The rector of the Northern State Medical University, Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Pavel Sidorov is well known to the readers of MG. His articles on various issues of medicine and medical education often appear on the pages of the newspaper. Today, the editors publish his lecture, the subject of which is very relevant for the practical health service.

Emotional burnout syndrome (BS) is a reaction of the body that occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to occupational stress of medium intensity. The WHO European Conference (2005) noted that work-related stress is an important problem for about one third of working countries European Union and the cost of dealing with mental health problems in this regard is on average 3-4% of gross national income.

BS is a process of gradual loss of emotional, cognitive and physical energy, manifesting itself in symptoms of emotional, mental exhaustion, physical fatigue, personal withdrawal, and decreased job satisfaction. In the literature, as a synonym for the syndrome of emotional burnout, the term "burnout syndrome" is used.

SEV is a psychological defense mechanism developed by a person in the form of a complete or partial exclusion of emotions in response to selected psycho-traumatic effects. This is an acquired stereotype of emotional, most often professional, behavior. "Burnout" is partly a functional stereotype, since it allows you to dose and economically spend energetic resources. At the same time, its dysfunctional consequences may occur, when "burnout" adversely affects the performance of professional activities and relationships with partners. Sometimes CMEA (in foreign literature- "burnout") is denoted by the concept of "professional burnout", which allows us to consider this phenomenon in the aspect of personal deformation under the influence of professional stress.

The first work on this problem appeared in the United States. The American psychiatrist H.Frendenberger in 1974 described the phenomenon and gave it the name "burnout", to characterize the psychological state healthy people who are in intensive and close communication with patients (clients) in an emotionally charged atmosphere when providing professional assistance. Social psychologist K. Maslac (1976) defined this condition as a syndrome of physical and emotional exhaustion, including the development of negative self-esteem, negative attitude to work, loss of understanding and empathy for clients or patients. Initially, CMEA meant a state of exhaustion with a sense of one's own uselessness. Later, the symptoms of this syndrome expanded significantly due to the psychosomatic component. Researchers increasingly associated the syndrome with psychosomatic well-being, referring it to pre-illness states. In the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-X), SEB is classified under Z73 - "Stress associated with difficulties in maintaining a normal lifestyle").

The prevalence of burnout syndrome

Among the professions in which SEB occurs most often (from 30 to 90% of employees), doctors, teachers, psychologists, social workers, rescuers, workers law enforcement. Almost 80% of psychiatrists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists-narcologists have signs of burnout syndrome of varying severity; 7.8% - a pronounced syndrome leading to psychosomatic and psychovegetative disorders. According to other data, among counseling psychologists and psychotherapists, signs of EBS of varying severity are detected in 73% of cases; in 5%, a pronounced phase of exhaustion is determined, which is manifested by emotional exhaustion, psychosomatic and psychovegetative disorders.

Among the nurses of psychiatric departments, signs of EBS are found in 62.9% of the respondents. The phase of resistance dominates in the picture of the syndrome in 55.9%; a pronounced phase of "exhaustion" is determined in 8.8% of respondents aged 51-60 years and with more than 10 years of experience in psychiatry.

85% of social workers have some kind of burnout symptoms. The existing syndrome is observed in 19% of respondents, in the formation phase - in 66%.

According to British researchers, among general practitioners, a high level of anxiety is found in 41% of cases, clinically pronounced depression - in 26% of cases. A third of doctors use medications to correct emotional stress, the amount of alcohol consumed exceeds the average level. In a study conducted in our country, 26% of therapists had a high level of anxiety, and 37% had subclinical depression. Signs of EBS are detected in 61.8% of dentists, and in 8.1% - the syndrome in the "exhaustion" phase.

SEV is found in a third of the employees of the penitentiary system who directly communicate with convicts, and in a third of law enforcement officers.

Etiology

The main cause of EBS is considered to be psychological, mental overwork. When demands (internal and external) prevail over resources (internal and external) for a long time, a state of equilibrium is disturbed in a person, which inevitably leads to SEV.

The relationship of the identified changes with the nature of professional activity associated with responsibility for the fate, health, and life of people has been established. These changes are regarded as the result of prolonged occupational stress. Among occupational stressors that contribute to the development of CMEA, there is a mandatory work in a strictly established daily routine, a high emotional saturation of acts of interaction. For a number of specialists, the stressfulness of interaction is due to the fact that communication lasts for hours, is repeated for many years, and the recipients are patients with a difficult fate, disadvantaged children and adolescents, criminals and victims of disasters, who talk about their innermost, suffering, fears, hatred.

Workplace stress - the mismatch between the individual and the demands placed on them - is a key component of SEB. The main organizational factors contributing to burnout include: high workload; absence or deficiency social support from colleagues and management; insufficient remuneration for work; a high degree of uncertainty in the assessment of the work performed; inability to influence decision-making; ambiguous, ambiguous job requirements; constant risk of penalties; monotonous, monotonous and unpromising activity; the need to outwardly show emotions that do not correspond to reality; lack of days off, vacations and interests outside of work.

Occupational risk factors include "helping", altruistic professions (doctors, nurses, teachers, social workers, psychologists, priests). Working with seriously ill patients (gerontological, oncological patients, aggressive and suicidal patients, patients with addictions) is highly predisposing to burnout. Recently, burnout syndrome has also been detected in specialists for whom contact with people is not typical at all (programmers).

The development of CMEA is facilitated by personality traits: a high level of emotional lability; high self-control, especially with volitional suppression of negative emotions; rationalization of the motives of one's behavior; a tendency to increased anxiety and depressive reactions associated with the unattainability of the "internal standard" and the blocking of negative experiences in oneself; rigid personality structure.

A person's personality is a fairly holistic and stable structure, and it tends to look for ways to protect itself from deformation. One of the ways of such psychological protection is the syndrome of emotional burnout. The main reason for the development of CMEA is the discrepancy between personality and work, between the increased requirements of the manager to the employee and the real possibilities of the latter. Often, the SEV is caused by a discrepancy between the desire of workers to have a greater degree of independence in their work, to look for ways and methods to achieve the results for which they are responsible, and the rigid, irrational policy of the administration in organizing work activity and monitoring it. The result of such control is the emergence of feelings of the futility of their activities and the lack of responsibility.

The lack of proper remuneration for work is experienced by the employee as a non-recognition of his work, which can also lead to emotional apathy, a decrease in emotional involvement in the affairs of the team, a feeling of unfair treatment towards him and, accordingly, to burnout.

Diagnostics

Currently, there are about 100 symptoms, one way or another associated with SES. First of all, it should be noted that the conditions of professional activity can sometimes be the cause of chronic fatigue syndrome, which, by the way, quite often accompanies CMEA. With chronic fatigue syndrome, typical complaints of patients are: progressive fatigue, decreased performance; poor tolerance of previously habitual loads; muscle weakness; muscle pain; sleep disorders; headaches; forgetfulness; irritability; decreased mental activity and ability to concentrate. In persons suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome, prolonged subfebrile condition and sore throat may be recorded. When making this diagnosis, it should be borne in mind that there should be no other causes or diseases that can cause the appearance of such symptoms.

There are three key features of CMEA. The development of SEV is preceded by a period of increased activity, when a person is completely absorbed in work, refuses needs that are not related to it, forgets about his own needs, and then the first sign comes - exhaustion. It is defined as a feeling of overstrain and exhaustion of emotional and physical resources, a feeling of fatigue that does not go away after a night's sleep. After rest, these phenomena decrease, but resume upon returning to the previous working situation.

The second sign of CMEA is personal detachment. Professionals, when changing their compassion for the patient (client), regard the developing emotional withdrawal as an attempt to cope with emotional stressors at work. In the extreme manifestations of a person, almost nothing excites from professional activity, almost nothing causes an emotional response - neither positive nor negative circumstances. Interest in the client (patient) is lost, which is perceived at the level of an inanimate object, the very presence of which is sometimes unpleasant.

The third sign is a feeling of loss of self-efficacy, or a drop in self-esteem as part of burnout. A person does not see prospects in his professional activity, job satisfaction decreases, faith in his professional capabilities is lost.

The mutual influence of factors determines the dynamics of the development of the burnout process. In 1986, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaire was developed to standardize research in this area. The authors of the dynamic phase model "burnout" identify 3 degrees and 8 phases of burnout, which differ in the relationship of indicators for three factors (the values ​​of the indicators mean the scores scored on the subscales of the MBI questionnaire relative to the average values). The model allows us to identify the average degree of burnout, at which high rates of emotional exhaustion are observed. Emotional-energetic "reserve" up to this stage counteracts the growing depersonalization and reduction of achievements.

There is a two-factor approach, according to which the SEB includes:

Emotional exhaustion - an "affective" factor (refers to the field of complaints about poor physical health, nervous tension);

Depersonalization is a "setting" factor (manifested in a change in attitudes towards patients and towards oneself).

EBS is a combination of physical, emotional, and cognitive exhaustion or exhaustion, with emotional exhaustion being the main factor. Additional components of "burnout" are the result of behavior (stress relief), leading to depersonalization or cognitive-emotional burnout itself, which is expressed in the reduction of personal achievements.

At present, there is no single view on the structure of the CMEA, but, despite this, we can say that it is a personal deformation due to emotionally difficult and tense relations in the person-person system. The consequences of burnout can manifest themselves both in psychosomatic disorders and in purely psychological (cognitive, emotional, motivational and attitudinal) personality changes. Both are of direct importance for the social and psychosomatic health of the individual.

In people affected by BS, as a rule, a combination of psychopathological, psychosomatic, somatic symptoms and signs of social dysfunction is detected. Chronic fatigue, cognitive dysfunction (impaired memory, attention), sleep disorders, personality changes are observed. Perhaps the development of anxiety, depressive disorders, addictions to psychoactive substances, suicide. Common somatic symptoms are headache, gastrointestinal (diarrhea, irritable stomach syndrome) and cardiovascular (tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypertension) disorders.

