Manufacturing enterprise is a separate specialized unit, the basis of which is a professionally organized labor collective, capable of using the means of production at its disposal to produce the products necessary for consumers (perform work, provide services) of the appropriate purpose, profile and range. Manufacturing enterprises include plants, factories, combines, mines, quarries, ports, roads, bases and others. economic organizations industrial purpose.

Internal environment of the enterprise These are people, means of production, information and money. The result of the interaction of the components of the internal environment is finished products(work, services).

The basis of the enterprise is made up of people who are characterized by a certain professional composition, qualifications, interests. These are managers, specialists, workers. The results of the enterprise work depend on their efforts and skills. Of course, people cannot work in a vacuum. They need the means of production: the fixed means by which products are made, and working capital from which this product is made.

To pay for deliveries necessary materials, equipment, energy resources, in order to pay wages to employees and make other payments, the enterprise needs money that accumulates on its bank account and partially in the cash desk of the enterprise.

Important for the operation of the enterprise is information: commercial, technical and operational. With the help of information, all components of an operating enterprise are connected into a single synchronously functioning complex aimed at producing a given type of product, of the appropriate quantity and quality.

The main task of the team of employees of each enterprise is the production of products demanded by society High Quality at the most full use production resources (equipment, raw materials, materials, fuel, electricity, inventory and other means of production), as well as the efficient use of working time. The basis for solving this problem is the continuous improvement of technology, technology and organization of labor and production.

Each enterprise is a single production and technical organism. Production and technical unity- the most important feature of the enterprise. It is determined by the common purpose of the manufactured products or the processes of its production and creates conditions for qualified and efficient management of the enterprise.

An enterprise may consist of technologically homogeneous shops or sections (spinning shops at a spinning mill, shops for small, large and other types of casting at a foundry); from technologically heterogeneous shops or sections, as a result of the joint efforts of which certain products are produced (foundry, forging, thermal, mechanical and other shops of machine-building plants; spinning, weaving and finishing shops of textile factories; blast furnace, open-hearth and rolling shops of metallurgical plants, etc. .).

An essential feature that unites the enterprise into a single organism is the presence of a common auxiliary economy, serving all parts of the enterprise, as well as the unity of the territory (the latter is optional in some cases, for example, at combines). The common auxiliary economy and the unity of the territory create closer ties between the individual links of the enterprise.

The enterprise also has organizational unity, which means that there is a single management, accounting, and development strategy.

An important feature that characterizes a company is its economic unity , i.e., the unity of the team of workers employed on it, the community of material, technical and financial resources, as well as the economic results of work.

The company is entitled legal entity, i.e., can enter into contractual relationship with other organizations and is responsible for the fulfillment of the obligations assumed.

Thus, an enterprise is an organization owned by the state or private individuals, created for the purpose of producing certain products, systematically developing, having industrial, technical, organizational and economic unity, endowed with the rights of a legal entity and operating on a commercial basis.

In economic disciplines, three types of structures are considered:

1. production;

   managerial (organizational).

The general structure is the composition of the production links of management services, as well as units for servicing employees of the enterprise and their families.

The production structure is the composition of the production units of the enterprise, indicating the links between them.

The main production unit of a factory-type enterprise is a workshop.

A workshop is a production, geographically and administratively separate part of an enterprise, in which a certain set of works is performed in accordance with the internal specialization of the plant.

According to the purpose and nature of the manufactured products and the work performed at the enterprises, they distinguish the main, auxiliary, servicing and secondary production and, accordingly, the main, auxiliary, servicing and secondary workshops and farms.

The main production produces products for delivery to external consumers. The main ones include workshops in which a certain part of the production process is performed to convert raw materials, materials and semi-finished products into finished products or a number of stages are carried out production process for the manufacture of any product.

In most enterprises, the main production consists of separate phases or stages. The stages of production, in turn, are divided into types of production.

The type of production is a classification category, which is distinguished on the basis of the technology used to manufacture the product.

Auxiliary production produces the means necessary for the functioning of the main production.

Auxiliary workshops include those that manufacture products consumed within the enterprise or perform work for their own needs.

Service workshops and farms perform maintenance work on the main and auxiliary production: transportation and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products.

