Trailer production: requirements according to GOST + what kind of premises are needed + equipment for the production of trailers + selection of workers + profitability and additional services + profitability of production and expenses at the start.
The automotive business has gone through some transformations since its inception. Now this area means the totality of everything related to vehicles - from the manufacture of car stickers, ending with the production of gasoline and service in service centers.
If you have been thinking about it, you should try your hand at a business such as the production of trailers for cars.
Today, thousands of car trailers can be seen on the roads of Russia. But are there many places where you can buy them?
According to statistics, this is one of the most low-competitive auto businesses in the Russian Federation. But with the growth in the number of cars, the demand for the production of trailers is also growing.
Statistics and dynamics of car trailer sales in Russia
If you are interested and planning to work in this direction, now is the best time to invest in the business. But, like any business venture, the production of light trailers has its pros, cons and special requirements. Let's take a look at them.
OST and GOST requirements for the production of trailers
Before proceeding with the manufacture of car trailers, it is worthwhile to carefully study what requirements must be observed in their production.
The legislation of the Russian Federation, in particular in the industry standard 37.001.220-93, specifies all the necessary requirements for car trailers. For example, the total weight of the trailer must not exceed 50% of the curb weight of the vehicle. Trailers equipped with a brake system cannot weigh more than 1.8 tons.
The maximum loads that the vertical coupling mechanism of the autotrailer must experience are also clearly regulated:
- The minimum value should not be lower than 250 Newtons, the maximum - 1000 N.
- Be sure to have an emergency clutch mechanism - whether it be a cable or additional carabiners, coupling mechanisms.
- The drawbar of the trailer must be double-beam, the turn must be carried out within a radius of 160 °.
- The coupling mechanism must have a ground clearance of at least 24 cm.
Clear criteria are defined for the dimensions of each trailer. The height of any type of trailer should not exceed 3 meters, while the ratio of height to track width of 1.8 to 1 must be observed without fail, the maximum width of the trailer is 2.3 meters.
In this case, in technically justified cases, the trailer may have a height of 435 mm.
An example of a drawing for the manufacture of a single-axle trailer
The length of the trailer should not exceed 8 meters, while the maximum allowable ratio is 1.5 of the length of the car.
It is desirable that the ride height of the trailer be equal to that of the towing vehicle. Under no circumstances should the ground clearance of the trailer be lower than that of the vehicle.
Each trailer must be assigned its type during registration. There are three types in total:
- uniaxial;
- biaxial;
- triaxial.
A single-axle trailer, as the name suggests, has one pair of wheels. At the same time, it must withstand a maximum load of up to 700 kg. A two-axle one can withstand much greater loads, but such a trailer will also exceed the previous type in terms of cost.
There are no clear regulations for a three-axle, but in the traffic police documents for cars it passes as a two-axle. Requirements for it also correspond to biaxial.
In order not to be certified for every trailer you produce, you need to get a certificate for the entire production. To do this, you should either LLC, and then contact the traffic police of Russia and pass all the necessary tests for compliance with trailer production standards.
After that, paperwork can be avoided, and it is no longer necessary to certify each trailer.
Trailer registration and material requirements
When assembling the cargo body of the trailer, metal profile pipes square section, while the pipe material must withstand high loads. When sheathing the hull, metal sheets of steel or aluminum are used.At the same time, corrugated steel is used for greater structural strength when sheathing the outer hull. The quality of materials must be appropriate. The minimum service life of a trailer is 50,000 km before overhaul under normal operating conditions.
When registering trailers, the following requirements must be met:
- the presence of splash guards,
- trailer must be equipped with parking lights,
- the presence of reflective stickers,
- an automatic hitch is installed.
At the same time, the cost of a two-axle trailer is estimated at $400-650. Most of this amount goes to the material, the rest is the payment for the work of employees.
Of course, you can do without them by assembling trailers yourself. But in this case, this business will take a significant amount of time, and the monthly production of trailers will be reduced to a minimum.
Premises for the production of trailers for cars
Like any other business, trailer manufacturing requires a dedicated workspace.The selection of premises for production should take place based on several parameters:
- the total area of the working room should be more than 80 square meters. meters;
- convenient transport fork, the ability to manufacture and maintain from 3-4 units of trailers and semi-trailers;
- availability of all necessary communications.
For this type of production, hangars, large boxes, former warehouses are perfect. Depending on the location of the building, the rent will vary.
It should also be taken into account that in the room you have chosen there should be a place for personnel rest, a place for storage finished products and materials used to make trailers.
If you plan in the future not only to expand the volume of production, but also to provide additional services, including repairs, it is worth choosing premises from 140 sq. m.
This space will be enough to accommodate additional equipment, and to work on 5-6 trailers at once.
Equipment for the manufacture of light trailers
Without necessary equipment no company can do its job. If you already have some necessary tools, be it a hammer or a screwdriver, that's good. However, obviously, this is not enough to assemble high-quality and reliable trailers.Required equipment to get started:
Welding machine. For work will do either professional or powerful industrial. | |
Grinding machine - will provide a surface finish, it will also allow you to cut off parts of the parts to size according to the markup. | |
Drill - allows you to drill and drill holes for fastening bolts, do point turning work. For the production of trailers, a household one with a power of 700 watts or more is also suitable. | |
Toolbox - necessary thing. Contains everything that can be useful in the manufacture of trailers. |
The purchase of high-quality equipment for production is one of the main costs at the start. If you are having difficulty buying a complete set, you should try to find used tools, the price of such tools can be half that of new ones.
A new set of equipment will cost you the following cost:
- Professional argon-arc welding machine - from 10 to 30 thousand rubles. At the same time, the industrial one will cost more.
- Grinding machine - from 2000 to 10000 rubles.
- Impact drill - from 20 thousand rubles.