There are 5 key groups of symptoms characteristic of CMEA:

Physical symptoms (fatigue, physical exhaustion, exhaustion; weight change; insufficient sleep, insomnia; poor general health, including sensations; difficulty breathing, shortness of breath; nausea, dizziness, excessive sweating, trembling; increased blood pressure; ulcers and inflammatory diseases of the skin; diseases of the cardiovascular system);

Emotional symptoms (lack of emotions; pessimism, cynicism and callousness in work and personal life; indifference, fatigue; feelings of helplessness and hopelessness; aggressiveness, irritability; anxiety, increased irrational anxiety, inability to concentrate; depression, guilt; tantrums, mental anguish; loss ideals, hopes or professional prospects; an increase in depersonalization of one's own or others - people become faceless, like mannequins; feeling of loneliness prevails);

Behavioral symptoms (working time more than 45 hours a week; fatigue and a desire to rest appear during work; indifference to food; little physical activity; justification for the use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs; accidents - falls, injuries, accidents, etc.; impulsive emotional behavior);

Intellectual state (falling interest in new theories and ideas in work, in alternative approaches to solving problems; boredom, melancholy, apathy, loss of taste and interest in life; greater preference for standard patterns, routine, rather than a creative approach; cynicism or indifference to innovations; low participation or refusal to participate in developmental experiments - trainings, education; formal performance of work);

Social symptoms (low social activity; loss of interest in leisure, hobbies; social contacts limited to work poor relationships at work and at home; feeling isolated, misunderstood by others and by others; feeling of lack of support from family, friends, colleagues).

Thus, CMEA is characterized by a pronounced combination of symptoms of disorders in the mental, somatic and social spheres of life.

Features of the burnout syndrome in representatives of some professions

Occupational stress is a multidimensional phenomenon, expressed in physiological and psychological reactions to a difficult work situation. The development of stress reactions is possible even in progressive, well-managed organizations, which is due not only to structural and organizational features, but also to the nature of the work, personal relationships of employees, and their interaction.

Work-related stress is a possible reaction of the body when demands are made on people that do not match their level of knowledge and skills. In a recent survey in 15 countries of the European Union, 56% of workers noted the high pace of work, 60% - tight deadlines, 40% - its monotony, more than a third did not have the opportunity to have any influence on the order of tasks. Work-related stressors contribute to the development of health problems. Thus, 15% of workers complained of headache, 23% of neck and shoulder pain, 23% of fatigue, 28% of stress and 33% of back pain. Nearly one in 10 reported being subjected to intimidation tactics in the workplace.

Another phenomenon characteristic of many industries is mental violence, the cause of which is the deterioration of interpersonal relationships and organizational dysfunctions. The most common form of such violence is the abuse of power against people who are unable to defend themselves.

The economic losses from work stress and related mental health problems of workers are quite high (about 265 billion euros annually for 15 states of the European Union). Nowadays, due to the rapidly changing socio-economic and political situations, the increase in neuropsychic and information loads, the diversification of production, the growth of competitiveness, the problems of managing industrial stresses are becoming more and more relevant.

Workplace stressors include:

Physical (vibration, noise, polluted atmosphere);

Physiological (shift schedule, lack of diet);

Socio-psychological (role conflict and role uncertainty, overload or underload of workers, poor information flows, interpersonal conflicts, high responsibility, lack of time);

Structural-organizational ("organizational stress").

According to the concept of G. Selye, work in a stressful environment leads to the mobilization of internal resources and can cause both acute disorders and delayed consequences. During the first three years of exposure to stress factors, the number of acute conditions and reactions (psychosis, heart attacks) increases, and then they begin to predominate. chronic diseases(ischemic heart disease, depression, kidney disease, immunological diseases, etc.). The number of stress reactions increases according to the "principle of acceleration", when an already developed stress reaction leads to changes in life and new stresses, and the "principle of contagion", which is very pronounced in production teams.

SEV is considered mainly as a consequence of work stress, as a process of maladjustment to the workplace or professional duties, and the main predisposing factor for burnout is the duration and excessive workload in situations of tense interpersonal relationships. In this regard, SEV is typical for representatives of communicative professions: doctors, medical personnel, teachers, psychologists, representatives of various service professions, and managers. In the context of professional activity, the negative consequences of interpersonal communications are designated by the concept of "professional burnout", which is directly related to the preservation of health, mental stability, reliability and professional longevity of these specialists.

As a result of "burning out", a person loses mental energy, he develops psychosomatic fatigue (exhaustion), emotional exhaustion ("exhaustion of resources"), unmotivated anxiety, anxiety, irritability appear, vegetative disorders occur, self-esteem decreases, awareness of the meaning of one's own professional activity is lost.

There is a close relationship between professional burnout and activity motivation. Burnout can lead to a decrease in professional motivation: hard work gradually turns into an empty occupation, apathy and even negativism appear in relation to one's duties, which are reduced to a minimum. Mental burnout is more prone to workaholics - those who work with high dedication, responsibility, setting a permanent work process. EBS is seen as a result of adverse stress management in the workplace, noting that professional specificity affects only a certain degree of stressfulness of individual factors. The relationship between occupational stress factors and burnout symptoms has been identified:

Between the general (total) indicator of burnout and the characteristics of the work (the significance of the task, productivity, intentions to change jobs);

Between depersonalization and indiscipline, poor relationships with family and friends;

Between emotional exhaustion and psychosomatic illnesses, between personal achievements and attitude to professional duties, the significance of work, etc.

One of the first places on the risk of developing SES is the profession of a nurse. Her working day is the closest communication with people, mainly with the sick, who require vigilant care and attention. Faced with negative emotions, the nurse involuntarily and involuntarily becomes involved in them, as a result of which she herself begins to experience increased emotional stress. Most of all, those who make unreasonably high demands on themselves are at risk of developing BS. A real doctor in their view is a model of professional invulnerability and perfection. Individuals belonging to this category associate their work with a purpose, a mission, so the line between work and private life is blurred for them.

There are three types of nurses who are threatened by the CMEA: 1st - "pedantic", characterized by conscientiousness, elevated to an absolute, excessive, painful accuracy, the desire to achieve exemplary order in any business (even to the detriment of oneself); 2nd - "demonstrative", striving to excel in everything, always to be in sight. This type is characterized by a high degree of exhaustion when performing even inconspicuous routine work; 3rd - "emotive", consisting of impressionable and sensitive people. Their responsiveness, their tendency to perceive someone else's pain as their own, borders on pathology, on self-destruction.

When examining nurses in psychiatric departments, it was found that BS manifests itself in their inadequate response to patients and their colleagues, lack of emotional involvement, loss of the ability to empathize with patients, fatigue, leading to a reduction in professional duties and the negative impact of work on personal life.

The professional activity of mental health workers carries a potential threat to the development of SEB. Personal traits of emotional instability, timidity, suspicion, a tendency to feel guilty, conservatism, impulsiveness, tension, introversion have a certain significance in the formation of CMEA. The symptoms of the “resistance” phase predominate in the picture of the syndrome among workers in this area. This is manifested by inadequate emotional response to patients, lack of emotional involvement and contact with clients, loss of the ability to empathize with patients, fatigue leading to reduction professional duties and the negative impact of work on personal life. The experience of psycho-traumatic circumstances is also quite pronounced (phase "tension"), which is manifested by a feeling of physical and psychological overload, stress at work, the presence of conflicts with management, colleagues, patients.

The activity of a psychotherapist is public, implies the need to work with a large number of people and involves the provision of services to clients. Moreover, the latter differ from the main mass of the population in mental imbalance and deviant behavior in one form or another. Among psychotherapists and counseling psychologists, people with a low level of professional security (lack of practical work experience, the impossibility of systematic professional development, etc.) are subject to SEB. SEV can be provoked by illness, experiencing severe stress, psychological trauma (divorce, death of a loved one or patient).

Subject to the formation of the CMEA and other categories medical workers, especially those who care for seriously ill patients with cancer, HIV / AIDS, in burns and intensive care units. Employees of "heavy" departments are constantly experiencing a state of chronic stress due to negative mental experiences, intense interpersonal interactions, tension and complexity of work, etc. And as a result of a gradually developing SEV, mental and physical fatigue, indifference to work occur, the quality of medical care decreases, a negative and even cynical attitude towards patients is generated.

The professional activity of a social worker, regardless of the type of work performed, belongs to the group of professions with increased moral responsibility for the health and life of individuals, population groups and society as a whole. It requires a lot of emotional stress, responsibility and has very vague criteria for success. A negative impact on health is exerted by constant stressful situations in which this employee finds himself in the process of social interaction with the client, constant insight into the essence of his problems, as well as due to personal insecurity and other moral and psychological factors.

The formation of SEV in the professional activities of a social worker may be associated with such factors as situations of change or loss of social status - risk, extreme conditions, uncertain situations. The probability of occurrence of SEV increases in the following conditions: investing in the work of large personal resources with insufficient recognition; working with "unmotivated" clients who constantly resist efforts to help them; lack of conditions for self-expression at work; tension and conflict in the professional environment; dissatisfaction with their profession. The risk of developing SEV is higher for young professionals, and this is explained by the fact that in adulthood the stage of professional development and adaptation to the profession has already been passed, specific goals have been defined, professional interests have been formed, and mechanisms for professional self-preservation have been developed.

Teachers are largely subject to the development of SEV. This is explained by the fact that professional labor teachers have a very high emotional intensity. There are a large number of objective and subjective emotional factors that have negative impact on the work of the teacher, causing strong emotional stress and stress. It should also be taken into account that this is one of the professions of the altruistic type, where the likelihood of mental burnout is quite high.

Emotional factors cause a growing sense of dissatisfaction, the accumulation of fatigue, which leads to crises in work, exhaustion and burnout. This is accompanied by physical symptoms: asthenia, frequent headaches and insomnia. In addition, there are psychological and behavioral symptoms: feelings of boredom and resentment, decreased enthusiasm, uncertainty, irritability, inability to make decisions. As a result of all this, the effectiveness of the professional activity of the teacher decreases. The growing feeling of dissatisfaction with the profession leads to a decrease in the level of qualification and causes the development of the process of mental burnout.

Among the many features and difficulties of teaching and pedagogical work, its high mental tension is often singled out. Moreover, the ability to experience and empathize is recognized as one of the professionally important qualities of a teacher and educator. All these features can contribute to the formation of the CMEA.

Employees of the penitentiary system also belong to the category of workers at risk of developing professional deformation. This is facilitated by many physiological, psychological, economic and social factors. Thus, the solution of professional tasks requires from employees of penitentiary institutions intensive communication and the ability to build their relationships with convicts and colleagues. The factors contributing to the development of CMEA, in addition to the three main ones (personal, role-playing and organizational), include additional ones characteristic of the penitentiary service, such as dissatisfaction with material needs, low status in a professional group, a decrease in meaningful life ideas, etc.

