Science products. Export of science-intensive and high-tech products. Science intensity is an important component of modern production

23.09.2020

In the Soviet era, half of the industrial production. The defense industry was the source of the most important geopolitical advantage of the USSR. The system of professional technical training, higher educational institutions, the Academy of Sciences, closed and semi-closed cities. Defense enterprises were provided with leading scientific and technical developments, staffed with highly qualified personnel, equipped with modern equipment. There was no shortage of funding under the state defense order. As a result, nuclear, space-rocket and aviation projects implemented in the interests of the country's defense capability turned out to be world-class innovations. Many developments of those years are still relevant today.

SCIENCE-INTENSIVE PRODUCTS

The sharp decline in production volumes in Russia since 1990 and the unstable position of many enterprises producing science-intensive products in recent years indicate the absence of established market mechanisms for the reproduction of the science-intensive sector of Russian industry. In fact, only those enterprises of science-intensive industries that began to work for foreign markets. At the same time, the bulk of the developments used by enterprises are those made before 1990, and the products are mostly a modification of those produced earlier.

The potential of the modern Russian economy, to a greater extent than the Soviet one, is aimed at serving the export of raw materials to the world market. Due to sharp fluctuations in the commodity market, the economy cannot be in a state of stable equilibrium for a long time. The growth of knowledge-intensive markets is possible with the redistribution of financial, labor and other resources from other markets. The economy of dynamically developing countries of the world and companies is characterized by high intensity, effectiveness of scientific, technical and innovative activities, development of resource-saving technologies. The successful introduction of scientific and technological developments in these countries allows them to occupy a dominant position in world markets. In addition, the final products of science-intensive industries have a larger share of value added than in other industries.

When creating many science-intensive industries, due to the need for significant investments, there is a natural process of integrating resources, primarily financial, and distribution networks. The affiliation of sectors of the economy to the category of knowledge-intensive is characterized by the indicator of knowledge-intensive products, which is determined by the ratio of R&D costs to total costs or sales volume. It is believed that for science-intensive industries this indicator should be 1.2-1.5 times higher than the average level for the manufacturing industry in industrialized countries. It is problematic to define the exact criterion of science intensity, since, in addition to the difference in the indicator by industry, in one industry in different countries (due to differences in the structure of costs attributed to R&D), there is a tendency to increase the share of R&D over time. The minimum threshold is currently around 5%.

The main characteristic features of knowledge-intensive industries are:

The presence of scientific schools, teams of designers and technologists capable of creating unique and competitive products on the world market (such as the schools of V.P. Glushko, A.N. Tupolev and other outstanding chief designers of the last century);

The predominance of highly qualified engineering and technical staff and production staff in the total number of employees of the enterprise;

A public and effective system for training highly qualified personnel;

An effective system for protecting intellectual property rights;

Rapid implementation of developments that provide increased competitiveness, high production dynamism;

Government incentives and support (legislative, financial and tax);

Active and efficient investment and innovation activities;

Use of advanced technologies in production;

The long life cycle of many types of products, reaching, for example, in civil aviation, according to The Airline Monitor for the past years, 30-40 years: 5-7 years - development, 1-2 years - production, 27 years - average service life;

High unit R&D costs and a number of other factors.

The availability of financial resources for the implementation of an R&D project depends on the state of the company, determined by its activities. Therefore, the company's cash flows both in the implementation of a specific project and in general should be estimated with the greatest possible accuracy. Conducting high-quality calculations requires highly qualified economists and financial managers. However, there are a number of tasks that require the involvement of external consultants. These tasks include the evaluation of science-intensive products, which requires adequate methods and highly qualified specialists. Among such projects, for example, a project to assess the market value of the Sukhoi Superjet100 aircraft at the manufacturing stage, carried out by specialists from CJSC BF-Otsenka, which is part of the Bona Fide Finance Group.

An important component of any large project is marketing research aimed at forecasting the sales of products (this article does not consider products purchased exclusively by the Ministry of Defense). In most cases, the cost of developing a product and subsequent sales volumes are decisive factors in the decision to initiate financing. The practice of the well-known marketing company "Consulting House "Griffin" has shown that the relevance of the conducted marketing research potential investors are particularly sensitive to negative findings regarding future product sales. The potential savings are at least tens of millions of dollars.

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

The life cycle of a product begins from the moment the financing of the R&D stage begins, during which the appearance of the product is determined. This is followed by the development technical documentation, R & D, manufacturing and testing of individual components and assemblies. This stage ends with the release of documentation and the creation of a prototype. Further testing of the prototype and fine-tuning of the product are carried out.

After successful tests, during which confirmation of the specified characteristics was obtained, it becomes possible to mass-produce and operate products. The operation of the product after the cessation of serial production continues to such a level of obsolescence that even after a deep modernization it is unable to provide the required level of efficiency (subject to a normal physical condition and economic feasibility of the modernization).

The costs at all these stages affect the cost of the product. Significant cost component life cycle are the costs of operating and repairing the product. To carry out the operation, it is also necessary to create an appropriate service.

COST ESTIMATE

The main feature of projects for the evaluation of high-tech products is the uniqueness of the objects themselves. When conducting an assessment, it is necessary to take into account many factors, such as market development, the economic life of the product, inflation, changes in GDP, changes in fuel prices, and others. Evaluation is carried out, as a rule, using three approaches: cost, comparative and income (reflecting the past, present and future).

For example, the methodology for evaluating an aircraft at the manufacturing stage can be formalized as follows.

As part of the cost approach, R&D costs are determined in relation to the planned number of products for release, and the average cost of manufacturing the product is added to the resulting value.

