How to make production efficient social science. How to make production profitable. What is needed for the success of production

An efficient production (and indeed an enterprise) satisfies four simple requirements:

• Produces what the market needs
• Produces it well
• Produces it quickly and on time
• Produces it at minimal cost

I will focus on two of the four requirements here:

• how to produce quickly and on time
• how to produce at minimum cost

Both of these questions are brilliantly answered by Goldratt's Theory of Constraints, the study and implementation of algorithms of which I have devoted the last few years. This is such an enterprise management system. Primarily manufacturing plant. The effectiveness of which is noted even by such "gurus" of production management as Toyota.

It is impossible to put all such a system in one post, but I will talk about the principles. And if someone considers it necessary to study it in depth, he will read the books of both Goldratt himself (“the same goal”) and the same Schragenheim (“production at an incredible speed”). I am sure that reading these books will give you an answer to the seemingly rhetorical question "How to make production efficient."

Why does it happen that the “clean” production time of a product and the actual production time differ by tens or even hundreds of times? Obviously, because there is a waste of time. They are of three types:

• waiting for a resource
• waiting for components (assemblies)
• losses in logistics

Imagine some kind of production site. For example, a painting area. Some blanks that need to be painted constantly come to the site. The key question to be answered is: “what to paint now and what later” ?

If this is not understood, then the workpiece that needs to be painted right now will, as luck would have it, lie at the very bottom and will be remembered about it already when the customer is hysterical because his product has already been overdue for a week.

And it will be the same in every area.

This is the wait for the resource. The workpiece is waiting for the resource until it becomes free. But…he is constantly busy with something else.

A system that clearly defines the sequence of tasks should be literally at every production site. It must unambiguously determine which task must be performed first, which second, and so on.
The sequence of tasks is determined by the complexity of the task and the date of release of the final product from production. As the release date approaches, the importance of a task grows and it moves up in priority.

Here you have a product. It consists of three nodes (which also consist of something): U1, U2, U3. I will not draw, the artist from me is so-so. Moreover, in the video I still depicted him on the board. The product must be manufactured on February 10, 2013. It takes an hour to complete its assembly. This means that 08-09.02.2013. (the exact date is determined by a combination of labor intensity and production factors) all three nodes must be in the final assembly area.

The presence of the U3 assembly at the final assembly site a month before is a completely undesirable phenomenon. It's even worse than being late. Because, firstly, this will not affect the delivery time of the finished product in any way (there are no other two nodes), and secondly, this means that:

• used up components that could be spent on something really needed.
• place is occupied.
• you have wasted money (on the production of this node). They should have been spent much later.
• resources were vainly occupied (for the production of this node), and some NECESSARY node was waiting.

The ingenious Theory of Constraints not only talks about what SHOULD be done at every moment, but also about what SHOULD NOT be done.

The production of the U3 assembly must be linked to the deadline for its delivery. That is, from 08.02.2013. Depending on the complexity of this node, a date is set before which this node cannot be produced. And starting from this date, the node changes its color as the date X approaches. First it is green, then yellow, then red. If 02/08/2012 has already arrived, but it has not yet been made, then it will be black.

On each section, all tasks must be performed in reverse order. First black, then red, then yellow, then green. White tasks are not worth doing at all.

Waiting for components is an even more unpleasant situation that can completely disrupt all deadlines.
Let's take our notorious knots. Morning 08.02.2013 Collector in place. U1 and U2 too. W3 is not. Where he got stuck - no one knows. Trial begins. It turns out that he is somewhere in the initial stage ... For the reason described above. This is how the production master will run, plugging such holes.

But waiting for nodes is not so scary. Much worse waiting for purchased components. Because, as a rule, the purchase takes much longer than the actual production.

I will not delve into procurement management, because in this regard. The main thing in procurement is to strictly observe the principles of priorities laid down in the Theory of Constraints. Always buy what you need and THEN when you need it. Saving, thereby precious working capital.

I mentioned losses in logistics in the video, and I regularly describe such things in my LiveJournal. In order to avoid these losses, the brilliant Henry Ford, for example, invented the conveyor. A hundred years ago. To avoid losses in logistics, it is necessary to minimize the loss of time when transferring products from site to site.

There is one more nuance. The production management system should be simple and sustainable. Resistant to external changes, first of all. I once wrote about such changes. Simplicity (external, of course) of the Theory of Constraints lies in the fact that you must always perform the top task, that is, the highest priority. If you can't do the top one, do the second one from the top. All.

Before talking about how to make production efficient, how to create efficient production or how to improve the efficiency of existing production, it is necessary, in my opinion, to define what “efficient production” is.