The CMEA syndrome also affects law enforcement officers, especially those who are constantly on the front lines of the fight against crime. The development of the state of neuroticism in this group is due to constant psychological and physiological stress and even overstrain. It is often practiced "stress relief" with alcohol.

Treatment and prevention of burnout syndrome

Preventive and therapeutic measures for SES are largely similar: what protects against the development of this syndrome can also be used in its treatment.

Preventive, therapeutic and rehabilitative measures should be aimed at relieving the action of the stressor: relieving work stress, increasing professional motivation, balancing the balance between the effort expended and the reward received. When signs of BS appear and develop in a patient, it is necessary to pay attention to the improvement of his working conditions (organizational level), the nature of the emerging relationships in the team (interpersonal level), personal reactions and morbidity (individual level).

A significant role in the fight against BS is assigned primarily to the patient himself. By following the recommendations listed below, he will not only be able to prevent the occurrence of EBS, but also achieve a decrease in its severity:

Setting short and long term goals (this not only provides feedback, indicating that the patient is on the right track, but also increases long-term motivation; achievement of short-term goals - success, which increases the degree of self-education);

The use of "time-outs", which is necessary to ensure mental and physical well-being (rest from work);

Mastering the skills and abilities of self-regulation (relaxation, ideomotor acts, goal setting and positive inner speech help reduce the level of stress leading to burnout);

Professional development and self-improvement (one of the ways to protect against SEB is the exchange of professional information with representatives of other services, which gives a sense of a wider world than that which exists within a separate team, there are various ways for this - advanced training courses, conferences, etc. );

Avoiding unnecessary competition (there are situations when it cannot be avoided, but an excessive desire to win gives rise to anxiety, makes a person aggressive, which contributes to the emergence of SEV);

Emotional communication (when a person analyzes his feelings and shares them with others, the likelihood of burnout is significantly reduced or this process is not so pronounced);

Maintaining a good physical shape (do not forget that there is a close relationship between the state of the body and the mind: unhealthy diet, abuse of alcohol, tobacco, weight loss or obesity aggravate the manifestations of SES.

For the purpose of targeted prevention of SES, one should:

Try to calculate and deliberately distribute your loads;

Learn to switch from one activity to another;

Easier to deal with conflicts at work;

Do not try to be the best always and in everything.

Characteristics of the psychological state of the police officers of the penitentiary system. Consideration of the features of professional burnout. Conducting observations and interviews. Diagnosis of anxiety, uncontrollable emotional excitability, avoidance of failures.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

VOLZHSKIAN HUMANITARIAN INSTITUTE (BRANCH)

FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION FOR PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"VOLGOGRAD STATE UNIVERSITY"

FACULTY OF LAW

Department of Psychology and Physical Culture

FINAL QUALIFICATION WORK

specialty: "Psychology"

Features of professional "burnout"employeesFSIN(on the example of employeesFSING.Astrakhan)

Student:

Lupaev Dmitry Gennadievich

Supervisor:

Makarenko Oleg Nikolaevich

PhD in Law, Associate Professor

Volzhsky 2016

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM OF PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT

1.1 The main theoretical approaches to the study of professional burnout in foreign and domestic psychology

1.2 Features of the problem of professional burnout of employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service

1.3 Conclusions from Chapter 1

Chapter 2

2.1 Organization of the study, rationale for the choice of research methods

2.2 Analysis and interpretation of the results

2.3 Conclusions from chapter 2

CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

APPS

INTRODUCTION

Relevance. As you know, any professional activity leaves its noticeable imprint on the character of a person. The specifics of the professional activities of security officials, in particular, law enforcement and law enforcement activities, the complexity of the conditions for its implementation, psycho-emotional and physical overload contribute to the relatively rapid development of professional burnout of an employee of the Federal Penitentiary Service. Undoubtedly, intrapersonal changes that occur with a person are reflected in his actions, communication style, preferences, behavior in general in the service and at home.

The study of professional burnout of employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service is relevant, since many employees are faced with the problem of a decline in activity at work. The desire for promotion, not always properly organized work with the team and special contingent (convicted, under investigation, escorted), the performance of tasks that are not characteristic of the position held, which take a lot of time and effort, sooner or later begin to affect performance. People start to "burn out" and then a state of emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion sets in as a result of unresolved stress in the workplace. People who are in constant stress, anxiety, cannot interact positively with colleagues and representatives of third-party organizations, and carry out activities to work with a special contingent.

The problem of professional burnout has become the subject of scientific analysis thanks to numerous studies by foreign psychologists. It has not lost its relevance even today, as evidenced by the large number of publications on this topic.

Object of study: the identity of law enforcement officers (on the example of the activities of employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service).

Subject of study: features of professional burnout of employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service.

Objective: to determine the presence of the syndrome of "professional burnout" among the employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service and to identify the impact on its development of certain personal characteristics of employees and work experience.

Research hypothesis. We assume that employees working in the Federal Penitentiary Service are prone to emotional "burnout" syndrome, the occurrence of which is influenced by personal characteristics and work experience of employees.

Research objectives:

1. Consider the main theoretical approaches to the study of professional burnout in foreign and domestic psychology.

2. To analyze the features of the problem of professional burnout of employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service.

3. Conduct an empirical study of the relationship between professional "burnout" of employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service, their individual and personal characteristics, length of service and nature of activity.

Methodological basis research were the main theoretical and methodological provisions formulated in the works of such researchers as H.J. Freidenberg, K. Maslach, P. Thornton, K. Kondo, N.E. Vodopyanova, G.M. Manuilov, V.V. Boyko and others.

Empirical base of research. The study was conducted with employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in the Astrakhan region. The sample consisted of 50 people.

Research methods and techniques:

1. The method of theoretical analysis of sources on the problem under study.

2. Empirical methods: observation, conversation.

3. Diagnostic methods:

"Definition of mental burnout" (A.A. Rukavishnikov),

"Diagnosis of the level of emotional burnout" (V.V. Boyko),

"Anxiety Research" Ch.D. Spielberger (adapted by Yu.L. Khanin),

"Express diagnostics of uncontrollable emotional excitability" (V.V. Boyko),

"Personal diagnostics for motivation to avoid failures" (T. Ehlers),

"Personal diagnostics for motivation to success" (T. Ehlers).

4. Methods of mathematical statistics:

Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test;

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient;

Research novelty consists in clarifying and expanding ideas about the factors affecting the development of professional burnout in the professional activities of an employee of the Federal Penitentiary Service.

The practical significance of the study. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used to develop recommendations and a system of psycho-hygienic, preventive and psycho-corrective measures that ensure the preservation and strengthening of the mental health of FSIN employees.

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM OF PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT

1.1 The main theoretical approaches to the study of professional burnout in foreign and domestic psychology

At the end of the 20th century, the phenomenon of "emotional burnout" attracted great interest of researchers as specific kind professional chronic condition of people working with people (teachers, psychologists, psychiatrists, priests, policemen, lawyers, trainers, service workers, etc.).

The term "burnout" was introduced by the American psychiatrist H.J. Freudenberger in 1974. to characterize the psychological state of healthy people who are in intensive and close communication with clients, patients in an emotionally loaded atmosphere, when providing professional assistance. At first, this term denoted a state of exhaustion, exhaustion, associated with a feeling of one's own uselessness.

The concept of burnout is usually used to refer to a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion experienced by a person, caused by prolonged involvement in situations containing high emotional demands, which in turn are most often the result of a combination of excessively high emotional costs with chronic situational stress.

K. Maslach's first article on this topic, published in the journal Human Behavior in 1976, by her own admission, caused a huge and unexpected response, especially among non-professionals. She received many letters from people of various "helping" professions. After only ten years, more than a thousand articles have been published on the problems of the "burnout" syndrome, special methods for diagnosing the "burnout" syndrome have been created. And if initially it was about describing the problems of medical workers, then further research in this area made it possible to extend the identified phenomenology to a wider range of professionals. In the book by K. Maslach, published six years later, teachers, educators, policemen, etc. are already discussed.

K. Kondo defines the syndrome of "emotional burnout" as maladjustment to the workplace due to excessive workload and inadequate interpersonal relationships. This definition corresponds to his interpretation of the concept of "burnout", which affects primarily those who work altruistically and intensively with people. Such emotionally intense work is accompanied by excessive expenditure of mental energy, leads to psychosomatic fatigue (exhaustion) and emotional exhaustion (exhaustion), as a result, anxiety (anxiety), irritation, anger, low self-esteem against the background of rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal disorders, headaches. pain, low blood pressure, sleep disturbance; as a rule, there are also family problems. The impact of stress factors that cause the phenomenon of "emotional burnout" covers a significant range of professions, expanding the number of those susceptible to this disease.

Initial studies of this phenomenon were mostly descriptive and anecdotal. But in 1981 Maslach, one of the leading experts in the study of "emotional burnout", detailed this phenomenon as a special condition, including a feeling of emotional exhaustion, exhaustion; symptoms of dehumanization, depersonalization; negative self-perception, and in professional terms - the loss of professional skills,

In 1981 E. Morrow (A. Morrow) proposed a vivid emotional image, reflecting, in his opinion, the internal state of an employee experiencing professional burnout distress: "the smell of burning psychological wiring."

By 1982 over a thousand articles on "burnout" have been published in the English-language literature. Initially, the number of professionals classified as “burnout” was insignificant; they were employees of medical institutions and various charitable organizations. R. Schwab (1982) expands the occupational risk group: these are, first of all, teachers, policemen, lawyers, prison staff, politicians, managers of all levels. As K. Maslach writes, “the activities of these professionals are very different, but they all have in common a close contact with people, which, from an emotional point of view, is often very difficult to maintain for a long time.”

“Burnout is a psychological term denoting a symptom complex of the consequences of prolonged work stress and certain types of professional crisis,” M. Burish.

According to A.M. Richardsen, the data of modern research have clearly shown that emotional burnout is different from other forms of stress, that it is not just a “weak” synonym for more established designations of these symptoms.

Some of the authors, including M. King, objected to the term "burnout" because of its vagueness and overlap with related concepts, for example, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression or "spleen" (in a more correct psychiatric term - dysthymia) , or how JL Morrow viewed him as a "strange psychiatric chimera".