Side shops and subsidiary farms are engaged in the processing and use of waste from the main production.

The production structure of an enterprise depends on:

on the design and technological features of products;

on the volume of output;

the level of mechanization and automation of production processes;

on the level of specialization and coordination with other enterprises.

Structural and technological features products, its type determine the nature of production processes and therefore directly affect the composition of the main workshops.

Thus, enterprises in the extractive industries have a single-stage structure, while the manufacturing industry has a multi-stage structure.

The introduction of new technological processes, as well as the complication of product design, leads to the need to create new sections and workshops, which complicates intra-production communications.

The volume of output is the number of products of a certain name, size and design, which are produced by the enterprise during the planned time interval.

With significant volumes of output of homogeneous products, technologically specialized enterprises are created. With a small output of products, the production structure can be simplified as a result of the development of cooperative ties with other enterprises.

The higher the level of specialization of the enterprise, the less different production shops in its composition and the simpler its structure.

The growth of the universality of the enterprise leads to the emergence of additional structural units and the complexity of the interaction between them.

The influence of the level of mechanization and automation of production processes is manifested in the fact that complex-mechanized and automated enterprises include production lines, automatic lines, as well as some workshops with a single production.

Therefore, such enterprises have subject-closed workshops and sections.

2. Types of the production structure of the enterprise, depending on the form of specialization of the main workshops, there are three types of the production structure of the enterprise:

technological;

subject;

mixed.

With the technological structure, the workshops of the enterprise specialize in the implementation of a certain part technological process. That is, they are created according to the principle of technological homogeneity.

Technological production structure

Provides maximum - significant loss of time

Contributes to a more complete - partial responsibility for

use of materials; quality and timing;

Facilitates guidance and - irrational routes

maneuvering by workers; materials;

Facilitates application - increasing complexity of processes

the most progressive planning and regulation.

technological processes.

The technological form of specialization of workshops and the technological production structure are used at enterprises of single and small-scale production, which produce a diverse and unstable range of products.

With the subject structure, the main workshops of the enterprise specialize in the manufacture of any product, a group of homogeneous products or parts of products using a wide variety of technological processes and operations.

In the workshops of subject specialization, a closed production cycle is mainly carried out. Therefore, they are called subject-closed.

Subject production structure

Full responsibility - the need for full

divisions for the quality and set of equipment;

Location of equipment - incomplete loading of equipment;

during production

process;

Simplification of planning and - complexity of management and

regulation. manoeuvring.

The subject form of specialization of workshops and the subject production structure are typical for enterprises that manufacture products in mass or large-scale volumes.

The most common type of production structure for enterprises in most industries is a subject-technological or mixed structure. It is characterized by the presence at the enterprise of the main organizational workshops, both technologically and subjectively.

Depending on the unit, which is taken as the basis for building the production structure, it happens:

case;

• shopless;

  combine.

With the shop structure, the main production unit of the enterprise is the shop.

In small enterprises with simple production processes, a workshopless structure is used, in which the largest production unit of the enterprise is the production site.

A production site is a group of geographically isolated workplaces where technologically homogeneous work or various operations for the manufacture of the same type of product are performed.

The site is headed by a foreman with at least 25 workers.

The non-workshop structure in the manufacturing industry is used in enterprises where the number of employees does not reach 500 people.

At large enterprises, which are characterized by a variety of industries, consisting of several homogeneous workshops, special production units are created - buildings. In this case, the production structure is called a corps.

At enterprises with multi-stage production processes, which are characterized by the sequential processing of raw materials, subdivisions (repartitions) are created that combine a certain part of the production process, where the finished part of the finished product is manufactured. Combined production structures are created at such enterprises.

A manufacturing enterprise is a separate specialized unit, the basis of which is a professionally organized labor collective. Manufacturing enterprises include plants, factories, combines, mines, quarries, ports, roads, bases and other economic organizations for industrial purposes.

Each enterprise is a single production and technical organism. Production and technical unity is the most important feature of the enterprise. It is determined by the common purpose of manufactured products or the processes of their production and creates conditions for qualified and efficient management of the enterprise.