And the definition is very simple:

Efficient production, and indeed efficient enterprise, is an enterprise that satisfies simple conditions:

• it earns more.
• it spends less.

All other indicators are a game of numbers.

An efficient business is a business that earns more and spends less. But how to do that? These questions are brilliantly answered by Goldratt's Theory of Constraints, the implementation of which at enterprises around the world (even Toyota notes this) has already proved this many times.

If these two simple rules are rephrased, it becomes clearer how to do it:

• it is an enterprise that produces what the market needs.
• it does it quickly and on time.
• it produces it qualitatively.
• it produces it at minimal cost (investment).

A very simple example that illustrates this:

Let's say you're making a product. For simplicity and clarity, let's assume that you produce it sequentially. That is, according to the principle “produced - sold - produced - sold”, etc. You earn n rubles on each product.

If the production rate is one week, then you will earn a maximum of 52n rubles per year.

If the production rate is a month, then you will earn 12n.

Obviously, increasing the speed of production is the key to increasing the level of production efficiency in particular and the enterprise as a whole.

How much are you spending?

Let's say your revenue is 1,000,000. And in your warehouses you have stocks (+ work in progress) for 10,000,000. And who said that your stocks cannot be equal to your revenue or even be less?

Stocks must be. There should not be many of them so as not to freeze working capital, there should not be enough of them so that production does not stop because of this.

How much do you need to spend to earn a ruble? This ratio reflects your productivity.

You can also spend in different ways. Your inventory is your cost. It's the money you tied up, frozen. Less inventory means less cost.

The speed of production is directly related to how much you earn. In other words, production rate is the time you lose before you earn.

You will say that you cannot influence the speed of production because your machines cannot run faster. It's not about the machines. It's about how many losses you have. Pick up any of your products. What is its net labor intensity (that is, the time of direct processing by machines, people)? Now compare the net labor input with real time production of this product. The speed of production is not the speed of processing some part by some machine or some person. The production rate is the time that elapses from the start of the first production order on the product, until the delivery of the FINAL product. The fact that one of your machines processes parts at an incredible speed does not change anything at all. The speed of not one section is important, but the entire production as a whole.

Let's say your production is a black box. On the one hand, it includes components (raw materials, materials), and on the other hand, finished products come out. The time from the first event to the second is the speed of your production. And here everything is not at all as rosy as with the speed of processing a certain semi-finished product by one of the machines in the process of manufacturing the product.

The coefficient reflecting the ratio of net labor intensity and real production time can be tens or even hundreds. It could be a huge loss. All these losses lead to a significant increase in the volume of work in progress and a decrease in the overall speed of production and, as a result, efficiency.

Losses can be divided into several main areas:

• waiting for a resource (machine, human).
• waiting for components or related products.
• loss in logistics.

Waiting for a resource

When the part enters the site, it turns out that the site is occupied by some other task and will not be free soon. This situation is a consequence of the incorrect setting of priorities in the execution of tasks. This means that there is simply no system in production that clearly defines the sequence in which tasks should be performed on the site. What is the most important task right now? Which task should be completed first, and which can wait?

Who and how decides which task to perform? What system does he use? What is the logic behind determining the importance of tasks?

If there is no such logic, then the necessary tasks will always, as luck would have it, be completed last. They will be somewhere at the bottom.

Just think about it. Take any section (painting, cutting, drilling, etc.). New assignments are coming to the site all the time. Find out on what principle the execution sequence is determined? I’m even interested, contact me through my LiveJournal, for example, and tell me. If you have the courage and you implement a system of priorities, then later you will tell what has changed and how.

Determining the priority of tasks should depend on the complexity of the task, the timing of the final product and the availability of components. Each area should simply have a list of tasks sorted by priority. This system is described in Goldratt's book That Same Goal. The priority system should not only determine the most important tasks for each site at the moment, but also determine which tasks to do not necessary.

This is a very simple system in logic, which is completely resistant to external factors. External factors is Murphy, who constantly haunts us all, breaking our plans and breaking them. I wrote about something similar. The system works extremely simply. You should always perform the highest priority task at the moment. If for some reason you cannot complete this task, just complete the next most important task.

It makes no sense to do the task if this semi-finished product will still lie for a week at the next section, waiting for the arrival of another semi-finished product or components. This approach does not affect the production speed in any way. It affects only the growth of work in progress. By completing a task in advance, you not only waste a resource in vain, but also consume components that would be very useful for a task that is actually important to do now. But now there are not enough components (you used them on a less important task), and the next task is waiting for components ...

