost of working time in relation to the object of labor (production process). 6. Standardized and non-standardized costs. 7. General characteristics of the methods used to study and measure the cost of working time and equipment operation time. 8. Timing, its varieties and procedure. 9. Photography of the working day, its purpose and types: individual, group, mass (route). 10. Photo of working time by the method of momentary observations. 11. Self-photography. 12. Photochronometry, the conditions for its use and the sequence of implementation. Topic 10. Fundamentals of labor rationing 1. The essence and objectives of labor rationing. 2. Labor rate as a measure of labor, its economic and social significance. 3. The structure of labor standards. 4. Types of labor standards. 5. General characteristics of the methods of establishing labor standards. 6. Analytical method of labor rationing and its essence, content, types. 7. Analytical-calculative and analytical-research methods for establishing labor standards. 8. Experimental-statistical method of establishing norms, the conditions for its application. 9. Microelement rationing. 10. Features of the calculation of labor standards for manual (machine-manual) machine, automated work and instrumental processes. 11. Rationing in the brigade organization of labor. 12. Rationing of labor at work on maintenance of production. 13. Rationing of the work of employees. Topic 11. Motivation and stimulation of labor 1. Expand the essence of the concept of "motivation". 2. Name the main sources of motivation and stimulation of labor. 3. Describe the functions of motives. 4. Define the concept of "stimulation". 17

18 5. The essence of the stimulation of labor and its functions. 6. Name the types of incentives, describe their features. 7. What are the basic requirements for the organization of labor incentives. 8. The essence of wages. The state minimum wage, its economic significance and the procedure for establishing. 9. Nominal and real wages and their relationship. Real incomes of the population. 10. Basic principles of the organization of wages. 11. Give a description of the main elements of the organization of remuneration. 12. Tasks and features of improving the organization of wages in the conditions of the formation of market relations. Topic 12. Tariff system of wages 1. What is meant by the tariff system? 2. Describe the tariff system of remuneration of workers 3. Features of building a single tariff scale used to differentiate the remuneration of workers public sector. 4 Surcharges and allowances to the tariff rates of workers, the procedure for their establishment. 5. Features of establishing additional payments for harmful and difficult working conditions. 6. Features of the organization of remuneration of managers, specialists, employees. 7. Tasks in the field of further improvement of the tariff system in the conditions of the formation of market relations. 8. Foreign experience in building a tariff system of wages. Topic 13. Forms and systems of wages 1. Expand the essence of the forms and systems of remuneration of workers, their purpose and classification, the trend of distribution. 2. Time-based form and wage systems, their purpose and scope. 3. Piecework form of wages and its systems, their purpose and scope. 4. Collective piecework form of remuneration. Methods of wage distribution in the brigade under the collective wage system. 5. Tariff-free wage system. 6. Bonus wage system, its essence and purpose. eighteen

19 7. Foreign experience in the organization of wages. 8. Improving the forms and systems of wages in a market economy. Topic 14. Audit in the social and labor sphere 1 To reveal the essence of the concept of "audit in the labor sphere" 2. Name the basic principles of audit in the social and labor sphere. 3. Describe the main types of audit in the social and labor sphere. 4. Describe the object and subject of the audit in the social and labor sphere. 5. Describe the methods of audit in the social and labor sphere. 6. Describe the system information support audit. 7. What are the main factors of audit effectiveness in the social and labor sphere Review of recommended literature In the textbook "Economics and sociology of labor" / ed. Doctor of Economics sciences, prof. AND I. Kibanov reveals the nature and essence of labor as a socio-economic category. The second chapter deals with the concepts of labor resources and labor potential and personnel, their formation and use. The third chapter is devoted to the study of the essence, structure and classification of labor markets, the disclosure of the mechanisms of the functioning of the labor market. It also shows the essence, types and forms of employment and unemployment. The fourth chapter reveals the essence, types, subjects, processes of formation and development of social and labor relations, social partnership, methods of resolving collective labor disputes. Chapters five through ten describe the content of labor, the economic elements of labor activity and their relationship. They deal with the organization of labor and labor processes, the division and cooperation of labor, the organization, maintenance and certification of jobs, the basics of labor rationing, the classification of norms and standards, the cost of working time, methods for studying the cost of working time, the organization of wages and the formation of employees' incomes, recommendations on the analysis and planning of labor indicators are given. In subsequent chapters, labor activity is considered as an object and subject of sociological science, social 19

20 functions of labor, the essence of the main categories of the sociology of labor, the essence of the labor organization as social system, types, goals, structure of labor collectives, their formation and development, the essence of motivation and stimulation of labor activity, methods of formation and functioning of the mechanism of labor motives are considered. In the textbook R.G. Mumladze, G.N. Guzhin "Economics and sociology of labor" reveals the essence of the basic concepts and concepts of economics and sociology of labor: the nature, content, working conditions, labor potential, labor resources. Chapters three and four are devoted to the study of the essence, structure and classification of the labor market, the problems of employment, unemployment, economic, organizational and management framework wages, the essence of the tariff system, forms and systems of wages. Chapters five through ten deal with the sociology of labor. The concepts of "social organization" and "social group" are revealed, the social structure of the labor collective, the regulation of social processes in labor collectives, the motivation of labor activity, labor behavior, its types and features are considered, the essence of the labor conflict, possible causes of conflicts and ways of their permissions. twenty

21 4. LIST OF RECOMMENDED LITERATURE 4.1 Main literature Genkin B.M. Economics and sociology of labor: a textbook for universities. M.: NORMA-INFRA-M, Mumladze R.G. Guzhina G.N. Economics and sociology of labor: textbook / ed. ed. Doctor of Economics sciences, prof. R.G. Mumladze. M.: KNORUS, Economics and sociology of labor: textbook / under. ed. Doctor of Economics sciences, prof. AND I. Kibanova. M.: INFRA-M, Additional literature Adamchuk V.V., Nikitin Yu.P. Yakovlev R.A. Labor Economics: textbook. allowance. Moscow: Adamchuk V.V., Romashov O.V. Sorokina M.E. Economics and sociology of labor: a textbook for universities. M .: UNITI, Vladimirova A.P. Labor Economics: textbook. allowance. M.:, Korneichuk B.V. Labor Economics: textbook. allowance M .: Gardariki, Endovitsky D.A. Remuneration of personnel: regulation, accounting, reporting, economic analysis: textbook. allowance M.: UNITI-DANA, Myagkova G.G. Economics and sociology of labor: textbook. allowance. Vladivostok, VGUES Publishing House, Mazin A.L. Labor Economics: textbook. allowance. M.: UNITI-DANA, Myagkova G.G. Organization, regulation and wages: textbook. allowance. Vladivostok: VGUES Publishing House, Pashuto V.P. Organization and regulation of labor at the enterprise: textbook. allowance. Minsk: New knowledge, Odegov Yu.G. Labor Economics: textbook. Moscow: Alfa-Press, Razumova T.O. Labor economics: economic theory of labor: textbook. allowance. M.: INFRA-M, Rofe A.I. Labor Economics: textbook. manual for universities M.: INFRA-M, Rofe A.I. Organization and regulation of labor: textbook. allowance for universities. Moscow: MIK, Labor Code Russian Federation from the city of 197-FZ. Man and labor. Monthly magazine. 21

22 5. BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY OF LABOR Audit in the social and labor sphere is a system of consulting support, analytical evaluation and independent examination of the effectiveness of the organization's activities in personnel management and regulation of social and labor relations. The humanization of labor means the adaptation (adaptation) of the working environment to the person, which involves the creation of the most favorable organization and working conditions for the maximum realization of the labor potential of the employee. Labor cooperation in an enterprise is an association of workers in the course of the joint implementation of a single process or a group of interrelated labor processes. Motivation is an internal process of a person's conscious choice of one or another type of behavior, determined by the complex influence of external (stimuli) and internal (motives) factors. The norm of time is the amount of working time spent on the performance of a unit of work, established by an employee or a group of workers (team) of appropriate qualifications in certain organizational and technical conditions. The maintenance time rate is the amount of time required, in certain organizational technical conditions, for maintenance during the change of a piece of equipment, a square meter of production space, etc. The service rate is the amount production facilities(pieces of equipment, jobs, etc.) that an employee or a group of employees of appropriate qualifications are required to serve during a unit of working time in certain organizational and technical conditions. The production rate is the established amount of work that an employee or a group of employees of appropriate qualifications is required to perform per unit of working time in certain organizational and technical conditions. The headcount rate is the established number of employees of a certain professional and qualification composition, necessary to perform specific production functions or the amount of work in certain organizational and technical conditions. The controllability norm determines the number of employees that should be directly subordinate to one manager. 22