Others made connections with existing models, such as S.E. Hobfall, J. Freedy with the theory of general stress, S.T. Mier with learned helplessness and A. Adler with the psychodynamics of helplessness in helping professions, A. Bandura with the model of self-efficacy and competence, and D.H. Malan with compulsive helping with "helping profession syndrome".

K. Maslach, S.E. Jackson developed the MB1 questionnaire. In accordance with their approach, the syndrome of mental burnout is a three-dimensional construct, including emotional exhaustion; depersonalization (tendency to develop negative attitudes towards customers); reduction of personal achievements, which manifests itself either in a tendency to negatively evaluate oneself professionally, or in the reduction of one's own dignity, limiting one's capabilities, duties towards others, abdicating responsibility and shifting it to others.

Japanese researchers believe that in order to determine emotional burnout, the fourth factor “Involvement” (dependence, involvement) should be added to the three-factor model of K. Maslach, which is characterized by headaches, sleep disturbance, irritability, and the presence of chemical addictions (alcoholism, smoking).

Most experts recognize the need to take into account exactly three components to determine the presence and degree of "burnout". At the same time, the contribution of each of the factors is different (for example, the exclusion of the “reduction of personal achievements” factor brings burnout syndrome closer to depression).

The structure of the syndrome of emotional burnout, according to V.V. Boyko, is a sequence of three phases:

1. tension includes symptoms - the experience of traumatic circumstances, dissatisfaction with oneself, being driven into a cage, anxiety and depression;

2. resistance includes symptoms - inadequate selective emotional response, emotional and moral

disorientation, expansion of the sphere of economy of emotions, reduction of professional duties;

3. exhaustion includes symptoms - emotional deficit, emotional detachment, personal detachment (depersonalization),

psychosomatic and psychovegetative disorders.

B. Pelman and E. Hartman identified three main components of emotional burnout:

1. Emotional exhaustion - manifests itself in feelings of emotional overstrain and in a feeling of emptiness, exhaustion of one's emotional resources.

2. Depersonalization - associated with the emergence of an indifferent and even negative attitude towards people served by the nature of their work. Contacts with them become formal, impersonal; emerging negative attitudes may at first be hidden and manifest in internally restrained irritation, which eventually breaks out and leads to conflicts.

3. Reduced work productivity - manifested in a decrease in self-esteem of one's competence (in a negative perception of oneself as a professional), dissatisfaction with oneself, a negative attitude towards oneself as a person.

D. Direndonk, V. Schaufeli, X. Sixma conducted research and found that the specific determinants of emotional burnout are a sense of injustice, social insecurity, and greater dependence on both patients and management. According to their approach, burnout syndrome is reduced to a two-dimensional construct consisting of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. The first component is "affective", refers to the area of ​​complaints about one's health, physical well-being, nervous tension, emotional exhaustion. The second component - depersonalization is manifested in a change in attitude either towards patients or towards oneself. He received the name "installation".

A. Pines and E. Aronson consider burnout syndrome as a one-dimensional construction. Emotional burnout is a state of physical and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged exposure to emotionally overburdened situations.

A. Chirom considers emotional burnout to be a combination of physical, emotional and cognitive exhaustion or fatigue. He believes that main factor emotional burnout is emotional exhaustion, and additional components are the result of either behavior (stress relief) leading to depersonalization, or cognitive-emotional burnout itself, which is expressed in the reduction of personal achievements (deformation of the subjective assessment of one's own capabilities). Both are manifested in the deformation of the personality and are of direct importance for its social health. In contrast to previous approaches, the authors of the one-dimensional approach do not limit burnout to a specific group of specialists.

P. Thornton refers to the identification of the relationship between the level of emotional burnout and the type of coping behavior. Coping behavior is provided by cognitive and behavioral efforts to regulate specific internal and external demands, which, according to subjective assessment exhaust or exceed the resources of the individual. Three coping behavior strategies have been identified: two active strategies (mastering the situation by transforming it and overcoming emotional distress by changing one's own attitude to the situation) and one passive strategy (escapism or refusal to make any attempts to eliminate the difficulties caused by the situation).

Through factor analysis based on the cognitive-phenomenological theory of stress, P. Thornton identifies eight subtypes of coping behavior. If only one subspecies is classified as passive (escapism as evasion from solving problems), then seven are classified as active, combining two (systematic problem solving and the path of confrontation) into problem-focused strategies, and five others (distancing - changing the scale of what is happening towards underestimation , self-control, the search for social support, taking responsibility for what is happening, a positive assessment of values ​​- finding the positive in what is happening) - into emotionally focused strategies.

Contradictions were found in the data on the relationship between the type of coping behavior and the level of emotional burnout obtained by different authors. Thus, active strategies of coping behavior are associated with a low degree of emotional burnout, and passive coping strategies are associated with a high degree, and vice versa. active forms coping behaviors are reported as not reducing burnout, and emotionally focused coping behavior strategies as associated with higher levels of burnout.

In the studies of Russian authors conducted by N.E. Vodopyanova, A.B. Serebryakova, E.S. Starchenkova studied the influence of behavior styles in problem situations and personal characteristics on the severity of the mental burnout syndrome. It was found that the highest emotional exhaustion and the reduction of personal achievements are observed in those managers who prefer "avoidance", as well as the greater the exhaustion, the lower the self-esteem and the greater the deformation of the self-attitude. Emotional exhaustion is often accompanied by motivational deformation, which is a protective reaction of the body to psychological stress.

To date, there is a single point of view on the essence of mental burnout and its structure. According to modern data, "mental burnout" refers to a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion, manifested in the professions of the social sphere. Characteristic for these professions is the asymmetry of responsibility for the state, the nature of the interaction and its results for both parties. Responsibility to a greater extent lies with the helper, he consciously accepts it.

People of such professions are doctors, lawyers, psychologists, psychotherapists, social workers, consultants, etc. People working in these specialties are constantly faced with negative experiences, are more or less involved in them, they are at risk for their own emotional stability (more often than others they get cardiovascular diseases, neuroses). That is, those who have to interact with a large number of people (the so-called helping professions).

In 1982, S. Maslach singled out the following as important characteristics of a person prone to the syndrome: the individual limit of the ability of the emotional "I" to resist exhaustion, to counteract "burnout" on the basis of self-preservation; internal psychological experience, including feelings, attitudes, motives, expectations; negative individual experience; distress, discomfort, dysfunction or their consequences. The main signs of burnout syndrome are:

Feeling of emotional exhaustion;

Presence of negative feelings towards clients;

Negative self-esteem.

These signs of the syndrome are noted by most clinicians who have studied and observed its manifestations.

In 1983, E. Maher in his review summarizes the list of symptoms of "emotional burnout": fatigue, exhaustion, exhaustion; psychosomatic ailments, insomnia, negative attitude towards clients; negative attitude towards the work itself; the scarcity of the repertoire of working actions; abuse of chemical agents: tobacco, coffee, alcohol, drugs; lack of appetite or, conversely, overeating, negative "I-concept"; aggressive feelings (irritability, tension, anxiety, restlessness, agitation to overexcitation, anger); decadent mood and associated emotions (cynicism, pessimism, hopelessness, apathy, depression, sense of meaninglessness); experiencing feelings of guilt.

After scientists determined the essence, the main signs of the burnout syndrome, and this phenomenon became generally recognized, the question naturally arose of identifying and classifying factors that inhibit the development of this disease or contribute to it.

When studying the personality factor, some researchers (P. Thornton) took into account the following indicators: age, gender, marital status, experience, educational level, experience of this work, social origin. However, it turned out that they are not associated with the level of "emotional burnout". Other researchers (A. Pines) paid special attention to the connection between motivation and "burnout"; studying, in particular, such motives of labor activity as satisfaction with wages, a sense of self-importance in the workplace, professional advancement, independence and the level of control by management, etc. A direct connection between the burnout syndrome and the level of wages was not found. However, dissatisfaction professional growth and a supportive attitude (benevolence) turned out to be more associated with the development of the “burnout” syndrome.

There is also an opinion that people with certain personality traits (restless, sensitive, empathic, prone to introversion, having a humanistic attitude towards life, prone to identify with others) are more susceptible to this syndrome. X. Freidenberg characterizes those subject to the “burnout” syndrome as sympathetic, humane, soft, addicted, idealists, focused on helping others, and at the same time unstable, introverted, obsessed with an obsession (fanatic), fiery and easily solidarizing people. E. Maher, on the other hand, refers to this category people with a low level of empathy and prone to authoritarianism.

There are different opinions regarding the influence of personal characteristics, but the fact that personal qualities play an important role in resisting the burnout syndrome or in susceptibility to it is undeniable.

Comparing the development of the "burnout phenomenon" among teachers of prestigious private schools in England and public schools in the center of Australia, researchers P. Mark and J. Molly found that the "burnout rate" is not related to teacher remuneration. The “level of intellect” and “the objective difficulty of the biography” also turned out to be insignificant. "Burned out" and smart, and ordinary, and prosperous, and beaten by fate people. Everything depended on only one factor - on the readiness of a person to take on or give external circumstances responsibility for everything that happens in life. Psychologists have called this willingness the level of subjective control. Interval - the willingness to find a way out in hopeless situations - is generally considered the main factor helping a person to survive. It does not depend on age, but is always characteristic of personally mature people. Shifting responsibility to external circumstances is characteristic of infantile, dependent people who seek support in someone stronger. Certain personality traits, according to many researchers, of course, affect the manifestation of the "burnout" syndrome. However, rather on the forms of its manifestation, rather than on the frequency, etc.

The symptoms of the "burnout" syndrome themselves are also unlikely to differ in strict specificity and can vary from mild behavioral reactions (irritability, fatigue at the end of the working day, etc.) to psychosomatic, neurotic and, probably, even psychotic disorders.

Psychologists say that the position of professionals who believe and follow four myths most quickly leads to emotional burnout:

"I can't be wrong."

“I have to be restrained.”

“I have no right to be biased.”

“I have to be a role model in everything.”

There are a number of human conditions that dramatically reduce his motivational potential. So, with the monotony of life, mental satiety, fatigue, the desire to do work disappears; which initially had a positive motive. But the depressive state that occurs in healthy people has a particularly strong and long-term effect on the decrease in motivational potential. Feeling anxious and depressed is also a symptom of emotional burnout.