- A set of tools - a minimum set of high-quality tools will cost 10-12 thousand rubles.
In total, the minimum cost for professional equipment is from 42 thousand rubles.
Worth keeping in mind: if you do not plan to work alone, then some sets of equipment will need to be duplicated.
Recruitment for the production of trailers
The production of trailers for cars can be started independently. However, when scaling your business or processing more than 2 orders per month, you will in any case face a choice - hire new staff and expand, or continue to work independently.Workers will help you not only save time, but also speed up the process of making new trailers, as well as relieve you of daily duties.
Trailer manufacturing is one of the few businesses that does not require any special skills. If you hire a worker, then he must be able to handle a drill, a welding machine and have some experience in assembling metal structures.
In general, as you expand your business, you will need to hire the following staff:
- Workers for assembly and repair. This is the "backbone" of your company, the people who will assemble and maintain the trailers.
- Accountant. A person who will take care of accounting for papers and all expenses, as well as, if possible, accounting for incoming materials.
- Supply Manager / Marketer. This is an important person who will deal with the placement of goods on various sites, look for a sales market, and so on.
For workers, you can set an approximate salary of 300-360 dollars, for an accountant and marketer - 500. Accordingly, with a staff of 4 people, salary costs, on average, will amount to 100 thousand rubles.
Of course, at the initial stages, you can get by with one assistant.
Sales and advertising campaign
The most important thing in your own business is to find stable channels for the sale of manufactured products.A car trailer is not a product that is purchased every day. It is worth paying considerable attention to advertising your products, because without it, no one will know that you are making trailers, no matter how good they are.
There are several ways to advertise, and they all exist in parallel to each other. For example, you can easily advertise your products in radio and newspaper ads - often publishers provide a column for free ads. It will not be superfluous to advertise with the help of improvised means - the bulletin board is still popular.
In addition, there is local television and the Internet. In the first case, advertising will be paid, but you should not miss this opportunity. Advertising through the media is one of the most popular and effective ways.
Advertising through the network has its advantages - it is not only popular, but also functional. For example, you can add a link to your own online store, where the future customer will immediately view the entire available range.
If you plan to sell your products not only via the Internet, you should make sure that your production has a demonstration site. It is desirable that it be possible to view the entire range of trailers available on it. If some of them are not available, or are made only to order, it is desirable to have “live” photos.
Profitability and additional maintenance services
Before starting production, it is important to study the sales market and the presence of competing enterprises. You must understand what type of trailers will be used by the most in great demand. It can be tent trailers, refrigerated trailers, tankers, as well as kiosk trailers.After researching the market, it is necessary to draw up a production plan. It should cover all areas of production - from the number of employees to the monthly deliveries of trailers to the market. It will also include the calculation of the initial investment required to start production.
With an average cost of a trailer of 60-120 thousand rubles. the cost of their production will be up to 40 thousand, including rent for the premises, salaries to employees and spending on consumables.
By the way, the process can be simplified if you buy ready-made chassis for trailers. Such "skeletons" are assembled so that the future owner can independently install all the necessary structures on them. If you are not going to make a chassis, you can use the ersatz trailer option.
Buying a "constructor" will cost 10-15 thousand rubles. Accordingly, with the installation of additional equipment, the cost of the trailer will drop to 30 thousand. In addition, the use of blanks can significantly save time, which will be useful at the initial stages of production.
Among other things, it is possible to implement additional production of trailers in the case. For example, if the size of your premises allows, then you can try to make trailers for agricultural and other working equipment. This also includes special trailers - this is another opportunity to generate additional income.
Trailer mix changes in 2014
Auto business. Trailer production, sale and rental.
How to set up your production? Tips for beginner businessmen.
Profitability of the production of light trailers and start-up costs
strong Manufacturing light trailers is a highly demanded and lucrative business. The finished product rarely stays in the warehouse for a long time, the production of trailers itself quickly pays off. With an average product cost of 25 thousand rubles. you will recoup the investment after the sale of 20-25 trailers, which will take up to 18 months.
With the provision of additional maintenance services (for example, repair or replacement of running elements), the payback will be even faster.
But, like any other business, it has its own nuances and problems. For example, the most difficult thing here is the certification of production and obtaining a license, since the requirements for the production process and the final product are clearly regulated by law.
To avoid this, you should seek the help of lawyers. Good specialist will help speed up the process of preparing all required documents. Of course, this will require additional investment. But, as mentioned earlier, apart from these problems, nothing prevents business development.
In total, at the initial stage, the following expenses are coming:
- Rental expenses - 20,000 rubles.
- Purchase of equipment for production - 42 thousand rubles.
- Certification of an individual entrepreneur or LLC - from 12 thousand rubles.
- Staff costs - at least 20 thousand rubles.
- The initial cost of the material for one trailer is 16 thousand rubles.
- Advertising expenses - 30 thousand rubles.
In total, the organization of the case will cost 210 thousand rubles, along with the insurance amount (30-50% of start-up capital). Calculating the payback of the enterprise, it is necessary to take into account the monthly salary costs, communal payments, as well as taxes and costs for the purchase of raw materials.
Trailer production- a highly profitable business, income here depends on the amount of manufactured and sold goods. At the same time, there is the possibility of manufacturing products "on order".
Availability of additional niches for expansion, in particular, the production of trailers for agricultural
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GOST R 52281-2004
Group D22
NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
TRAILERS AND SEMI-TRAILERS
General technical requirements
Automobile trailers and semi-trailers.