Waiting for parts

One of the most embarrassing moments in production. You have everything: both machine resources and people. But no accessories. Sometimes the purchase can take weeks. This is a blow to the speed of production. Perhaps it is the waiting for components that can have the greatest effect in terms of increasing production time.

To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to support components. It should also be a system. Here, one component has a buffer in the amount of 10 pieces, but the second also has 10 pieces. And there and there there was consumption. The first in stock left five, and the second only 2 pieces. Replenishment of the buffer of the second component is more priority. This means that the purchasing department must also work according to a clear system. Not only should there be no “just in case” or “just in case” purchases, but all purchases should be carried out in strict accordance with the priorities of needs. First of all, you need to buy what is most needed now. Ask your buyers why they are buying this now, or why they are buying this right now and not in a week? What system do they use to determine what and when to buy?

But you can expect on the site not only purchased components, but also manufactured ones. It is wrong when a semi-finished product arrives at the site, and then lies there for a week, waiting for the second one. If the company has a clear system of priorities based on labor intensity and deadlines, then this should not be. And it won't.

Losses in logistics

I personally observed how the logistical movements of the product during the production process are not optimal. The production process should be like a flow. Enters on one side, exits on the other. It does not enter in the middle, then go to the end, then to the second floor, then return to the end of the first floor, then to the beginning, and end again in the middle.

And the transfer of semi-finished products between sites occurs through a warehouse, from which you can pick up only the next day, after filling out an application and waiting until the storekeeper is free. Well, you know these storekeepers - "I'm up to my neck without you," as they say.

5 steps

In The Theory of Constraints (in particular, in the book “The Same Goal” or “Goal 1”), five main steps are described, the application of which will bring any production to a fundamentally different level. Subsequently, these five steps even received the common name "5 steps".

Step 1

Find the bottleneck. Find your boyfriend with the backpack from Goldratt's That Same Goal. I guess it's not the hardest thing to do. The bottleneck is the one with the most work (work in progress, blanks, whatever). It may happen that you have in front of many production sites"heaps". So the weakest is the one in front of which there is the largest pile. But this is not always the case either. Heaps can be heterogeneous in essence (preparations that are completely different in essence lie in front of the sections). Then it's harder. But do not despair and do not rack your brains. Just assign one of these places as weak. The system will then correct you and help you determine this place accurately.

Step 2

Make the most of the weak link. The weak link should not work “for the warehouse”, only “for orders”. Eliminate the downtime of the weak link as much as possible. Minimize changeovers, shift changes, and anything else that stops this link. There is an opportunity to give part of the work of the weak link to the side - give it back.

Step 3

Coordinate and subordinate all other links to the weak one.

All sections of the production flow must work in the rhythm of a bottleneck.

Step 4

Zoom in throughput narrow link.

Step 5

Go back to step #1.


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In an attempt to figure out how to make baking production more efficient, the owners and top managers of bakery and confectionery enterprises seek advice, experiment with business processes, and attend seminars. In fact, the answer lies on the surface. High-quality bakery peripherals solve several production problems at once. The main thing is to be able to choose correctly.

Not a single bread production can do without a baking periphery. These are auxiliary equipment: baking sheets, baking and proofing forms, oven, transport carts and carts for shock freezing, oven planters and much more. Although these things are called secondary in production, any baker will tell you how important they are.

First, the trays and molds are in constant contact with the baked goods. This means that the quality of the final product directly depends on the quality of this equipment. Secondly, production employees use baking peripherals every minute, and in order not to wear out quickly, they must be reliable. Finally, thirdly, it depends on the functionality and quality of auxiliary equipment whether the baking process will be convenient, fast and, most importantly, economical. Therefore, well-chosen peripherals for bakeries are half the success of production.

And the main point in her choice is a reliable supplier. In Russia, equipment from the Russian Meal is suitable for this role. The company's line includes all auxiliary tools for bakeries.

Trays from "Russian Meal" - easily and reliably

Smooth and perforated pans are available with or without a non-stick coating. The key role is played by the material that is used in the manufacture of the baking sheet.

“In the Russian market, standard baking sheets made of plain carbon steel, - says Denis Skidanov, an RT specialist in peripheral equipment. “But they have a number of significant drawbacks: fragility, high weight, low thermal conductivity, deformation.”

"Russian Trapeza" manufactures baking sheets from high-quality aluminum alloys Almg3 and AlFe (aluminized steel). These alloys retain all the properties of food-grade aluminum (thermal conductivity, mass), and at the same time they are more resistant to temperature and mechanical stress, and are also less susceptible to oxidation and the formation of microcracks.

“As a result, the service life of baking trays increases many times over, because it is not for nothing that these materials are used in aircraft and shipbuilding,” notes Denis. “In addition, aluminum alloy trays have many times better thermal conductivity, which means that energy and time costs for baking are reduced.”