As part of comparative approach comparison is made on key parameters. It is necessary to investigate the dependence of the prices of analogues on flight performance and operational characteristics. The most significant indicators that affect catalog and market prices for aircraft include the number of seats (passenger capacity), flight range, operating costs (you can choose other parameters).

Within the framework of the income approach, the reduced cash flow, calculated for the most typical operating conditions, based on the range of routes, operating conditions, and other factors.

Conducting an economic assessment (prior to manufacturing, at the manufacturing stage, efficiency assessment, etc.) is relevant for development companies and manufacturing companies that bear risks at the design and manufacturing stage, air carriers interested in minimizing operating costs, and leasing companies interested in in the timely receipt of lease payments, as well as in some cases financing the manufacture of products.

The quality of management in knowledge-intensive industries has far-reaching consequences, while the cost of error and responsibility for decisions are much higher than in other industries.

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Introduction

1. Science-intensive products and macrotechnologies

3. Global markets for macro technologies. Russia's place in the market

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Macrotechnology, as a combination of all technological processes(R&D, R&D, preparation for production, production, marketing and service support of the project) to create a certain type of product with specified parameters is an important area of development at present.

The share of 9 highly developed countries (out of about 150 countries with economies market type) accounts for about 80-90% of all science-intensive products and almost all of its exports, Russia's share is only 0.3%. These countries own 46 out of 50 macro technologies. The United States accounts for 20-22 macrotechnologies in which they either share or hold leadership, Germany - 8-10, Japan - 7, England and France - 3-5, Sweden, Norway, Italy, Switzerland - - 1-2 macrotechnologies each, for the rest of the world - 3-4 macrotechnologies. The share of Russia is only 0.3%.

The economic "miracle" of Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong occurred primarily due to the fact that the "powerful ones" implanted 1-2 macro technologies in these countries. Singapore owns only one macro technology - microelectronics and has a turnover of 6.8 billion dollars a year from it.

Russia for the period up to 2025 could set the task of priority development in 12-16 macrotechnologies, given that in 6-7 macrotechnologies our total level of knowledge is equal to or exceeds the world level (aviation, space, nuclear power, shipbuilding, special metallurgy and energy mechanical engineering). Therefore, the task of Russia's industrial policy is to maintain the achieved advantage in the development of macrotechnologies, master new macrotechnologies and bring the corresponding industries to the world level.

1. Science-intensive products and macro technologies

At the turn of the 20th-21st centuries, a new model of scientific and technological development of the most developed countries was formed - the production of science-intensive products based on macrotechnologies - the totality of knowledge, specific technologies and production capabilities for the production of products and services that have potential markets on a global scale. Macrotechnologies acquire the importance of a key specialization in the world market and are of a criterion nature in relation to a country's relation to a group of developed or developing ones.

The civilian sector of science industry has become a leader in the scientific and technological field: 60-70% of scientific and technological developments are used for defense industrial complex(OPK) of developed countries is the result of scientific and technological work in the civilian sectors of the economy and science. This is due to the fact that weapons systems are developed and produced for a long time, for decades. The rate of change in the market for civilian goods and technologies is much higher and is accelerating every day.

Modern scientific and technological development and production of science-intensive products in the world is associated with only 50-55 macro technologies. Among the macro-technologies that determine the future of the world economy, there are:

Biotechnologies (biotechnics, gene therapy);

Aerospace technology;

Information and communication technologies;

Nanotechnologies - creation of new materials with predetermined properties;

Energy and thermonuclear technologies, non-traditional energy, etc.

Assessing the current situation in the world, one can note that Russia's positions in high-tech markets do not correspond to the status of a developed country. Approximately 8% of GDP growth in the Russian Federation is achieved through high-tech sectors (in developed countries - 60%). And the share of Russia in the world market of high technologies does not exceed 1%. The existing set of problems of the Russian economy can be solved only on the basis of a new type of economy that produces high-tech intellectual goods, combines the production of knowledge and technology with economic activity.

The last years in Russia (2006-2011) became a turning point in terms of the country's economic development strategy, its priorities began to turn from the former "raw materials" to "high-tech". If earlier the main emphasis was on stimulating new scientific developments-innovations, now the emphasis is shifting towards the commercialization of innovations. This is a fundamentally important change towards the activation of the scientific and technical policy of the state in the direction of obtaining real results. We see this both from the results of the implementation of federal target programs (FTP) of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, and from the results of the activities of industry-specific and subordinate organizations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in particular, in the field of dual technologies. Today, the most promising is the symbiosis of civil and defense technologies in new developments. These examples show that teams that have worked in the defense industry for a long time, or left this industry, have accumulated a lot of scientific, technological and organizational experience in solving a variety of scientific and technological projects, today they are starting to actively engage in civil technologies that can be used in the defense industry.

Throughout the period of market reforms in Russia, research continued in the field of designing industrial, competitive, and scientific and technical policy. These studies have been especially active since 2003. Works devoted to the theory and methodology of the "new economy" began to appear. These are the works of E.F. Avdokushina, V.S. Sizova, A.L. Gaponenko, N.N. Dumnoy, L.E. Mindeli and others. However, they do not pay enough attention to the influence of the “new economy” on the industrial sphere, competition and competitiveness in it, i.e. issues of increasing the competitiveness of industry are not specifically considered and are of a subordinate nature.