Depression (from Latin depressio - suppression) is an affective state characterized by a negative emotional background (depression, longing, despair) due to unpleasant, difficult events in the life of a person or his loved ones. There is a feeling of helplessness in the face of life's difficulties, lack of confidence in one's abilities, combined with a sense of hopelessness. The strength of needs, drives is sharply reduced, leading to passive behavior, lack of initiative.

At the same time, fatigue and anxiety in healthy people may cause obsessive states (involuntary, painful thoughts, ideas, or urges to action that suddenly appear in the mind), in which the motivational potential increases sharply. “Professional burnout” has a great influence on the decrease in motivational potential.

Currently, there are about 100 symptoms, one way or another associated with "burnout". Among them there are those that are associated with work motivation (loss of enthusiasm, interest in those who are served). B. Pelman and E. Hartman, summarizing many definitions of "burnout", identified three main components: emotional and / or physical exhaustion, depersonalization, reduced work productivity.

Emotional exhaustion is manifested in feelings of emotional overstrain and in a feeling of emptiness, exhaustion of one's emotional resources. A person feels that he cannot give himself to work, as before. Speer, one of Hitler's associates, describes his condition just before the collapse of fascist Germany: “... Hitler was no longer worried about anything, and again it seemed to me that complete emptiness reigned under his bodily shell. He kind of burned out inside.”

Depersonalization is associated with the emergence of an indifferent negative and even cynical attitude towards people served by the nature of their work. Contacts with them become impersonal and formal; emerging negative attitudes may at first be hidden and manifest in internally restrained irritation, which eventually breaks out and leads to conflicts. Depersonalization is a change in self-awareness, which is characterized by a feeling of losing one's Self and a painful experience of the lack of emotional involvement in relationships, work, and loved ones. Depersonalization is possible with mental illness and borderline conditions, and in a mild form it is also observed in healthy people with emotional overload.

Reduced work productivity (reduction of personal achievements) is manifested in a decrease in the assessment of one's competence (in a negative perception of oneself as a professional), dissatisfaction with oneself, a decrease in the value of one's activity, a negative attitude towards oneself as a person, indifference to work appears.

K. Kondo attaches particular importance to resolving stressful situations. He considers the most vulnerable those who react to stress aggressively, unrestrainedly, succumbing to rivalry. The stress factor causes in such people, as a rule, a feeling of depression, despondency due to the failure to achieve what they wanted to achieve. Kondo refers to the type of "burnout" as well as "workaholics".

Extreme situations are often accompanied by stress, when an employee has an acute internal conflict between the strict requirements that responsibility imposes on him and the objective impossibility to fulfill them. Stress as a state of mental tension caused by difficulties and dangers generally mobilizes a person to overcome them. However, if stress exceeds a critical level, then it turns into distress, which reduces the results of work and undermines human health. There are professional stresses, personal stresses, responsibility stresses, etc. .

The syndrome of emotional "burnout" is considered by some authors (Maher, Kondo) as a kind of stress, however, other researchers consider "emotional burnout" as a result of the influence of various stress factors (Maslach, Abrumova, Boyko).

The effects that occur under the influence of stress are similar to the effects of "burnout". Abrumova identifies reactions to stress that are similar to the effects of "burnout". They can be divided into five types:

1. The reaction of emotional imbalance - is characterized by a clear prevalence of a negative range of emotions. The general background of mood is reduced. A person feels a feeling of discomfort of varying degrees of severity. In addition to a wide range of negatively colored emotions, the reaction of emotional imbalance is characterized by a reduction in the circle of communication.

2. Pessimistic situational reaction - expressed primarily by a change in attitude, the establishment of a gloomy coloring of the worldview, judgments and assessments, a modification and restructuring of the value system. The world is perceived by a person in the most "black" colors. This perception causes a persistent decrease in the level of optimism, which, of course, blocks the way to productive planning of activities in the future. Real planning gives way to gloomy forecasts. Such constraint of one's own will, allegedly coming uncontrollability of changing events or conditions, causes a secondary decrease in self-esteem, a feeling of insignificance and unimportance of one's own capabilities.

3. The situational reaction of demobilization is characterized by the most dramatic changes in the sphere of contacts: the rejection of habitual contacts or, at least, their significant limitation, which causes stable, prolonged and painful experiences of loneliness, helplessness, hopelessness. There is also a partial denial of activity. In practice, a person avoids inclusion in any sphere of activity, except for the most necessary, socially controlled ones, to which he is forced by the rules and requirements of society established and accepted by him.

4. Situational reaction of the opposition - characterized by an increasing degree of aggressiveness, increasing sharpness of negative assessments of others and their activities.

5. Situational reaction of disorganization - basically contains an alarming component. As a result, somatovegetative manifestations are observed here in the most pronounced form (hypertensive and vascular-vegetative crises, sleep disturbances).

But, despite the similarity of the effects of "burnout" and professional stress, they should not be identified. The syndrome of emotional burnout is rather not a kind of stress, but a consequence of the influence of a complex of stress factors.

The syndrome of emotional burnout is considered in a somewhat different light in the works of existentialists.

“Helping relationships”, according to K. Rogers, are “relationships in which at least one of the parties intends to help the other side in personal growth, development, better life, development of maturity, in the ability to get along with others” .

In his work, K. Rogers dwells in detail on what the nature of the relationship on the part of the helping person should be in order for them to achieve their goals. Describing the relevant studies, he highlights such properties of relationships as "acceptance-democratic" (in relations between parents and children), active personal participation - the relationship "man - man" (in relations between doctors and patients in a psychiatric clinic), a sense of understanding from the outside therapist, trust in him, a sense of independence in decisions (on the part of psychoanalyst patients), etc. K. Rogers' analysis is based on a description of the results or effects of helping relationships in terms of changes occurring in children, patients, clients of psychoanalysts, etc. The understanding of helping relationships proposed by C. Rogers, as the author himself notes, makes it possible to classify relations between children and parents, doctor and patient, teacher and student, consultant and client, in a variety of areas of interaction. The very nature of a helping relationship is to "facilitate," to help solve problems; Naturally, there is a kind of focus on problems. In addition, this type of relationship is often characterized by insufficient positive feedback.

The burnout syndrome originates in chronic everyday stress, emotional overwork experienced by a person. One of these conditions is emotional-motivational fatigue, in which there are subjective experiences of fatigue, motivational and emotional instability. This can lead to chronic fatigue. Labor fatigue is understood as a complex of corresponding physiological changes in the body, caused by the labor process, which reduce efficiency and create a conflict between the external requirements of work and reduced human capabilities, to overcome which the body mobilizes internal resources and moves to a higher level of energy functioning. Fatigue is accompanied by irritability, decreased interest in work, motivational and emotional instability, uncertainty, and other phenomena. Perhaps the appearance of neuroses and somatic disorders of a psychogenic nature, personality changes may occur - episodic conflict, lethargy, increased emotional lability. At the stage of pronounced overwork, all this acquires stable features - introversion, isolation, aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, narrowing the range of significant motives. There are subjective, institutional, communicative, role and "official" factors of aggression. The most common change in the personality of a professional is chronic overwork.

In fact, fatigue is a natural state that inevitably arises at a certain moment in the performance of an activity; it has a protective function. But with prolonged fatigue, without periods of recovery, chronic fatigue and overwork develop, in which the deterioration of the psychophysiological state is not compensated by rest.

Constant exposure to destructive factors leads to sustainable personality changes. But negative experiences are fixed by the corresponding forms of response, and episodic manifestations of negative emotions are transformed into stable features: introversion, isolation, aggressiveness, high personal anxiety, depression, aggressiveness, narrowing the range of significant motives.

One of the indicators of the syndrome of emotional burnout in professional activity is the state of mental tension caused by conflicts, difficulties in solving complex social problems, leading to feelings of discomfort, anxiety, frustration, pessimistic moods.

There are various scientific approaches to the definition of the essence and types of mental tension. Some scientists distinguish two types of such states: tension, which causes a positive, mobilizing effect, and tension, which is characterized by a decrease in the stability of mental and motor functions up to the disintegration of the personality. Others distinguish between emotional tension as a normal state and emotional tension as a pre-pathological state.

The following types of mental tension are distinguished: perceptual (arising, for example, in case of great difficulty in perceiving the necessary information); intellectual (if it is impossible to find an adequate solution or a way out of a critical situation); emotional (when emotions arise that disrupt activity); strong-willed (with the slowness of a person to show a conscious effort and master the situation); motivational (associated with the struggle of motives, for example: to fulfill a duty or avoid danger and risk).

Chronic emotional tension contributes to the appearance of negative traits, partially similar to signs characteristic of overwork (introversion, aggressiveness, high anxiety, dissatisfaction with oneself, curtailment of interpersonal contacts, neuroses). More and more unreacted influences, unrealized emotions, unresolved tasks of a different nature accumulate, which ultimately leads to the occurrence of "burnout".

The following personality traits of an employee can contribute to the formation of nervous overstrain: motivational conflicts and conflicts of an intimate personal nature, increased importance of the subjective factor in assessing certain life situations, misunderstanding between loved ones, aggressiveness, neuroticism, chronic anxiety and internal tension.

The factors of the social and industrial nature of nervous overstrain include: social changes, significant life difficulties (divorce, death of loved ones, etc.), prolonged emotional stress, a significant predominance of intellectual work, a constant feeling of lack of time and chronic fatigue, accompanied by irritability, impatience, haste in the process of work, chronic violation of the regime of work and rest, a decrease in interest in work, a drop in personal prestige, the absence of elements of creativity in work and excessive workload, extreme situations.

Emotional stress, in turn, is associated with the very nature of “helping” relationships that require emotional contact, complicity, understanding, emotional impact on a communication partner, patience, endurance, etc. Emotional exhaustion reveals itself primarily in feelings of helplessness, hopelessness , in especially severe manifestations, emotional breakdowns and thoughts of suicide occur. There may be a feeling of “mutedness”, “dullness” of emotions, when a person is unable to respond, emotionally respond to situations that, it would seem, should touch. This feeling of exhaustion of emotional resources causes a feeling that a person can no longer give anything to others - neither emotionally nor psychologically.