23 Normative materials for labor rationing (labor standards) are regulated values of equipment operating modes and labor costs, work break times, developed depending on various production factors, intended for repeated use when establishing specific labor cost standards in relation to certain organizational- specifications. A normalized task is a set composition and scope of work that must be completed by one or a group of employees for a certain period of time (shift, month). Labor rationing definition necessary costs labor (time) for the performance of work (manufacture of a unit of output) by individual workers or teams in specific organizational and technical conditions and the establishment of labor standards on this basis. Labor rationing is a system of means and methods for establishing the measure of labor necessary for an objective assessment of its effectiveness and an adequate level of its payment. Maintenance of the workplace is a set of measures to provide the workplace with the means, objects of labor necessary for the implementation of the labor process. The organization of labor is an ordered system of interaction of workers with the means of production and with each other in a single production process. The organization of labor remuneration is a set of measures aimed at ensuring the remuneration of employees depending on the quantity and quality of the labor expended by them, and at creating, on this basis, the material interest of employees in end results of his labor. Workplace equipment is a set of main technological and auxiliary equipment, technological and organizational equipment, tools, located within the workplace. technical documentation, means of communication and signaling, means of labor protection. A need is a conscious need for certain material, cultural goods, social and spiritual values. A production operation is a complete part of a technological process for processing one or several objects of labor at the same time, performed at one workplace by one or a group of workers, or without their participation. 23

24 The production process is a set of interrelated labor and natural processes aimed at manufacturing certain products. A profession is a kind of labor activity of a person, determined by the nature and purpose of labor functions and requiring him to obtain general and special knowledge and practical skills acquired as a result of social education, work experience in this field. The workplace is a part of the production area assigned to an individual worker or a group of workers, equipped with technological, auxiliary, handling equipment, technological and organizational equipment designed to perform a certain part of the production process. The division of labor is the isolation (delimitation) of the activities of people in the process of joint labor, their specialization in the performance of a certain part of the joint work. The content of labor reflects the interaction of the subject and means of labor in the process of labor activity and means the totality of labor functions and actions of workers, their correlation and interconnection. The content of labor is the degree of its saturation with creative (productive) elements in comparison with standard, routine (reproductive) ones. Social partnership is a special type of social and labor relations, a system of relationships between employees (representatives of employees), employers (representatives of employers), bodies state power, local self-government bodies, aimed at ensuring the coordination of the interests of employees and employers on the regulation of labor relations and other relations directly related to them. Social and labor relations are objectively existing relationships and relationships between individuals and their groups in the processes caused by labor activity, aimed at regulating the quality of working life. Stimulation is the orientation of management practice to the actual structure of value orientations and interests of employees, to a more complete realization of its labor potential. Tariff category(P) shows the degree of complexity of work and the level of qualification of the employee. 24

25 The tariff coefficient (TC) shows how many times the tariff rate of the second and subsequent categories is higher than the tariff rate of the first category. Tariff rate(TS) 1 category determines the minimum wage for various groups and categories of workers in absolute terms for performing simple work per unit of working time. The wage scale is a combination of qualification categories and their corresponding wage coefficients, which show differences in the complexity of work and qualifications of workers, and depending on this, wage differentiation. The technological process is an expedient change in the shape, size, condition, structure of objects of labor. Labor is a conscious, expediently directed activity, the application of mental and physical efforts by people to create useful products of production, things, provide services, process, accumulate and transfer information that go to satisfy their material and spiritual needs. The labor collective is a special social community that unites people who carry out joint labor activities within the framework of a labor organization. The labor process is a set of actions of performers to expediently change the object of labor. Labor intensity is the cost of labor (time) for the production of a unit of output. The conditions for the development of a personality are a combination of various factors that influence the process of a positive qualitative change in its properties in a particular period of life in a particular social environment. Working conditions are a set of factors in the working environment that affect the functional state of the body of workers, their health and performance, and the process of restoring the workforce. Forms and systems of wages determine the procedure for calculating wages. With their help, the connection of wages with its quantitative and qualitative results is carried out. Values are a set of standards and criteria that a person follows in his life. 25

26 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ORGANIZATIONAL AND METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS Goals and objectives of studying the discipline Communication with other disciplines Knowledge, skills and abilities that a student should acquire as a result of studying the discipline Main types of classes and features of their conduct when studying the discipline Lecture classes Seminar and practical classes Independent work Types of current , intermediate and final control of students' knowledge in the discipline and methods of their implementation CONTENT OF THE DISCIPLINE List of topics of lectures List of topics of practical classes

27 Educational and methodical publication Compiled by Galina Grigorievna Myagkova ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY OF LABOR Curriculum of the course in the specialty "Personnel Management" In the author's edition Computer layout N.А. Ignatieva License for publishing activities Publishing house dated Signed for publication Format 60 84/16. Writing paper. Offset printing. Conv. oven l. 1.6. Uch.-ed. l. 1.4. Circulation 100 copies. Order Publishing house Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service, Vladivostok, ul. Gogol, 41 Printed in the printing house of VGUES, Vladivostok, st. Derzhavin, 57 27

A list of exemplary control questions and tasks for independent work. 1. What is the peculiarity of modern labor regulation, labor organization and NOT? 2. What functions does the organization and regulation perform

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KISLOVODSK HUMANITARIAN AND TECHNICAL INSTITUTE Guidelines for the study of the discipline "Organization, regulation and remuneration at the enterprise" for students of the correspondence department of economic

B A C A L A V R I A T V.P. Pashuto Organization, regulation and remuneration of labor at the enterprise, educational and practical guide KnorS Moscow 2017 UDC 331(075.8) LBC 65.24ya73 P22 Reviewers: V.I. Demidov, head

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2 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "TYUMEN STATE OIL AND GAS UNIVERSITY" Institute of Management

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Federal Agency for Education Vladivostok State University of Economics and Services

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Federal Agency for Education State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Izhevsk State Technical University" GLAZOVSKY ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION V.P. Goryachkina work program Economics and sociology of labor Specialty Economics and management

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Belovo Institute (branch) of the Federal Budgetary State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kemerovo State University"

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "National Research Nuclear University

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1 Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service I.A. SAMSONOVA ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF TAXATION OF ORGANIZATIONS Curriculum Vladivostok

After studying this chapter, the student should:

know

the essence of the concepts of "labor" and "creativity", the main categories of the science of labor;
subject field of the study of economics and sociology of labor;
the main directions and trends in the development of labor science.

be able to

use the foundations of economic and sociological knowledge in the study of the labor process;
analyze problems in the sphere of labor activity, taking into account the methodology of economics and the sociology of labor;
explore problems in the world of work, taking into account the characteristics of various scientific disciplines;

own

ways of evaluating and identifying creative elements in the labor process;
skills in analyzing trends in the field of labor in the modern world;
modern methods collection, processing and analysis of economic data in the field of labor and employment.

The subject and problems of the course "Economics and sociology of labor"

Most economists believe that the subject of the course "Economics and sociology of labor" is labor as an expedient activity of people that arises in the course of interaction between people in the process and about production.

The complexity and versatility of the labor process attracts the attention of various scientific disciplines. It is the consideration of labor from the positions of economics and sociology that at the same time gives the greatest objectivity and complexity to its study.

labor economics how science studies economic patterns in the field of labor relations, including specific forms of manifestation of the essence of labor, such as organization, remuneration, efficiency, employment, etc. Knowledge of the fundamentals of labor economics allows a specialist to abstractly and reasonably approach the study of ongoing events, explain their driving force and evaluate to 1 .

Experts from various countries believe that labor economics is the study of the functioning and outcomes of the labor market, and in a narrow sense, the behavior of employers and workers in response to the action of general incentives in the form of wages, profits and non-monetary factors in the field of labor relations, for example working conditions. An analysis of only economic factors does not make it possible to fairly objectively assess the situation in the sphere of labor.

The sociology of labor studies the behavior of employers and employees in response to economic and social incentives to work.

Social and labor relations make it possible to determine the social significance, role, place, social position of an individual and a group. They are the link between employees. Not a single member of the labor collective, organization can exist outside of such relations, outside of interactions.

Accordingly, the subject of the course of economics and sociology of labor is

socio-economic relations that develop in the labor process under the influence of various factors - economic, technical, organizational, personnel and other.

Expert opinion

R. J. Ersnbsrg and R. S. Smith believe that labor economics is the study of the functioning and outcomes of the labor market. If we try to narrow this concept, then we can say that labor economics is primarily the behavior of employers and workers in response to the action of general incentives in the form of wages, prices, profits and non-monetary factors in the field of labor relations, such as working conditions. It is precisely this kind of incentives that, on the one hand, encourage individual choice, and on the other hand, limit it.

For an economist work is primarily one of production factors. There is a demand for labor and its supply, in the interaction of which the market price is formed. The economist is primarily interested in the efficient use of labor resources. The labor process is considered from the standpoint of economic laws. The relationship between people in this process is reduced to the relationship "seller - buyer". The most important for an economist are the concepts of labor resources, labor market, supply and demand for labor, labor productivity, wages, working hours, etc.

Sociology studies social reality, i.e. relationships between people and their groups. More attention is paid in sociology to the subject of labor, it is emphasized that people are different: they belong to different social strata, have different interests, can not only work peacefully, but also conflict. Therefore, the basic concepts for a sociologist are such concepts as labor relations, labor control, social stratification (social inequality), labor collective, labor conflict, labor motivation, alienation of labor, social partnership, etc.

Theory questions

Man as a subject of labor. Economic and sociological approaches to the analysis of the position of a person included in the labor process differ significantly. That is why the analysis of labor processes from the standpoint of two scientific disciplines gives a more objective idea of a person as a subject of a pile.