There are still few studies on the methodological aspects of innovation-based competitiveness management. For the first time in Russia, the issues of assessing the competitiveness of science-intensive engineering products using expert assessment methods based on fuzzy logic and neural network technologies were considered. These issues are especially relevant for Russia, where in the structure of the national economy there are high-tech components of the "new economy" in the form of accumulated and preserved research and technological potential in the defense industry, the information and telecommunications technology sector, but there is still a predominance of industries with low scientific and technological research component and innovative activity .

Since it is not industries that compete in world markets, but products (goods, services) based on macrotechnologies, the formation of a competitive industry, on the principle of its structuring in accordance with macrotechnologies, allows, by overcoming organizational and managerial barriers, to create new high-tech objects of innovative activity.

There is a need for a comprehensive and systematic study of the competitiveness of science-intensive products, methodological support for the theory and practice of managing it, taking into account the new economic reality, the formation and development of new competitive objects, which are becoming macrotechnologies.

Macrotechnologies are a natural result of the stage of complication and development of technologies as a way to overcome organizational and managerial barriers between different industries. Due to inter-farm technological and financial interaction, rational use production resources. This necessitates effective integration that ensures sustainable mutually beneficial ties between participants in the process of manufacturing high-tech products. We are talking not only about inter-firm integration, but also about the expansion and deepening of production and technological interaction, within which macrotechnology can develop.

Diversification of production within companies is an objective process of rejection of the sectoral principle of management, when business forms structures that best suit its interests, not only in terms of minimizing costs, but also building mechanisms focused on the production of innovative products. The institutionalization of the intersectoral principle of management is becoming formed on the basis of contracts intersectoral entities of various legal entities, focused on the production and sale of end products that are in steadily high demand. In the context of disunity constituent parts technological processes that form a single macrotechnology, "contract corporations" act as a means of overcoming the economic disunity of production.

Macrotechnology at the organizational and economic level is a form of organizational integration that includes a whole range of coordination mechanisms from contractual ties to strategic alliances, network associations and other integration structures.

The structuring of industry according to macrotechnologies creates fundamentally new requirements for technological development. The formation of innovative high-tech reproduction complexes characterizes the new look of modern industry, which makes it possible to evaluate this structural shift as a change in the technical, economic, organizational and managerial paradigm industrial development when instead of "bushes" of enterprises, "bushes" of technologies are formed. The peculiarity of this paradigm is that the branched “bushes” of technologies that are being formed are not always tied to specific enterprises, and their change in macrotechnological complexes of interconnected industries occurs in accordance with the logic of macrotechnology: only those that qualitatively meet the technical and technological level of the final product remain. The transition to macrotechnologies as a new object of management is due to the ideology and practice of business process reengineering, when it became clear that in order to form the most progressive areas of production, there is no need to finance and support the entire corporation, but it is necessary to focus only on that part of it where the most progressive technologies, rationalizing their interaction.

Within the framework of macrotechnology, a new mechanism for the process interaction of business entities is being formed, which creates the prerequisites for rationalizing material and financial flows, harmonizing domestic prices, facilitating the struggle for foreign markets, and reducing financial risks and the need for working capital, streamline the interaction of economic agents on the basis of specialization and cooperation. The subject of macrotechnologies management can be the state or a large economic entity.

With well-established forms of public-private partnerships, with well-established forms of attracting business to solve national problems, as was practiced, for example, in Japan when implementing fifth-generation computer programs, the state becomes a consolidating force for mobilizing the private sector to solve national problems in the formation of macrotechnologies.

Macrotechnology, being a form of cooperation and consolidation of independent economic entities, as a whole has its own coordination mechanism, which makes it similar to a business organization. Being a qualitatively new phenomenon modern economy, it becomes the center of gravity for a whole range of the latest technologies in various industries, and through this it is a form of a qualitative change in the state of the country's production potential, modernization of the main sectors of the national economy, necessary for the production of modern and competitive products. Each macrotechnology draws hundreds of enterprises of various industries into cooperation in the production of its final products and, in order to achieve its goals, determines the interaction of large, medium and small businesses. Involving medium and small businesses into the orbit of their movement and development, macrotechnologies give them the opportunity to function in a niche of high competitiveness, while simultaneously demanding from them a high return on quality and manufacturability. In this way, macrotechnologies contribute to raising the technological level of the entire industrial sector of the country and increasing the competitiveness of all companies admitted to it, regardless of their size and profile.

Macrotechnologies are becoming high-tech objects of innovation activity, having the following properties that are generally significant for the socio-economic development of the country:

Bring an effect that goes beyond the scope of the companies involved in each specific macro technology, contributing to the restructuring and diversification of the industry;

Have the potential for wide cross-industry use;

Have a breakthrough character, i.e. open up new potential markets;

To create new products and technologies capable of dynamizing the entire process of developing new markets.

The implementation of these properties of macrotechnology is feasible in the conditions of coordinating the goals of all business partners and the state in the process of commercial and non-commercial interaction. At the present stage of development in Russia, macrotechnologies should become objects state regulation economy.

2. Signs and criteria for evaluating knowledge-intensive markets and industries

science-intensive market products macrotechnology

The process of outstripping growth of costs for science and education in the structure of material production is reflected in the concept of “science intensity” of economic sectors. AT general case The products of any production or industry are called F-capacity if the share of costs for factor F in its value is higher than the average share of similar costs in the cost of products of other industries or sectors of the economy.

It is customary to refer to the science-intensive category such products, in the production of which the share of costs for research and development in total costs or in sales is at least 3.5-4.5%. This barrier value of the product science intensity criterion is not strict and universal: firstly, it differs in different countries; secondly, the methodology for attributing R&D costs (that is, their structure) in different countries is also not the same. There is another indicator - science output, which is understood as the ratio of the volume of sales of science-intensive products to R&D expenses for a certain period of time (usually a year). The criterion for the effectiveness of science output is the relative growth in sales of a new (from the point of view of the next qualitatively different from the previous generation) technical products) high-tech products with high consumer qualities in the market compared to the growth of the entire knowledge-intensive market (including obsolete products developed earlier, but still sold on the market).