General technical requirements
OKS 43.080.10
OKP 45 2500
Introduction date 2006-01-01
Foreword
Tasks, basic principles and rules for carrying out work on state standardization in Russian Federation installed GOST R 1.0-92 " State system standardization of the Russian Federation. Basic provisions" and GOST R 1.2-92 "State standardization system of the Russian Federation. The procedure for the development of state standards "
About the standard
1 DEVELOPED by the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Federal State Unitary Enterprises "Central Order of the Red Banner of Labor Research Automobile and Automotive Institute" (FSUE "NAMI"), Federal State unitary enterprise"21 research and testing institutes automotive technology Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation" ("21 NIII AT MO RF")
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 56 "Road Transport"
3 APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated December 15, 2004 N 108-st
4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
Information about changes to this standard is published in the "National Standards" index, and the text of these changes - in the "National Standards" information indexes. In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the information index "National Standards"
INTRODUCED Amendment N 1, approved and put into effect by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated 11/23/2006 N 267-st from 01/01/2007
Change No. 1 was made by the database manufacturer according to the text of IUS No. 2, 2007
1 area of use
1 area of use
This standard applies to car trailers, semi-trailers intended for the carriage of goods as part of a road train along highways general use and their chassis and establishes general technical requirements for them.
The standard does not apply to trailers towed by vehicles equipped with towing devices in accordance with GOST 28248, multi-purpose trailers (semi-trailers), as well as trailers (semi-trailers), in terms of dimensions and permissible axle loads exceeding the values established for motor vehicles.
2 Normative references
This standard uses references to the following standards:
GOST 2349-75 Hook-and-loop traction devices for automobile and tractor trains. Basic parameters and dimensions. Technical requirements
GOST 5513-97 Pneumatic tires for trucks, trailers, buses and trolleybuses. Specifications
GOST 7593-80 Paint and varnish coatings for trucks. Technical requirements
GOST 9008-94 Details of wooden platforms for trucks, trailers and semi-trailers. General specifications
GOST 9200-76 (ISO 1185-75, ISO 1724-80, ISO 3731-80, ISO 3732-82, ISO 4091-78) Seven-pin detachable connections for cars and tractors
GOST 10409-74 (ISO 4107-95) Automobile wheels with collapsible rim. Main dimensions. General technical requirements
GOST 12017-81 Coupling pins for automobile semi-trailers. Types and basic dimensions
GOST 12105-74 Truck tractors and semi-trailers. Mounting dimensions
GOST 14192-96 Marking of goods
GOST 15150-69 Machinery, instruments and others technical products. Versions for different climatic regions. Categories, conditions of operation, storage and transportation in terms of the impact of environmental climatic factors
GOST 21624-81 Maintenance and repair system for automotive vehicles. Requirements for operational manufacturability and maintainability of products
GOST 21758-81 Maintenance and repair system for automotive vehicles. Methods for determining indicators of operational manufacturability and maintainability during testing
GOST 23945.0-80 Unification of products. Basic provisions
GOST 27226-90 Platforms onboard motor vehicles. Inner dimensions
GOST 28248-89 (ISO 1103-76) Cars. Ball-type towing hitch. Main dimensions
GOST R 41.13-99 (UNECE Regulation No. 13) Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles of categories M, N and O with regard to braking
GOST R 41.30-99 (UNECE Regulation No. 30) Uniform provisions concerning the approval of tires for motor vehicles and their trailers
GOST R 41.48-2004 (UNECE Regulation N 48) Uniform provisions concerning the certification of vehicles with regard to the installation of lighting and light signaling devices
GOST R 41.54-99 (UNECE Regulation No. 54) Uniform provisions concerning the approval of tires for goods vehicles and their trailers
GOST R 41.55-2005 (UNECE Regulation N 55) Uniform provisions concerning mechanical parts of coupling devices of vehicle combinations
GOST R 41.58-2001 (UNECE Regulation N 58) Uniform provisions concerning the approval of: I Rear protective devices; II Vehicles with regard to the installation of Type Approved Rear Protective Devices; III Vehicles with regard to their rear protection
GOST R 41.73-99 (UNECE Regulation No. 73) Uniform provisions concerning the approval of goods vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers with regard to their side protection
GOST R 50511-93 (ISO 3006-76, ISO 3894-77, ISO 7141-81) Light alloy wheels for pneumatic tires. General specifications
GOST R 50577-93 Signs of state registration vehicles. Types and basic dimensions. Technical requirements
GOST R 50643-94 Detachable connection for anti-lock braking system. Main dimensions. Technical requirements. Test methods. Vehicle Mounting Instructions
GOST R 51893-2002 Pneumatic tires. General safety specifications
GOST R 51980-2002 Vehicles. Marking. General technical requirements
GOST R 52051-2003 Motor vehicles and trailers. Classification and definitions
GOST R 52230-2004 Automotive and tractor electrical equipment. General specifications
Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards according to the "National Standards" index, compiled as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding information indexes published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replaced (modified) standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent that this reference is not affected.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).
3 Terms and definitions
This standard uses the terms according to GOST R 52051, as well as the term with the corresponding definition:
3.1 main traction vehicle: The vehicle listed as the main traction vehicle in design documentation(KD) on a trailer (semi-trailer).
4 General technical requirements
4.1 Appointment requirements
4.1.1 Trailers (semi-trailers) must be designed for operation in non-garage storage.
4.1.2 Trailers (semi-trailers) as part of a road train with a main traction vehicle specially designed for intercity and international transport, with a cruising range of at least 1000 km, at the request of the consumer (customer) can be additionally equipped by the trailer manufacturer with a fuel tank with a device for mechanized fuel transfer to the tractor tank.
4.1.3 When installing an additional fuel tank on trailers (semi-trailers), it must be protected from damage by structural elements. The fuel tank must be protected from corrosion.
Types and connecting dimensions of plugs and fillers of fuel tanks must comply with the requirements normative document.
4.2 Reliability requirements
4.2.1 For trailers (semi-trailers), the average resource before overhaul must be at least the resource of the main traction vehicle under the first category of operating conditions in accordance with GOST 21624 in macroclimatic regions with a temperate climate of V category of placement I in accordance with GOST 15150.
