VKR topics on social work. Themes of term papers on social work. Examples and Samples of Diploma Works in Social Psychology

The relevance of the socio-philosophical analysis of social work is due to the dynamic development of our society and the system of social work itself, the needs of modern society in its understanding and development.

Social work is and should be recognized as one of the significant factors in the progressive development of man and society. Without the proper development of social work, the formation of a social ^ state, which, as written in the Constitution Russian Federation, is our country, can become, to say the least, problematic. Being a special type of social activity, it contributes to the creation of a space for the main directions of people's life. Therefore, as a type of activity of a person and society, the result of which in a broad sense should be the formation of a system of interaction between a person and society regarding the sociality of a person, it is intended to assist people in integrating into society with optimal quality. But for this, social work in the scientific and public consciousness must be established as an objectively necessary activity of high social significance.

As a profession, social work in our country is currently developing in specific socio-economic, cultural, spiritual and moral conditions. In the field of practice and education in social work, some progress has been made. However, the level of its scientific self-determination does not yet correspond to its place and role in society, as a result of which the process of its self-identification has not been completed.

Social work is being researched both in our country and abroad. But studies mainly contain a description, substantiation and consolidation of the experience of existing practice, which is thought of as the only possible one. It is assumed that over time, changes in socio-economic conditions and relations, the development of science and technology, it will improve, while remaining essentially unchanged.

Even I. Kant pointed out that all knowledge begins with experience, however, experience cannot give its judgments true or strict universality, it informs them only of conditional and comparative universality (through induction). empirical generality is only an arbitrary increase in the validity of a judgment from the degree in which it is valid in most cases to the degree in which it is valid in all cases. Based on this thought, we can conclude that in order to develop our own holistic theory and further develop the practice of social work, it is no longer enough to analyze the experience of social services.

In the public and professional consciousness, social work has not yet won a high status. main reason lies in the fact that the theoretical and practical aspects of social work are often studied and developed on the basis of private scientific approaches used in the system of social work and describing various aspects of its diverse practice, which leads to the existence of many “theories” of social work. This does not allow us to analyze social work in its entirety. Therefore, it is currently relevant to develop a holistic scientific theory of social work, which combines the generally valid, contained in particular scientific approaches, and reveals not so much the content of the technologies used in practice, but its essence and meaning.

As noted by S.L. Frank, private scientific knowledge is aimed at a meaningful understanding of being, while philosophical knowledge answers the question: what is being and how does it exist in general.

1 See: I. Kant. Critique of Pure Reason. / I. Kant. Op. in 6 vols. T.Z. - M.: Thought, 1964. - S. 105-107, 337, 600602, 656. h I See: Frank S.L. Absolute. / SL. Franc. Russian worldview. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1996. - P. 62. In the interests of not only and not so much social work as a person and society, the essence of social work, its place and role in the life of a person and society, rooted in social life, requires the use of the potential of philosophy as methodological basis of the study, since, according to M.M. Bakhtin, it is the metalanguage of all sciences 2 and all types of cognition and consciousness).

Researchers note that in social science there is a disorderly growth of diverse analytical knowledge with insufficient scales of generalizations4

Unfortunately, social work in its entirety has not yet become the subject of study of social philosophy.

The concept of "social work", denoting mainly a specific type of professional activity, is still widely discussed by specialists in the field of theory and practice of social work. its aspects.

A significant part of these definitions was formulated by domestic researchers "taking into account and on the basis of foreign sources in the first half of the 90s of the XX century, when social work in the modern version was legitimized in our country under this name. In that period it was not yet clear what model of practice will be

3 See: Bakhtin M.M. To the methodology of the humanities. / MM. Bakhtin. Aesthetics of verbal creativity. -M.: Art, 1979. - S.364.

4 New ideas in social philosophy. / Rev. ed. V.G. Fedotov. - M.: IF RAN, 2006. - S. 20.

5 See eg: Public Dictionary of Social Work. - Barnaul, 1991.: Stoyko N.G. Social contradictions and deviant behavior. // Interuniversity. Sat. - Krasnoyarsk, 1993.; Kozlov A.A. Paradigms of social work: theoretical constructs and principles of description. // Social work: theory, technology, education. 1995, No. 1; Theory and methodology of social work. / Ed. IN AND. Zhukov. - M.: Soyuz, 1994.; Social work. Russian encyclopedic dictionary. / Ed. IN AND. Zhukov. - M.: Soyuz, 1997; Theory of social work. / Ed. E.I. Single. - M.: Jurist, 1998.; Dictionary-reference book on social work. / Ed. E.I. Kholostova, - M.: Yurist, 1997; Philosophy of social work. / Rev. ed. IN AND. Mitrokhin. - M.: 1998; Firsov M.V., Studenova E.G. Theory of social work. -M.: Vlados, 1999; Social work. Introduction to professional activity. / Rev. ed. A.A. Kozlov. - M.: International project, 2004; Kholostova E.I. New approaches to the theory and methodology of social work - M.: 2005 and more. etc. was accepted and will be developed as a basic one, but it was already obvious that social work would be included in the group of so-called. helping professions.

Most of the definitions, unchanged or with minor adjustments, are still used by theorists and practitioners of social work, since they reveal the most important aspects and areas of practice for the activities of institutions of the social work system. It follows from them that the essence of social work as a specific type of activity is to ensure and / or restore the normal social functioning of the individual, (group, society) and significantly improve their relationships, achieve harmony in the "man-environment" system, optimize social and personal relations .

At the same time, the majority of domestic authors consider as social work mainly one of its modifications related to the provision of assistance to a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation and needs professional assistance to resolve it6, i.e. professional social work or, to a lesser extent, non-professional but organized activity. Its other modifications are studied by specialists and, accordingly, are implemented in practice, it is extremely insufficient. The partiality of the definitions of social work determines the partiality of the use of its potential as a special type of activity and a factor of social development.

A definition that fully reflects the essence of social work and reveals its meaning has not yet been developed. As a result, sometimes in everyday and professional consciousness, both the simplest social services and relatively complex technologies that ensure a person’s full or partial return to socially normal life act as the exhaustive meaning and content of social work. Very rare social work

6 Cf.: Definitions given in the indicated editions and the main content of these editions. is considered as a type of activity aimed at providing conditions for the normal social functioning of the individual, the formation, maintenance and improvement of social relations. The simplest and most common version of social work - material and social assistance - is interpreted in the minds of the majority of the population as proper social work.

A narrowed understanding of social work and its content leads to the fact that it appears as a type of activity that has limited social significance, as a condition for the survival of a rather narrow circle of people and becomes relevant mainly during the crisis of a person and the development of the country. Limiting the object of social work to a narrow circle of those in need hinders its development, distorts the idea of ​​a place in social relations, and reduces its role in the development of society and man. At the same time her social significance is reduced to situational, since social work acts as a theory and practice of helping a person who is in crisis situation.