The quality of the growth of the knowledge-intensive market is influenced by two circumstances: the first is that the market is growing mainly due to sales of products and services that correspond to the level of advanced equipment and technology in the consumer market and the manufacturing sector; second, the share of the population focused on the consumption of high-tech products should increase.

Knowledge-intensive markets are the markets for products of the fifth and higher technological orders. The core of the fifth technological order is the electronics industry, computing, fiber optics, software, telecommunications, robotics, gas production and processing, and information services. Currently, the industrial development of the sixth technological order is taking place, the core of which includes nanoelectronics, genetic engineering, multimedia interactive Information Systems, high-temperature superconductivity, space technology, fine chemistry, etc.

The main distinguishing and characteristic features of the formation of knowledge-intensive industries and the formation of a knowledge-intensive market sector in industrialized countries are:

Advanced science and scientific schools in all main areas of fundamental and applied research;

An effective and generally accessible system of education and training of highly qualified personnel, traditions and authority of high technical culture;

The emergence of a new type of social subject with specific needs for scientific and technical innovations;

Effective rights protection system intellectual property and dissemination of innovations;

The state significance of a number of branches of science in solving the issue of the country's defense capability and technological independence;

Ability and purposefulness in obtaining, mastering and, most importantly, large-scale and operational use in the industry of scientific and technological achievements that provide technological leadership and increased competitiveness;

Embedded in the global financial system and active ability to create a favorable investment climate in their own country;

Skillful use of the advantages of a program-target methodology for planning and financing large scientific and technical projects, combining the target orientation of research, development and production for a specific result with promising areas of work of a system-wide, fundamental purpose;

The high dynamism of production, which is manifested in the constant renewal of its elements (objects of research, development and production, technologies, circuit and design solutions, information flows etc.). In changing quantitative and qualitative indicators, in improving the scientific and production structure and management system;

The ability to actively and efficiently invest and innovate (in production, in accordance with global practice, the pace of renewal of the active part of the main production assets should reach 10-13%, in the scientific and experimental base -30-40% per year);

A high share of experimental and experimental production in the structure of the production apparatus of the economy;

Primary use in mass production only advanced technologies;

High unit costs for R&D in the structure of mass production;

A long full life cycle of many types of products (from conception to disposal), reaching 10-15 years or more (aircraft, for example, are operated for 30-40 years, constantly in need of preventive maintenance and repair, and to this stage it is necessary to add the stages of their development and production, in electronics, instrumentation, etc., the situation is, of course, different);

The key role of state support (primarily financial and tax) for innovative projects and industries at the initial stage of their formation;

Improvement of the pricing system, the content of which is to take into account all production costs, including the costs of research and development, the management system for innovative projects, the system of education and advanced training of workers, the system of recreation of highly qualified personnel, etc.;

Availability of highly qualified scientific, engineering and production personnel, absolutely prevailing in the total number of employees;

The presence of unique scientific schools and experimental design teams capable of creating products that are competitive in the world market, maintain leadership in the development of the scientific areas and technologies necessary for this, etc.

The development of a knowledge-intensive market is closely related to the globalization of the economy. These processes are not just interconnected, but also mutually conditioned: without one, there is no other. The growth of knowledge-intensive markets is due to the redistribution of financial, industrial, material and labor resources from other markets. Companies operating in the high-tech sector of the economy, on the one hand, use the advantages of this process, and on the other, they themselves accelerate it with their activities.

It is difficult to name a sufficiently complete and perfect study of the mechanism of capital movement into a new economy using scientific and technological achievements. Generally, standard explanations apply:

The high profitability of such industries, associated with high industry productivity, makes them attractive to investors;

Enterprises use their monopoly position and redistribute value through the price mechanism, exploiting economic entities operating in other markets.

The emergence of knowledge-intensive industries is the result of a natural evolution of technological development, when ever-increasing costs for science and education required the creation of a closed reproductive circuit in the economy that ensures the return on investment, including expanding the research and development base and improving the education system. In addition, as noted in studies of technical, economic and technological development, there is an explicit or implicit idea of the existence of a functional relationship between the costs of developing science and the scientific and technical level of products.

The profitability of knowledge-intensive industries at all stages of their development is higher than in industries with a conservative type of development. A characteristic feature of the largest and most successful science-intensive industries is that most of their products are designed to meet the needs of the general population. Hence the high rates of profitability (as is known, the average level of profitability to investment capital in the amount of 7-8%) is considered normal in the world economy. Information published in the Financial Times newspaper on the top 50 top companies in the world with a profitability of more than 15% on investment capital shows that they mainly produce products that correspond to the latest technological paradigm (fifth or sixth according to the existing chronology). Companies involved in the extraction and processing of minerals have long since left this list. This is natural: the share of R&D costs in these companies is relatively small. For example, for the largest oil companies, the ratio of research and development costs to sales does not even reach 1%. In Russia, the picture is different: in 1999 out of 20 largest companies 18 were raw materials and processing (electric power, gas, oil, metallurgical), and two machine-building - AvtoVAZ and GAZ - and did not belong to the category of science-intensive.