Another group of problems that contribute to “burnout” or increase its development is related to the work situation. Characteristic of "burnout" situations are overloads - too many wards, too many demands, too much information. According to Western researchers, with an increase in overload, "helping" specialists begin to unconsciously strive to reduce contact - they become less personally involved in interaction, more often resort to formal rules and rituals, and use more impersonal methods of work. Another important aspect in this context working situation This is an opportunity to influence the work process and make decisions concerning the employee. If a person has a feeling that he cannot change anything in his work, that nothing depends on him, that his opinion does not matter, etc., the likelihood of developing professional “burnout” increases. Role uncertainty - in the sense of an unclear formulation of rights and obligations, human capabilities, role conflict - as a contradiction different roles, also contribute to occupational stress and occupational burnout.

Researchers have formulated an idea of ​​what personal characteristics of people contribute to the development of professional "burnout". According to American researchers, the development of "burnout" is more likely in people with a lesser degree of maturity and self-sufficiency, more impulsive and impatient, without a family, but in need of those who could support or approve them, with goals and claims that are not quite are consistent with reality. To this is also added an indication that with age, the likelihood of developing burnout decreases, that is, novice workers are more susceptible to it, people are more young age. However, most researchers believe that age, gender, work experience and other socio-demographic characteristics are not directly related to professional burnout. Of greater importance is the individual type of response to stressful situations.

As K. Maslach says, if all knowledge about what leads to burnout and what can prevent it can be reduced to one word, then this will be the word “balance”. Violation of this balance - both in professional and personal life - leads to destruction.

Western researchers note a direct connection between professional burnout and dismissals from work. It is not uncommon for an employee to move to administrative work in the same area, as it allows less involvement of people in the problems.

Psychologically, characteristic of the burnout syndrome, as already mentioned, is the development of a feeling of dissatisfaction with oneself or disappointment. Noticing alienation or outbursts of internal irritation in relation to his wards, the “helping” employee experiences this as his own failure, incompetence or human shortcomings, often blaming himself for what is happening to him. In everyday routine, burnout creeps up imperceptibly, in the surrounding situation, as if nothing has changed, it is difficult to identify situational causes, and, therefore, a person involuntarily begins to look for the causes of what is happening in himself. In addition, as a rule, these problems are not discussed in their team, it seems that those around them do not experience anything like this, and this also contributes to attributing the reasons for their changed state to themselves. In domestic practice, social requirements for compliance with certain professional standards, which are especially tough in the case of "human" professions, also have an undoubted influence, which enhances the experience of one's own insolvency.

A person's experiences can really affect the quality of his activity, as if confirming for him the correctness of his negative judgments in his address. The tendency to self-blame can become so strong that it leads to self-destructive processes. Violation of self-esteem is often a central feature of depression. A person may believe that he is failing at work, that he has failed in life in general, that his principles and ideals have not been realized, and he is experiencing life disappointment.

According to Formanyuk, active labor behavior is one of the forms of self-realization, more precisely, the search for self-realization in the field of professional activity. This is especially characteristic of the "helping professions" with their high ideals of serving people, with high (and often overestimated) requirements that are made in relation to the representatives of these professions and the results of their activities on the part of society and are often accepted by them, setting high criteria for "subjective contribution". individuals in a professional occupation. Accordingly, their own expectations regarding those “personal rewards” that professional activity gives rise, since “a sense of belonging, a worthy profession, belonging to a value system are just as essential for psychological well-being as security, love and self-respect.

Potentially helping professions provide a good opportunity for self-actualization due to strong emotional involvement in activities, which is an important element of self-actualization according to A. Maslow, who argued that “self-actualizing people, without a single exception, are involved in a matter that goes beyond them, into something outside themselves”, which forms the area of ​​their “metamotivation” – devotion of oneself to something “outside oneself”. Frustration of metaneeds leads to "metapathology", which manifests itself, among other things, in hopelessness, unwillingness to achieve anything, despair, meaninglessness or aimlessness of life. The appearance of these feelings does not satisfy the individual's need to experience finding the meaning of life, filling his life with meaning, destroys his belief that life has meaning, that what he does is important and necessary.

Formanyuk believes that "burnout" in this case is not a payment for sympathy for people, but for one's unfulfilled expectations. As the reasons for the strongest negative experiences associated with work, teachers of different ages and groups, as a rule, called “lack of results” (“feelings that you are working in vain”, “I feel despair when something did not work out, it didn’t work out when I see indifference and misunderstanding, the failures of the guys in their studies, etc.). The feeling of loss of the meaning of activity, the depreciation and meaninglessness of one's efforts are the strongest factor in the experiences of teachers.

Experts in the field of burnout agree that the development of "burnout" is not limited to the professional sphere and its consequences begin to be tangibly manifested in a person's personal life, his interaction with other people, in other situations of his being. Painful disappointment in work as a way of finding meaning colors the entire life situation.

V.V. Boyko considers "burnout" as a psychological defense mechanism developed by a person in the form of a complete or partial exclusion of emotions in response to selected psycho-traumatic influences, an acquired stereotype of emotional, most often professional behavior. “Burnout is partly a functional stereotype, since it allows a person to dose and economically spend energy resources. At the same time, its dysfunctional consequences may occur, when “burnout” negatively affects the performance of professional activities.

V.V. Boyko describes various symptoms of "burnout". Symptom of "emotional deficit". The feeling comes to the professional that emotionally he can no longer help the subjects of his activity. Unable to enter into their position, to participate and empathize, to respond to situations that should touch, induce, enhance intellectual, volitional and moral impact. The fact that this is nothing more than emotional burnout is evidenced by his recent experience: some time ago there were no such sensations, and the person is experiencing their appearance. Gradually, the symptom intensifies and acquires a more complicated form, positive emotions appear less and less often and more often negative ones. Sharpness, rudeness, irritability, resentment, whims - complement the symptom of "emotional deficit".

Symptom of "emotional detachment". Personality almost completely excludes emotions from the sphere of professional activity. Almost nothing excites her, almost nothing causes an emotional response - neither positive nor negative circumstances. And this is not the original defect. emotional sphere, not a sign of rigidity, but emotional protection acquired over the years of serving people. Man gradually learns to work like a robot, like a soulless automaton. In other spheres he lives full-blooded emotions. Reacting without feelings and emotions is the most striking symptom of burnout. It testifies to the professional deformation of the personality and damages the subject of communication. The partner usually experiences the indifference shown to him and can be deeply traumatized.

A symptom of "personal detachment, or depersonalization." It manifests itself in a wide range of mindsets and actions of a professional in the process of communication. First of all, there is a complete or partial loss of interest in a person - the subject of professional action. It is perceived as an inanimate object, as an object for manipulation - something has to be done with it. The object burdens with its problems, needs, its presence, the very fact of its existence is unpleasant. Metastases of "burnout" penetrate into the attitudes, principles and value system of the individual. There is a depersonalized protective emotional-volitional anti-humanistic attitude. The personality claims that working with people is not interesting, does not give satisfaction, and does not represent social value. In the most severe forms of "burnout", a person zealously defends his anti-humanistic philosophy "I hate", "I despise", "I would take a machine gun and everyone." In such cases, "burnout" merges with psychopathological manifestations of the personality, with neurosis-like or psychopathic states. Such individuals are contraindicated in professional activities in the sphere of man-man.

Symptom of "psychosomatic and psychovegetative disorders". The symptom manifests itself at the level of physical and mental well-being. Usually it is formed by a conditioned reflex connection of a negative property. Much of what concerns the subjects of professional activity provokes deviations in somatic or mental states. Sometimes even the thought of such subjects or contact with them causes Bad mood, insomnia, feeling of fear, discomfort in the heart area, vascular reactions, exacerbations of chronic diseases. The transition of reactions from the level of emotions to the level of psychosomatics indicates that emotional protection - "burnout" - can no longer cope with stress on its own, and the energy of emotions is redistributed between other subsystems of the individual. In this way, the body saves itself from the destructive power of emotional energy.

1.2 Features of the problem of professional burnout of employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service

So, according to modern data, "burnout" is understood as a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion, manifested in professional activities. This syndrome includes three main components: emotional exhaustion, professional detachment and a reduction in professional achievements. Emotional exhaustion is manifested in feelings of emotional overstrain and in a feeling of emptiness, exhaustion of one's own emotional resources. Professional detachment implies a cynical attitude towards work and the objects of one's work. The decrease in personal achievements is manifested in a decrease in the sense of competence in one's work, dissatisfaction with oneself, one's activities, negative self-perception in professional terms.

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Study of the problem of "burnout" of employees social services on the example of the Municipal Institution "Integrated Center social service population" of the Leninsky district of the City District of Ufa. Recommendations for the prevention of "burnout" of employees.

thesis, added 05/14/2015


Characteristics of the concept of psychological burnout, its connection with the concepts of emotional and professional burnout. Features of the professional activity of preschool teachers educational institution leading to psychological burnout.

term paper, added 06/14/2015


The phenomenon of professional burnout in modern psychology. Diagnosis of personal characteristics of health workers. Relationship psychological characteristics personality and manifestations of professional burnout in medical workers of surgery and cardiology.

thesis, added 04/08/2015


The main causes and symptoms of professional burnout syndrome. Manifestation of the professional burnout syndrome in medical workers, the impact of the specifics of the activity on the formation of symptoms. Measures for prevention and methods of self-regulation.

thesis, added 02/08/2013


The essence of the syndrome of emotional burnout, its key signs and symptoms. Features of the work of law enforcement officers. A study of employees of the penitentiary system for the presence of burnout syndrome and recommendations for combating it.

abstract, added 11/30/2009


Burnout Syndrome. Physiological bases and types of stress. The development of the syndrome, its symptoms. Features of the burnout syndrome in psychologists. Overcoming burnout at the interpersonal and organizational levels, conducting psychotherapy.

abstract, added 01/18/2013


The history of the emergence and concept of the term "personality burnout syndrome". Workers at risk of professional "burnout". Causes, psychophysical and socio-psychological symptoms of the manifestation of the "combustion syndrome". Tips for overcoming "burnout".

abstract, added 07/25/2010


The concept of professional burnout syndrome. A syndrome that develops against the background of chronic stress and leads to the depletion of the emotional-energetic and personal resources of a working person, its symptoms, prevention and diagnostic methods.

Scientific adviser: Ph.D. psychol. Sciences, Assoc. Feldman I.L.