For trays used in the production of hot dogs, hamburgers, as well as in automatic lines, aluminized steel is best suited. It is much stronger, therefore it is used where the periphery is subject to high loads.

Another important advantage of aluminum alloy pans is their lightness. Most often, women work with baking in production, and it is simply difficult for them to rearrange massive baking sheets made of carbon steel. Added to this problem is the increased risk of injury to such periphery.

“My mother used to work at a bakery and constantly walked around with bandaged fingers,” continues Denis. “We have foreseen this moment too: our trays are light and without sharp corners.”

Separately, it is worth mentioning baguette baking sheets. Usually the manufacturer makes them with a perforation of 3 mm. "Russian Meal" performs microperforation of 1.8 mm. For an ordinary person, this difference is almost imperceptible, but for production, every millimeter is essential.

“When proofing at a baking sheet with a perforation of 3 mm, the dough passes into the holes, because of this the product burns. When the finished product is taken out, it simply sticks to the surface and must be literally torn off from it. As a result, the baking sheet is clogged and its thermal conductivity is significantly reduced, - says the technologist. large-scale production Sergey M. - The product loses its attractiveness appearance and we are losing money. But with the equipment from "Russian Trapeza" the problem is solved: the dough does not leak, as a result, the products are baked evenly and "lagging behind" well.

Let's add that baking sheets of standardized sizes are always available in the warehouse of "Russian Meal". At the same time, the company can manufacture equipment to order, taking into account all the technical parameters required by a particular customer.

Which bread pans save money

Bread forms seem to be a simple product, however, there are many technical aspects and nuances here, each of which must be taken into account and worked out with high quality. As in the case of baking trays, the material from which the periphery is made plays an extremely important role. Forms of "Russian Meal" are made from AlFe alloy (aluminized steel).

“The wall thickness of our molds is only 0.8mm. Due to this, the molds quickly warm up and transfer heat to the product, unlike cast molds with a wall thickness of 5 mm, commonly used in Russian bakeries. You save both energy and time,” notes Denis Skidanov.

Row Russian companies have already appreciated the advantages of baking peripherals made of aluminized steel. According to Denis, one of the largest factories, having switched to the Russian Trapeza forms, noticed that energy efficiency indicators improved by 24%. If this is imperceptible for small bakeries, then for large manufacturers the use of such molds is an effective tool to save a lot.

Aluminized steel works well with non-stick coating, and this is reflected in the service life of the product and the quality of the final product.

“In practice, the Teflon non-stick coating shows itself well,” says Denis. - It is more expensive, but the need to use oil disappears. And this saves time and labor, as well as hygiene at the enterprise.”

The fact is that during baking, the oil evaporates and settles on ovens and molds. The equipment is covered with a thick layer of sticky grease, which is difficult to get rid of. The plant is forced to hire a cleaning company, spend money on cleaning. With Teflon coating, these problems are gone forever.

Forms for proofing: important points

Proofing is a necessary step in baking bread and other flour products. At this stage, the dough at a temperature of 25-40 degrees "rests" for 30-40 minutes, so that the product turns out to be airy, soft and tasty. For any bread production, it is important to choose convenient and high-quality forms for proofing so that this process does not go down the drain.

"Russian Trapeza" offers proofing molds made of natural materials (vine, rattan) and plastic. Note that proofing molds are not used for baking: the dough is placed in a mold, proofed, and then carefully transferred to a baking sheet or under the oven.

Each of the materials has its own merits. For example, a vine or rattan allows the dough to “breathe”, the crust is obtained with an interesting spiral pattern, and the bread itself is fragrant and soft. But molds made of plastic are cheaper and last longer than those made of natural wood. At the same time, the product turns out to be of no less quality.

“I like that RT uniforms can be ordered in any size and any model. For example, I ordered with the logo of my bakery in order to cook our branded bread in it,” Konstantin L., the owner of the bakery, shares his experience.

According to Denis Skidanov, the client can really request a proofing form that he needs specifically. Production will quickly produce it according to the sketches of the customer.

Proper carts and planters

Another type of peripheral equipment in the bakery industry is planters and carts. Factories are often faced with awkward and frequently broken carts. "Russian Trapeza" offers a solution - stove and transport carts made of high-quality stainless steel.

To make the equipment last for a long time, the wheels are made of wear-resistant and temperature-resistant material. “The most convenient thing is that we make carts in a prefabricated form,” explains Denis. “And the prices for them are low, because due to the prefabricated structure, we optimize the cost of delivery to the client.”