4.2.2 The mean time between failures of trailers (semi-trailers) must not be lower than that of the main traction vehicle.
4.3 Requirements for resistance to external influences
4.3.1 The climatic version of trailers (semi-trailers) must comply with the requirements established for the main traction vehicle.
4.3.2 The materials used for the manufacture of trailers (semi-trailers) must have a resistance not lower than the materials of parts and assembly units of the main traction vehicle.
4.3.3 The paint and varnish coatings of trailers (semi-trailers), except for those supplied with primer, must not be destroyed during mechanical washing with a water jet under pressure up to 0.15 MPa (1.5 kgf/cm), and must also be resistant to fuel and lubricants .
4.3.4 The service life of the paintwork is at least 5 years when trailers (semi-trailers) are operated in macroclimatic regions with a temperate climate of V location category I according to GOST 15150.
4.4 Requirements for ergonomics and technical aesthetics
4.4.1 Painting of trailers (semi-trailers) and control appearance coating surfaces - according to GOST 7593.
4.4.2 Paint coatings used for the outer surfaces of trailers (semi-trailers) must allow the possibility of touching up or repainting them with natural drying paints.
4.4.3 Forces required to raise the spare wheel, folding ladder should not exceed 500 N (50 kgf). When using lifting mechanisms (mechanical, hydraulic), the force on the mechanism drive handle, if it is cyclically repeated, should not exceed 200 N (20 kgf).
The force required to lift the side of the platform (bringing it to the transport position) must be no more than 300 N (40 kgf).
The force required to open and close the locking devices of the platform sides must be no more than 200 N (20 kgf).
4.4.4 Forces on the handle of the drive mechanism for lifting and lowering the support devices of semi-trailers and the support post of a single-axle trailer shall not exceed 200 N (20 kgf). For support devices with a load of more than 200 kN (20 tf), in agreement with the consumer (customer), an increase in force is allowed, but not more than 400 N (40 kgf).
4.5 Design requirements
4.5.1 General requirements
4.5.1.1 The dimensions and location of the towing and turning devices of trailers must be such that when turning the road train (when moving forward), the distances between the tractor and the trailer indicated in Figure 1 are observed, and at the same time there is no contact between the trailer and the traction vehicle in conditions operation.
Figure 1. Distances between the tractor and the trailer when turning the road train
The radius of the clearance of the rear of the tractor (trailer or semi-trailer for a multi-link road train);
- the radius of the front of the trailer; - the center of the towing device;
- the center of the trailer turning device; - distance to the center of the drawbar
devices for trailers with a central axle (axles) - no more than 420 mm
Picture 1
These requirements do not apply to trailers equipped with a coupling device that changes the distance between the trailer and the vehicle when turning.
Mounting dimensions of semi-trailers - according to GOST 12105 (version A).
4.5.1.2 Coupling loops of trailers (except for self-dipping releases) - according to GOST 2349, GOST R 41.55.
Trailers and their chassis intended for long-distance and international transportation, at the request of the consumer (customer), must be equipped with a backlash-free coupling device in accordance with GOST R 41.55.
Coupling pins of semi-trailers - in accordance with GOST 12017 (version A).
Trailers (semi-trailers) equipped with brakes (except for inertial ones), intended for operation as part of multi-link road trains, must have a place at the back for installing a towing device in accordance with GOST 2349, GOST R 41.55.
Trailers (semi-trailers) not equipped with a towing hook must have devices for forced evacuation (pulling out).
4.5.1.3 Trailers (semi-trailers) must have a brake system drive outlet in front, a hydraulic system drive outlet for dump trucks, detachable connections in accordance with GOST 9200 and for connecting an anti-lock braking system (ABS) in accordance with GOST R 50643.
Trailers (semi-trailers) intended for operation as part of multi-link road trains must additionally have similar outlets at the rear.
4.5.1.4 The design of trailers (semi-trailers), except for trailers (semi-trailers), the speed of which is limited by the requirements of the DD, must ensure the possibility of their movement as part of a full-weight road train with a maximum speed not lower than the maximum speed of the traction vehicle.
4.5.1.5 Static angles of lateral tipping of trailers (semi-trailers) with an onboard platform with a full mass with a load that ensures full use of the cargo capacity of the main onboard platforms must be at least:
35° - for single axle trailer;
32° - for a two-axle trailer;
28° - for semi-trailers (together with a tractor).
4.5.1.6 The ground clearance of trailers (semi-trailers), except for trailers (semi-trailers) with a reduced loading height, must be at least that of the main traction vehicle.
4.5.1.7 Semi-trailers must be equipped with a support device to maintain the front part in the uncoupled state and ensure the convenience of coupling (uncoupling) the semi-trailer with the traction vehicle by one person.
Support device controls must be located on both sides.
It is allowed to install the control element only on the right side of the semi-trailer.
4.5.1.8 The ground clearance under the supporting devices of the semi-trailer with a full weight must be, mm, not less than:
400 - for semi-trailers with axle weight | |
over 6 t. |
4.5.1.9 The vertical static pressure on the traction hook of the vehicle from the coupling loop of a single-axle trailer with a full weight, except for trailers, dissolutions, must be no more than 500 N (50 kgf).
By agreement with the consumer (customer), it is allowed to increase the vertical static pressure to the values \u200b\u200bestablished by GOST 2349, and for trailers with a central axle (axes) - GOST R 52051.
4.5.1.10 Single-axle trailers, except for trailers, must have support posts that ensure stability in the uncoupled state. With a vertical static pressure of more than 500 N (50 kgf) from the trailer coupling loop, the front support leg must be equipped with a mechanism for raising and lowering the coupling loop to a position that ensures the coupling (uncoupling) of the trailer from the traction vehicle.