Professional destruction of a personality is a change in personal characteristics (stereotypes of perception, value orientations, ways of action), which are manifested under the influence of performing a professional role. Let us note that in psychological studies, undesirable changes in the personality of an employee are more often considered, which negatively affect his activity and life functions in general.

Work also has a significant impact on the personality of specialists in those professions that directly interact with society. The extreme stage of the professional deformation of the personality is expressed in a formal, exclusively functional attitude towards people. It worsens the socio-psychological atmosphere in the team, the development of the personality itself, and serves as the basis for the emergence of psychological barriers and defenses.

In the activities of penitentiary employees, the number of stress factors is very large, in their content they are specific. The main stressors of the employees of the penitentiary include factors of information load; information uncertainty; responsibility; time deficit factor; interpersonal conflicts; factors of intrapersonal conflicts, which increases the risk of such phenomena as chronic stress, professional deformation, emotional burnout, suicidal behavior.

The problem of studying stress resistance and emotional burnout requires further study and research.

Emotional burnout is understood as a process of gradual loss of cognitive, emotional and physical energy, which manifests itself in terms of psychological, mental exhaustion, physical fatigue, personal detachment and in a decrease in the overall degree of satisfaction with professional activities.

Stress resistance is a set of personal characteristics that allows a specialist to overcome serious intellectual, volitional and emotional overloads due to the peculiarities of professional activity, without visible consequences for work, others and their health.

The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between the level of stress resistance and emotional burnout from work experience in the penitentiary system.

The subject of the study is stress resistance and emotional burnout among employees of the penitentiary system.

The object of the study is stress resistance and emotional burnout.

Theoretical and methodological basis of the study:

1) the direction of the study of the syndrome of emotional burnout, engaged in the search for personal factors that cause the formation of the syndrome of emotional burnout (V.E. Orel, A.K. Markova, N.E. Vodopyanova, T.V. Formanyuk, V.V. Boyko, T.I. Ronginskaya, T. Umnyashkina, N.V. Grishina), as well as the search for options to deal with professional stress (L.G. Dikaya).

2) approaches to the study of stress and its causes, according to which the occurrence of stress is not the impact itself as such, but the attitude of the individual to this impact and its assessment as negative and threatening (V.A. Bodrov, F.Yu. Vasilyuk, S. Folkman , R. Lazarus, A. Ellis and others);

3) approaches to the study of stress resistance, which explore personal characteristics and activities that provide a high level of stability and resistance to stress (L.I. Antsfiferova, V.A. Bodrov, A.V. Libin, O.V. Lozgacheva, etc.).

Research hypotheses: the level of stress resistance and emotional burnout depends on the length of service.

The study sample consisted of 60 people, of which 13 were women, 47 were men, in the age range from 20 to 45 years. We divided all the subjects into 2 groups according to work experience: 27 people with experience up to 10 years; with more than 10 years of experience 33 people.

The study was carried out according to the following methods:

1) Assessment of the level of satisfaction with the quality of life (N.E. Vodopyanova);

2) Strategies for coping with stressful situations (S. Hobfall);

3) The scale of basic beliefs in the adaptation of Kravtsova;

4) Definition of stress resistance and social adaptation (Holmes and Rage);

5) Questionnaire for determining mental burnout (A.A. Rukavishnikov).

The results are currently being processed. empirical research.

LITERATURE

1. Makarova G.A. Burnout Syndrome // Questions social security. 2005. No. 8. P.11-21.

2. Katunin A.P. Stress resistance as a psychological phenomenon // Young scientist. 2012. No. 9. S. 243-246.

Borisenko E. S.

FEATURES OF THE IMAGE OF THE FUTURE

Scientific adviser: Ph.D. psychol. Sciences, Assoc. Klementieva M.V.

Tula State University

An image is a subjective picture of the world or its fragments, including the subject himself, other people, the spatial environment and the temporal sequence of events. The image is understood as "... a representation in the mind of an object or event that is not present ...". Often the image is considered as some kind of intermediate or final result cognitive activity as a product of perception, memory, thinking, imagination.

The scientific interpretation of the image is extremely multifaceted due to the diversity of research facilities and the characteristics of the research area.

The importance of studying the image problem and its impact on practical activities emphasized B.F. Lomov: "The problem of the image belongs to the number of the most important problems of psychological science ...".

The image of the future is a holistic image of a person about the future, which is in the mind and constantly affects the behavior, activities of a person, as well as his emotional state. Five main parameters (measurements) are included and simultaneously present in this image. The first dimension (value-semantic) includes all the motives of a person, his values, personal meanings, intentions. The second dimension (cognitive) includes all events that are expected or planned by a person. The third dimension arises as a result of evaluating the first two: all emotions, feelings, moods that arise in response to the content of this image (emotional aspect). The fourth dimension reflects the relationship of the present with the future and includes all the ways and strategies of behavior that a person uses in accordance with the image of the future that he has (behavioral aspect). The fifth aspect is motivational, which is the awareness of needs, the awareness of the implementation of subject-evaluative and selective activity in relation to the goals and content of the future, as well as motivational attitudes.

Various cognitive approaches to the study of the image of the future have made a significant contribution to the disclosure of the psychological mechanisms of this phenomenon. However, at the present stage of development of psychological science, it becomes obvious that the problem of the image of the future should be considered not only as a cognitive one, but much more broadly - as a way of understanding the world by a person. In psychology, this position is associated primarily with the development of the existential approach and the formation of the psychology of human existence as a relatively independent area of ​​psychological science.

In the consciousness and self-awareness of the individual, the image of the future is a system of internal means of reflection: images, concepts, among which the image of a person about himself on the time continuum plays an important role - this is “I am the future”. "I am the future" is included in the structure of "I am the concept" and is represented by coordinates: personality traits, abilities, motives. These coordinates, presented as internal generators of actions, are able to establish the priority of activities, its methods, which are performed during external plan. Goals, tasks and ways to achieve them are also created in the mind. The transformation of tasks into a goal is the ideal image of the goal (P.K. Anokhin), the image of the possible as a prototype of the real.

Ideas about the future are an integral part of a person's life path. The perception of time is affected age features. The ability to adequately estimate time is fully formed in children by the age of 15-16.

The formation of a person's ability to build and consciously manage the image of the future is a key problem for the development of self-identity. The development of the ability to form an image of the future is strongly influenced by the values ​​assimilated by the individual.

The prospect of the future is conscious aspirations, fears, claims associated with the future. In adolescence, not only the awareness of the past, present and future as a whole is significant, but also the ability to analyze the existing image, rethink it and create new model future .

Thus, it is safe to say that the concept of an image reflects objective reality, is the content of the subject's psyche. The image of the future is a complex, multidimensional mental phenomenon. If it is saturated, has a positive connotation, this allows a person to purposefully, consciously build their own future.

LITERATURE

1. Berezina T.N. Spatio-temporal characteristics of mental images and their connection with personality traits // Psychological journal. 1998. No. 4. P.13 - 26.

2. Brief psychological dictionary / comp. L.A. Karpenko; under total ed. A.V. Petrovsky, M.G. Yaroshevsky. Moscow: Politizdat, 1985.431 p.

3. Melnikova N.V. Image as a psychological category of a preschooler's personality // Education Integration. 2006. No. 3. P. 119 - 124

4. Solso R. Cognitive psychology. SPb., 2006. 589 p.

5. Sokhan L.V., Kirillova M.V. The life program of a personality as a way of conscious organization of its life activity // Style of life of a personality: Theoretical and methodological problems. Kyiv, 1982. S.228 - 255.

Bronstein G.P.

So, according to modern data, "burnout" is understood as a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion, manifested in professional activities. This syndrome includes three main components: emotional exhaustion, professional detachment and a reduction in professional achievements. Emotional exhaustion is manifested in feelings of emotional overstrain and in a feeling of emptiness, exhaustion of one's own emotional resources. Professional detachment implies a cynical attitude towards work and the objects of one's work. The decrease in personal achievements is manifested in a decrease in the sense of competence in one's work, dissatisfaction with oneself, one's activities, negative self-perception in professional terms.

For a long time it was believed that "burnout" is experienced only by those professionals whose subject of work is a person; doctors, teachers, employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service, social workers. Recent studies have not only confirmed the legitimacy of the existence of such a mental phenomenon as professional "burnout", but also made it possible to significantly expand the scope of its distribution, including professions not related to the social sphere, including professions of a "technical" profile.

Thus, "burnout" is understood as a professional crisis associated with the work as a whole, and not only with interpersonal relationships in its process. It is considered as a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion experienced by a person, caused by prolonged involvement in situations containing high emotional demands. That is, "burnout" is the result of a discrepancy between an initially highly motivated person for professional success and work. An increase in this discrepancy increases the likelihood of “burnout” as a psychological defense mechanism developed by a person in the form of a complete or partial exclusion of emotions (lowering their energy) in response to psycho-traumatic effects.

The consequence of the manifestation of the "burnout" syndrome is a decrease in human performance and productivity. In addition to reducing economic indicators professional activity, the syndrome of "burnout" provokes a violation labor discipline and increasing morbidity among professionals. Attempts to compensate for the stressful influence of the professional environment lead to the abuse of alcohol, drugs and other psychotropic drugs, and in some cases to suicidal behavior.

An essential feature of the activities of an employee of the Federal Penitentiary Service is the conflicting nature of those situations against which the service of an employee of the Penitentiary System (CIS) is deployed and proceeds. Conflict activity manifests itself in a variety of forms. When interacting with the special contingent, the employee experiences active resistance on his part, he must overcome the attempts of violators to disguise his actions, mislead and even provoke the employee to wrong, illegal actions.

Moreover, anti-social elements neglect all social norms, and employees, faced with them, are obliged to strictly observe the law. In these emotionally colored situations of communication, the employee must maintain self-control, have increased psychological stability in order not to succumb to provocations and resist the mental infection of a person who has lost control of himself. All this makes very high demands on the personality of the employee, his pedagogical tact and psychological culture. It is possible to note one more feature of official activity of the employee of the Federal Penitentiary Service. The entire service of many employees of bodies executing sentences in the form of deprivation of liberty takes place in front of the special contingent (convicted, under investigation, escorted), their relatives, and human rights organizations. In their activities, the publicity of the performance of professional actions is very important. Any misconduct of an employee of the Federal Penitentiary Service, his words, tone, manners, appearance- everything attracts the attention of others and is often discussed later. An employee always works under the sharp, gaze of people, because he is a representative of authority. All his actions are subject to strict assessment by others, and can often be recorded on technical means of photo and video recording, accompanied by comments.