Analyzing international experience, it should be noted that the development of the science-intensive sector of the economy always and everywhere exacerbates the problem of highly qualified personnel. Inviting specialists from other countries does not completely solve this problem, the deficit exists and is increasing. According to the American Association for Information Technology and Technology (ITAA), the shortage of personnel in the US computer industry in 1998 was about 350 thousand people. (in 1997 -190 thousand people). The Division of Technical and Technological Policy at the US Department of Commerce believes that by 2005 the shortage of personnel in this industry will exceed 1 million people. Similar problems arise in some other industrialized countries that have made a breakthrough in the information economy. Consequently, in order to maintain growth rates in the high-tech science-intensive industry, the countries that develop it have to use the intellectual potential of less developed countries, which have lower costs. scientific work. As a result, a new trend has emerged: companies in the US, Western Europe and Japan are moving part of their research laboratories to those countries where there is a good education system, including Russia.

The emerging general trend is such that in the future the countries of the “golden billion” will monopolize the functions of strategic planning and management of most of the medium and high-tech industries. This is logical, since they will also be the main investors and consumers of the products of these industries.

International cooperation, attracting foreign investment provides significant opportunities for expanding the scope of the latest technologies. The creation of many knowledge-intensive industries is unbearable for the economies of even large states. Therefore, there is a natural process of resource integration, primarily financial, as well as distribution networks, since integration contributes to penetration into domestic markets. The processes of integration and concentration taking place in the high-tech sectors of the economy of the United States, Western Europe and Asia may soon leave the domestic engineering industry no chance to produce competitive products.

Besides, scientific resources The world economy is concentrated in a small number of countries. The US accounts for about half of all financial resources allocated to R&D. Other centers include Western Europe, Japan and Russia.

Small developed countries (Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, etc.) are among the leaders only in certain, relatively narrow areas scientific and technological progress often in cooperation with firms from other countries. Some newly developed countries (South Korea) and key developing countries (India) break through to the top in some areas.

The United States has the largest scientific and technological potential in the world. Allocated in them annually allocations for research and development exceed similar expenditures of other leading countries in scientific and technical terms, combined. In the early 90s. The total number of people employed in science and scientific services in the United States has approached 1 million. people In combination with the high level of qualifications of scientists and the technical equipment of scientific centers, this ensures the leading role of the United States in world science. The United States remains the world's largest producer of science-intensive products: their share in the world production of these products was in the mid-90s. about 40%.

Western Europe is one of the world's major centers of science. The total number of scientists in it exceeds 700 thousand people, to which should be added researchers in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe - 300 thousand people. The leading countries of the region spend more than 2% of GDP on scientific and technical research.

In 1997, there were 62 technopolises in Germany, 40 in Great Britain, and 30 in France.

For a long time, Western Europe lagged far behind the US and Japan, primarily in high-tech research. This gap, although reduced, still persists at the present time. R&D spending per capita in Western Europe is generally lower than in the US and Japan. In this region of the world, advanced technology is not widely used. The scientific and technical potential of Western European countries is largely focused on fundamental research.

Until the beginning of the 80s. Japan noticeably lagged behind the United States and partly Western Europe in terms of scientific and technical potential, especially in the field of fundamental research. But then, having exhausted the extensive factors of economic development, Japan switched to the outstripping growth of knowledge-intensive industries. To this end, the state and private companies have focused their efforts on the development of their own research instead of the predominant use of scientific and technological achievements, as was the case in the 1950s and 1960s. Japan's R&D spending increased from 2.1% of GDP in 1975 to 3.1% of GDP in 1985 and 3.0% in 1996. But, despite the success of Japanese firms in the development of knowledge-intensive industries, there is still a significant dependence on American technology.

The absolute superiority of the United States in the financial and personnel support of the scientific and technical sphere as a whole took place throughout the entire post-war period. The accelerated build-up of scientific potential in Japan led to only a slight decrease in the share of the United States in the early 1990s (48% of G7 expenditures) and, according to our calculations, this purely quantitative advantage will continue in the future (moreover, the United States intends to increase its share again up to 50%). In addition, Japan, despite the success in organizing economic efficient production and export of electronics, has not yet managed to become the undisputed leader of any fundamentally important new direction.

The length of the period during which the US state and the private sector made increasing investments in the scientific and technical sphere also ensures a qualitative effect - the balance of all parts of the innovation system, their susceptibility to new demand and supply impulses, and the relative painlessness of structural changes.

In the last decade of the twentieth century. American leadership has strengthened on a number of principled positions. First of all, this is the rapid spread and use of Internet technologies in all areas - in science and education, trade and transport, financial sector and business services, leisure and telecommunications. In 1999 and 2000 e-commerce entered the stage of "hypergrowth" in the United States, and most quickly it covered inter-company relations (business-to-business), that is, the logistics and sales of companies. Experts predict that in the UK and Germany, a similar stage in the development of e-commerce will come in about two years, in Japan, Italy and France - even later.

At the same time, although in the short term the United States remains the leader in global scientific and technological development in terms of the scale of financial and human resources involved, other developed countries may take the lead in relative terms. Thus, in terms of the knowledge intensity of the economy, Japan may come first, which is already ahead of the United States in terms of the share of civilian expenditures on R&D in GNP (2.7% versus 2% in the United States). In the manufacturing industry, American manufacturers retain their leadership in the science-intensiveness of pharmaceutical products, computer technology, and communication equipment, but are already behind Japan in the science-intensiveness of instrumentation.

If we take into account the scientific activities of multinational, international and transnational corporations and look at the market through their eyes, then all differences by region are directly related to the investment climate and the size of the sales markets. Thus, fluctuations in the level of knowledge intensity of the country's economy can be reduced to the question of the investment attractiveness of this economy as a whole. And since innovative projects are more risky compared to other types of long-term investments, the level of economic stability of the region should be at a height that allows strategic planning in the range up to 25 - 30 years.