An enterprise may consist of technologically homogeneous shops or sections (spinning shops at a spinning mill, shops for small, large and other types of casting at a foundry); from technologically heterogeneous shops or sections, as a result of the joint efforts of which certain products are produced (foundry, forging, thermal, mechanical and other shops of machine-building plants; spinning, weaving and finishing shops of textile factories; blast furnace, open-hearth and rolling shops of metallurgical plants, etc. .).

An essential feature that unites the enterprise into a single organism is the presence of a common auxiliary economy serving all parts of the enterprise, as well as the unity of the territory (the latter is not necessary in some cases, for example, at combines). The common auxiliary economy and the unity of the territory create closer ties between the individual links of the enterprise.

The enterprise also has organizational unity, which means that there is a single management, accounting, and development strategy.

An important feature that characterizes an enterprise is its economic unity, that is, the unity of the team of workers employed on it, the commonality of material, technical and financial resources, as well as the economic results of work.

Company structure

Structure is a set of elements that make up a system and stable links between them. The structure of an enterprise is the composition and ratio of its internal links: workshops, departments, laboratories and other components that make up a single economic object. The factors determining the structure of an enterprise are: the nature of the product and the technology of its manufacture, the scale of production, the degree of specialization of the enterprise and its cooperation with other factories and plants, as well as the degree of specialization of production within the enterprise.

There is no set standard for structure. The structure of a particular enterprise is constantly being adjusted under the influence of production and economic conditions, scientific and technological progress and socio-economic processes.

Along with this, with all the variety of structures, all manufacturing enterprises have identical functions, the main of which are the manufacture and marketing of products. In order to ensure normal functioning, the enterprise must include workshops or workshops for the manufacture of the main products (performance of work, provision of services) and maintenance of the production process.

In addition, each enterprise, regardless of its size, industry affiliation and level of specialization, is constantly working to place orders for the manufacture of products; organizes its preservation and sale to the customer; ensures the purchase and supply of the necessary raw materials, materials, components, tools, equipment, energy resources.

Finally, in order for each employee at any time to do exactly what is needed for the rest and the entire enterprise as a whole, governing bodies are needed. These bodies are entrusted with the task of determining a long-term strategy, coordinating and monitoring the current activities of personnel, as well as hiring, processing and placement of personnel. All structural units of the enterprise, thus, are interconnected through the management system, which becomes its head body.

Unlike the general structure, the production structure of an enterprise is a form of organization of the production process and is expressed in the size of the enterprise, in the number and composition of workshops and services created at the enterprise, their layout, as well as in the composition, number and layout of production sites and jobs. inside workshops created in accordance with the division of the production process into large links, partial production processes and production operations.

The production structure characterizes the division of labor between the divisions of the enterprise and their cooperation. It has a significant impact on the technical and economic indicators of production, on the structure of enterprise management, the organization of operational and accounting.

The production structure of the enterprise is dynamic. With the improvement of technology and production technology, management, organization of production and labor, the production structure is also being improved. The improvement of the production structure creates conditions for the intensification of production, the efficient use of labor, material and financial resources, and the improvement of product quality.

Elements of the production structure

The main elements of the production structure of the enterprise are jobs, sites and workshops. The primary and most important link in the spatial organization of production is workplace. A workplace is an organizationally indivisible link in the production process, serviced by one or more workers, designed to perform a specific production or service operation, equipped with appropriate equipment and organizational and technical means. One worker can work at the workplace (for example, a turner at lathe, locksmith at the vise) or a group, a team of workers (for example, a blacksmith, a heater, a feeder - at a blacksmith's hammer, a team of locksmiths - at an assembly stand). In some cases, a multi-station workplace is created when one worker uses two or more pieces of equipment.

Plot- a production unit that combines a number of jobs grouped according to certain characteristics, carrying out part of the overall production process for the manufacture of products or maintenance of the production process. In small and medium-sized enterprises where a shopless structure has been introduced, the production site may have features characteristic of a shop (see below). Only the degree of administrative and economic independence of such a section is less than that of the shop, and the service apparatus is much more limited than the shop apparatus. At the production site, in addition to the main and auxiliary workers, there is a leader - the foreman of the site.

Production sites specialize in detail and technology. In the first case, jobs are interconnected by a partial production process for the manufacture of a certain part of the finished product; in the second - to perform the same operations.

The sections connected with each other by constant technological connections are united into workshops.