Indeed, social work, as practice shows, develops and is reflected in all countries initially as an activity, the main content of which is represented by various types of assistance to a person in solving his problems. This content of activity is primarily identified with social work. It is quite fully reflected in the definitions of social work developed in the previous decades by scientists from different countries. Its object is the "man-environment" system, and the center of attention is the problems of a person associated with a violation of his social functioning.

7 A number of foreign researchers still define social work as follows: it is “professional activity to help individuals, groups or communities, strengthening or reviving their ability to socially function and creating favorable social conditions for achieving these goals” and “the profession of ascetics, dealing with the relationship between people and their environment, influencing the ability of people to perform life functions, realize aspirations and values, alleviate distress, relieve discomfort and stress” (USA); “special, purposeful interpersonal assistance provided taking into account the knowledge of the methodology of social work” (Germany); “... it is a social professional activity that allows and helps individuals and groups to become aware of the difficulties of a personal, social and environmental nature, adversely

Currently, countries where social work is at a higher stage of development are choosing other guidelines, since the principles of humanism are more in line with not “catching up”, compensatory, but “advancing”, preventive type of activity. In the documents of the International Federation of Social Workers, social work is considered as an activity aimed primarily at preventing violations of the normal functioning of the individual and carrying out social transformations8. Thus, specialists in the field of social work in a number of foreign countries are now aware of the priority of activities aimed at creating conditions in which the social functioning of a person and social relations* are formed and maintained.<в пределах нормы.

Domestic approaches to the definition of social work, despite their diversity and sometimes extremely general formulations, reflect, first of all, the practice of professional social work, as it is developing in our country at the present time, i.e. help a person who is in a difficult life situation in overcoming it. This area of ​​social work is undoubtedly relevant. Its predominant types, such as material assistance and household services, are in demand by the population experiencing difficulties in their own livelihood. But the solution and prevention of such problems can be carried out using the full potential of social work that affects them. and enables them to cope with these difficulties through supportive, rehabilitative, protective or corrective action” (IFAD) - Ethics of social work: a set of principles. [Electronic resource] - IFSR: 2004. - URL: http://www.basw-ngo2 bv.net/File/librarv/haswjibrary 0002b.gag. (Date of access 12/23/2009). Similar definitions have been proposed before. - See for example: Boehm W.W. The Nature Social Work. NY, 1958.; Bowers S. Nature and Definition of Social Case Work. 1949; Barker R. Social Work Dictionary. London, 1982. etc.

eight . “this is a specification of activities in organizations and institutions aimed at the implementation of social tasks (including upbringing, education, healthcare) and “a type of professional activity, the purpose of which is to carry out social transformations in society as a whole and in its individual forms of development in particular” . It “...supports social well-being and responds to a wide range of social needs of people, supporting equal opportunities for all ages, genders and sexual preferences, classes, disabilities, race, political persuasions. Social work is responsible for protecting the helpless and exercises power in accordance with the law ”(Ethics of social work, set of principles. - IFAD: 2004. [Electronic resource] -URL: http://mvw.basw-ngo-by.net/rile /lihrary/basw Jibrary00026.rar (accessed 12/23/2009).

L.J. 1PNGTI STATE which will undoubtedly have a positive impact on its effective, social relations and the level of well-being of the individual and society.

Thus, there is a contradiction between the requirements of modern society for the efficiency and quality of social work, and the current state of its theory and practice. The aggravation of this private scientific contradiction is largely due to the fact that the dominance of ^ ^ approaches in the absence of interdisciplinary understanding has exhausted social work; a situation has developed that can be characterized by knowledge, in the words of E.V. Ilyenkov: a contradiction is an indicator fixed in generally accepted provisions, too general, not specifically one-sided9.

To ensure the further development of the theory and practice of social work, it is necessary to use a philosophical approach, elevating the need for it. over private interests. D. Dewey wrote ^^ to consider philosophy as growing out of a conflict between your inherited institutions and incompatible requirements10. A similar thought was expressed by R. Rorty, who pointed out that a philosophical approach is necessary when the language of the past came into conflict with the needs of the future11. Indeed, at present it is necessary, relying on the traditions that have developed in social work to the theory and practice of a specific type of activity, to form an idea about it on the basis of a socio-philosophical approach. ^ the implementation of this approach, social work can acquire ^ perfect forms and guidelines for development, provide qualitatively high results, if its actual essence determines the content of practice.

The relevance of the study is also due to the needs of the development of socio-philosophical knowledge. From the methodological point of view of the problem

9 See also: Ilyenkov E.V. About idols and ideals. - M.: Politizdat, 1968. - S. 168. ^ ^

10 Dewey John. Reconstruction in Philosophy. Carbondale: SIUP, 1976 J^"^0" ~

11 Rorty. P. Philosophy and the future. // Questions of Philosophy. - 1994. - No. 6. With. - - social work with a person, its impact on the individual and society in new economic conditions the development of modern society are rarely considered; Research in this area is still fragmentary. Thus, the problematic situation, to which this dissertation research is aimed, lies in the contradiction between the need to move from fragmentary studies of social work, on the one hand, and the lack of a holistic and consistent socio-philosophical analysis of it, adequate to the modern needs of social development, on the other .

Therefore, the task of social philosophy is to study social work in its entirety, and on this basis to determine the degree of its influence on the functioning and development of man and society, to identify its essence and meaning, to determine its place and role in the system of social relations, and on this basis - its self-identification. as areas of knowledge and practice. In fact, the current level of comprehension of social work does not take into account the diversity of its practice and does not allow laying the foundations for the subsequent development of a holistic theory of social work. This, in turn, does not allow the practice of activity to be oriented towards compliance with the actual needs of society. Therefore, the use of the methodological potential of social philosophy is necessary for the study of social work.

Not a single type of practical activity can now develop successfully without a theoretical basis. K. Popper wrote that the social sciences are successful or unsuccessful, interesting or insipid, fruitful or unproductive - in direct proportion to the value or interest that is given to the desired problem12. Unfortunately, although interest in the study of social work is great among specialists of various scientific profiles, social philosophy has not yet included it in its subject field comprehensively and on an ongoing basis.

12 See also: Popper K. The logic of the social sciences. // Questions of Philosophy. - 1992. - No. 10. - S. 66.

In this study, the definition of social work is used as a starting point, which is based on the understanding of it as a special type of social activity of people, carried out in order to provide them

11 assistance in socialization and resocialization. It indirectly includes the most important result of social work - the sociality of a person, his main characteristic as a social being. At the same time, it seems that the achievement of sociality is not final goal but only a factor in achieving a different, more significant goal. Based on such a formulation of one of the results, one can make an assumption about the essence and meaning of social work, the basic laws and patterns of its functioning and development, its social functions, process features, its place and role in social relations and life and the development of society and man.