3. Global markets for macro technologies. Russia's place in the market

There are plenty of concepts and forecasts concerning the future of Russia put forward. Their approaches and opinions are very different.

Some of the Western countries, speaking about the future of Russia, predict that it will play the role of a storehouse of resources for the needs of the West, adding that 40-50 million people will be enough for Russia. If we accept the logic of such a forecast, then the financial elite generated by transnational corporations, which, and rules the world, has actually already made a choice for Russia - "stoker" and "hallway". But then this very elite will have to be attributed a number of rather paradoxical qualities - short-sightedness, rashness, and a tendency to create hotbeds of tension. By provoking instability, hurting the pride of a still nuclear power, the world's financial elite, if there is one, looks too desperate and insidious.

The alternative scenario is based on the so-called economic growth strategy. At its foundation is a bet on activation competitive advantage Russian economy. There are eight of them.

1. The level of education, together with the focus on collectivism.

2. Natural resources.

3. Territory and capacious domestic market.

4. Cheap and sufficiently skilled labor.

5. Scientific and industrial potential.

6. Scientific schools and competitive technologies.

7. Free production facilities.

8. Experience in exporting high-tech products and industrial cooperation.

To realize all these advantages, of course, a system of economic and administrative measures must be thought out. Calculations already in the medium term promise sustainable economic growth of at least 7% per year, a general increase in investment - at least 15% per year, and up to 30% in high-tech industry and new technologies. Inflation will also be limited to 30% per year.

Many specialists place their main hopes directly on the realization of the scientific and industrial potential of the country. Russia, which has 12% world scientists Actually, there is no other serious alternative. With raw materials, even with 28% of the world's reserves, it is impossible to achieve an acceptable economic recovery.

According to forecasts, its consumption by 2015 will increase by only 2 times, and we are already about 10 times behind the developed countries in terms of gross domestic product per capita (GDP). But the volume of the world market of science-intensive products today is 2 trillion. 500 billion dollars (Russia's share - 0.3%). By 2015, it will reach about 4 trillion. dollars. Even a tenth of this amount is approximately an order of magnitude higher than potential Russian oil and gas exports. On the other hand, the chances of unleashing the innovation process on a national scale, releasing inflation to 30% per year, seem problematic. It is known from world experience (Argentina) that this is the maximum level, above which inflation becomes the main obstacle to economic growth.

By all key indicators, the country has the same industrial infrastructure as Western countries. And only in the development of the technological environment (quality assurance systems, standards, automation of development, computerization of production, etc.) are we very far behind them. The level of development of technological infrastructure is a kind of watershed between industrial and post-industrial countries. This is what Russia must overcome.

An analysis of the world market shows that the production of science-intensive products is provided by only about 50 macrotechnologies (macrotechnology is a set of knowledge and production capabilities for the release of specific products to the world market - aircraft, reactors, ships, materials, computer programs, etc.). The seven most developed countries, possessing 46 macrotechnologies, hold 80% of this market. The United States annually receives about 700 billion dollars from the export of science-intensive products, Germany - 530 billion, Japan - 400. For 16 macrotechnologies, a forecast for the future has already been made.

There is fierce competition in the world market. So, over the past 7-10 years, the US has lost 8 macro technologies and, accordingly, their markets. As a result, we got a deficit of effective demand of 200 billion dollars. The reason for this is that about 15 years ago, the Europeans formed a common program in order to win back part of the market from the USA and Japan. Under it, technologies were rebuilt, fundamental research was carried out, industry was restructured.

Now a similar targeted attack is being undertaken by a European aviation consortium. Its experts determined the possibility of winning back 25% of the heavy aircraft market ($300 billion). An appropriate international program. Even American competitors were drawn into it by buying up their firms. Russia was offered to set up a joint research center and signed contracts with our plants. In general, 20% of the total volume of the program became Russian.

In a word, the history of this largest transnational project clearly shows that when distributing orders, business expediency is decisive, first of all.

According to our experts, for the market of 10-15 macrotechnologies out of those 50 that determine the potential of developed countries, Russia is quite capable of competing.

The choice of macrotechnological priorities in our country should be carried out on a completely new principle for us. Support for dozens of priority scientific and technical programs along the entire front of conceivable research is completely unpromising. Even the richest country cannot afford this today.

To assign this or that macrotechnology the status of a priority for our country, it is proposed to compare the costs of forming a knowledge base on it (complete or sufficient) and the possible effect of the sale of competitive products created on its basis.

Federal target programs are formed for each priority macrotechnology. The government places orders for them on a competitive basis at institutes and design bureaus. As a result, the industry receives a connected set of tasks for the design of integral technological systems. (By the way, according to a similar scheme, Russia, having adopted the target program "Fighter-90s" 15 years ago, conquered a market of $ 5 billion, a similar analogy suggests itself if we recall the program for the creation of rocket and space technology). A competitive technological environment harmonized with world standards is being created. And since all targeted programs are obviously focused on world-class end products, their attractiveness for Western and Russian investors and creditors will be quite high. The role of the state is to guarantee risk loans.