Shop- most a complex system, which is part of the production structure, which includes production sites and a number of functional bodies as subsystems. Complex relationships arise in the workshop: it is characterized by a rather complex structure and organization with developed internal and external relations.

The workshop is the main structural unit large enterprise. It is endowed with a certain production and economic independence, is a separate organizational, technical and administrative production unit and performs the tasks assigned to it. production functions. Each workshop receives from the plant management a single task that regulates the scope of work performed, quality indicators and marginal costs for the planned scope of work.

Usually, the following types of workshops and production sites are distinguished: main, auxiliary, service and secondary.

AT main workshops and at production sites, either a certain stage of the production process is performed to convert the main raw materials or semi-finished products into finished products of the enterprise (for example, foundries, mechanical and assembly shops at a machine-building plant), or all stages of production are performed for the direct manufacture of any product or part of it (shop of refrigerators, shop of round calibers, etc.).

Auxiliary shops or sections contribute to the production of the main products, creating conditions for the normal operation of the main shops: they equip them with tools, provide energy, etc. The auxiliary ones include repair, tool, model, energy and some other shops.

Service shops and farms perform work on servicing the main and auxiliary shops, being engaged in the transportation and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products, etc.

Side shops are engaged in the use and processing of waste from the main production (for example, a consumer goods workshop).

These principles underlie the structure of the enterprise of any industry. Enterprises have especially much in common in the construction of auxiliary and service farms. Repair and energy shops, transport and storage facilities are created at enterprises of any industry. The machine-building enterprise has a tool shop, and textile factory- roller and shuttle workshops, which produce the tools necessary for textile production.

At the same time, enterprises of various industries have individual characteristics in the structure, which are determined mainly by the nature of the main production. As for the organizations for servicing workers, they are, as a rule, of the same type as those that exist at enterprises in other industries.

Workshop specialization

The main production shops are formed in accordance with the profile of the enterprise, as well as depending on specific types of products, scale and production technology. At the same time, they are faced with the tasks of timely release of products, reduction of production costs, improvement of the quality of products, the possibility of prompt restructuring of production for the production of new products in accordance with rapidly changing market needs. These tasks are solved on the basis of rational specialization and location of workshops, their cooperation within the enterprise, ensuring the proportionality and unity of the rhythm of the production process from the first to the last operation.

The specialization of workshops takes the following forms: subject; detailed (aggregate); technological (stage); territorial, as well as mixed.

Subject Specialization consists in concentrating in separate shops the main part or the entire production process for the manufacture of specific types and sizes of finished products. For example, in a confectionery factory, there are separate workshops for the production of caramel, for the production of cookies and for the production of cakes. Common to these various workshops is a single engineering and technical service, logistics and product sales, warehouses, which reduces their overall production costs.

Detailed (aggregate) specialization most common in mechanical engineering. Its essence lies in the fact that each workshop is assigned the production of not the entire machine, but only individual parts or assemblies. For example, on car factory engines are manufactured separately in specialized workshops, a gearbox, a cabin, etc. are separately manufactured. All these units are transferred to the assembly shop, where the finished car is assembled from them.

Technological (stage) specialization based on operational division labor between departments. At the same time, in the process of movement of objects of labor from raw materials to finished products, fundamental differences in the production technology of each workshop stand out. So, at a textile mill, raw materials first enter the carding shop, where they are converted into fiber. The last goes to the spinning shop. Threads are spun from the fiber in this workshop, from which the fabric is made in the weaving workshop. The final finishing of the canvas is carried out in the dyeing shop.

At a number of enterprises, in order to improve the quality of processing, reduce production costs or improve sanitary working conditions, one technological operation is assigned to individual workshops and sections. For example, the painting of individual components and parts from which the finished product is completed. These can be heat treatment operations, drying of materials, etc., i.e., a separate technological stage in the manufacture of finished products. Stage specialization of workshops and sections is widely used in almost all industries, in construction, and partly in agriculture.

Territorial specialization production units is most typical for transport enterprises, Agriculture and construction. At the same time, each workshop, section can perform the same work and produce the same products, but in different, distant territories.