Through the eyes of an economist	Through the eyes of a sociologist
The person is independent. An atomized individual who makes independent decisions based on his personal preferences. For example, the choice of work is done independently.	The person is addicted. Subject to social norms, belongs to social groups. For example, he goes in the profession in the footsteps of his father or does not engage in activities condemned by society.
The person is selfish. First of all, he takes care of his own interests and strives to maximize his own benefit. For example, the desire of an employee to work less and earn more.	The person is unselfish. It can also pursue altruistic goals, help others. For example, he can provide services for free or work for little money, knowing that his work is useful to society.
The man is rational. Consistently strives for the set goal, calculating various options for behavior in search of the best.	The person is irrational and inconsistent. May follow tradition, duty, or succumb to momentary hobbies.
The person is informed. He is aware of his own needs and has sufficient information about the means and conditions for their satisfaction. For example, it has complete information about vacancies or trends in the labor market.	The person is poorly informed. Unable to calculate benefits and costs (for example, does not know all employment opportunities, unable to assess professional prospects).
The person is mobile. Can easily move around in search of a better job.	The person is immobile. Attached to the place of residence, family, social circle.
Man is universal. By its nature, it is the same in space and time.	The man is historical. It is the product of different cultures in space and time. "Economic Man" is a product of Western civilization.

Training a specialist professionally engaged in economic, marketing and entrepreneurial activities involves a holistic perception of all the topics of the course, possession of a culture of thinking, understanding of the profession and its role in relation to other activities.

A specialist in the field of economics and sociology of labor must be able to organize his work and the work of his subordinates; formulate goals and outline ways to achieve them; build and use forecasts and plans; find rational approaches to solving problems; anticipate the consequences of your decisions.

The course of economics and sociology of labor is closely connected with many disciplines: macro- and microeconomics, law, management, sociology, statistics, etc. Economics and sociology of labor is a fairly young scientific discipline, its development takes into account the transformation of labor relations in modern society. Accordingly, many issues of labor relations are still insufficiently studied. These include rewards, organization mental labor, creation optimal conditions labor for a specific profession, etc. The study of these issues is a long-term task of specialists, as is the process of development of the science of labor itself.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Volgograd State Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Institute of Economics and Law

Department of Economics and Project Management in Construction

BRIEF COURSE OF LECTURES

in the discipline "ECONOMY AND SOCIOLOGY OF LABOR"

Compiled by: Borisova Natalya Ivanovna,

Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor of the Department of EUPS

Volgograd 2008

Lecture 1: The subject of economics and sociology of labor. Labor as the basis

human life.

Lecture 2: Labor resources. Social and labor relations

Lecture 3: Labor market. Problems of employment and unemployment.

Lecture 4: social organization. Labor collective (organization).

Social regulation in labor collectives

II. PART. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMPONENTS

WORK PROCESS

Lecture 5: Organization of personnel work and working conditions.

Lecture 6: Labor productivity. Organization of wages.

Lecture 7: Labor behavior and attitude to work of employees.

Labor adaptation.

Lecture 8: Standards of living. Social protection in the sphere of labor.
^ I SECTION. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY OF LABOR
Lecture number 1.

Topic: The subject of economics and sociology of labor. Labor as the basis

human life.

Plan

1. Subject and tasks of economics and sociology of labor

2. The essence of labor and its role in the development of man and society.

3. Social form of labor. The nature and content of labor.

There are many disciplines in the system of labor sciences that are relatively independent, but at the same time interconnected.: Personnel management, Labor physiology, Labor psychology, Management theory, Labor statistics, Archeology, Ethnography, Business ethics, Demography, Labor law, Labor economics, Labor sociology, etc.

Moreover, the last two sciences are united by one name "Economics and sociology of labor", since these disciplines have much in common: the object of study, the labor of a person, a team, society. The differences between them lie in the subject of study.

The subject of the study of labor economics - economic relations that arise in society, regions and at specific enterprises in the process of using labor.

The subject of study of the sociology of labor - social relations and social processes in the sphere of work. The sociology of labor studies the problems of regulating social processes, motivating labor activity, labor adaptation of workers, stimulating labor, social control in the sphere of labor, uniting the labor collective, planning and regulating social processes in the sphere of labor.

In practice, the problems of labor economics and the sociology of labor are interrelated. For example, in order to achieve a high level of labor organization, one should use not only economic, but also social criteria. Labor standards must be justified not only technically and economically, but also socially.

object studying discipline "Economics and sociology of labor" is labor.

Subject economics and sociology of labor is much broader - it is the study of the labor potential of society, the ways of its formation and rational use in the interests of increasing the efficiency of the national economy.

Investigating and analyzing social labor, the economics and sociology of labor uses the categorical apparatus, both common to both sciences and specific to each of them. To general categories and concepts division of labor, labor cooperation, qualification of personnel, population migration, incentives, social and labor relations, etc. Economic categories and concepts: labor market, organization of labor, billing of works and workers, certification of personnel, tariff system, wage fund, time standards, labor force reproduction costs, wages, labor productivity, etc. Sociological categories and concepts - these are social processes, social relations, social group, social status, norms of behavior, value orientations, motivation, adaptation, etc.

The main tasks of the economics and sociology of labor are determined by its goal, namely the formation and rational use of the labor potential of each person and society as a whole in the event of the emergence of new social and labor relations in a market economy.

The economics and sociology of labor solves three main problems.

The first task is study of the essence and mechanisms of economic and social processes in the sphere of labor.

The second task is studying the factors and reserves of effective employment, the formation and rational use of labor potential, increasing the efficiency and productivity of labor.

^ Third task- identification of the relationship of social and labor relations with economic relations and processes occurring in the economy market type focused on social development.

2 - ^ The essence of labor and its role in the development of man and society.

Labor is an expedient activity of people aimed at creating material wealth and cultural values. Labor is the basis and indispensable condition for human life and development. By influencing the natural environment, changing and adapting it to their needs, people not only ensure their existence, but also create conditions for the development and progress of society.

Any labor process presupposes the presence of an object of labor, means of labor, technology and labor itself as an activity to give the object of labor the properties necessary for a person.

^ Items of labor- this is all that labor is directed to, which undergoes changes in order to acquire useful properties and thereby meet human needs (land and its subsoil, flora and fauna, raw materials and materials, semi-finished products and components);

^ Means of labor- this is what a person uses to influence the objects of labor (machines, instruments and equipment, tools, devices), as well as with the environment.

Technology- this is a way of influencing the objects of labor, the procedure for using tools.

As a result of the completion of the labor process, products of labor are formed - the substance of nature, objects or other objects that have the necessary properties and are adapted to human needs.

The labor process is a complex phenomenon. The main forms of manifestation of labor are:

^ 1. The cost of human energy. This is the psycho-physiological side of labor activity, expressed in the expenditure of energy from muscles, brain, nerves, and sense organs. Human energy costs are determined by the severity of labor and the level of neuropsychological tension, they form such conditions as fatigue and weariness. Working capacity, human health and development depend on the level of human energy consumption.

^ 2. Interaction of the worker with the means of production - objects and means of labor. This is the organizational and technological aspect of labor activity. It is determined by the level of technical equipment of labor, the degree of its mechanization and automation, the perfection of technology, the organization of the workplace, the qualifications of the worker, his experience, the techniques and methods of work used by him, etc.

^ 3. Production interaction of workers with each other both horizontally (the relationship of participation in a single labor process) and vertically (the relationship between the leader and the subordinate) determines the organizational and economic side of labor activity. It depends on the level of division and cooperation of labor, on the forms of labor organization - individual or collective, on the number of employees, on the organizational and legal form of the enterprise (institution).

Throughout the history of its existence, humanity has been learning ways to interact with nature, finding more advanced forms of organizing production, and trying to achieve a greater effect from its labor activity. At the same time, people themselves are constantly improving, increasing their knowledge, experience, production skills. There is a continuous renewal and improvement of the tools of labor and the people themselves.

Eventually, ^ The role of labor in the development of man and society is manifested in the fact that in the process of labor not only material and spiritual values are created, designed to meet the needs of people, but also the workers themselves develop, acquire new skills, reveal their abilities, replenish and enrich knowledge. The creative nature of labor finds its expression in the birth of new ideas, the emergence of progressive technologies, more advanced and highly productive tools, new types of products, materials, energy, which, in turn, lead to the development of needs.

Rice. 1.1. Labor functions

Thus, the consequence of labor activity is, on the one hand, the saturation of the market with goods, services, cultural property, on the other hand, the progress of production, the emergence of new needs and their subsequent satisfaction. it economic role of labor. The social role of labor appears in the following. The development and improvement of production has a beneficial effect on the reproduction of the population, raising its material and cultural level. In general, the economics and sociology of labor begin with the problem of the formation of the labor force and its supply on the labor market.

3 - Social form of labor. The nature and content of labor.

In the process of producing material goods, people necessarily enter into certain relationships not only with the means of production and the natural environment, but also with each other. Such relationships are called industrial relations.

Relationships between people that develop in connection with their participation in social labor are public relations, which are expressed in the social form of labor.

From the moment of the appearance of mankind, labor acquires a corresponding social form. Everything that we use (clothes, shoes, furniture, food, cars) was created by the joint work of people.

Moreover, the concept of "public relations" is much broader than the concept of "relations of production", since it includes relations regarding not only production, but also other phases of the reproduction cycle: the study of demand, research and development of competitive products, their sale and consumption.

Public relations can be classified according to:

their character (class, national, regional);

content (economic, social, labor);

form (interpersonal, intergroup)

The noted varieties of categories of public relations (in various combinations) are reflected in the formation of relations between people: a customer and a contractor, a boss and a subordinate, an entrepreneur and a government official.