It should be noted that carts can be made of a special design, which will allow them to take up much less space in the enterprise, while fully preserving their functionality.

RT manufactures planters and carts in standard shapes and sizes, as well as on individual orders.

“With the purchase of carts and planters from Russian Trapeza, productivity increased by 7%,” says Tatiana, a bakery production technologist. - The speed has increased, the equipment does not break down in principle, while with equipment from previous partners this happened almost every week. We are very pleased."

Cleanliness is the key to profitability

For every serious food production it is obvious that keeping the equipment absolutely clean is one of the most important tasks, because the quality of the product directly depends on it. "Russian Trapeza" has prepared special solutions for its customers here too. The company's range includes cleaning machines for bakery peripherals, which will allow production to stop thinking about cleaning equipment as torture.

“Before offering solutions for cleaning machines, we carefully clarify at enterprises such issues as: the design of trays and forms, their dimensions, material, degree and types of contamination, how and where they are stored, and in what quantity they are used at the enterprise, etc. ., - explains Denis. “Only based on this information and taking into account all the features of production, we present a solution for a particular enterprise.”

“The cleanliness of the bakery periphery should be in the first place,” says baker Anton Krapivin. - I will not work on equipment that is covered with a thick layer of fat. It's good that there are solutions like RT. The guys and I at the production site are now cleaning and ordering many times faster.”

Individual approach

Summing up, let's say that "Russian Trapeza" in our conditions can be called an ideal supplier of bakery peripherals:

• firstly, it can supply the entire range of auxiliary equipment necessary for bakery production;
• and secondly, it will be able to offer each production exactly the solution that will be suitable specifically for it.

It doesn't matter if it's a small bakery or a large one. automated enterprise, there is a solution for everyone.

The company has been operating in the market of equipment for food production for many years. 20 thousand enterprises of Russia, far and near abroad have trusted "Russian Trapeza". And it is this vast experience that allows RT to offer customers a variety of integrated solutions for the bakery periphery.

Natalia Vershinina, especially for the site

RUSSIAN TRAPEZA LLC
199178, St. Petersburg, Maly Prospekt V. O., house 57, bldg. 3
Email: [email protected]
https://r-t.ru

For the most part, entrepreneurs are aware that the organization of production is a responsible step that requires serious preparation. To achieve the necessary profitability indicators, you need to carefully plan the activities of the enterprise at each stage - from the search for suppliers of raw materials and ending with sales finished products. But it is impossible to foresee all possible scenarios for the development of events, and therefore the influence of external or internal factors sometimes leads to an unexpected decrease in profits for the business owner.

In such circumstances, the entrepreneur inevitably raises the question - how to make production profitable? Obviously, the easiest way is to initially choose a line of business that is in demand and popular with customers, and then try to maintain your position by implementing a balanced and thoughtful management strategy. However, practice shows that due to properly carried out optimization measures, it is possible to significantly increase the profitability of almost any enterprise, while a frivolous attitude to this issue can bring even the most profitable business to the brink of bankruptcy.

How to improve production efficiency?

Almost all entrepreneurs in theory know how to make the production of services and goods efficient: for this, it is necessary to maximize profits while minimizing costs. It would seem that the most in a simple way increasing profitability is austerity, but after reaching a certain limit, it begins to bring only harm to the enterprise. Therefore, the problem must be solved comprehensively, using all available optimization methods:

1. The search for suppliers should be done constantly. New companies often appear on the market, trying to attract customers with favorable conditions;
2. When choosing equipment, you need to give preference to used foreign lines. Foreign users carefully follow the rules of operation, because the condition of such machines may be close to the factory;
3. Need to constantly optimize personnel to reduce payroll costs. It is recommended to outsource non-core operations, as well as to attract cheap labor to perform simple routine work;
4. Machines must not be idle. Since it is possible to make production efficient only with the continuous operation of the equipment, it is advisable to hire additional staff to organize shift work;
5. To motivate staff, a combined form of remuneration should be established - for example, in the form of a small rate and a bonus that the worker receives only when the production plan is fulfilled;
6. It is necessary to place production as close as possible to sources of raw materials and places of sale of products. This way you can reduce transport costs;
7. To reduce the cost of products, it is necessary to reduce their material consumption, replace individual components with cheaper analogues, and try to reduce the amount of waste;
8. The introduction of energy-saving technologies, reducing the consumption of electricity and fuel also helps to minimize overhead costs;
9. Considering how production can be made profitable, attention should be paid to the policy of reusing resources through their processing, recycling and regeneration;
10. To reduce operating costs, it is necessary to liquidate, sell or lease unnecessary or rarely used fixed assets;
11. Increasing production capacity can be achieved by modernizing and updating production lines, installing automatic machines.