At the same time, it is necessary to clarify the question to what extent social work can be limited within the framework of only professional activity. This question seems to be fundamental, since actions and even activities that are meaningfully identical to social work are performed by all members of society sporadically or on an ongoing basis. Finding out the true scope of social work can become a good reason for recognizing it as an activity carried out by the whole society in the interests of each individual and the whole society. At the same time, this can become the basis for recognizing social work as an immanent factor in human existence.

The theory of social work today is a fairly significant area of ​​social knowledge, but it is still predominantly empirical in nature. And since domestic practice, on the one hand, is represented mainly by one of the possible

13 See: Philosophy of social work. / Rev. ed. IN AND. Mitrokhin. - M.: Publishing house of MGSU "Soyuz", 1998. - S. 166-167. directions, help to a person in a crisis situation, and on the other hand, help is a complex action (interaction), it is not surprising that there are many approaches to explaining it and "theories" of social work. The study of the ontological foundations of social work can have a positive impact on the formation of a holistic theory of social work, to clarify the issue of its origin as a specific type of activity.

In our country, research in the field of social work has been carried out since the early 90s of the XX century. In the publications of domestic scientists devoted to the history of social work, the stages of the formation of the theory and practice of social work abroad and in Russia, the evolution of its forms and directions14 are considered. Particular attention is paid by researchers to the humanistic essence of social work and the gradual humanization of social relations, which ARE "both one of the reasons and one of the consequences of the evolution of social work. Undoubtedly, at present, humanism is one of the essential foundations of social work. There is no doubt that that social work is able to have a humanizing effect on social relations.However, it is known that this was not always and not in all cases.Help of a person to a person took place before its humanistic foundations and potential were manifested and realized, and only by humanization

14 See eg Anthology of Social Work. In 5 vols. / Comp. Firsov M.V. - M.: Svarog: NVFSPT, 1994 -1995; Badya L.V. Charity and patronage in Russia. - M.: 1993; Neshcheretny P.I. Historical roots and traditions of the development of charity in Russia. - M.: "Soyuz", 1993; Badya L.V., Demina L.I. and other Historical experience of social work in Russia. - M .: Center for social. Pedagogy, 1994; Charity yesterday and today / Ed. V.V. Menshikov. - M.: 1994; Egoshina B.H., Elfimova N.V. From the history of charity and social security children in Russia. - M.: Institute of Youth, 1993; Kozlov A.A. Social work abroad: state, trends, prospects. - M.: MPSI-Flint, 1998; Kuzmin K.V., Sutyrin V.I. History of social work. - M.: Academic project, 2004; Materials on the history of social work in Russia. / Ed. Tsitkilova P.Ya. - Novocherkassk, 1996; Melnikov V.P., Kholostova E.I. History of social work in Russia. - M.: STI, 1998; Moshnyaga V.P. Social development and social work: international experience. - M.: Sotsium, 2000; Firsov M.V. History of social work in Russia. - M.: VLADOS, 1999; Firsov M.V. Social work in Russia: theory, history, social practice. - M.: Soyuz, 1996; Kholostova E.I. Genesis of social work in Russia - M.: ISR ARSS, 1995; Encyclopedia of social work, - M.: 1993-1994; Modern encyclopedia of social work. / Ed. IN AND. Zhukov. - M .: Publishing house of the RSSU, 2008 and many others. social relations to explain the phenomenon of social work and its evolution is impossible.

At the same time, the answer to the question of its sociocultural foundations has not yet been given, which does not allow us to conclude that it is rooted in human existence, and, consequently, about the patterns of appearance and naturalness of its representation in modern society. While stating and explaining the existence and evolution of forms of assistance and mutual assistance, specialists in the field of the history of social work, however, do not consider it as an integral part of the life of a person and society, one of the ways of their survival, functioning and development. Studies do not focus on the impact of social work on society in general and social relations in particular. As a result, it seems appropriate to conduct a study of the socio-cultural foundations of social work and, on this basis, determine its ontological parameters, place and role in the being and development of man and society.

The functioning and development of social work is subject to certain laws and patterns that allow it. depending on the living conditions of people, be transformed in such a way as to maximize compliance end result activities to an objective social order. Some laws, patterns15 and principles for the implementation of social work have already been identified, but, nevertheless, these studies need to be continued and deepened, because. a significant part of them can be attributed rather to the activities of social services and their workers.

The human being is at the center of social work. Namely, a person is the subject and object, the goal and result of social work. Man is the root cause, and his needs and values ​​are

15 The laws of social work were first formulated by V.L. Nikitin. - See: V.A. Nikitin. Social work: problems of theory and training of specialists. - M.: MPSI, 2002. - S. 4-9; The patterns of social work are analyzed in most detail in the brochure by L.V. Topchia "An unconventional view of the formation of a system of laws of social work." - M.: 2005. One of the most important foundations of social work. Depending on the conditions of life, the level of development of social relations and consciousness, a person's need for social work can be different, so the study of the place and role of a person in the system of social work does not lose its relevance.

A lot of publications are devoted to human research in the system of social work. In these studies, a person appears, as a rule, in two of his statuses: as a subject (social worker, specialist) and as an object (social service client), and these two statuses are considered not in unity, but separately. This is partly justified4 by the fact that the interaction between a specialist and a client in most cases is not of a lifelong nature. Status social worker or client - far from the only one, and often not the main one in the life of an individual. His life activity cannot be reduced to participation in social work as a subject or object, since this does not reflect reality and significantly narrows the prospects for his development as a person.

However, the representation of a person in social work is not exhausted by the specialist and the client. A person - a non-client and a non-specialist, is currently practically not studied from the standpoint of social work, and the degree of his, albeit unconscious, influence on social work is not taken into account in the theory and practice of activity. However, this person, . having, it would seem, nothing to do with social work, can have a significant impact on it. This necessitates a holistic study of a person in the system of social work, expanding ideas about its subject and object, their connections and relationships, and substantiating social work as a condition for personality development.

One of the most important problems of social work, connected with the substantiation of its essence and meaning, is due to the fact that its ontological foundations have not yet been identified; research covers social work mainly from the outside. Cognition accompanies every stage and aspect of theory and practice, but, unfortunately, among the many works devoted to social work research, the problem of cognition is presented mainly in fragments. Often everything comes down to the study of the sociological and psychological aspects of social work16, but not its essence and meaning.