The essence and form of social labor is expressed through the nature and content of labor.

^ The content of labor - the totality of its elements, which are determined by the professional affiliation of the works, their sequence, composition, complexity, structure, purpose. Content of labor expresses the distribution of specific labor functions (executive, control and regulatory) in the workplace and is determined by the totality of operations performed. These functions are predetermined by the development of labor tools, the organization of labor, the level of social and professional division of labor, and the skill of the worker himself.

Under nature of work usually understand the features of its functioning, regardless of the content of labor, its social form. The nature of labor expresses that special thing that is inherent in social labor in every socio-economic formation and is predetermined by the type of production relations that prevail in society.

For example, modern economic reform brings all participants in production in society to market relations, radically changing production relations (change of ownership, transition to free enterprise based on various organizational and legal forms of ownership and free employment of labor).

^ The following types of labor are distinguished depending on the nature and content of labor : hired and private; personal and public; individual and collective; at will, necessity, coercion; physical and mental; reproductive and creative; varying degrees of complexity.

^ There are types of labor depending on the nature of the object and the labor process. : scientific, engineering, managerial, industrial: entrepreneurial, innovative; industrial, agricultural, transport and communication.

^ There are types of labor depending on the means and methods of labor: manual (technically unarmed), mechanized and automated (computerized); low-, medium- and high-tech; with varying degrees of human involvement

^ There are types of work depending on working conditions: work stationary and mobile; ground and underground; light, medium and heavy; attractive and unattractive; free and with varying degrees of regulation.
Lecture #2

Topic: Labor resources. Social and labor relations

1. Basic concepts of labor resources.

2. Reproduction of labor resources

3. Formation of labor resources in the national economy and the impact of population reproduction on it.

4. The essence of social and labor relations. Factors influencing their formation.

Various concepts and definitions appear in the economic and practice of human resource management: "labor resources" (TR), "labor force" (PC), "labor potential" (TP), "economically active population" (EAP), "economically inactive population" (ENN), etc. Consider the basic concepts.

Human Resources - is the working-age population with physical development, mental abilities and knowledge necessary for the implementation of useful labor activity in the national economy. This means that the problems of labor resources (their reproduction, formation and use) are considered at the macro level, i.e. throughout the country and its regions. In other words, this is the working and non-working, but able-bodied part of the population.

Work force - it is a set of physical and spiritual abilities that a person possesses and which he uses every time he produces any material wealth. It is the labor force that is bought in the labor market. The better the terms of the transaction for the employee, the more fully, efficiently and fruitfully he will use his abilities,

Thus, labor resources are the part of the population that has a labor force.

^ Labor potential should be considered from two positions: as a statistical indicator and as an economic category. How statistical indicator labor potential- this is the value of the number of labor resources in the period under review, which can be achieved by involving under certain conditions in economic activity not yet employed in the economy of labor resources. This is the labor potential of the territory, region, country.

How economic category labor potential characterizes the population as a producer of material goods on the basis of the totality of all qualities that determine its ability to work (the ability and inclination of an employee to work, his state of health, endurance, type of nervous system), i.e. everything that reflects the psychological and physiological potential along with the volume of general and special knowledge, labor skills and abilities. In this case, the labor potential of a person is a qualitative assessment of the intellectual and physical abilities, as well as the level of development of the moral qualities of a person.

To economically active population refers to the labor force, i.e. that part of the population that provides the supply of labor for the production of goods and services. This category includes both the employed population and a part of the population unemployed in social production (the unemployed).

^ Economically inactive population not included in the labor force. This category includes: 1) pupils, students, listeners, cadets studying in daytime educational institutions; 2) persons receiving an old-age pension, disability pension and on preferential terms; 3) persons engaged in maintaining household care for children, sick relatives; 4) persons who are desperate to find a job (i.e., who have stopped looking for it, having exhausted all possibilities), but who are able and willing to work; 5) other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.

The considered concepts of labor categories have much in common, but also differ in their essence. It is necessary to understand these concepts in order to correctly solve the issues of the formation and regulation of labor resources and employment of the population.

Reproduction of labor resources is the process of renewing quantitative and quality characteristics economically active population, including the phases of formation, distribution (redistribution) and use.

^ The phase of the formation of labor resources includes the natural reproduction of the population (carriers of the labor force); the acquisition of the very ability to work through the system of general, special and higher education, vocational training; restoration and development of abilities to work. At the same time, education aims not only to develop a person as a carrier of labor force, but also to develop him as a person, the development of his moral qualities.

^ Phase of distribution of labor resources includes the distribution and redistribution of the total labor force by areas of application of labor, types of employment, sectors of the economy and regions in accordance with the demand and supply of regional and domestic labor markets.

^ Phase of use of labor resources includes labor activity, in the course of which the labor force is directly realized as a set of intellectual and physical abilities for work; ensuring employment of the able-bodied population wishing to realize their labor potential in socially useful work that brings a decent income to the employee and his family members.

In the process of reproduction of labor resources phase of their use is main. This is due to the fact that it is, firstly, the phase of the implementation of the knowledge and skills accumulated during the period of formation, secondly, the phase of self-improvement of labor resources, the accumulation of practical experience, the improvement of education and qualifications, and thirdly, the longest phase throughout the entire period of a person's life.

The process of reproduction of labor resources in society is constant and continuous and is determined by the reproduction of the population. The peculiarity of the reproduction of labor resources is that it covers processes that take place not only in the sphere of the economy, but also political, legal, moral, ethical, social, national-ethnic, etc.

^ 3. Formation of labor resources in the national economy and the impact on it

population reproduction.

The level of development of society in any country is largely determined by the state of the human resource, i.e. composition of the population and labor resources. The main part of the labor force is the population of working age. The boundaries of working age and the socio-demographic composition of the labor force are determined by national legislation and are different in different countries.

In accordance with Russian legislation, the working age for men is 16-59 years, for women - 16-54 years. The composition of the labor force does not include a part of the working-age population: disabled people of groups I and II, as well as non-working pensioners receiving a pension of more than early age(women who gave birth to five or more children and raised them up to 8 years old, mothers of disabled children from childhood, who also raised them up to 8 years old, who, upon reaching 50 years old, receive a pension regardless of their length of service; persons who retired early due to with difficult and harmful working conditions: women aged 45-50 years, men - 50-55 years old), etc. At the same time, working persons of retirement age and working teenagers are included in the labor force.

Therefore, labor resources can be divided into real and potential: real labor resources consist of the working part of the population, and potential - of the unemployed, but able to work population. Since 1993, Russia has adopted the division of labor resources according to the international system into "economically active and economically inactive population"

^ The impact of population reproduction on the formation of labor resources

The reproduction of the population is due to the demographic situation, which is determined by the structure of the population and the nature of its movement, types, types and mode of reproduction. The basis of all these processes is the socio-economic situation in the country.

Types of reproduction are expressed in the natural, migratory (mechanical) and social movement of the composition and size of the population.

^ natural movement there is a consequence of the birth rate and mortality of people. Depending on which of them prevails, a natural increase or a natural decrease in the population is formed.

^ migratory movement (mechanical arrival and departure of the population) is caused by various economic, political, religious and other reasons and is associated with serious changes in the position of people, their status, life prospects. In Russia (which has a vast territory), the migration movement is mainly associated with the movement of the population from labor-surplus areas to labor-deficient ones.

^ social movement population manifests itself in a change in various social structures: educational, professional and national, etc.

Reproduction of the population can be carried out in three modes: expanded, simple and narrowed. For expanded reproduction characterized by an excess of the number of births over the number of deaths per 1000 people. Such a regime is provided if for every 100 families there are 260 births of children or more. Simple reproduction characterized by the absence of population growth, when the number of births is equal to the number of deaths per 1000 population. narrowed reproduction(depopulation) is formed when not only there is no natural increase in the population, but also its absolute reduction occurs.

The main source of replenishment of labor resources is young people entering the working age; its number depends on the mode of population reproduction, the level of marriage and birth rate in the country, as well as on the magnitude of infant mortality. With expanded reproduction of the population and an increase in the birth rate, the number of people entering working age will increase. But with each jump in the birth rate, the replenishment of labor resources will occur only after 15 years.

Reproduction of the population and labor resources can be divided into extensive and intensive types. ^ Extensive type of reproduction labor resources means an increase in their number in certain regions or in the country without changing the qualitative characteristics of the economically active population. Intensive type of reproduction labor resources is associated with a change in their qualities; the growth of the educational level, qualifications, physical and intellectual abilities, the increase in working capacity and labor efficiency. These types of reproduction do not exist in their pure form, but complement each other.

^ The essence of social and labor relations. Factors influencing their formation.

Social and labor relations (SR) are objectively existing interdependence and interaction of subjects in the social and labor sphere, aimed at regulating the quality of working life. The term "Social and labor relations" has become widely used in the economics and sociology of labor relatively recently.

Socio-economic reform in Russia involves the solution of the following tasks as the most important: stabilization of the social, economic and political situation in society; a significant reduction in inflation; raising the standard of living of the population, etc. The solution of these problems requires the unification of all the forces of society in pursuing a coordinated policy in the field of social and labor relations and the formation of an effective system of social protection of the interests of all participants in social and labor relations.