What production is profitable to open?

Studying the most profitable areas of business, you can see that a high level of profitability is typical for the production of goods that are massively in demand by private buyers.

These include:

• Food;
• Clothes and accessories;
• Textile products for the home;
• Cabinet, upholstered and country furniture;
• Construction and finishing materials;
• Children's toys and attractions;
• Goods for pets;
• Souvenir products.

Moreover, small enterprises often perform better than large factories. economic indicators. The reason for this phenomenon is simple: such subjects entrepreneurial activity usually do not have extra funds, and therefore cannot afford to maintain unnecessary assets, hire a large number of support staff and divert resources.

Food

Why is food production so profitable? The need for food is the most important for any person, so eggs, dairy and bakery products, meat and fish, oil and vegetables are in demand regardless of the state of the economy and the political situation. Moreover, even exotic and unusual goods for the domestic consumer sometimes become in demand and find their buyers.

In this business, you can always find free niches: despite the high level of competition, the manufacturer of high-quality and inexpensive products will certainly take its place in the market. Also, recently there has been an increase in the interest of citizens in healthy nutrition, which leads to an increase in the popularity of small businesses that are guaranteed to comply with technology and use only organic raw materials. Which production is profitable to open:

1. . Due to the imposition of sanctions on the import of dairy products, free niches appeared on the domestic market. Therefore, there is a growing demand for products made at small cheese dairies in a handicraft way, according to foreign or old domestic recipes;
2. Cake baking. large factories, producing standard cakes from inexpensive raw materials, cannot satisfy the market demand for high-quality exclusive desserts. For this reason, small-scale production of cakes from natural ingredients on order or in small batches becomes profitable;
3. Production of pasta. Pasta, popular thanks to a wide range and affordable prices, can be found on the tables of absolutely all categories of consumers. Both budget products and expensive ones made according to special recipes are in demand;
4. Production of smoked meats. Is it profitable to engage in the production of smoked meat, fish and sausages as part of a small business? Undoubtedly: large factories widely used in technological process liquid smoke and other surrogates, which significantly worsen the taste and quality of the finished product.

Clothes and accessories

With a decrease in income, citizens massively begin to switch from branded goods to high-quality domestic products: this fact inspires aspiring entrepreneurs who want to start tailoring. However, opening a sewing shop requires a thorough preparation, as numerous tailors who previously worked in different ateliers are also trying to fill this niche. To compete with them, you need not only entrepreneurial, but also creative qualities.

At the initial stage, the company should not try to capture the widest possible segment or enter into competition with famous brands: such a policy requires the attraction of huge resources and the experience of managing them. It is better to single out a rather narrow one in the middle price niche target audience, for which the quality of the product is more important than the logo on the tag. Which production is profitable in Russia:

1. Sewing factory. Consumers are no longer enthusiastic about Chinese or Polish products, which are massively imported by sellers: the quality of such products leaves much to be desired, and the dimensions do not meet the standards. Against this background, a good-quality cheap clothes sewn at local factories;

2. Sewing bags. When studying which production is the most profitable, it should be noted that every woman annually buys one or two new bags. Men also show interest in business briefcases, backpacks and travel cases. In addition to such a purchase will be made in a similar style:

• Purses and wallets;
• Cosmetic bags;
• Key holders, cases for glasses;
• Cases for mobile devices.

3. Tailoring of leather gloves. Gloves are used not only for protection from the cold, but also as a fashion accessory. In addition, athletes, motorcyclists and cyclists periodically buy special gloves. For the manufacture of such products do not need a large area and expensive machines;

4. Manufacturing of leather belts. Is the production of leather belts profitable? There is an abundance of cheap Chinese and expensive European products on the market, while middle segment less than half filled. There is also a certain demand for exclusive products. handmade.

Home textiles

Home textiles are a variety of fabric products intended for use in everyday life. This category includes towels, bed linen, tablecloths, covers and bedspreads, blankets, curtains and decorative draperies. According to buyers, such products should combine the original appearance, functionality and practicality: the hostess is unlikely to like a napkin that does not absorb moisture well, or a towel that sheds when washed.

When planning the organization of textile production, it is necessary first of all to study the needs of the customers for whom it will be designed. Yes, in small settlements people prefer to focus solely on low price. In large cities, on the contrary, cost is a secondary factor, inferior in importance to high quality. The most popular, of course, is the middle price niche, however, due to high competition, it is quite difficult for a beginner to take a place in it. Which production is profitable to open in Russia:

1. Making decorative pillows. Throw pillows are easy to use in interior design in almost any style. In addition, bright and original products are used as gifts.