Social work is a specific type of activity, as a result of which its knowledge must inevitably reflect this specificity. Reflecting on the role of philosophy, G. Rickert pointed out that, unlike individual sciences, it must develop concepts for the world-whole so that it is represented in them (individual sciences) as a unity17. The versatility of social work makes it reasonable to assume that in cognition it is impossible to reduce the methodology and tools to only one group, since this can give a result that does not fully reflect the real picture. The study of social work from socio-philosophical positions can not only substantiate its integrative-complex nature and the relationship of various elements, help identify its essence and meaning, but also substantiate an approach to its study that is adequate to the subject.

Of great importance for obtaining a high end result in social work is the process of goal setting. Published scientific and educational publications set out the principles for the formulation of goals by a social worker when interacting with a client and accepting

18 management decision in administrative activities. But they do not stipulate (although to some extent it is implied) that the goals of a social worker and social work as a specific type of social activity in general can differ significantly both in scale and content. The study of goal-setting in social

16 See: Novikova S.S., Solovyov A.V. Sociological and psychological research in social work. - M.: VLADOS, 1997; The same, 2005; Spesivtseva O.V. Methods of research in social work. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2002; .Yarskaya-Smirnova E.R., Romanov P.S. Research in social work. -Saratov: SGTU, 2004, etc.

17 See G. Rickert. Philosophy of life. - Minsk: Harvest, 2000. - S. 20.

18 See: Technology of social work. / Ed. I.G. Zainyshev. - M.: VLADOS, 1998; Komarov E.I., Voitenko A.I. Social work management. - M.: VLADOS, 2008; Fidirkin C.V. etc. Management of social work. - Krasnoyarsk: KrasGU, 2003. and other work and clarifying its goals can help substantiate the place and role of social work in society as a special type of social construction.

In the modern world, for the development of the practice of activity, its adequate theoretical justification is necessary. The development of the theory of social work can have an impact not only on the development of professional activity, but also, importantly, on the development of its practice. The identification and substantiation of the structure of practical social work in all its diversity can become the basis for building its theoretical construct.

The development of social work in our country is complex and ambiguous. Partly meeting the needs of the population, it still did not fully reveal its potential, which necessitates further research. In the development of social work, contradictions are already manifesting themselves today, which, if not resolved, can, in the end, slow down its development, and real damage will be caused to society. To optimize the development of social work in our country, it is necessary to undertake a study of trends and prospects in its development from the standpoint of social philosophy.

All this determines the relevance of the research topic.

The degree of development of the research topic

At present, research in the field of theory and practice of social work is being widely carried out in our country. At the same time, despite the large number of publications, the issues of the socio-philosophical foundations of social work have not been considered enough in our country so far. Of more than a hundred dissertations defended on the problems of social work over the past decade, less than twenty works are devoted to a socio-philosophical analysis of the problems of social work (Bat-Sheva P., Vasilyeva L.G., Gefele O.F., Degtyareva V.V. ., Kononova

L.I., Ponomarev P.A., Pugin V.B., Reznichenko V.A., Rybakov R.P., Khubiev B.B. DLangareev N.A., Shriki A.A.)19.

The socio-philosophical approach to the study of social work is fragmentarily presented in paragraphs and sections of textbooks and monographs, articles. The socio-philosophical approach to the analysis of social work prevails only in a few monographs and textbooks: P.D. Pavlenka, G.P. Otyutsky, V.A. Nikitina, V.P. Shalaeva, L.I. Kononova.

Published in 1997 "Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary" contains a section "Philosophical and ethical foundations of social work", which lists the main philosophical and ethical categories and concepts. However, the articles of the "Dictionary" are of a general philosophical nature and, unfortunately, do not reflect the features of social work as a specific type of professional social activity.

Released in 1998 the monograph "Philosophy of Social Work" contains a philosophical understanding of social work, interpreted1 "as a humanistically oriented type of activity in the name and for the benefit of a person in a difficult life situation." At the same time, other author's approaches are also presented in this monograph (Nikitin V.A.), more

19 Bat-Sheva P. Social work as a factor in improving the healthcare sector in Israeli society: dis. . cand. philosophy Sciences. - M.: 2002; Vasilyeva L.G. Philosophical aspects of the social integration of a person with disabilities: dis. cand. philosophy Sciences - Cheboksary: ​​2006; Gefele O.F. Personality in a risk situation: socio-philosophical analysis: dis. . cand. philosophy Sciences. - M.: 2004; Degtyareva V.V. Socio-philosophical analysis of the social adaptation of a person with disabilities: dis. . cand. philosophy Sciences - Novosibirsk: 2008; Kononova L.I. Actualization of the creative potential of a person in the process of social work: author. dis. Doctor of Philosophy Sciences. - M.: 2005; Ponomarev P.A. Social work as a socio-cultural institution: dis. . Doctor of Philosophy Sciences. -Rostov-on-Don, 2005; Pugin V.B. Social security of the individual: regional aspect: author. dis. . cand. philosophy Sciences. - Arkhangelsk: 2003; Reznichenko V.A. Deviant behavior of a person during the transformation of social norms: the experience of Russia: socio-philosophical aspect: dis. . cand. philosophy Sciences -M.: 2009; Khubiev B.B. Family as a social value community of forms of human existence: author. dis. . Doctor of Philosophy Sciences. - Pyatigorsk: 2005; Shangareev N. A. Social technology as a factor in managing social development: author. dis. . cand. philosophy Sciences. - Cheboksary: ​​2009; Chriqui A.A. Social Welfare Policy of the State of Israel: Experience of the Bedouin Sector: Dis. . cand. philosophy Sciences. - M.: 2003.

20 Social work. Russian encyclopedic dictionary. / Ed. IN AND. Zhukov. - M.: Soyuz, 1997. -S. 204-217.

21 Philosophy of social work. / Rev. ed. Mitrokhin V.I. - M.: "Soyuz", 1998. - S. 3. fully and comprehensively reflecting the essence of social work, showing its social aspects.

In the textbook G.P. Otyutsky and M.N. Shakhov "Fundamentals of Philosophy" "" one of the lectures is devoted to the philosophy of social work. It not only presents the results of the analysis of the current state of the philosophy of social work and the existing approaches to understanding its philosophical foundations, but also formulates the tasks of its development, which seems especially important in modern Russia. These ideas were developed in the brochure Theoretical and Methodological Questions of Social Work23.

In the "Modern Encyclopedia of Social Work" the philosophy of social work is defined as the totality of the entire potential of philosophical knowledge in its history, which can provide significant assistance in theory (research, description, understanding of the essence of social "problems, their forms and trends of distribution, as well as ways, approaches to their solution) and practice (realization of this philosophical potential) of social work as a profession24.

In the textbook Shalaeva V.I. "Philosophical foundations of social work"" from the standpoint of social philosophy and synergetics, the place and role of social work in the structure of social action. Social work in the modern world is considered as one of the significant factors of social security, a condition and a way for a person to realize its meaning, in connection with which social work acquires the significance of a socially necessary activity. But in general, social work is interpreted as an activity aimed at helping a person who is in a difficult life situation.