A mixed type of production structure is often found in light industry(shoe, clothing production), in mechanical engineering and in a number of other industries. This type of production structure has a number of advantages: it reduces the volume of intra-shop transportation, reduces the duration of the production cycle for manufacturing products, improves working conditions, and reduces the cost of production.

Improving the production structure implies the expansion of subject and mixed specialization, the organization of sites and workshops with a high load of equipment, the centralization of auxiliary departments of the enterprise.

Vasily Ilyich Titov, Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Economics and Enterprise Management Russian University Friendship of Peoples (PFUR).

basis production activities economy is industrial enterprise, or production system(PS) - a part of the production process that has become isolated as a result of the division of labor in the form of a specialized economic unit, capable of satisfying the needs of consumers independently or together with other parts.

The role of the enterprise in the economy is due to the fact that it is the "generator of wealth" of society:

• generates goods and purchasing power to purchase them;
• supports the expansion of social infrastructure and provides a return on capital;
• creates jobs for themselves, suppliers, in the public sector;
• ensures its own growth.

The specific content of the management of production activities are, in particular:

• selection and justification of the production structure of the enterprise, its production capacity, specialization of workshops, organization of sites, jobs;
• determination of the composition of the equipment, taking into account its technical and economic characteristics; organization of technical training and Maintenance production;
• definition and management personnel enterprises; selection and organization of production, based on the interests of market consumers;
• obtaining the necessary ratio of economic results (profit and costs) as a result of production;
• determination and organization of the rational movement of objects of labor, the rate of release and launch into production of the entire range of products;
• organization of material and technical supply of production, based on its uninterrupted functioning;

The enterprise consists of subdivisions of shops, departments, services, etc., performing certain functions, which are elements of the production structure of the enterprise.

Production structure of the enterprise- is a set of production units of the enterprise (workshops, services) included in its composition, and the forms of relations between them.

The production structure depends on the type of products and its nomenclature, the type of production and forms of its specialization, on the features of technological processes. Moreover, the latter are the most important factor determining the production structure of the enterprise.

The production structure is, in essence, a form of organization of the production process. It distinguishes divisions of production:

• main;
• auxiliary;
• serving.

In the shops (subdivisions) of the main production, objects of labor are converted into finished products.

Workshops (subdivisions) of auxiliary production provide conditions for the functioning of the main production (provision of tools, energy, equipment repair).

Subdivisions of service production provide the main and auxiliary production with transport, warehouses (storage), technical control etc.

Thus, the main, auxiliary and service workshops and production facilities are distinguished in the enterprise.

In turn, the workshops of the main production (in mechanical engineering, instrument making) are divided into:

• procurement;
• processing;
• assembly.

Blanking shops carry out preliminary shaping of product parts (casting, hot stamping, cutting of blanks, etc.)

In the processing workshops, mechanical, thermal, chemical-thermal, galvanizing, welding, paint coatings, etc. are processed.

In assembly shops, assembly units and products are assembled, they are adjusted, adjusted, and tested.

On the basis of the production structure, a general plan of the enterprise is developed, i.e. the spatial arrangement of all workshops and services, as well as routes and communications on the territory of the plant. In this case, straightness must be ensured material flows. The shops must be located in the sequence of the production process.

Shop- this is the main structural production unit of an enterprise, administratively isolated and specializing in the production of a certain part or products or in the performance of technologically homogeneous or identical work purposes. Workshops are divided into sections, which are a group of jobs united according to certain characteristics.

Shops and sections are created according to the principle of specialization:

• technological;
• subject;
• subject-closed;
• mixed.

Technological Specialization is based on the unity of applied technological processes. At the same time, a high loading of equipment is ensured, but operational and production planning becomes more difficult, the production cycle is lengthened due to increased transport operations. Technological specialization is used mainly in single and small-scale production.

Rice. 1 Production structure of an enterprise with technological specialization (fragment)

Subject Specialization is based on the concentration of activities of shops (sections) on the production of homogeneous products. This allows you to concentrate the production of a part or product within a workshop (section), which creates the prerequisites for organizing direct-flow production, simplifies planning and accounting, and shortens the production cycle. Subject specialization is typical for large-scale and mass production.

Fig. 2 Production structure of an enterprise with subject specialization (fragment)

If a complete cycle of manufacturing a part or product is carried out within a workshop or site, this subdivision is called subject-closed.