4.5.1.11 The design of trailers (semi-trailers) must ensure the convenience of cleaning and washing operations (removal of dirt, dust, snow).
4.5.2 Handling and stability
4.5.2.1 A full weight trailer as part of a road train with the main traction vehicle, when driving straight on a road with a hard, even surface, at any speed, must not go beyond the corridor, the width of which is 0.5 m more than the maximum width of the road train.
4.5.2.2 The turntables of trailers shall turn to each side through an angle of at least 60°.
When turning at the maximum angle, the drawbar of the trailer with steerable wheels, the swivel bogie and the self-aligning axles of the trailer (semi-trailer) must not reach the stop. In this case, it should be possible to roll the wheels without side slip when the road train is moving with a minimum turning radius of the main traction vehicle.
4.5.2.3 The steered wheels of trailers and semi-trailers shall have a locking device for ease of maneuvering when the road train is reversing.
The design of the blocking device must exclude the possibility of its spontaneous activation (deactivation).
4.5.3 Suspension
4.5.3.1 The suspension of trailers (semi-trailers) must ensure smooth running in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory document.
4.5.4 Wheels and tires
4.5.4.1 Trailers (semi-trailers) should be equipped with pneumatic tires in accordance with GOST 5513, GOST R 41.30, GOST R 41.54, GOST R 51893.
4.5.4.2 Rim profile and fastening of wheels of trailers (semi-trailers) - according to GOST 10409, GOST R 50511 and regulatory document.
In technically justified cases, it is allowed to use wheels according to the design documentation for a trailer (semi-trailer) of a specific type.
4.5.4.3 Trailers (semi-trailers) must have spare wheels and appropriate devices for their attachment. The number of spare wheels and their need for dump trailers, dissolution trailers and single-axle trailers towed by utility vehicles are set in agreement with the consumer (customer).
4.5.5 Brake system
4.5.5. * Braking systems and braking properties of trailers (semi-trailers) - according to GOST R 41.13.
________________
* The numbering corresponds to the original. - Database manufacturer's note.
4.5.6 Onboard platform
4.5.6.1 Dimensions of onboard platforms - according to GOST 27226.
Trailers (semi-trailers) with side platforms must be equipped with devices (hooks, brackets, etc.) for tying the awning and securing the load, and at the request of the consumer (customer), it must be possible to attach the awning frame and additional boards or extensions .
Side platforms of trailers (semi-trailers) must have rear and side folding sides. Side platforms of single-axle trailers with a gross weight of up to 1.2 tons inclusive are allowed to be equipped with one folding tailgate.
4.5.6.2 At the request of the consumer (customer), trailers (semi-trailers) are equipped with extensions.
It is recommended that the design of devices for attaching extensions to trailer platforms (semi-trailers) with a carrying capacity of 4.0 tons or more be calculated for the maximum height of extensions determined by the conditions full use carrying capacity of trailers (semi-trailers) when transporting goods with a specific volume of at least 2.5 m/t.
4.5.6.3 At the request of the consumer (customer), the design of the platforms shall provide for the possibility of installing sealing devices to prevent the loss of bulk cargo during their transportation.
4.5.6.4 The structure of the awning frame should provide for ease of installation and dismantling of the awning. The height of the loading space under the awning for trailers (semi-trailers) with a carrying capacity of 3.0 tons or more - not less than 1800 mm.
4.5.6.5 Technical requirements for wooden parts of platforms - according to GOST 9008.
4.5.6.6 The floor of the onboard platform of trailers with a carrying capacity of 1.5 tons or more is recommended to be made without wheel arches.
4.5.6.7 The floor of the onboard platform of trailers (semi-trailers), except for dump trucks, with a carrying capacity of at least 8 tons, it is recommended to rely on the ability to operate a loader with a gross weight of 3.2 tons.
At the request of the consumer (customer), the estimated weight of the loader can be increased to 3.7 tons.
4.5.6.8 The handles of the locking devices of the side platforms (doors of vans, etc.) of trailers (semi-trailers) in the equipped state must be located at a height of not more than 1950 mm from the supporting surface of the road.
4.5.7 Electrical equipment
4.5.7.1 Electrical equipment, external lighting and signal equipment of trailers (semi-trailers) must comply with the requirements of GOST R 52230.
4.5.7.2 The number, location, color and visibility angles of trailer (semi-trailer) instruments must comply with the requirements of GOST R 41.48.
4.5.7.3 Trailers must be equipped with a plug with a connecting cable, and semi-trailers with a socket.
4.5.8 Completeness
4.5.8.1 Each trailer (semi-trailer) must be accompanied by operational documentation that meets the requirements of the regulatory document.
4.5.8.2 Completeness of trailers (semi-trailers) with additional equipment is determined by the contract between the consumer (customer) and the manufacturer.
4.5.9 Marking
4.5.9.1 Marking of trailers (semi-trailers) - according to GOST R 51980.
4.5.9.2 Places for installing jacks must be indicated in the operation manual (OM).
4.5.9.3 Places for mooring trailers (semi-trailers) - according to GOST 14192.
4.5.10 Unification requirements
4.5.10.1 The economically feasible degree of unification (both intra-factory and inter-factory), as a rule, is determined separately in each specific case and is reflected in the technical documentation.
The main provisions for unification are in accordance with GOST 23945.0.
5 Safety requirements
5.1 Trailers (semi-trailers) must be equipped with removable rear protective devices in accordance with GOST R 41.58.
Trailers (semi-trailers) are allowed not to be equipped with a rear protective device, if the elements of their frame and platform perform its functions.
5.2 Trailers, except for single-axle trailers and trailers, must be equipped with a device that maintains the drawbar coupling eye in a position that facilitates coupling and uncoupling from the traction vehicle. At the same time, it must be possible to tilt the drawbar to corners in accordance with GOST 2349 with the device disconnected.