Otyutsky G.P., Shakhov M.N. Fundamentals of philosophy. - M.: MOIU, 2005.

23 Nikitin V.A., Otyutsky G.P. Theoretical and methodological issues of social work. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2006.

24 Modern encyclopedia of social work. / Ed. IN AND. Zhukov. - M.: Publishing house of the RSSU. 2008. - S. 367.

25 Shalaev V.P. Philosophical foundations of social work. - Yoshkar-Ola: MarGTU, 2004.

In the monograph of Kononova L.I. social work is presented as a creative activity. Her research demonstrates the possibilities of social work in actualizing the creative potential of the individual.

At the same time, other, non-philosophical, theoretical and technological aspects of social work are being studied more widely from the standpoint of other scientific disciplines. In relevant publications, social work is interpreted mainly as an activity aimed at helping a person in a difficult life situation.

So, for example, significant general scientific problems of the theory of social work are considered in the works of V.I. Zhukov, S.I. Grigoriev, L.G. Guslyakova, I.A. Zimnyaya, A.A. Kozlov, L.I. ., Nikitina V.A., Pavlenka P.D., Sorvina A.S., Topchia L.V., Kholostova E.I., Firsova M.V. and other researchers.

The historical aspects of social work are considered in the works of Anikeeva O.A., Badya L.V., Kolkov V.V., Kononova T.B., Kuzmin K.V., Nescheretny P.I., Firsov M.V., Kholostova E. .I. and others". In the data

26 Kononova L.I; Human creativity as an object of social work. - M.: Soyuz, 2002.

27 See for example: Kozlov A.A. Paradigms of social work: theoretical constructs and principles of description. // Social work: theory, technology, education. - 1995. - No. 1; Theory and methodology of social work. / ed. Zainysheva I.G. - M.: Soyuz, 1994; Guslyakova L.G. Fundamentals of social work. - Barnaul: ASU, 1994; Social work. Russian encyclopedic dictionary. / Ed. IN AND. Zhukov. - M.: Soyuz, 1997; Philosophy of social work. / Rev. ed. IN AND. Mitrokhin. - M.: Soyuz, 1998; Guslyakova L.G., Kholostova E.I. Fundamentals of the theory of social work. - M.: ISR, 1997; Theory of social work. / Ed. E.I. Single. - M.: Jurist, 1998.; Firsov M.V., Studenova E.G. Theory of social work. - M.: Vlados, 1999; Fundamentals of social work. / Ed. Pavlenka P.D. - M.: Infra-M, 1999; Lavrenenko I.M. Professional activity of a social worker: content and functions. - M.: "ACT", 2002; Social work: theory and practice. / Rev. ed. Kholostova E.I., Sorvina A.S. - M.: INFRA-M, 2003; Kholostova E.I. Fundamentals of social work. - M.: INFRA-M, 2005; Topchiy L.V. An unconventional view of the formation of a system of laws of social work. - M.: 2005; Theory and practice of social work. / Ed. Kelaseva V.I. - St. Petersburg: publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 2005. and many others. others

28 See eg Anthology of Social Work. In 5 vols. / Comp. Firsov M.V. - M.: Svarog: NVFSPT, 1994 -1995; Badya L.V. Charity and patronage in Russia. - M.: 1993; Neshcheretny P.I. Historical roots and traditions of the development of charity in Russia. -M.: "Union", 1993; Badya L.V., Demina L.I. and other Historical experience of social work in Russia. - M .: Center for social. Pedagogy, 1994; Charity yesterday and today. / Edited by V.V. Menshikov. - M.; 1994; Egoshina V.N., Elfimova N.V. From the history of charity and social welfare of children in Russia. - M.: Institute of Youth, 1993; Kuzmin K.V., Sutyrin V.I. History of social work. - M.: Academic project, 2004; Materials on the history of social work in Russia. / Ed. Tsitkilova P.Ya. - Novocherkassk: 1996; Melnikov V.P., Kholostova E.I. History of social work in Russia: - M.: STI, 1998; Firsov M.V. History of social work in Russia. - M.: VLADOS, 1999; Firsov M.V. Social work in Russia: theory, history, social practice. - M.: Soyuz, 1996; Kholostova E.I. Genesis of social work in Russia - M.: ISR ARSS, 1995; Modern encyclopedia of social work. / Ed. IN AND. Zhukov. - M.: Publishing house of the RSSU. 2008 and many others The works dealt mainly with the evolution of forms and types of assistance to those in need.

Sociological aspects of social work are considered in the works of V.I. Zhukov, S.I. Grigoriev, L.G. Guslyakova, T.E. Demidova, Z.P. Zamaraeva, S.S. Novikova, G.I. P.D., Saralieva Z.M., Yarskaya-Smirnova E.R. and others29. The works reveal in detail the content of the main directions of social work and the corresponding research methods.

The psychological and pedagogical foundations of social work are analyzed in the works of Belicheva S.A., Bocharova V.G., Galaguzova* M.A., Galaguzova Yu.N., Gulina M.A., Mardakhaeva L.V., Nikitina V.A. ., Firsova M.V., Shapiro B.Yu., Shmeleva N.B. and others30. These works reveal the features of socio-psychological and socio-pedagogical work in the system of social work.

Various aspects of social work are considered in one of the first textbooks on social work in our country - "Theory and practice of social work: problems, forecasts, technologies"31. Some of the materials are devoted to theoretical, methodological and philosophical problems of social work. In this manual, social

29 Zhukov V.I. Russian transformations: sociology, economics, politics. 1985-2001. - M.: "Soyuz", 2002; Grigoriev S.I. Modern noosphere and social education: competence and culture-centricity in the Russian world at the beginning of the 21st century. - M.: Publishing house of RSSU, 2009; Guslyakova L.G. Sociology of social work. - Barnaul: AltGU, 1997; Demidova T.E. Modern models of social work. - M.: "Econ-Inform", 2007; Zamaraeva Z.P. The system of social protection: features of institutional analysis. // Social life of Russia: theory and practice. - M.: Publishing House of MGSU Soyuz, 2005; Novikova S.S., Solovyov V.A. Sociological and psychological research in social work. - M.: Academy, 2005; Osadchaya G.I. Sociology social sphere. - M.: 1997; Pavlenok P.D. Sociology of social work. - M.: 2005; Saralieva Z.M. The family is the object of social work. -N.Novgorod: NISOTS, 2003; Yarskaya-Smirnova E.R., Romanov P.S. Research in social work. -Saratov: SGTI, 2004 and others.