Workshops (sections) organized according to the subject-closed principle of specialization have significant economic advantages, as this reduces the duration of the production cycle as a result of the complete or partial elimination of oncoming or return movements, reduces the loss of time for equipment changeover, and simplifies the system of planning and operational management the course of production.

A comparison of production structures with technological and subject specialization is shown in Figures 1 and 2.

The production structure of the workshop is shown in fig. 3.

The main type of production units are workshops, where a certain part of the production process is carried out. They can be procurement (for example, foundry, forging, pressing); processing (thermal, galvanic), assembly. At large enterprises, workshops are combined into production facilities (buildings), while at the same time, small enterprises (workshops) may not have workshops at all.

Medium and large workshops have more than 50 pieces of equipment and more than 100 employees and have a rather complex structure, depending on the characteristics of the technology.

Fig 3 Production structure of the workshop

Yes, shop machine-building enterprise consists of services (dispatching, technological, economic), and production sites, which can be technologically if subject-specific. In the first case, each section performs a certain set of operations on heterogeneous parts; in the second - heterogeneous operations on homogeneous parts.

Enterprises are characterized by: production and technical unity, organizational and administrative independence and economic isolation (full or partial).

basis production and technical unity is a complex of related and complementary industries that together form a complete whole. This complex has a commonality of consumed raw materials, materials, technological processes, on the basis of the interaction of which final products and services are created.

essence organizational and administrative independence consists in the fact that the enterprise, represented by its management, within the powers granted to it, makes and implements decisions regarding the mechanism and results of its functioning, the activities of personnel. Most often, such independence is supported by the right of a legal entity.

Economic isolation enterprise means that it owns a certain amount of fixed and working capital; it reveals the final financial results its activities - profit or loss; has the ability, within the established limits, to independently manage financial resources (net profit, accumulated depreciation, loans), has a bank account, an integrated accounting and reporting system.

The company is based on resource systems: spatial, technical, technological, personnel, informational, financial, within which each of them can reveal its potential only in connection with others. Their composition, structure and quality characteristics reflect the production profile of the enterprise, determine the limiting possibilities of production, and limit the product range.

A set of products that can be produced without significant changes in composition, structure, quality characteristics disposable resources characterizes the breadth of the production profile.

A narrow profile, that is, a limited product range, allows the use of high-performance non-specialized equipment, obtaining economies of scale in production, but gives it conservatism and inertia. At the same time, the excessive breadth of the production profile leads to the need for significant investments in the material and technical base of the enterprise in order to give it flexibility and maneuverability.

Enterprises are classified according to various criteria:

• to size;
• on the scope of functioning and the nature of the products;
• by type of production processes;
• by degree of specialization;
• by the level of mechanization and automation of the main production processes;
• on the technical and production base.

Enterprise size can be expressed by three main indicators: the volume of products or services provided; the value of production potential, which is most often characterized by the cost of fixed capital; the number of employees. Under the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, the first two indicators are more preferable, because automation and computerization of production lead to a decrease in the number of employees with an increase in the scale of activities and production volumes.

Depending on the areas of functioning and character youlaunched products enterprises are divided into industrial, agricultural, transport, trade, etc.

By type of production processes are distinguished enterprises with mass (pencil factory), serial (house-building plant) and single (shipyard) products.

Based degrees of specialization enterprises are singled out: universal, producing diverse and not necessarily technologically related products (machine-building production); specialized, producing homogeneous products or services (bearing plant); factories, the production process at which consists of separate stages (stages), at each of which a product is created in an independent completed form, which allows it to be used both within the framework of this enterprise at subsequent stages of production, and to transfer it to other enterprises. For example, at metallurgical plants, pig iron, steel, and rolled products are sequentially produced from iron ore, which are intended both for domestic consumption and for sale to the outside.

With considering level of mechanization and automation of the mainmanufacturing, processes can talk about automated enterprises where the role of people is reduced to the supervision and control of equipment (for example, chemical plants, power plants); comprehensively mechanized, on which a person directly controls his work, which is typical for modern mechanical engineering; partially mechanized, the work on which requires the personnel to apply certain physical efforts associated, say, with placing a part on a machine, removing waste, etc.