In Russia, the theory of the formation and development of SRT is only at the stage of formation, and this explains the underdevelopment of SRT. For example, the process of forming a layer of employers is slowly going on; trade unions, which should represent the interests of workers, often conflict with each other; the state does not have effective mechanisms for implementing its policy in the field of SRT.

Three main factors influence the formation of SRT in society: social policy and its peculiarities in the country; economic globalization; the level of development of social labor.

^ Social politics - are the actions of the government and government controlled aimed at improving the quality of life of people in society. The social policy defines a set of measures that contribute to the development of STOs: improving the situation on the labor market, increasing wages, labor protection and social protection.

^ Economic globalization as the process of formation of the system of international division of labor is not only characterized by the rapid growth of world trade, active flows of foreign investment, but also contributes to the growth of secondary financial markets, increasing imbalances in trade. All of these processes combine to influence and constrain macroeconomic policymaking at national levels, especially labor and HUF policies, causing serious problems around the world.

^ Development of social labor characterized by objective laws: the division and cooperation of labor, the growth of labor productivity, the replacement of labor by capital. The division and cooperation of labor as structure-forming factors of SRT act in their functional form and determine the place of each employee in the labor process, his functions, duties, and also the requirements for the quality of the workforce.

The role and place of enterprises in this system, the organizational form, the size of the enterprise, its type, industry affiliation, financial position, etc. are of great importance in the formation of the STO system. The STO system at the enterprise level is determined by the development strategy of the organization; job system, personnel policy; labor behaviour.

in Russia the legislative framework regulates SRT in the following areas: working conditions(remuneration, rest, labor protection, social guarantees); social politics(pensions, social insurance, health insurance); employment(registration of the unemployed, vocational retraining, search for vacancies assistance in organizing new jobs); migration policy regulating the movement of labor and the resettlement of the population from unfavorable regions on the basis of "resettlement programs"; population policy, which regulates the natural processes of population reproduction on the basis of programs to help pregnant women, child benefits, improve health and reduce mortality, etc.

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1. Economics and sociology of labor: basic concepts and connection with other sciences

There are many independent but closely related disciplines in the system of labor sciences:

Personnel Management;

Physiology of labor;

Psychology of work;

Motivation of labor activity;

conflictology;

Innovative management in personnel work;

Personal management;

Ethics of business relations;

Labor market (employment management);

Demography;

Labor history and entrepreneurship;

Income and Wage Policy;

labor law;

labor economics;

Sociology of labor, etc.

The last two specialized sciences - Labor Economics and Labor Sociology - are united under the name "Labor Economics and Sociology".

However, the subject of study of these sciences is different:

In Labor Economics - economic relations that arise in society, in regions and at specific enterprises regarding the use of labor;

In the sociology of labor, these are social relations and social processes in the sphere of labor.

The sociology of labor studies the problems of:

regulation of social processes, motivation of labor activity, labor adaptation of workers, stimulation of labor, social control in the sphere of labor;

· rallying the labor collective, managing the labor collective and democratizing labor relations; labor movements;

· planning and regulation of social processes in the sphere of labor.

AT real life the problems of labor economics and the sociology of labor are interrelated. Categories such as working conditions, labor organization, material incentives have both economic and social aspects.

The object of study of the economics and sociology of labor is labor, i.e. purposeful activities of people aimed at the creation of material goods and the provision of services.

In the study and analysis of social labor, the economics and sociology of labor uses a categorical apparatus - both common to both sciences and specific to each of them.

In economic research, specific definitions are:

Labor market;

Labour Organization;

Tariffication of works and workers;

Personnel certification;

Tariff system;

payroll fund;

Standards for the formation of social funds;

Time limits;

Labor force reproduction costs;

Wage;

Labor productivity, etc.

AT sociological research specific definitions are:

social processes;

social relations;

Social group;

social status;

Code of Conduct;

Value orientations;

Value-normative regulation of labor behavior;

Motivation;

Adaptation, etc.

The inclusion of sociological definitions in the scientific circulation of concepts and categories of labor economics allows a deeper study of the essence and place of labor in the life of a person and society.

A human need is a feeling of lack of something or a desire for something.

Types of human needs:

Material needs are the needs for food, clothing, shelter, transportation, security, and entertainment;

Social needs are communication and joint activities;

Intellectual needs - in knowledge, scientific and technical creativity;

Aesthetic needs - in beauty, harmony, artistic creativity;

Spiritual needs - in moral perfection, honesty, trust, helping other people, love for God.

All these needs correspond to the classical triad: truth, beauty, goodness.

A significant category in the discipline under study is the good, i.e. something that can satisfy any essential and non-essential needs of a person. The variety of goods can be classified according to various criteria.

By origin, goods are divided into natural and produced.

We distinguish five types of benefits:

· material goods ensure the satisfaction of the physiological needs of a person;

· Intellectual benefits are aimed at the development of man, his adaptation to changes in the environment, the growth of living standards;

social benefits create conditions for joint activities of people;

Spiritual goods are the basis of people's mental health and relationships between them;

Aesthetic goods can be both natural and man-made.

The division of goods into material, social, intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic is rather conditional. One can definitely speak only about the predominance of one or another good in satisfying human needs.

Of particular importance in economic science is the category of resources - this is what or due to which various goods are produced. Resources can be natural, human and man-made.

Natural resources are important, first of all, as the main condition for human existence. The significance of resources is determined in relation to the specific characteristics of nature, man, product, substance. Examples are: the fertility of the earth, Creative skills person, engine power, etc.

Norm - a rule or value that serves to regulate relationships between people and establish the amount of resources. Norms can be of two types: norms-rules and norms-values.

A norm-rule is a statement that defines relationships between people.

The norm-value is a number that determines the cost of a resource per unit of production or the permissible level of interaction on nature and man.

Capital - everything that is or can become a source of income for a person, organization, state. Capital can be land, knowledge and skills, machines, relationships between people.

Efficiency is the ratio between the cost of resources and the results obtained, which are ultimately determined by the amount of goods produced.

The socio-economic system is a set of interpersonal and intergroup relations determined by the processes of production, distribution and exchange of goods and resources.

The market is a system of voluntary exchange of goods, resources and rights to use them in the absence of hierarchical relations or other relations of administrative coordination.

Organization - a system of two or more people whose activities are coordinated in accordance with the goals of this system or the system of which it is a part.

2. Human needs

The problem of needs is objectively interdisciplinary, since psychological, economic and other aspects are closely interconnected in it.

The object of research by psychologists was the processes of formation of needs, and specialists in microeconomics analyzed the structure of consumption, based on the concept of marginal utility.

The main problems of needs analysis are to establish their composition, hierarchy, boundaries, levels and possibilities of satisfaction.

Currently, the main classification of needs is considered to be proposed by the American psychologist A. Maslow, who distinguishes five groups of needs:

Physiological;

security;

Involvement in the team, society (status needs);

confessions;

Self-realization (self-expression).

These groups form a hierarchical structure, i.e. it is assumed that the needs are satisfied sequentially in the order in which they are listed.

In the classification of needs, as in any other classification, the requirement of completeness must be observed first of all. This means that each element of the analyzed set must be assigned to one group or another. In the problem under consideration, the fulfillment of this condition is complicated by the fact that it is almost impossible to establish a complete list of human needs.

In many classifications, including the most well-known ones, the requirement for completeness is not met. Thus, in many schemes there are no groups to which the needs for freedom, faith, spiritual improvement, etc. could be attributed.

An important aspect of needs analysis is their hierarchy. It is objectively conditioned, first of all, by the fact that the condition for the emergence of intellectual and spiritual needs is the functioning of the physiological systems of the human body.

However, some sequence in satisfying needs undoubtedly exists, but it cannot be considered the same for all people. There are known facts when the need for creativity and spiritual improvement became dominant not after the satisfaction of other needs, but in essence, on the verge of survival, when the basic needs for food, housing and security were not yet satisfied.

The strength of the need for creativity can be judged by the biographies of prominent scientists and artists. Many of them, like P. Gauguin, for the sake of the opportunity to create, refused a prosperous existence. Archimedes (in science) and Dmitri Shostakovich (in music) created great works in besieged cities.

Modern biology and psychology view higher spiritual and social needs as the result of evolution. These needs are aimed at adapting a person to environment, ensuring the continuity of generations and the sustainability of society.

Experience shows that the hierarchy of needs is predominantly individual or group. The only thing that can be considered common is that the satisfaction of the needs of existence at some basic level is necessary condition formation of all other needs. Therefore, when classifying needs, not only their types, but also the levels of satisfaction should be taken into account.

The model of the structure of human needs should take into account:

The whole range of needs;

Individual characteristics of people;

Priorities and levels of satisfaction of needs;

The dynamics of the formation of needs, which determines the mechanism of their interconnections.

Subsistence needs usually include the needs for food, clothing, and security. There is reason to believe that the needs of existence should also include the needs of belonging. This is determined by the fact that a person cannot exist for any long time outside of any group (for example, a family).

Thus, the necessities of existence include:

Physiological;

security;

Involvement.

There are two main levels of satisfaction of the needs of existence: minimal and basic.

The minimum level of satisfaction of the needs of existence ensures the survival of man.

The basic level provides the possibility of the emergence of needs that correspond to the main goals of the life of a given person. This level can be defined both subjectively and objectively.

In the first case, the criterion for reaching the baseline can be the proportion of time that a person is occupied with thoughts about satisfying the needs for food, clothing, shelter and security.