30 Belicheva S.A. Psychocorrection and psychorehabilitation of children and adolescents with deviant behavior. - M .: Center for social. health of Russia, 1997; Galaguzova M.A. Social work in penitentiary institutions. - M.: VLADOS, 2002; Galaguzova Yu.N., Shtinova S.A. Socio-pedagogical work. - Yekaterinburg. 2003; Gulina M.A. Psychology of social work. - St. Petersburg: 2003; Nikitin V.A. Beginnings of social pedagogy. - M.-Voronezh: MODEK, 2001; Social Pedagogy. / Ed. Mardakhaeva L.V. - M.: VLADOS, 2002; Firsov M.V., Shapiro B.Yu. Psychology of social work. - M.: Academic project, 2004; Shmeleva N.B. Theory and methodology of professional and personal development of a social worker. - Ulyanovsk: publishing house of USPU, 2003.

31 Theory "I practice of social work: problems, forecasts, technologies. / Editor-in-chief Kholostova E.M.: RGSI, 1992. work appears as an activity aimed at helping a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation.

The textbook "Theory and Methods of Social Work" ~ contains chapters that outline the main theoretical approaches to understanding social work. Social work in this manual, despite the above definition (p. 38), is presented in the text as helping a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation: The authors see its origins in charity.

In the publications of Firsov M.V.33, the historical aspects of the formation of the theoretical foundations of social work are considered. In * these works, the main provisions of the theory of social work are derived from studies of historically established forms and types of professional and non-professional social work in Russia and in Russia, taking into account foreign theory and practice social work. It is argued that the theory of social work is polyparadigmatic in nature.

In the textbook "Fundamentals of the Theory of Social Work" Guslyakova L.G. and Kholostova E.I.34 social aspects of social work1 are presented, although its essence is not defined. As follows from the text, the content of social work is to help a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation. - The philosophy of social work, according to the authors, “.REDUCES; first of all, to the problem of man, his essence, recognized semantic aspects” (p. 65). As a person in the system of social work, the authors consider the client and the specialist.

The textbook "Fundamentals of Social Work", published under the editorship of Pavlenok P.D.35, discloses approaches to the definition of social work.

32 Theory and methods of social work. / Ed. Zainysheva I.G. - M.: Soyuz, 1994. - S. 33-38.

33 Firsov M.V. Introduction to the specialty and basics professional ethics social worker. M.: MPA, 1993; Firsov M.V., Studenova E.G. Theory of social work. - M.: Vlados, 2000. and others.

34 Guslyakova L.G., Kholostova E.I. Fundamentals of the theory of social work. - M.: ISR, 1997. - S. 30-42 .; Guslyakova L.G. Fundamentals of social work. - Barnaul: 1994. - S. 5-18.

35 Fundamentals of social work. / Ed. P.D. Pavlenka. - M.: Infra-M, 2007. formed under the influence of her real practice. Much attention is paid by the authors to the practical aspects of social work.

In the textbook "Theory of Social Work" edited by Kholostova E.I. and other publications published with her participation or under her editorship, set out the main elements of the theoretical foundations of social work. The meaning of social work is defined as assisting the individual in the realization of social rights and compensating for existing shortcomings in functioning, and its content is defined as assistance, assistance to a person. The essence of social work in these publications is not defined36. The textbook "Social Work: Theory and Practice" does not provide a clear definition of social work, however, from the content it can be seen that social work is considered mainly as an activity aimed at helping a person (group, community) who finds himself in a difficult life situation. . In the manual "Fundamentals of Social Work" social work is considered as an activity aimed at helping to resolve problems that arise in a person in various periods of his life.

In the works of Shmeleva N.B. social work is considered as an activity aimed at helping a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation. The high importance of the formation of the personality of a specialist and especially his value orientations in the process of professional training is emphasized.

In publications on the history of social work Anikeeva O.A., Badya JI.B., Kononova T.B., Kolkov V.V., Kuzmin K.V., Nescheretny P.I., Romm T.A., Firsova M.V. , Kholostova E.I. and many others are considered in

36 Theory of social work. / Ed. Kholostovoy E.I. - M.: YURIST, 1998. - S. 31-32, 183-191; Social work: theory and practice. / Rev. ed. Kholostova E.I., Sorvina A.S. - M.: Infra-M., 2003.; Kholostova E.I. Fundamentals of social work. -M.: INFRA-M., 2003. - S. 25.

37 See for example: Shmeleva N.B. Theory and methodology of professional and personal development of a social worker. - Ulyanovsk: publishing house of the USPU, 2003.

38 See for example: Firsov M.V. History of social work. - M.: Soyuz, 1998; Firsov M.V. History of social work. - M.: Academic project, 2004; Neshcheretny P.I. Historical roots and traditions of the development of charity in Russia. - M.: "Soyuz", 1993; Badya L.V. Genesis of social work in Russia. - M.: mainly historically emerging and replacing each other forms and personalities, and partly - the main ideologemes of charity (private, public, state and their combinations), which in most cases is identified by the authors with social work. The reasons for the emergence of social work, its origins and roots are largely not considered.

As can be seen, studies of historical, sociological, psychological and other aspects of social work predominate. Accordingly, there is an increase in knowledge in the field of social work pedagogy, the psychology of social work, the history of social work, etc. But, unfortunately, this does not make it possible to understand the essence and meaning of social work, since the subject of research. its outward manifestations.

A holistic study of social1 work as a type of activity in the system of social relations is still lacking. The choice of social philosophy as the ideological basis of such a multifaceted phenomenon as social work makes it possible to study not only private (albeit very important) aspects, but essence and meaning, which is of great importance not only for the theory and practice of social work, but also for the development of society as a whole.

The object of the dissertation research is social activity as a condition and way of being of a person and society.

The subject of the study is social work as a specific type of social activity.

The aim of the study is to analyze social work as a factor in the functioning and development of a person and society.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:

STI, 1996; Kuzmin K.V., Sutyrin B.A., History of social work. - M.: Academic project, 2005; Romm T.A. History of social work. - Novosibirsk: SibGU, 2005 and many others. others

Study and justification of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of social work;

Analysis of social work as a factor in the functioning and development of society;

Studying the place and role of a person in the system of social work;

Studying the features of the processes of cognition and goal-setting in social work;

Analysis of the essence and substantiation of the main functions of social work in the context of the development of man and society;

Study of the current state of development trends, theory and practice of social work.

Theoretical and methodological base of the research.

The dissertation research is based on socio-philosophical methodology and general scientific methods of cognition, first of all, on the provisions on the relationship of social processes in society, their internal inconsistency* and interdependence, which are in constant development, in conjunction with a systematic approach to the cognition of social phenomena and processes, as well as historical, synergetic and other approaches. The most important methodological basis of the study is dialectical materialism as the basis for the study of social problems in general and social work in particular, in conjunction with the traditions of the activity-humanistic consideration of man in Russian philosophy and the progressive currents of foreign thought as a social being, a socially responsible person and an active creative force in social development.