In case of spontaneous disengagement of the drawbar loop from the vehicle's towing hook (in the event of an emergency separation from the traction vehicle), the device must not allow the drawbar coupling loop to touch the surface of a horizontal section of the road.
5.3 Single-axle trailers (except for dissolutions), as well as trailers without brakes, must be equipped with safety chains (cables).
In the event of an emergency break (breakage) of the towing device, the safety chains (cables) must ensure the control of the trailer, in addition, single-axle trailers must not allow the drawbar coupling loop to touch the surface of a horizontal section of the road.
Safety chains (cables) should not be attached to the vehicle's towing hook or its fasteners.
(Changed edition, Rev. N 1).
5.4 Trailers (semi-trailers) must have at least two wheel chocks located in an easily accessible place.
5.5 Semi-trailers intended for the carriage of long loads (pipes, logs, etc.) must have a device in front that protects the cab of the driver of the traction vehicle from damage due to possible displacement of the transported load during sudden braking.
5.6 Trailers (semi-trailers) - dump trucks must be equipped with a device for fixing a raised unloaded body.
5.7 Trailers, except for dissolutions, and semi-trailers must be equipped with over-wheel protective devices (fenders, mudguards), if the parts of the platform or the installed equipment do not perform the function of this device.
Protective devices on the rear side of the wheel must have a lower edge at such a height that the plane passing through the theoretical point of contact of the tire with the road of trailers (semi-trailers) in the loaded state and the lower edge of the part of the device made of elastic material makes an angle with the road plane of not more than 15°.
The width of the protective devices must be at least the width of the tires installed in the design documentation.
5.8 Trailers, except for single-axle ones with a gross weight of up to 1.2 tons, and semi-trailers must be equipped with service and parking brake systems.
5.9 The parking brake control of trailers (semi-trailers) is located on the right side or behind and must be easily accessible and non-removable.
5.10 If there is only one spare wheel, it is not allowed to install the spare wheel and the control mechanism for its lifting (lowering) on the left side of the trailer (semi-trailer) and trailer with a swivel bogie and a base up to 3200 mm, having a right-hand location of the parking brake system controls.
5.11 Trailers (semi-trailers) must be equipped with steps or ladders for climbing onto the platform, unless the design provides for other elements that perform their functions.
The bearing surface of the step must be corrugated.
5.12 The design of the spare wheel lift should not allow it to fall when the lift drive handle is released.
5.13 Trailers (semi-trailers) must be provided with a place for attaching a license plate in accordance with GOST R 50577.
5.14 Trailers, except for dissolutions, and semi-trailers, except for those intended for the carriage of long indivisible goods and without platforms, must be equipped with side protective devices (BZU) in accordance with GOST R 41.73.
Trailers (semi-trailers) are allowed not to be equipped with side protective devices if their frame elements, platforms and other elements perform the functions of a safety lock.
6 Transport
6.1 Trailers (semi-trailers) must be adapted for their transportation by rail and by car in accordance with the rules applicable to each mode of transport. Transportation by water and air transport is negotiated by the customer in terms of reference. Partial disassembly is allowed.
6.2 Trailers (semi-trailers) shall be provided with places for mooring or mooring knots that provide the possibility of fastening trailers (semi-trailers) during transportation, as well as during their loading and unloading.
The strength of the mooring places on the trailer (semi-trailer) must be sufficient to withstand the calculated overloads when transporting them by a particular type of transport.
7 Instructions for use
7.1 Labor intensity of maintenance and current repair trailers (semi-trailers) - according to GOST 21624.
The frequency of maintenance of trailers (semi-trailers) - 15,000 km.
7.2 The trailers (semi-trailers) should be supplied with the necessary tools and devices for carrying out maintenance work, if the performance of these works is not provided by the tools and devices of the main traction vehicle. In this case, to place the tool and accessories on the trailer (semi-trailer), a place must be provided to ensure their safety.
7.3 Lubricants and working fluids used in trailers (semi-trailers) must correspond to those used for assembly units of a similar purpose of the main traction vehicle.
7.4 Trailers (semi-trailers) must be designed for the aggregate repair method.
7.5 Requirements to ensure the operational manufacturability and maintainability of trailers (semi-trailers) - in accordance with GOST 21624.
Indicators of operational manufacturability - according to GOST 21758.
7.6 Preparation for operation and operation should be carried out in accordance with the OM for a specific trailer (semi-trailer).
8 Manufacturer's warranty
8.1 Warranty hours and guarantee period operation of trailers (semi-trailers) should not be lower than that of the main traction vehicle.
Bibliography
OST 37.001.450-87 Plugs and fillers of fuel tanks of vehicles. Types and main connection dimensions
OST 37.001.291-84 Vehicles. Technical standards ride
OST 37.001.429-98 Wheels for pneumatic tires with non-separable deep rims with landing shelves 5° with the shape of side flanges B, J, K, L. General specifications
OST 37.001.511-2001 Unified system for design documentation. Operational documents for automotive industry products
UDC 629.114.3:006.354 | OKS 43.080.10 | ||
Key words: trailers (semi-trailers), dissolution trailers, road train, main traction vehicle, connecting dimensions, coupling loops, coupling pins, swivel bogie, steered wheels, drawbar |
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Electronic text of the document
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
Moscow: IPK Standards Publishing House, 2005
Revision of the document, taking into account
changes and additions prepared
JSC "Kodeks"
Manufacture of trailers for cars.
So, you are finally ripe to stop working for someone and start earning yourself. There are a bunch interesting ideas for business, from needlework to writing your own software. However, if your hands grow out of right place, and the head is working in the right direction, you can do such a simple and profitable business as the production of trailers for cars. With the right approach to the topic of organizing this business, you can easily get away from working for your "uncle" and start working for yourself and for your own pleasure. You can earn not only in production, but also in the further maintenance of trailers, which will also bring very good and tangible profits.