An objective assessment of the baseline can be the consumer budget that experts consider necessary for various activities.

For most people, the level of satisfaction of physiological needs significantly affects the structure of intellectual, social and spiritual needs.

However, it has been known since ancient times that less people focused on material wealth, the more freedom he has from life circumstances and the powers that be.

All the great philosophers and religious figures - those who are commonly called the teachers of mankind - called for a reasonable restriction of physiological needs.

Numerous studies have found that people with modest physiological needs tend to live longer and are spiritually more active than the rest of the population.

One of the largest sociologists in the world, Pitirim Sorokin, studied the biographies of 4,600 Christian saints. He found that “despite the ascetic way of life followed by most of them... the average life expectancy of the saints, including 37% of those who died martyrs not of their own death, turns out to be much longer than that of their contemporaries, and even longer than that of today's Europeans and Americans (and especially Russians).

The traditional hierarchy of existence needs can be common to all people only up to the minimum level of satisfaction, i.e. on the brink of survival. Above this level, the sequence of satisfying the needs of existence is determined by the individuality of the person and the specific situation.

In many cases, people strive first for security and only then for saturation. This is especially true for objectively dangerous situations.

In many cases, the need for belonging (inclusion in a group) is the primary one. In mountaineering, such a situation arises, for example, when completing a team for a difficult ascent, or, for example, in a combat situation, when a group is carefully selected for a reconnaissance operation.

For those to whom mountaineering examples seem extreme and exotic, we can remind folk wisdom"with a sweet paradise and in a hut," which proclaims the need for belonging for most women.

Thus, within the minimum level, the satisfaction of the needs of existence common to all people is the priority of the need for water and food. The rest of the hierarchy of needs is determined by the individuality of a person and the conditions of his residence and activities.

Needs to achieve life goals can be divided into five groups:

material;

Social;

Intelligent;

aesthetic;

Spiritual.

As the goal of life, one can consider the desire to satisfy material needs that exceed the basic level for the corresponding population group. In practice, we are talking about the need for luxury.

It should be borne in mind that the concept of luxury is largely arbitrary. What is considered a luxury for some social groups is recognized as the norm for others.

Material needs include the desire to accumulate wealth, if the individual considers this as the goal of his life.

The “stingy knight” syndrome in some can be combined with the desire for power, which gives wealth, in others - with the desire for luxury.

It is impossible to exclude the desire for hoarding in its purest form, although this is already close to the sphere of socio-psychological pathology.

Social needs can be divided into predominantly selfish and predominantly altruistic. The first include the need for freedom, fame, power, recognition, respect. To the second - the need for charity, love for children, parents, for people in general.

Intellectual are the needs for knowledge, truth, scientific and applied creativity.

Aesthetic are the needs for beauty, harmony, creativity, art.

Spiritual needs include spiritual perfection, faith, love of God, truth, truth.

Depending on individual inclinations, abilities and claims, after reaching the basic levels, the satisfaction of the needs of existence in some people will be dominated by the desire to maximize the consumption of material goods, in others - to power and glory, in others - to knowledge and creativity, in the fourth - to aesthetic goods. , at the fifth - to spiritual perfection.

The structure of needs can change in the same person during different periods of his life. At the same time, the lower the subjectively normal level of existence needs, the more likely it is that after reaching this level, intellectual and spiritual needs will dominate.

The need to achieve life goals is formed in two ways:

as a desire for greater satisfaction of the needs of existence;

as the emergence of new groups of needs.

There are no clearly defined boundaries between these five groups of needs.

The following words with which Bertrand Russell begins his autobiography can serve as an example of the structure of the needs of the goals of life: “Three passions, simple but irresistible in their power, permeated my whole life: the thirst for love, the craving for knowledge and the painful sympathy for the suffering of mankind.”

The needs to achieve the goals of life belong to one level of the hierarchy. In particular, there is no reason to believe that social needs should precede intellectual and spiritual needs, and vice versa.

The same level of hierarchy does not exclude significant differences between these groups of needs, both in content and in other ways. One of these signs is the nature of the activity that ensures the satisfaction of the needs of achieving the goals of life.

In order to satisfy the needs for wealth, luxury and power, it is necessary to perform actions that a normal person cannot give pleasure.

The psychological aspect of the dynamics of needs.

When analyzing the dynamics of needs, it is advisable to distinguish three periods:

Strategic;

Tactical;

Operational.

The strategic period is measured in years and decades. Here we are talking about the individual's awareness of the main goals of his existence, the definition of his abilities and the possibilities for their implementation. This period is especially important for those who are focused on creativity and spiritual improvement.

The tactical period has a horizon of several months. Here a person is clearly aware of several needs and tries to distribute his efforts, time and other resources in such a way as to get as close as possible to achieving one or two or three most important goals.

The operational period is measured in days and hours. At this time, the individual is focused on satisfying one, the most important need for him. All other needs are perceived only as a background, a condition for achieving the main goal.

Synergetic aspect of the dynamics of needs.

The process of formation of intellectual and spiritual needs can be described in terms of synergetics as a process of transition from the state of "chaos", which corresponds to the employment of a person in satisfying only the needs of existence, to the state of "cosmos", when the needs to achieve the goals of life become dominant. This process occurs under the influence of attractors, which are determined by the abilities of a person and the conditions for their implementation.

A qualitative change in the structure of needs occurs at a branching point, or a bifurcation point. In synergetics, special attention is paid to bifurcation points, since it is in them that changes in the system states begin.

Most often, attractors in the dynamics of needs are not isolated facts, but conditions that contribute to the activation of a person’s natural abilities and inclinations.

So, reaching the basic level of satisfaction of the needs of existence, a person, depending on the nature of his abilities and value orientation, begins to experience the influence of the corresponding attractor, which changes the direction of the main interests towards one or another group of needs to achieve the goals of life.

Marginalist aspect of the dynamics of needs.

For a quantitative analysis of the dynamics of needs, the apparatus of the microeconomic theory of consumption can be used, which establishes the relationship between the degree of satisfaction of needs, the consumer's resources and the prices of consumed goods. In microeconomics, two approaches are distinguished: cardinal and ordinal.

The cardinal approach is based on Gossen's laws. The first of them postulates a decrease in the degree of satisfaction from the consumption of each subsequent unit of the good. The experimental basis for this statement is the Weber-Fechner psychophysiological law, according to which repeated stimuli of equal intensity lead to a decrease in the intensity of sensations. Gossen's second law states that the consumer allocates his resources in such a way as to obtain equal satisfaction from the last unit of the resource.

The ordinalist approach is based on axioms that formalize consumer preferences in relation to sets of goods. An important aspect of the ordinalist approach is the allocation of goods to three categories: higher, normal and lower. The consumption of goods of the highest category increases to a greater extent than the increase in income; for goods of the normal category, the increase in consumption is proportional to the increase in income; consumption of goods of the lower category does not change and does not decrease with the growth of income. Accordingly, the goods of the highest category have the highest income elasticity.

Law of diminishing marginal utility (Guseva, Ershov).

Message (Zhurakovskaya, Shipova, Podurushina; Gorbova, Gurkova, Vinokurov)

The evolution of human needs - (Chistyakova, Melikov).

3. Structure and characteristics of the labor sciences

The purpose of the economics and sociology of labor is to study the scientific foundations, theoretical, methodological provisions and practical experience in the field of human resource management - the formation and rational use of the labor potential of each person and society as a whole in the formation of new social and labor relations in a market economy.

The main task is to study the essence and mechanisms of economic and social processes in the sphere of labor in the context of human life and society.

Another important task is to study the factors and reserves of effective employment, the formation and rational use of labor potential, and increasing the efficiency and productivity of labor.

Determining prerequisites for solving this problem:

· firstly, the inclusion of a mechanism for the implementation of Russian laws and socio-economic policy in the field of regulation of social and labor relations;

Secondly, the study of patterns, objective and subjective factors affecting economic and social processes, the attitude of a person to work, his behavior in a team.

Of particular importance is the study of the process of labor costs, as well as the formation of labor costs at all stages of the reproduction cycle.

The expansion and deepening of knowledge in this area requires the study of foreign and domestic experience, the state of domestic labor markets, familiarity with the methodological methods of economic analysis, auditing, and sociological research.

Methodology has two meanings:

The doctrine of the scientific method of cognition;

A set of methods used in any science.

According to the first meaning, the essence of the methodology of economics and sociology of labor is:

· in the study of the most important scientific provisions, due to the objective laws of development of production, labor and society in a socially oriented market economy;

in choosing for these purposes the scientific method of cognition;

· taking these provisions into account when developing a draft state socio-economic policy in the field of labor during the transition to a market economy.

Specifics of the methodology of economics and sociology of labor.

Firstly, it should be recognized that the most objective general scientific method of understanding the development of social labor and its transformations on the way to the market is the dialectical method and its most important provisions, which oblige us to consider all economic and social aspects of labor in interconnection and interdependence, in movement, change, renewal and development; take into account the transformation of the simplest quantitative changes into fundamental qualitative ones; consider the struggle between the old and the new structure of relations in the sphere of labor, taking into account its inherent internal contradictions.

Secondly, when studying the essence and transformation of economic and social labor processes, it is necessary to take into account the historical aspect of the changing social and production conditions in Russia, as well as the practice of foreign countries in the field of transformation and regulation of social and labor relations during the transition to the market.