In a small production, you can sew:

• Pillows for decorating furniture;
• Souvenir pillows with images and inscriptions;
• Branded pillows for hotels;
• Pillows in the form of objects or letters.

1. Production of eurofences. Choosing a method of fencing their plots, owners of private houses prefer inexpensive structural materials that have an attractive appearance. Such properties are possessed by eurofences, for the production of which only a vibrating table, a concrete mixer and a welding machine are needed;

2. Production of aerated concrete blocks. Due to low weight, high strength and good thermal insulation aerated concrete blocks widely used in construction. Similar business with minimum investment, which does not require complex tools and technologies;

3. Foam production. Polyfoam is the most popular heat-insulating material that combines low price, light weight and durability. These characteristics determine its use for:

• insulation building structures and overlaps;
• Production of decorative elements;
• Insulation of pipelines, heating mains;
• Product packaging, electronics and medical products.

Production of SIP panels. Such a building envelope consists of two sheets of corrugated board or OSB, between which polystyrene foam insulation is glued. As a business, it involves the use of SIP panels as the main elements of walls and ceilings.

Toys and attractions

Structure studies Russian market toys show that practically in all its segments there are no signs of shortages, and the variety of goods is sufficient to satisfy any wishes of consumers. At the same time, the share of domestic producers in this industry does not exceed 15%. The remaining parts are high-quality, but expensive products of well-known world brands (40%), and cheap Chinese handicrafts from raw materials of dubious origin (45%).

Many parents demonstrate their readiness to buy toys of the middle price segment, produced by domestic entrepreneurs, but most often they do not find what they are looking for on the shelves. The problems here are boring design and a limited range, only occasionally replenished with interesting new products. Therefore, the business prospects for the manufacture of original and high-quality products from safe materials seem obvious. Which mini-production is profitable to open:

1. Sewing toys according to children's sketches. This idea is quite difficult to implement, since for each product you have to make your own patterns and patterns. However, parents who want to please the child with a character sewn according to his drawing are unlikely to refuse to spend 3,000–5,000 rubles on such a toy;

2. Sewing anti-stress toys. Toys are sewn from elastic fabric and filled with granular material, so it is pleasant to crumple and deform them. Why is this profitable production for small businesses attracting entrepreneurs? Basically, due to the simplicity of the technology and the high margin on finished products;

3. Manufacture of wooden toys. In the past, wood was massively used to make toys, but with the development of plastic processing technologies, the fashion for it has passed. Today, this material is once again becoming relevant, because:

• The tree is environmentally friendly and harmless to children;
• Toys are produced in small series with an exclusive design;
• In terms of strength, wood is not inferior to plastic, and in terms of tactile sensations, it surpasses it.

Trampoline manufacturing. As a business idea, it seems promising mainly due to the simplicity of the technology and the growing demand from customers who are disappointed in the low quality of Chinese products.

The most popular are:

• Inflatable air trampolines;
• inflatable slides;
• Inflatable advertising figures.

Goods for pets

Business in this area is characterized by fairly wide opportunities and a large number of types of products suitable for production. For example, you can implement your ideas in the segment of pet products - cats, dogs, fish, birds and other small pets. It is obvious that the owners, trying to create the maximum comfortable conditions existence, willingly spend money on special food, accessories, furniture and hygiene products.

No less interesting and promising direction the production of goods for businessmen engaged in farming and industrial breeding of poultry and animals is presented. The needs of such enterprises in feeders, drinking bowls, cellular batteries, heating and ventilation systems, compound feed and other similar products significantly exceed the volumes characteristic of the private market.

What kind of production is profitable for a small business:

1. Making food for pets. Such food does not need to be prepared, which greatly simplifies the process of feeding a pet. Canned food is made mainly from thermally processed and crushed offal, and dry food is made from meat processing waste with the addition of plant components and vitamins;

2. Making furniture for animals. Pet owners try to provide their pets with not only high-quality feeding, but also a comfortable existence in an apartment. Which goods are profitable to produce?

• Mattresses, rugs and hammocks for cats and dogs;
• Houses for cats and booths for dogs;
• Multi-level play structures for cats;
• Reduced versions of ordinary furniture for any pets;
• Claws.

3. Feed production. The idea is designed to meet the needs of businessmen engaged in livestock, poultry and fish farming. Often they are forced to order the delivery of compound feed from afar, since there are no producers of a quality product in the immediate vicinity of the farms;

4. Fabrication of mesh cells. Metal cages are bought mainly by farmers and owners of household plots that breed birds and animals. When choosing which production to open in 2020, you can study the demand among the inhabitants of nearby villages and start making such cages in your garage.