But we'll talk about numbers later. So, let's go in order, what do we need?
First: the presence of a production area, that is, a room in which you can directly produce products and carry out maintenance of the units.
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Room.
The room will need an area of 50 square meters and above. Perhaps you already have a large garage, count on being able to work on two or three pieces of the product at the same time, plus the necessary space for tools and equipment. In the absence of such, you will have to look for a suitable room on the side and rent it. The price depends on the location and size, and, of course, on the personal characteristics of the tenant - here's how you agree. Let's consider, as an example, areas in cities with a population of 100-250 thousand people, the cost will fluctuate around 0.5-0.8 dollars per square meter of rented premises.
Staff.
Second: You will need an assistant, that is employee. Of course, you can do everything alone, but if you want to work at a faster pace and, accordingly, produce more products, get more profit, increase the pace, you definitely need an assistant at the initial stage, over time you will have more than one employee, but several. But now we are considering starting a business with minimal investment, so we are still talking about hiring one employee.
Attracting a new person to work is a big responsibility that carries certain risks, because the successful start of your business will also depend on this person. Therefore, the selection of a candidate must be approached carefully and with caution, it is good if this is a person whom you already know and are confident in his professional qualities. If this is not the case, try to find a person on the recommendations of friends and acquaintances.
Remember you are not the owner large firm who can afford to waste on hiring unskilled workers and teach them something in the production process. You immediately need a highly qualified specialist in this field, well, or at least a person who has experience working with trailers in terms of maintenance. And, of course, he will have to pay wages, here again everything depends on you - as you agree. We will assume that the average wage your assistant will be $400 per month.
Equipment.
Third: You will need quality trailer assembly equipment. So, what do you need from the main tools?
You need a good welding machine - we will assume that the average cost is about $ 400, you will also need a high-quality grinder (grinder in a simple way) - the cost is about $ 300, a good drill - the cost is 250 - 300 dollars. Well, you need other tools: hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches, drills, electrodes, and so on, on average for another 700 - 1000 dollars.
Fourth: advertising. In order for your product to be bought, you need to know about it. There is such a slogan in the modern world - "Advertising is the engine of trade", and this is an absolutely true statement. After all, note that there are things that you have never heard of before, but a month or two passes and when you hear a familiar melody or motive, you immediately associate certain images in your head, for example, Vest razors or Dosya washing powder. So let's not deviate from world practice and move our product in the same way.
It is necessary to immediately promote product advertising at the start, local FM radio stations work best in this case, and local city newspapers with free ads. First, it is necessary to immediately agree and make ads, the text and music of which will not change throughout the entire advertising period. You need to order such advertising for a period of at least two to three months, with scrolling intervals of at least four times a day.
As for the newspaper, it is necessary to coordinate and produce one layout / block with a beautiful design, preferably placed on 2-3 pages of the newspaper, with a period of at least two to three months. We will assume that such a pleasure will cost you about $ 1,500. But trust me, it's worth it. In three months, every motorist and not only will know where, if necessary, in your city you can buy a high-quality and inexpensive trailer.
Sales of products.
Fifth: sales of products. To sell products, you will need a platform for displaying goods, so to speak "face". Ideally, if you have a platform for the exhibition of trailers, right next to your production premises. Of course, it is desirable that it be a covered area, protected by a fence, with protection from rain and snow, but it does not matter if there is none, because you produce a quality product and rain and snow do not interfere with it in principle.
Investments.
Sixth: investment. So, let's calculate how much money you need at the start. Variable costs: Room rent: $0.7 per square meter x 50, $1,050 per month, tools $2,000, advertising $1,500, material to make two trailers $600. Total at the start you will need: 1050 + 2000 + 1500 + 600 = 5150 dollars. Salary for the employee is a constant expense, we will consider it every month as well as the purchase of material for production.
Payback.
Seventh: let's calculate the payback period. The average cost of selling finished products is about 600 dollars / piece. Suppose in the first month of work you produced two trailers, sold them in the next month, in the second month you already produced four trailers, sold them in the next month, in the third month you produced six trailers and on average we will assume that together you can produce about six trailers per month and also sell, on average, about six trailers per month.
Thus, it turns out: it is necessary to sell about 20 trailers in order to pay off the investment and start making a net profit. In 4-6 months from the start of production and sales, your business will fully pay off and you will start working in a net plus for yourself. Good luck in your endeavors.
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We invite you to consider another business with minimum investment– production of trailers for passenger cars. Modern people prefer to buy own cars, despite traffic jams, the high cost of fuel and the need for regular car repairs. That is why in our country the number of cars is growing literally every month.
Naturally, entrepreneurs have long understood this trend, and did not fail to create many different options for earning money in the automotive sector, in addition to trading in the transport itself. These are services, and the help of craftsmen, and the sale of parts, as well as tuning, acoustics, the creation of various lights and body kits, and much more. The main thing is that it is in this industry that you can find that will bring good income to your organizer. For example, consider - a necessary thing, in demand, which is in great demand among transport owners.
It is enough to install a trailer on any, even a small car, and it can already perform the functions of a van, namely, to transport cargo reaching a ton of weight. Each trailer has its own characteristics and load capacity, here the car owner himself chooses the product, depending on its characteristics. If a summer resident needs a trailer, then you won’t have to buy a product that is too roomy and large-scale, but builders, installers, and other workers of this kind of profession often need to transport large, heavy loads.
Considering that trailers have been popular among our citizens since ancient Soviet times, one should not expect that a newcomer will not meet a number of competitors on the market. Many businessmen know that they can bring tangible profits, so you will have to fight for a place in the sun.