Thirdly, the theoretical basis for the development of Russian policy in the sphere of labor should be economic theory, which studies the social and production relations of people, explores and formulates the economic laws of society in the sphere of labor, the forms of their manifestation in public organization labor, in the field of production management, distribution of wealth.

Methodology is a set of general techniques and methods for studying the state of an organization, social labor and developing solutions to increase labor productivity, improve its rationing and payment, as well as to restructure processes in the field of labor potential management, labor market regulation.

Human labor activity has become the object of systematic scientific research relatively recently - since the second half of the 19th century.

The purpose of such research was originally to find methods for the rational performance of production operations. As a result, a scientific direction arose, which was called the "scientific organization of labor."

Within the framework of the science of labor organization, a number of relatively separate sections have been formed:

· "rationing of labor";

· "wage";

· “professional selection”, etc.

The formation of the sciences of labor and personnel took place both on the basis of empirical data and as a result of using the achievements of economic theory, mathematics, statistics, human physiology and psychology, sociology, law, technology, and production organization.

Let us consider the main sections of the system of modern scientific ideas about labor and personnel.

At present, the following main problems, directions and sections have been formed in the discussed branch of knowledge:

Labor productivity. Based on the theory of labor productivity, criteria for evaluating the activities of people and economic systems are formed;

Human capital, which is determined by the totality of a person's qualities that affect the results of his activities and the corresponding income;

Working conditions. They are determined by the parameters of the production environment, the work performed, the mode of work and rest, the psychological and social atmosphere;

The design of labor processes includes the choice of the best ways to perform work, the distribution of their total volume among the performers, the design of workplaces, systems for providing materials, tools, energy and other resources;

The rationing of labor consists in establishing the objectively necessary costs and results of labor for the elements of the production process;

Headcount planning includes determining the results of the enterprise's activities depending on the number of employees, calculating the standard labor intensity of products, sources of personnel involvement, personnel dynamics in the enterprise, taking into account expected changes in products and technology;

Selection, training and certification, which are aimed at improving the quality of personnel;

Motivation as a process of inducing a person to fruitful activity based on his needs and goals of the enterprise;

Formation of income and wages. This section discusses the sources of income, the reasons for their differentiation, factors that determine the structure and level of wages, forms and systems of wages;

Relationships in labor collectives determined by economic, psychological and social factors;

Labor markets and employment management. This section is devoted to the analysis of labor markets, the factors that determine the employment of the population, the policy of the enterprise in the field of employment, the organization of employment, the systems of training the unemployed in new professions, the social protection of low-income segments of the population;

Personnel marketing examines the activities of the enterprise to provide human resources, including the company's policy in labor markets;

Personnel controlling is the regulation of the activities of an enterprise in the field of personnel;

The organization of personnel management, which studies the forms, methods and procedures that ensure the effective operation of the personnel service of the enterprise.

On the basis of the considered problems and sections of the sciences of labor and personnel, it is possible to characterize the subjects of these sciences. The areas of labor physiology, labor psychology, ergonomics (the scientific organization of labor), the science of labor safety, the sociology of labor, and labor law are most clearly defined.

Labor physiology studies the impact of labor processes on the physiological characteristics of a person. The conclusions of this science are used in the development of work and rest regimes, the design of workplaces, and the improvement of working conditions.

Labor psychology studies the psychological characteristics of a person in the process of labor activity. The results of psychological research are used in professional selection, organization of teamwork, management in conflict situations, development of motivation systems.

Ergonomics is the scientific basis for the design of human-machine systems, including machine tools, control panels, tools, and vehicles.

The science of labor safety explores the whole range of problems associated with ensuring safe labor activity.

The sociology of labor explores the relationship between people and social groups in production teams.

Labor law analyzes the complex of legal aspects of labor and management. This is especially important in hiring and firing, developing systems of rewards and punishments, solving property problems, and managing social conflicts.

The science of labor organization is most often considered as a theoretical basis for the design of labor processes and workplaces. The subjects of labor organization and human resource management are practically the same.

Labor economics traditionally includes the problems of labor productivity and efficiency, human capital, labor resources, labor market and employment, income and wages, headcount planning.

Labor rationing as a science explores the principles and methods of establishing labor costs, its results, the relationship between the number of personnel of various groups and the number of pieces of equipment. It is customary to refer to the science of personnel management the problems of headcount planning, selection, training and certification of personnel, labor motivation, management styles, relationships in work teams, management procedures.

Thus, there are different ideas about what problems this or that science of labor and personnel explores. In particular, the problems of motivation are related to the organization of labor, and to labor economics, and to personnel management.

The difference in ideas about the boundaries of certain sciences of labor and personnel is not an obstacle to the study of these sciences. The main thing is a clear understanding of the essence of specific scientific problems.

The relationship of the sciences of labor and personnel, including the economics and sociology of labor, with technical, economic, biological, social, legal and other sciences is objectively due to the multidimensionality of labor problems.

The relationship with the technical sciences is determined by the fact that the rationalization of labor processes is directly related to the analysis of technology, objects and means of labor.

The economics and sociology of labor is closely connected with such economic sciences as macro- and microeconomics, enterprise economics, statistics, and organization of production.

The legal aspects of labor predetermine the relationship with legal disciplines and, above all, with labor law.

An important condition for mastering the course of economics and sociology of labor is the possession of mathematical concepts and methods of calculation. It is especially necessary to have a clear understanding of the structure of problems of choosing optimal options, the concepts of probability theory and mathematical statistics.

4. Essence of labor and labor concepts

From an economic point of view, labor is any socially useful human activity; From a physiological point of view, labor activity is a neuromuscular process due to the accumulation of potential energy in the body.

Labor is a process that takes place between man and nature, in which man, performing a certain activity, mediates, regulates and controls the metabolism between himself and nature.

Labor is activity. However, the concept of "activity" is much broader than the concept of "labor", so it has to be limited. With equal right, we can talk about the activities of both man and the natural forces of nature, technology, animals.

It is only about man that it is equally valid to say that he works and that he works, so that by labor we call human activity.

From a physiological point of view, all manifestations of the activity of a healthy and sick person are quite identical neuromuscular processes, which are carried out, of course, due to the potential energy accumulated in the body. But not all of them relate to the concept of "work".

Its meaning is very conditional: the same engraver can produce, using the same techniques, both full-fledged banknotes and fake credit cards. In the first case, it will be labor, because it is work useful to society, in the second, it will be criminal activity, because it is harmful to society.

Since the middle of the 19th century, the class division of labor in Europe and North America begins to change due to the first industrial revolution, as well as social revolutions and reforms in France, Germany and other countries. As a result of productivity growth and social transformation:

The well-being of hired workers increases;

The length of the working day is reduced;

Opportunities for obtaining education and changing activities are expanding;

The role of science, art and technical progress in the life of society, which significantly increased the role creative activity in the life of society.

The results of creative activity depend on the abilities for this type of creativity, as well as on a number of psychological and social factors: enthusiasm for work, its importance, conditions, etc. The most effective creative work, which is carried out by inspiration.

For those who are given creative abilities, the process of creativity itself is the most enjoyable part of life. However, creativity is not only pleasure, but also very hard work. Brilliant ideas and images are prepared by days, and sometimes years of persistent search and reflection.

The purpose of creativity is not so much in self-expression, but in the creation of new ideas, images, methods, ideas, etc. And this goal has never been and in the foreseeable future cannot be independent of external material conditions, especially in science, technology, medicine and other important areas of the national economy.

The fruits of creativity of scientists, inventors, artists, writers, artists in developed countries make up a significant part of the national wealth (patents, licenses, etc.). Works of science and art are actively involved in economic exchange, and this must be taken into account when developing methods for managing labor processes.

Along with various types creativity an important role in the development of civilization is played by activities aimed at spiritual development person. In this area, lifestyle is even more important than in science and art.

Modern economic theory pays more and more attention to a comprehensive study of the cost of human time.

The main purpose of labor is the production of goods and resources; its content is the expedient transformation of natural resources and the resulting costs of time and human energy; Motives are the reasons that motivate a person to work.

The more satisfaction a person receives from the labor process, the more benefits both the enterprise and society under normal social conditions.

Relations between people, which are conditioned by their participation in social labor, represent a social form of labor.

The concept of "social relations" is much broader than the concept of "relations of production", since it includes relations between people regarding not only production, but also other phases of the reproduction cycle:

Demand studies;

Research and development of competitive products;

Realization and consumption of competitive products.

Social relations differ in the nature, content and form of labor.

The nature of labor makes it possible to consider labor from the point of view of the social conditions of production. It is defined:

Forms and methods of attracting members of society to work;

Type of social formation of labor;

The attitude of workers to work.

The nature of labor expresses that special thing that is inherent in social labor in every socio-economic formation and is predetermined by the type of production relations prevailing in society.

The modern cardinal economic reform organically brings all participants in production in society to market relations, radically changes production relations.

Development of labor tools;

The level of social and professional division of labor;

The skill of the worker.

It should be emphasized that the content and nature of labor express two sides of the same phenomenon - the essence and form of social labor. These two socio-economic categories are in a dialectical relationship, and a change in one of them has an impact in one form or another on a change in the other.

The nature of labor is largely formed under the influence of the characteristics of the content of labor, depending on a number of characteristics - the share of physical and mental labor, the level of qualification and intelligence, etc.