In general, the type of enterprise is determined, first of all, by the composition and structure of its technical and production base, to which we now turn.

Under type of production understand the complex characteristics of the characteristics of the organization, technology and economics of production. The type of production is influenced by a number of factors: the breadth of the range and the level of specialization, the scale of production, the stability of products, etc.

There are three types of production: single, serial and mass. (one) Single production is characterized by a small (piece) volume of production of a diverse and inconsistent range of products for limited consumption. As a rule, re-production and repair of these products are not provided. (2) Mass production characterized by the simultaneous production of a wide range of homogeneous products in series, the release of which is repeated for a long time. In this case, a series is understood as the production of a number of structurally identical products launched into production in batches (series), simultaneously or sequentially, continuously during a certain planning period. (3) Mass production is characterized by continuity and a relatively long period of production of a limited range of homogeneous products in significant quantities.

Comparative characteristics of the types of production are presented in Table. 11.1. As can be seen from the table, single, small-scale production is characterized by the manufacture of parts and products of an unlimited, wide range. This type of production must be flexible enough, there is no repeatability of output, a sequential transfer of objects of labor from operation to operation is used.

Table 11.1. Comparative characteristics of production types

comparable sign	Type of production
	Unit	Serial	Mass
Nomenclature and volume of issue	Unlimited range of custom parts	Wide range of batch-produced parts	Limited range of high volume parts
Release repeatability	Is absent	Repeats periodically	Constantly repeats
Applicable equipment	Universal	Universal, partially special	Mostly special
Assigning operations to machines	Is absent	Fixed a limited number of detail operations	One or two operations are fixed
Location equipment	By groups of homogeneous machines	By groups for processing structurally and technologically homogeneous parts	In the course of the technological process of processing parts
Transfer of objects of labor from operation to operation	consistent	Parallel consistent	Parallel
Form of organization of the production process	Technological	Subject, group, flexible subject	rectilinear

Source: Organization of production and enterprise management: Textbook / Ed. O.G. Turovets. 3rd ed. M.: INFRA-M, 2011. S. 165.

The equipment and tooling used here are universal, which ensures the manufacture of parts of the required wide range. Highly skilled workers are involved in the operations, as they have to perform a variety of jobs. The production sites here are built according to the technological principle, and the equipment is placed in homogeneous groups. In the conditions of a single, small series production increasing requirements for operational and production planning. Here it is necessary to exercise strict control over the passage of each detail through the operations of the production process. There are also difficulties in ensuring the fullest possible loading of jobs.

In conditions of single, small-scale production, the cost of manufacturing parts and the product as a whole increases relatively. First of all, due to the high labor intensity and, consequently, high specific gravity costs for wages workers in the cost structure. Therefore, the main task is, if possible, to use serial methods of organizing production and labor, mainly through the use of constructive identity of component parts, assemblies and products as a whole.

Mass production characterized by a wide range of parts manufactured in batches, series. Periodically, the production of such parts is repeated, which makes it possible to use, along with universal, special, more high-performance equipment. The transfer of objects of labor is carried out by a parallel-sequential, more productive method, a limited number of detail operations is assigned to the machines, and the equipment itself is arranged in groups for processing structurally and technologically homogeneous parts. As a result, under the conditions of serial production, in comparison with a single production, the labor intensity of manufacturing products and their cost are reduced: the acceleration of the processing of parts allows reducing the volume of work in progress. The serial type of organization of production is approaching the flow, mass.

Mass production - the most efficient and high performance. Its main advantage is the limited range of parts produced in significant volumes and constantly repeated. This allows the use of special, high-performance equipment, which is located in the course of the technological process of processing parts. In such conditions, it becomes possible to mechanize and automate production processes as much as possible, to use automatic production lines. One or two operations are assigned to each machine, on which workers of average qualification can be used. Parallel transfer of objects of labor from operation to operation is widely used.

At the same time, in conditions of mass production, the importance of precise operational and production planning and ensuring the rhythm of production is growing. So mass production the most productive, the cost of manufactured products is relatively low here.

Naturally, the use of one or another type of production is dictated by the features of the nomenclature and the volume of products planned for manufacture. At the same time, one should strive to use elements of serial production in single-piece production and mass production in serial production.