Production of trailers for cars
Making a car trailer is, in principle, quite simple, the main thing is to assemble all the components of the structure with high quality, with regard to wheels, chassis, traction and coupling devices, a bridge with suspensions, as well as electrical wiring. In the center of the entire assembly is a cargo body, for the manufacture of which you will need not only pipes with a square section, but also a preliminary drawing. Production of car trailers includes covering the floor and sides with any sheet materials, it can be galvanized metal sheets, and chipboard. A simple garage may be suitable as a production workshop, but it is desirable to involve a locksmith and a welder in the performance of work. But to start like this business with minimal investment it is possible for the entrepreneur himself, only it can take a month to make one trailer.
Highly important points is that production of trailers for passenger cars cannot work without special documentation, namely certified passports for each product, which are filled in in accordance with state standards. This is explained by the fact that each trailer is listed as part of the car, therefore, it cannot take part in the public movement, in the absence of a special permit for operation. This permission can be obtained from local authorities traffic inspections. Here the trailers go through the procedure of registration as a new vehicle, after which they are given a separate license plate. It follows that in order to use a trailer, every citizen must have documentation for it, as well as a state registration plate, but how can one get them?
Production of trailers for cars: registering a trailer
The standard process for registering a car trailer is a two-step process.
- After the assembly of the trailer is completely completed, the entrepreneur must report this to the traffic inspectorate located in the area of \u200b\u200bits residence. Employees will issue a document directing the owner of the trailer to undergo an examination on the territory of a special laboratory zone. It is here that a series of certified tests will be carried out, which each trailer must pass before it becomes a member of public road traffic. You will have to pay a certain amount for the tests. If a production of trailers for cars is carried out using ready-made parts, then the authorities have the right to request certified documents for each such unit or part. It is advisable to immediately prepare all the papers according to the drawings and other documentation that service workers may be interested in. A complete list of such papers is available at the traffic police departments. Trailer certification only applies to new vehicles that are put into service.
- Upon completion of all checks and examinations, the entrepreneur will receive a document stating that the trailer has been successfully certified, and the vehicle really complies with all standards and requirements. After a businessman has this kind of paper in his hands, he has the right to register his trailer with the traffic inspectorate. Don't forget that trailer certification is a paid procedure that will cost the entrepreneur fifteen to twenty-five thousand rubles, and in duration it does not exceed fifteen days.
How to certify the production of trailers for cars
On the territory of our country trailer certification a prerequisite for their use, since without the approval of vehicles they cannot take part in road traffic. All trailers have a special category - O1, and it is for it that approval will be issued. After trailer manufacturing will be carried out on the basis of the received approval document, each new unit assembled at the enterprise will have its own unique number, as well as a product passport. The numbers are applied to the trailer frames. The main thing is that the application is reliable and durable. Some manufacturers prefer to use engraving, stamping and other techniques.How a car trailer manufacturer can get a VIN number for their vehicle
And again, the whole procedure begins with the collection of documentation. The entrepreneur must have an application drawn up according to the established model, a document that indicates the technical characteristics of the product, as well as a list of marked parts: tires, headlights, a photo of the trailer and a drawing according to which it was assembled. In addition, employees will probably ask for information about the technical conditions, as well as instructions for using the product. Only with all these papers in hand, it makes sense to go to the test and certification process of the vehicle. Such a test is called the previous serial one, and therefore it costs several times more.
After this product has been tested, you can proceed to the next step, but first you will have to collect documentation again. Trailer manufacturing must be carried out on the basis of the international manufacturer code, which can only be obtained by entity. Otherwise, mass production of trailers without going through a separate certification procedure for each product will not work. To obtain this international code value, you will need to submit:
- Technical application for issuing an international code for the manufacturer of transport type O1;
- Technical inventory of the production workshop, the trailer manufacturing process itself, the verification system quality characteristics, technical conditions of the trailer;
- OGRN and identifier of the production organization;
- Other papers, about which they can tell in more detail directly at the office for issuing codes. Most often, it is these offices that are engaged in a whole range of services, and registration, and approbation, and the issuance of documentation.
From the financial side, it is not so easy to certify the manufacture of trailers, not every entrepreneur has the necessary amount on hand from the very beginning, so many start with a regular procedure for each vehicle.
Sale of trailers using franchising
For example, at large-scale production already have approval for the manufacture of trailers. Then the company can sell the necessary documents on a franchise basis to those who need approval to legally manufacture vehicles in their own garages. Thus, a small enterprise will be engaged in the production of products, but use the brand of the owner of the endorsement. Business with minimal investment, organized in garage conditions, involves the assembly of no more than twenty-four technical units per year. But the benefits of using franchising are tangible for both parties. An entrepreneur will be able to bypass bureaucratic issues, get rid of the need to go to authorities and collect papers, and major supplier unload its production capacity. But as a franchisor, he has the right to set certain requirements for small industries and their products.Production and sale of trailers-constructors
For one trailer, consumers are ready to pay a rather large amount - from forty to one hundred thousand rubles, but the products are reliable and have a high carrying capacity. Trailers with lower performance are also sold at lower prices. But, despite the fact that the owner pays almost a hundred rubles for a quality product, he often still tries to adapt it according to his own needs. Some make the frames stronger, others change the suspension and make changes to the electrical system, and this can go on indefinitely. In order to make it easier for buyers, modern manufacturers have decided to act more simply - to reduce the price of a trailer to fourteen thousand, but at the same time offer a frame and suspension kit. Everything else the buyer fixes and creates himself, as it suits him. By the way, such a design must also be registered without fail.
It is these structures that are often purchased small entrepreneurs, creating full-fledged goods on their basis, and selling at full price. At the same time, the documentation issued for designers is quite suitable for the implementation of the vehicle. Of course, it will be much more difficult for an entrepreneur himself to develop a business for the production of prefabricated bases than to buy a ready-made base, only supplementing and assembling it.
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