According to the nature and content of labor, the following types of labor are distinguished:

hired and part-time labor;

Individual and collective

at will, necessity and coercion;

physical and mental;

· reproductive and creative;

different degree of complexity.

By subject and product of labor:

Scientific work;

Engineering;

managerial;

Industrial;

Entrepreneurial;

Innovative;

Industrial;

Agricultural;

Transport and communication.

By means and methods of labor: manual labor; mechanized and automated; low-, medium- and high-tech; with varying degrees of human involvement.

According to working conditions with varying degrees of regulation: stationary and mobile work; ground and underground; light, medium and heavy; attractive and unattractive; free and regulated.

Preservation and development of the personality of an employee in the process of work, increasing the content and attractiveness of work to a certain extent depend on working conditions.

Working conditions are a combination of elements:

production process;

Environment;

External design of the workplace;

The relationship of the worker to the work performed.

These conditions, separately or in combination, affect the functional state of the human body in the process of labor, its health, performance, job satisfaction, life expectancy, reproduction of the labor force, the comprehensive development of physical, spiritual and creative forces and, as a result, the efficiency of labor and the results of labor activity. .

Working conditions as an objective social phenomenon are formed under the influence of a combination of interrelated factors:

1) socio-economic;

2) technical and organizational;

3) natural.

1) Socio-economic factors include:

Socio-political;

Economic;

Regulatory;

Socio-psychological.

However, during the transition to market relations in the Russian economy, despite the improvement of the regulatory framework, its pronounced positive impact has not yet been observed.

Economic levers work poorly, investments to improve working conditions are reduced, the system of benefits and compensations does not change, the role of socio-psychological factors is underestimated.

2) Technical and organizational factors are:

Means of labor;

Objects of labor;

Technological processes;

Organization of production and labor;

Methods of transportation of raw materials, products, etc.

3) Group of natural factors:

Geographic;

climatic;

Geological;

Biological.

These factors act almost constantly, therefore, in addition to taking into account their direct impact on working conditions, it is necessary to constantly take them into account already at the stage of creating equipment, developing technology, organizing production and labor, as well as in the development and implementation of many legal and economic measures.

All three groups of factors are important, but technical and organizational factors have a more decisive impact on changes in working conditions.

The working conditions formed under the influence of these factors consist of many elements, the classification of which directly depends on the corresponding group of factors, the direction and nature of their impact on a person, and on the specific form of manifestation of one or another element.

The most common is the distribution of all elements of working conditions into four groups:

Psychophysiological elements of working conditions;

Sanitary and hygienic;

aesthetic;

Socio-psychological.

The formation of the first three elements of working conditions depends on the employer, therefore, adapting working conditions to a person is his responsibility.

As for the socio-psychological elements, they are formed as a result of the attitude of the employee to the work performed and, first of all, depend on the employee himself, although the employer has a certain influence on his adaptation to working conditions.

Labor and the social relations in which the process of labor takes place together form the process of production. At the same time, it is human labor that makes production itself possible, i.e. the process of producing wealth.

Marxist theory singles out the personal and material factors of production. At the same time, individual and aggregate labor force acts as a personal factor.

Labor power is the only factor that creates new value, therefore the main goal for the organizer is labor power as the only commodity that contributes to the emergence of new goods and services. Consumption in the production process of a commodity-labor power is accompanied by the creation of new value.

Modern economists usually refer to land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability as economic resources.

In doing so, it must be borne in mind that:

The term "land" is used as a synonym for the term "natural resources";

The term "labor" denotes the cost of working time or the number of workers;

The term "capital" characterizes buildings, structures, equipment used in the production of goods;

The term "entrepreneurial ability" refers to the rational use of land, labor and capital.

The only explanation for the existing classification of economic resources is its relationship with sources of income:

From the land - rent;

From labor (employees) - wages;

From capital - interest (dividends);

From entrepreneurial abilities - entrepreneurial profit.

Despite the external similarity of the above classifications of factors of production, their fundamental differences are clearly visible, the main of which is the allocation within the economy entrepreneurial activity into a separate factor of production.

At the same time, special importance is attached to the entrepreneur as a key figure in the business that initiates the production process. Labor in the system of this classification is associated with employee and hired labor.

Marxism combines all types of activity in the production process into the category of a personal factor of production, without singling out the figure of the entrepreneur as a "worker" and considering him from a class position only as an exploiter, and not an organizer of production.

Moreover, the labor process itself is viewed as a process of consumption of labor power by the capitalist, which gives a class orientation to the study of a purely economic phenomenon.

The study of the role of labor in the national economy, the life of society is not limited to these theories.

As a result of the research, a model of "economic man" was formed, which was characterized by the following features:

Determining the economic behavior of each person by his personal interest;

Competence economic entity in their own activities;

Accounting for class differences and the precariousness of today's well-being.

Analyzing various labor concepts, we can conclude that with all the differences in approaches to the concept of "labor", to determining the place and role of a person in the economic system of society and the reasons that induce a person to work, the common thing is the recognition of labor as the basis of life - and of an individual and society as a whole.

Society's activities are manifested in a variety of economic, social, political and other processes. In practice, the economic sciences developed largely independently of sociology.

The differentiation of sciences has made it possible to obtain a number of significant private results in the study of economic, social, political, ecological and other processes. At the same time, a holistic view of society, characteristic of ancient and medieval science, was largely lost. concept sustainable development can be seen as an attempt to revive the comprehensive study of social phenomena.

However, this concept is not a science or even a theory.

When developing the scientific foundations of a systematic study of society and enterprise, it is advisable to proceed from the concept of metatheory. Metatheory is usually understood as the science of science, i.e. a system of principles, axioms, methods, proofs and research in a certain field of knowledge. Mathematics is currently the most developed metatheory.

In accordance with the considered metatheoretical approach, when substantiating the principles and methods of economic science, it should be considered as a subsystem of the complex of sciences about society, human behavior and the environment.

When studying the processes of interaction between people in production systems concepts, ideas and methods of synergetics can play an important role.

The fundamental ideas of synergetics were formulated in the works of one of the most respected natural scientists of our time - Ilya Prigogine, who was born in Russia, but received the Nobel Prize as a Belgian citizen. Before the publications of G. Haken, the English physiologist C. Sherrington called the coordinated work of the nervous system in the control of muscle movements synergistic. The American mathematician S. Ulam, one of the creators of the first computers, wrote about the synergistic interaction between a machine and a person.

Currently, the synergetic direction is most actively developing in physics and psychology.

The synergetic approach is quite actively used in psychology, where synergetics is considered as a set of processes that create a significant increase in labor productivity due to collectivity, corporatism, cooperation and cooperation.

The area of synergetics includes, for example, well-known group methods of intensifying creativity.

The psychological essence of synergetics is the formation of the effects of "stimulated radiation" by a person or a group of people, new ideas and actions under the influence of psychosocial "coherence", i.e. special compatibility, consistency, cooperation of natural qualities and abilities, goals and needs, feelings and motives, knowledge and attitudes.

The economics and sociology of labor is currently one of the few sciences in which an integrated approach to the analysis of the economic and social aspects of labor activity is being implemented. Objectively, this is due to the fact that rational use human resources involves the achievement of two interrelated goals:

Creation of favorable working conditions and development of human abilities in the process of labor activity;

Increasing production efficiency.

It is necessary to proceed from these goals when analyzing the problem of labor at all levels of economic activity: from the workplace to the world economy. The object of research requires taking into account mutual technical, economic, social, physiological, psychological, ethical and other aspects of labor activity.

The law of synergy and its use in managing a production team - (Konstantinova 39, Devyatova 38)

Marx's labor concept - (Galeeva 39, Malysheva 38)

Adam Smith's concept of economic man (Semina 39, Vinokurov 37)

Ilya Prigogine's concept - (Melikov 39, Nasonova 37)

Message - Lavrukhina 39, Chernik 39, Gorbova 37, Gudkov 37

5. Human resources as the basis of labor potential

Various concepts and definitions appear in the economic literature, labor statistics and in the practice of human resource management:

Labor resources;

Work force;

Human factor;

Labor potential;

Man of labor;

Economically active population, etc.;

Often, some concepts are confused or interpreted inaccurately.

For example, the concept of "economically active population" is incorrectly identified with the concept of "labor force". It is unreasonably argued that the concept of "labor resources" has generally lost its meaning in the presence of the labor market.

Let us clarify the basic concepts.

"Labor resources" - this is the able-bodied part of the population with physical development, mental abilities and knowledge necessary for the implementation of useful labor activities in the national economy. This is the working and non-working, but able-bodied part of the population.

"Labor force" is a set of physical and spiritual abilities that a person possesses and which are used by him every time he produces any material wealth. It is the labor force that is bought in the labor market. The better the terms of the transaction for the seller (employee), the more fully, efficiently and fruitfully the employee will use his abilities.

Thus, labor resources are the part of the population that has a labor force.

The concept of "labor potential" should be considered from two positions - as a statistical indicator and as an economic category.

As a statistical indicator, labor potential is the value of the number of labor resources in the period under review, which can be achieved under certain conditions by involving in economic activity labor resources that are not yet employed in the economy, i.e. it is the labor potential of the territory, region, country.

The ability and inclination of the employee to work;

The state of his health;

Endurance;

...