Table 3.1. - Market of macro technologies (billion dollars)

Technology
Aviation
Space

Shipbuilding
Automotive
Transport engineering
Chemical Engineering
Special metallurgy; special chemistry;
new materials
Oil production and processing
Gas production and transportation
Power engineering engineering
Industrial equipment;
machine tool industry
Micro- and radio-electronic
Computer and information
Communication, communication
Biotechnology

For Russia now, more than ever, integration into the world market of science-intensive technology is relevant. There is almost no solvent demand in the country for a part of science-intensive products, which leads to stagnation and aging of the most advanced technological base (aviation, astronautics, electronics, computer science, communications, etc.). According to forecasts, the volume of exports for priority macrotechnologies in the first decade of the 21st century will make it possible to increase the solvency of the population by 2-3 times and ensure demand for high-tech products in the domestic market. This will stimulate further economic growth.

The concept of national macrotechnological priorities was met with interest not only among specialists, but also in the government. This allows us to hope that in the 21st century we ourselves are still able to make a worthy choice - not in favor of the "stoker" and "hallway".

CONCLUSION

The implementation of existing theories and models of economic reform is seriously complicated in the face of a shortage of investment. Historically, Russia has been dominated by the macrotechnological structure of the economy. Macrotechnologies are technologies that allow the production of large industrial products that are characterized by high capital intensity. It is noted that in economically developed countries, the supplying and consuming industries are closely interconnected and make up fairly pronounced homogeneous clusters ("clumps") in which enterprises strive to form an optimal vertical value chain according to the stages production process. Clusters in Russia can be formed on a regional basis, according to industry and technological features. The prerequisites for the active development of macrotechnologies in Russia are noted. In fairness, it must be said that in recent years the Russian Government has been taking certain measures to rehabilitate and develop industries with high technology (a list of such programs is given and their shortcomings are emphasized). According to experts, with the normal functioning of the financial system and the research and production complex, Russia is able to claim about 10% of the world market for science-intensive (capital-intensive) products.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

1. World scientific and technological priorities: http://www.kapital-rus.ru/articles/article/615

2. Forecast of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation.: mon.gov.ru›files/materials/5053/prog.ntr.pdf

3. Shestakov A.V. Economics and Law: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Dashkov i K, 2000. - 568 p.

4. Innovation policy and innovation business in Russia // Analytical Bulletin 2001 No. 15

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Science intensity is an important component of modern production

This indicator is used to reflect the proportion that exists between production and scientific and technical activities in terms of the amount of costs that go to scientific development in terms of a unit of product or service. This parameter is quantified. Also, knowledge intensity can be represented as a ratio of the number of employees engaged in research activities to the total number of production personnel in an enterprise or even in an entire industry.

So, knowledge intensity can also be determined by the amount of costs that are allocated for research, by their ratio to the volume of sales of goods. There is an upward trend specific gravity to the cost of production. Therefore, we can say that knowledge intensity is one of the important indicators of the competitiveness of manufactured goods or services.

What technologies are called science-intensive?

Such designations are used for segments various areas that implement the developed innovations, and which are difficult or impossible to recreate in inappropriate conditions. Science-intensive technologies imply the presence of investments in research to obtain results. These include:

electronics;
robotics;
wireless technologies;
software;
nanotechnology;
security systems;
environmentally friendly technologies that positively affect energy saving;
alternative energy;
navigation technologies;
biotechnology;
developments in the field of medicine;
technologies with dual and defense purposes.

As you can see, science and technology move together. Let's take a closer look at why these areas are important to us.

Importance of high technology

As you can see, the areas presented above can make life a lot easier. All of them are the results of scientific research. It should be noted that their use is not mandatory, but consider how difficult it will be to go to the nearest well for water? Or what will be the performance Agriculture, if you have to dig everything with shovels, and not tractors? Science intensity is an important parameter that allows more and more people to simplify physical labor with the help of progressive developments. Theoretically, in the future it will be possible to achieve that the majority of human resources will be directed to scientific or cultural delights. Accordingly, science and technology will significantly improve the lives of the inhabitants of the planet.

How to calculate science intensity?

This issue was covered in passing a little earlier. But let's dwell in more detail on the definition of knowledge-intensive industries.

So, for this, a set of parameters such as:

Research and development costs in relation to volumes or Also produced and shipped volumes can be used as a comparative parameter.
The number of professionals who are involved in research and those who help them in relation to the total number of people involved in the industry.
The cost of scientific development to the amount that is used for production and industrial personnel and the volume of fixed assets of the industry that are involved in the manufacture of products.

According to the results of research in our country, methods are most often used, where the sums that are directed to the search are at the forefront. This indicator is paired with either the price base or the number and qualifications of staff. Ultimately, combination methods are often used to get the best possible result.

The nuances of science intensity

Quantity does not always lead to quality. The science-intensive factor is, of course, important in order to assess the state of affairs in production, but it is not decisive. It must be remembered that people differ in their character, pace of work, knowledge, talents and other parameters and characteristics. Also, luck can play a certain influence: it is worth remembering the detection of X-rays. Therefore, it is not necessary to be sure of obtaining the same result with identical characteristics.

Learn more about the knowledge-intensive factor

It is remembered, as a rule, when talking about the latest industries. They, in turn, gravitate towards large scientific centers, which are large cities. The result is something new. These are specialized technoparks and technopolises.

In them, the technological chain is fully implemented, from ending with the sale of invented products. Let's take a closer look at the main subjects:

Technopark. This is the name of the agglomeration of knowledge-intensive firms that are grouped around a university, institute or laboratory. The main task of these forms of organization is to reduce the time for which scientific ideas are introduced into practice.
Technopolis. This is the name given to a complex research and production town, which was specially built to engage in advanced technologies, training of specialized personnel and high-tech industries.

Conclusion

So, knowledge intensity is an important factor for determining the efficiency of the economy. Of course, this setting does not solve all problems on its own. It should be noted that research in some areas of science is not carried out due to the fact that they are too costly and do not entail quick profits. Therefore, developments in such areas lie mainly on the shoulders of the state.