The peculiarity of the activities of the employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service lies in the fact that in addition to performing their functional duties, employees perform a number of duties that are traditionally not taken into account by specialists studying the psychogenicity of activity. First of all, this is a socio-pedagogical activity, considering the employee as a commander, a teacher, whose duty is to train, care for subordinates, defend their rights and social protection. These are traditional, considered at the early stages of the development of the theory of the occurrence of "burnout", in which a professional experiences emotional satiety from communication, negative experiences from the inability to provide effective assistance to a person experiencing mental or physical suffering.

As the "burnout" and deformation of the personality increase individual employees negatively, “contagiously” affect the team of employees of the FSIN unit in which he is located.

In relation to law enforcement officers, professional deformation is the result of a distortion of professional and personal qualities law enforcement officer under the influence of negative factors of activity and environment. Otherwise, it can still be said that a person has developed a stereotype of behavior caused by the peculiarities of his work, capable of causing a lot of trouble to him and those around him.

In the psychological literature, there are three groups of factors leading to professional burnout and the occurrence of professional deformation among employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service: factors due to the specifics of the activities of the penitentiary system, factors of a personal nature, factors of a socio-psychological nature.

The factors determined by the specifics of the activities of the penitentiary system include:

• * detailed legal regulation of activities, which, along with a positive effect, can lead to excessive formalization of activities, elements of bureaucracy;
• the presence of power in relation to the special contingent, which sometimes manifests itself in their abuse and unreasonable use by employees;
• corporatism of activity, which may cause psychological isolation of employees of the penitentiary system and their alienation from society;
• increased responsibility for the results of their activities;
• mental and physical overload associated with an unstable work schedule, lack of sufficient time for rest and recovery of expended energy;
• extremeness of activity (the need to perform professional tasks in life-threatening and health situations, risk, unpredictability of the development of events, uncertainty of information about the activities of criminal elements, threats from criminals, etc.);
• the need in the process of performing official tasks to come into contact with a special contingent, which can lead to the assimilation of elements of the criminal subculture (the use of criminal jargon, addressing by nicknames, etc.).

Factors reflecting the personal characteristics of law enforcement officers include:

• level of claims inadequate to the capabilities of the employee and overestimated personal expectations;
• insufficient professional preparedness;
• a specific connection between some professionally significant qualities of the employee's personality (for example, decisiveness combined with low self-control can develop into excessive self-confidence, etc.);
• professional experience;
• professional attitudes (for example, the perception of the actions of other people as possible violators of the law can lead to an accusatory bias in activities, global suspicion, etc.);
• features of socio-psychological maladjustment of the personality of law enforcement agencies, leading to the manifestation of aggressiveness, a tendency to violence, cruelty in dealing with citizens, etc.;
• change in activity motivation (loss of interest in activity, disappointment in the profession, etc.).

Socio-psychological factors include:

• inadequate and rude leadership style of subordinates;
• the adverse influence of the immediate social environment outside the service (for example, family, friends, etc.);
• low public assessment of the activities of the bodies of the penal system, which sometimes leads to hopelessness in the activities of employees of the bodies of the penitentiary system, the emergence of professional impotence and uncertainty about the need for their profession.

The inconsistency of data on the possibility of professional "burnout" among the employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service and its relationship with their age and length of service encourages an empirical study aimed at determining the degree of professional "burnout" and identifying its signs among the employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service.

1.3 Conclusions from Chapter 1

Burnout should be considered as a special human condition resulting from occupational stress. "Burnout syndrome" is a complex psychophysiological phenomenon, which is defined as emotional, mental and physical exhaustion due to prolonged emotional stress, expressed in a depressed state, a feeling of fatigue and emptiness, a lack of energy and enthusiasm, a loss of the ability to see the positive results of one's work, negative attitude towards work and life in general.

There are different opinions regarding the causes of burnout and the symptoms of emotional "burnout". Researchers agree that the main source of burnout is interaction with people. Those who work in medical, educational, psychological, social services, first of all, perform work that requires special emotional costs.

The main manifestations of professional “burnout” described by researchers are as follows: physically, a person constantly feels tired, lack of strength, reduced energy tone, his working capacity decreases and various symptoms of physical ailments appear, headaches, insomnia, loss of appetite or a tendency to overeat, abuse of sedatives or stimulants, etc.

In essence, the origin of "burnout", apparently, cannot be unambiguously associated with one or another personal or situational factors; rather, it is the result of a complex interaction of a person's personal characteristics, the situation of his interpersonal relationships and his professional and work situation in which he is.

With regard to law enforcement officers, professional deformation is the result of a distortion of the professional and personal qualities of a law enforcement officer under the influence of negative factors of activity and the environment.

In the psychological literature, there are three groups of factors leading to professional burnout and the occurrence of professional deformation among employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service: factors due to the specifics of the activities of the penitentiary system, factors of a personal nature, factors of a socio-psychological nature.

Fatigue, overwork - conditions that are familiar, probably, to each of us. At such moments, a person feels a desire to relax, take a vacation from work, free himself from household chores, spend time in peace, doing what he likes. If we talk about what constitutes a syndrome of emotional burnout (BS), then this is a much more serious phenomenon.

As a rule, it is caused by professional activities, but this does not mean that the condition can only affect the work process. Constant stress, anxiety, loss of strength affect other areas of life. What causes this phenomenon, can it be avoided and how to do it?

the spread of burnout syndrome

This is a state that consists of three components - emotional, physical and intellectual exhaustion.

It is caused by stress in professional activities, which lead not only to a lack of interest in work, but also to a feeling of dissatisfaction, poor health, relationships with colleagues and even family members.

The phenomenon contributes to the fact that a person's working capacity and activity decrease. This can lead to a feeling of helplessness, resentment and despair, and a lack of strength gives rise to irritability.

It also causes the feeling that none of the bosses or employees appreciate the efforts and efforts that a person makes to get up in the morning, come to work and do it.

Perhaps everyone can be exposed to this phenomenon, but the risk group includes, first of all, representatives of certain professions, namely those that belong to the field "man - man". Accordingly, the most vulnerable are teachers, employees of social services, penitentiary institutions (penal-executive service), medical workers.

Thus, most often the phenomenon affects people who, by the nature of their activities, are forced to provide assistance, in particular, psychological, to other people. However, the reasons for the manifestation of this condition may lie not only in the specifics of the work, but also in a number of other accompanying factors.

Symptoms of Burnout Syndrome

They can manifest themselves not only when the state has already completely embraced the person. There are signs that will tell you that the syndrome of professional burnout is about to make itself felt in full.

Among them are the following:

• Every day you feel any negative emotions associated with work;
• Any worries, regardless of whether they are related to work, home, family, loved ones, cause you resentment, irritation and the feeling that you are wasting your time;
• You were overcome by a feeling of joylessness of being;
• It seems to you that most of your work tasks do not contribute to your development, but, on the contrary, hinder it.

One of the symptoms that precedes burnout syndrome is the belief that you have exhausted your strengths and abilities.

How to recognize this state, if it has already taken possession of you? All signs are classified into several categories.

emotional

This group of signs includes:

• Loss of motivation, lack of self-confidence, fatigue, indifference, perception of oneself as a poorly trained specialist;
• Loss of a humane attitude towards people, an optimistic attitude, forecasts, hopes;
• Depression, detachment, feelings of guilt and detachment;
• Loss of any satisfaction from the work done.

All these signs are inherent in the syndrome of emotional burnout among health workers, teachers, representatives of other professions working with people.

Behavioral

Behavior can change and “enrich” with the following traits:

• Impulsive behavior, refusal to take responsibility for one's own actions;
• Increasing the time spent on certain tasks;
• Removal from society;
• The desire to blame someone for their failures and problems;
• Seeking solace in food, drugs, alcohol.

Physical

Regardless of whether this phenomenon is observed in health workers or employees of other services, it also affects the physical condition of a person.

• Dizziness, pain in the muscles and other parts of the body;
• Set or, conversely, weight loss;
• Deterioration of sleep, the appearance of problems with the cardiovascular system;
• Sweating, deterioration in general well-being, trembling, lowering of the protective functions of the body.

Causes of Burnout Syndrome

There are many. They are not always associated exclusively with professional activities. For example, the syndrome of mental burnout can also be caused by the performance of housework, troubles in family life.

If we talk about work, it is far from always only she becomes a provocateur of this state. It can even be the personal qualities of a person, his worldview.

What reasons are associated with professional activity?

• Hard work;
• For medical workers, the cause of burnout syndrome is often a great responsibility;
• Diligent performance of their tasks in the absence of a decent reward and recognition for this;
• Primitive, monotonous work;
• Imposing on one employee an excessive number of responsibilities of a different direction and nature.

Often this condition is caused by the fact that work makes you constantly be in nervous tension. First of all, this applies to employees of the penitentiary system.

Treatment for Burnout Syndrome

There can be no doubt that it is necessary. But in order to start it, it is necessary to recognize the existence of the problem itself.

One of the first steps in the fight against it is the recognition of losses. Of course, professional activity requires you to spend effort, time, energy. In addition, you are forced to interact with the team and superiors. In the process of work, you may realize that some of your judgments turned out to be wrong, and this needs to be acknowledged. Every second you get a new experience, and this also requires energy.

Accept these forced losses, take them for granted.

What other actions need to be taken so that the treatment is effective and the burnout syndrome recedes?

• Problem solving. When they occur, you do not need to run away or postpone their decision until later, otherwise you will only aggravate your condition. You need to deal with troubles immediately, showing activity;
• Job description. Study it so that you do not have any questions about what exactly the terms of reference are assigned to you;
• Change of duties. Perhaps the tasks that you perform have become boring for you, and new functions will make you take a fresh look at your professional activities;
• Rest. Realizing that it will not be possible to avoid a negative state, urgently go on vacation.

Prevention of Burnout Syndrome

You can take steps to reduce your risk of this condition. This applies to any person, but especially in need of prevention of such a problem as burnout syndrome, employees whose work is nervous, difficult, for example, penitentiary system.