Dialogic approach;

historical materialism;

Development.

The ideas of the hermeneutic concept of understanding are used as a methodology of analysis, which made it possible to see aspects and connections between the objective and the subjective, the personal and the transpersonal in the problem under study.

An important place in the study is occupied by the provisions of philosophical anthropology, laid down by M. Scheler, G. Plesner, which necessitate the implementation of a holistic approach to the study of man, taking into account the principle of the unity of human life.

An important heuristic role was played by the results of research in the field of theory and practice of social work, presented in the works of Belicheva S.A., Grigoriev S.I., Guslyakova L.G., Zhukov V.I., Kozlov A.A., Kononova L.I., Lukova V.A., Nikitina V.A., Osadchey G.I., Pavlenka P.D., Platonova Yu.P., Saralieva Z.M., Topchia L.V., Firsova M.V., Khubieva B. .B., Shalaeva V.P., Shmeleva N.B., Yarskoy-Smirnova E.R. and other scientists.

Scientific novelty of the research. The author's concept of the category of social work has been developed as a special type of social activity in the system of socio-philosophical knowledge. Within its framework:

A new aspect of the study of a person has been revealed (a person in the system of social work, its subject and object, the dialectic of subject-object connections and relations);

Substantiated is the socio-philosophical concept of social work as an existential factor in the development of society, immanently represented at all stages of social existence and development;

Expanded ideas about the socio-cultural foundations of social work; the place and role of social work as a system-forming factor in the social sphere of society, a special type of social construction, are substantiated;

The dialectic of social work is shown; the main system-ontological parameters of social work are determined, including its essence and meaning as a type of social activity, the main goals and objectives, and the social functions inherent in it;

A three-level structure of social work practice is substantiated, which combines into an integral system the main types and forms of practical activities aimed at promoting the socialization and / or resocialization of a person, a new approach to the development of general and particular theories of social work is proposed, systematizing significant approaches to its justification;

The specifics of cognitive activity in social work, including all forms and types of cognition, are revealed; carried out a socio-philosophical analysis of the basic categories of the theory of social work: "social work", "social well-being", "social goal-setting", "social security", "difficult life situation";

The specificity of modern Russian social work as a patho-oriented activity of a compensatory type is substantiated, the tendencies of its development are identified and substantiated, the main of which are humanization, systematization and professionalization.

The following main provisions of the dissertation research are submitted for defense:

Social work is specific kind social activity, an organic immanent component of social life, a system-forming factor in the social sphere public life, due to the fact that for her the main content of the activity is the promotion of the socialization of the individual, while for other types of activities in the social sphere this content must be present, but is considered as secondary;

The essence of social work is a complex and multifaceted interaction of society and the individual regarding the sociality of the individual, the meaning of which is the achievement of well-being, because, contributing to the normalization of human existence, it contributes to the formation, maintenance and implementation of his sociality;

Social work as a kind of social activity is a special kind of social construction; because, performing its functions and influencing society and the individual, its social ties and habitat, it thus changes social relations and social being;

A holistic approach to understanding a person as a subject and object of social work is objectively necessary, because, regardless4 of the official status in professional social work, a person is immanently its subject and object;

Goal-setting in social work objectively has a socially determined and oriented character due to the fact that social work is a type of social activity carried out for the benefit of society and a person;

The practice of social work has a three-level structure, including societal, sociospheric and socionomic levels, so the theory of social work can be developed as a holistic interdisciplinary multi-level (general and private) theory that reflects the structure of practical activity;

Professional social work in modern Russia has the character of a predominantly patho-oriented activity of a compensatory type due to the fact that in practice it is carried out mainly in relation to people who find themselves in a difficult life situation;

The vector of development of professional social work is directed towards its integration with other types of activities in the social sphere, because Currently, there is an introduction of social work in non-specific areas for it - education, health care, etc.

The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in the possibility and expediency of applying its results for scientific, educational and practical purposes. The dissertation materials, provisions and conclusions made in the course of the study systematize and deepen the ideas "on the problems of social philosophy, philosophy and theory of social work. They allow you to expand the subject field of social philosophy, including social work, and enrich the idea of ​​the social sphere society and social work, man. ,

The analysis of social work as a type of social activity and the identification of its typical generic and specific characteristics gives grounds for constructing a holistic theory of social work, and on this basis for improving practice. The dissertation research does not pretend to complete work in this direction, but allows us to formulate a number of provisions underlying social work, and creates prerequisites for further research in this direction.

The research materials can serve as a basis for the development of more advanced models of the theory and practice of social work in< нашей-стране и за рубежом. Они могут быть использованы при преподавании учебных курсов «Социальная философия», «Философия социальной работы», «Теория социальной работы», «История социальной работы», «Технология социальной работы», «Профессионально-этические основы социальной работы» по образовательным направлениям и специальностям высшего профессионального образования «Социальная работа», «Организация работы с молодежью» и «Социальная педагогика», а также при подготовке учебно-методических и учебных пособий по курсам философии, теории, истории, этики и аксиологии, технологии социальной работы, при дипломном проектировании, подготовке магистерских и кандидатских диссертаций и в системе повышения квалификации и переподготовки кадров преподавателей и практических социальных работников.

Approbation of work. The dissertation was discussed at a meeting of the Department of Philosophy of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Moscow City Pedagogical University". The main provisions of the dissertation were tested at the meetings of sections III and IV of the International Scientific Social Congress (Moscow), III, IV, VI All-Russian Scientific Social and Pedagogical Congress (Moscow), meetings of the Council of the UMO of Russian universities for education in the field of social work ( Moscow), VII and VIII Vavilov Scientific Readings (Moscow).

Yoshkar-Ola), scientific conferences FSBEI HPE "Russian State Social University" (Moscow), NNOU HPE "Moscow University for the Humanities", other scientific and scientific-practical conferences. The results of the dissertation research are presented in the monographs “Axiological Aspects of Social Work”, “Trends and Problems in the Development of Social Work* as a Phenomenon of Modern Civilization”, “The Essence of Social Work: Problems of Social and Philosophical Analysis”; "Social work in the structure of modern society", brochures and articles and used in the course of teaching the academic disciplines "Theory of social work" and "Professional and ethical foundations of social work", "Social work as a socio-cultural phenomenon of modernity", "Philosophical and sociological foundations, ethical and aesthetic values ​​of social work”, “Epistemological problems of social education” and are reflected in the textbooks “Ethics of social work”, “Professional and ethical foundations of social work”, “Deontology of social work”, “Professional and ethical code”.

The structure of the work is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study. The dissertation includes an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references, numbering more than three hundred titles.