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In the third chapter"Organization of the process of managing the formation of a production program for the release of high-tech products" reveals the organizational aspect of the problem under study. Are given practical advice on organizing the process of forming a production program using the proposed method and algorithm, as well as recommendations for improvement information support formation of the production program. The results of practical approbation of the author's developments are presented on the example of the ZAO Scientific Research Institute for Measuring Equipment - Radio Engineering Systems.

In custody the main results of the dissertation research are presented, conclusions and recommendations are formulated.

MAIN PROVISIONS FOR DEFENSE

1. The concept of "high-tech products" has been clarified. A classification of high-tech products has been developed.

The study showed that a single, generally accepted definition of the concept of high-tech products has not yet been developed. Modern authors operate with a number of similar terms, such as "science-intensive products", "high-tech products", "innovative product", "intellectual product", "scientific and technical products", "high technologies", "innovations", etc. the meaning in which this or that term is used is always clear, and the difference in the essence of these terms is not always obvious.

The terms "high-tech products", "high-tech industries", "high-tech complex" appeared in the domestic literature relatively recently. Most researchers identify the concept of "high-tech" with the help of the value of the indicator of knowledge intensity, due to which the terms "high-tech" and "knowledge-intensive" are currently used mainly as synonyms. However, in our opinion, this is not entirely correct, since the fact that production is science-intensive (the share of spending on science in total cost production should be at least 3.5-5.0%) does not automatically mean that it is high-tech (in high-tech industries, advanced technologies should be massively applied).

Based on the analysis carried out, the following definition of the concept " high-tech products”: these are products manufactured by enterprises of high technology industries, manufactured using the latest models of equipment and technologies, with the participation of highly qualified, specially trained personnel, embodying modern scientific achievements, best practices and having high socio-economic efficiency.

The proposed definition, in contrast to those found in literary sources, contains a formal criterion for classifying products as high-tech, its main features and quality characteristics, which allows you to clearly identify its concept and separate it from other similar concepts.

Based on the analysis of the list of high-tech products (in accordance with the standard international trade classification SITC), as well as research materials on this topic, a classification of high-tech products has been developed (Table 1).

It should be noted that at present there are practically no attempts in the literature to classify high-tech products as a whole class. Existing classifications affect its individual types and most often use two features: the degree of science intensity of the industry and the type of production. The developed classification, unlike the existing ones, firstly, refers to the entire class of high-tech products, and secondly, it expands the list of classification features.

2. The specific features of the organization of production of high-tech products as an object of management are disclosed, the main features of the high-tech market and related products are formulated in terms of their influence on the process of managing the production and sale of such products.

The development of an effective system for managing the production and sale of high-tech products, the rationale for the expediency of using certain approaches and methods is impossible without taking into account the specifics of high-tech products and their market.

In studies devoted to the problems of the development of a high-tech complex in Russia, the authors characterize such products in various aspects (including from the position of production management and promotion to the market), determine the features of marketing and the specifics of its individual types, for example, innovative products, scientific and technical products, goods for industrial purposes, technologies themselves as goods, but rarely high-tech products as a whole class. In our opinion, there is still no complete, systematic study of high-tech products as an object of market relations.

Among the features of high-tech products that must be taken into account in the management of their production and sale, it is proposed to include the following.

1. Uniqueness, high degree of differentiation. The ever-accelerating rates of development of science and technology, as well as the steady growth in demand for their achievements, lead to a rapid turnover of products, the appearance on the market

Table 1

Classification of high-tech products

classification

Product types

Product examples

According to the degree of science intensity of the industry

"Leading" science-intensive technologies (R&D spending over 8.5% of the total cost of production)

Turbines and reactor equipment, generators for nuclear, hydro and wind power plants; telecommunication equipment; electronic devices and equipment for medicine; aviation and space technology; radioactive materials; weapons and weapons systems

Technology " high level» (R&D spending 3.5%–8.5%)

Machine tools and advanced metalworking equipment; cables and optical fiber; consumer electronics and office equipment; automobiles and bearings; railway rolling stock; ceramic products, precious non-ferrous metals

consumer (appointment)

Consumer goods

Cars; consumer electronics; medicines; telecommunication equipment; air conditioners and heaters

Products for industrial purposes

Progressive optical devices and measuring equipment; equipment for pulp and paper, food and textile industry; progressive types of abrasives

Military Products

Aviation and space technology; radioactive materials; weapons and weapons systems

production

Turbines and reactor equipment; generators; aviation and space technology

Small-scale

Aviation and space technology; supercomputer

large-scale

pharmaceutical products; equipment for medicine; different kinds equipment

Mass

Automobiles and bearings; consumer electronics; telecommunications equipment

By life cycle stage

Growing industries and industries

Means of communication; electrical equipment; COMPUTER; measuring equipment; optical devices; Medical equipment

Industries aimed at expanding the market

Construction equipment; some productions of general and special engineering; organic chemistry products, detergents, drugs; photographic materials

Industries whose product markets are saturated

Manufacture of radio and television equipment, plastics, inorganic chemicals, dyes, fertilizers and other chemical products for agriculture.

Industries with declining output

Oil refining industry, production of railway equipment

Industries affected by market conditions, economic cycles and military contracts

In different periods of time, they may include different industries and industries.

According to the reproductive structure

ultimate

Products suitable for independent use

Intermediate

Component parts, assemblies, blocks, assemblies, spare parts

Science products. Export of science-intensive and high-tech products. Science intensity is an important component of modern production

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