Souvenir products

The souvenir business includes a huge number of areas belonging to one of two categories - advertising or consumer. The first combines various goods used in the activities of enterprises and equipped with the customer's branding - image, promotional souvenirs and gifts for managers. The second is gift, tourist and commemorative items, as well as handmade souvenirs purchased by ordinary citizens for personal purposes.

Thanks to this diversity, both large players producing products for corporate customers and private workshops producing gifts in small batches can find their place in the souvenir business. The industry is constantly evolving, so new technologies, complex multifunctional machines and modern composite materials become available for enterprises of any size.

Which production is profitable now:

• Printing on mugs or t-shirts. Thanks to the technology of thermal transfer printing, such souvenirs can be made even in single copies. It takes a few minutes to apply an image, therefore, when a center is opened in a place with high traffic, an order is made directly in front of the client;
• Making souvenir magnets. In any small business, the most profitable production should be based on the mass and availability of the product. So, unusual souvenir magnets made of vinyl, wood, ceramics and rubber are in great demand as gifts for friends and souvenirs for tourists;
• Production of photocrystals. To make a crystal, a picture, photograph or company logo is printed on a transparent film, which is then glued with reverse side thick glass. This idea can be realized with small investment and a minimum set of equipment;
• Making business cards from wood. Represents a new production in Russia in 2020, which can become popular due to the increased availability of laser engraving machines. To get additional profit, you need to make not only business cards, but also postcards, wedding invitations.

Conclusion

In addition to those described above, there are hundreds and thousands of other lines of business, each of which, with the right approach, can become very profitable. For example, the production of polycarbonate greenhouses or the production of metal fasteners can bring significant profits to a successful entrepreneur.

Certainly the organization production activities seems difficult for beginners: the owner of such a company must simultaneously know the secrets of technology and the rules for operating equipment, understand personnel management and be able to sell. However, numerous examples of efficiently operating enterprises show that this large-scale task is quite solvable.

>> Brief conclusions to the chapter

SUMMARY TO THE CHAPTER

1. Economy how science studies the use of society's limited resources for production wealth in the face of ever-growing human needs. Economic activity is aimed at solving the key problem for society in the efficient use of limited resources. The rational behavior of the main subjects of the economy - producers and consumers - is one of the conditions for the successful solution of this problem. Application for measurement economic activity various indicators allows you to get an idea of ​​the state, quality and results of economic processes in society.

2. The economic growth - the most important criterion for the progress of the economy and society, its pace makes it possible to judge the level and quality of people's lives. It is possible to narrow the gap between rich and poor countries if the latter are aware of the goals and ways economic development, the need for changes in economic life and the structure of the economy. When analyzing the factors and ways to achieve economic growth, as well as forecasting economic processes, it is important to take into account the cyclical nature of the development of a modern market economy.

3. The market is an important regulator of economic processes in society. The economic laws of the market, competition contribute to increasing the efficiency of production, the rational use of limited resources. Modern economy - a socially oriented mixed economy, in which state and market mechanisms for regulating economic life are simultaneously used.

4. Free enterprise is an important factor in the effective development of the economy and social production. The state is interested in creating favorable legal and social conditions for supporting and developing entrepreneurial activities of citizens. The success of an entrepreneur is facilitated by the presence and rational use various sources of business financing, knowledge of the basics of management and marketing.

5. The state performs important economic functions in modern society, exercising influence on economic processes in order to ensure the stable development of the economy, its efficiency and the achievement of economic growth. To do this, it uses, in particular, the methods of fiscal and monetary policy, redistributing the social product and national income produced in the country, reducing the negative effects of inflation. The role of the state is significant in those areas where the market mechanism shows its failure: regulation of employment of the population and the fight against unemployment, the production of public goods, compensation for external effects, social protection population.

6. Individual countries are connected with each other by a system of international economic relations. Unification of countries into one world economy along with other factors contributes international trade. The state uses various methods its regulation, applying the policy of protectionism or free trade. At present, the transition of many countries to an open market economy contributes to the strengthening of free trade policies and the deepening of the process of globalization of the world economy.

QUESTIONS FOR FINAL REVIEW

1. What is the role of economic activity in the life of society?

2. Why is economic growth one of the criteria for the progress of the economy and society?

3. What are the features of market regulation of the economy?

4. How to make production efficient?

5. What is required for business success?

6. What economic tasks does the modern state solve?

7. Who regulates and how cash flows in economics?

8. Why does the economy need a labor market?

9. Why do countries have to trade with each other?

10. How can a producer and consumer make a rational economic choice?

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