General conclusions:

Social work has a multidimensional impact on society and a person, changing the environment of their life and activity in the interests of the individual and society, which makes it possible to define it as a type of activity on a social scale and a factor in public relations;:

The essence of social work is: it is the activity of society regarding the sociality of a person, its meaning: lies in the achievement of well-being by a person and society;

The main function (function of the first order); social; work in society is * social construction: social relations of social being;., among the functions of the second order: should we name the promotion of survival? society, sociogenetic and anthropogenetic; promotion, consolidation of society; formation and reproduction of socially approved living conditions;

Suggested theoretical; concept of social: work, fully consistent with the structure: its practice w can become, the basis? for further development of the theory of "social; work. This allows us to determine the place of social work in the total activity of society as one of the central ones;

Optimization: current trends in the development of social work is possible on the basis of the development of its theory and related disciplines and the development of the system of social education.

CONCLUSION

The study showed that social work can be recognized in the system of social philosophy as a full-fledged object of research and be studied systematically and comprehensively. The significance of social work as an object of social philosophy is determined by the presence of an adequate object1 of activity - a person and the level and quality of its influence on social relations. The functions performed by social work make it an increasingly significant factor in social relations and social development.

However, unfortunately, social philosophy has not yet included social work in its subject field systematically and on an ongoing basis. As a result, in the science of social work there is a situation similar to "other areas of social and humanitarian knowledge, since it is also possible to observe an unordered growth of diverse analytical knowledge with an insufficient scale of generalizations380. Research in the field of social work is predominantly fragmented, narrowly disciplinary nature, often of an applied nature, providing5 an increase in knowledge of various particular aspects of the theory and practice of social work.Undoubtedly, the results of such studies< имеют ценность и для теории, и для практики, однако они не могут компенсировать ни количественно, ни качественно недостаточную глубину проработки базовых структурных элементов теории социальной, работы.

As Yu.N. Corned beef; the unity of knowledge is not in its systemic nature, but in its integrity as an organic interdetermination of its parts. The socio-philosophical approach in social work seems to be the only true and justified one when it comes to "understanding it in

Cf.: New ideas in social philosophy. / Rev. ed. V.G. Fedotova. - M.: IF RAN, 2006. - S. 20.

381 Solonin Yu.N. The problem of the unity of knowledge: between consistency and integrity. // Veche. Almanac of Russian Philosophy and Culture. - 1996. - No. 6. - P. 175. in its entirety, and not its individual fragments or aspects. Its application allows us to explore the essence and meaning of social work in the context of social existence, and not just the needs of one individual person or even a social group, especially the local scientific community. It is he who is able to provide a study of the essential components of social work, the laws and patterns of its functioning and development, the level * and quality of its influence - on social relations.

As I. Lakatos wrote, an approach from the point of view of the general law fixed by a philosopher can become much more important * in cases where a certain scientific tradition in her theory, because it allows us to identify such aspects of it that are not included in the subject field of private scientific disciplines, but are of great importance for the development of not only social work, but also, most importantly, a person and society, public relations. It allows you to study social work, taking into account its impact on the life of not only a person directly involved in the process of activity, but also society.

E.*V. Ilyenkov pointed out that to understand a thing means to consider in it such definitions that characterize it as an element of a given, concrete historical system of interacting things, means to see in it such properties, due to which it can only play a strictly defined * role within a given systems

Interaction LLP- . Social, work in the interests of society and the individual is an activity of a social scale, carried out by exerting a multidimensional influence on the individual and his environment.

382 Lakatos I. History of science and its rational reconstructions. // Structure and development of science. From Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. - M.: publishing house "Progress", 1978. - S. 264

383 Ilyenkov E.V. Dialectics of abstract and concrete in scientific and theoretical knowledge. - M.: ROSSPEN, 1997.-S. 139. habitation and life activity. Such activity cannot but be multifaceted, multilevel; multidimensional; and consequently, multi-subject, and among the official subjects of social work, narrow specialists should also be present: highly qualified, and at the same time workers whose qualifications differ little from that; which; is required from a non-specialist, when (solving everyday "tasks of everyday life. All these subjects of social? work, must have not:; only; professional and practical, but also theoretical knowledge about social! Work; necessary and sufficient for organizing? and implementing, high-level activities ;efficiency;

The essence of "activity * in the implementation;. To realize means: to expand something to the fullness of its being; bring! to this-fullness; wrote M;

Heidegger. The study of social work allows you to evaluate and fully reveal its constructive potential as an activity in society. relation-person, and. society carried out on a societal scale. Unfortunately, this has not yet been implemented, because social work is studied either within the scientific disciplines of social work itself, or other scientific disciplines.

mature science, according to I. Lakatos, consists of research programs; which are predicted “not only earlier: unknown: facts; but, what is especially important, new auxiliary theories are also anticipated; mature science, in; difference: from a boring* sequence* of trial and error, it has "heuristic^ power"385.

Unfortunately, as a result; research, it can be stated that the most important science of social work - its theory - has not yet become "mature"; But the "results of the study" make it clear that social work is a phenomenon more significant than

384 M Heidegger. Letter on Humanism. / M. Heidegger. Time and being. Articles and speeches. - M.: Respublika, 1993;-S. 192:

385 Lakatos I. Falsification and methodology of research programs. - M.: "Medium", 1995. -S. 56. This follows from the descriptions of its contemporary and historical practice and habitual ideas about it, set out in most published educational and scientific works. It is immanently presented in social life as an indispensable condition for a person to join and/or return to a socially approved way of life and* functioning. It is also one of the mechanisms for maintaining the human * in a person.

Social "work represents a sphere of vital interests1 of a person and society, since it is" a condition for maintaining human life. The state of its practice indicates the level of social, economic, legal g and cultural development of the state and society that influence it. On the other hand, social work itself has an impact on the state of social relations.

Changing the initial conditions of being! and the state of man and society, social work becomes one-of. the most important species, social * design and construction. Being a specific species; social construction of social relations and social being, it contributes to the transformation" of the conditions of human life and society. It is immanently represented in social being and consciousness. Including all the structural elements of the social sphere as subjects of "activities for the formation, maintenance, restoration and implementation of sociality of a person, it is one of the system-forming and meaning-forming factors of the social sphere of society.

Being an activity for the formation, maintenance, restoration and implementation of human sociality in general and providing favorable conditions for positive social activity of a person, V it becomes a significant factor in social life and development. Facilitating not only the unification of people into society (community), but also the fulfillment of their basic social functions and roles, it thereby contributes to their adaptation in society, and therefore forms a stable foundation for the stable functioning and development of society. Ensuring the continuity of development and promoting positive social and individual creativity while maintaining all the best that was present in individual and social life, the articulation of traditional and innovative in social life and development, social work provides and own development. Therefore, in modern conditions, such functions of social work as the implementation of social policy and the humanization5 of social relations are of particular importance.

Unfortunately, at the moment we have to state that social work in our society is still considered! as a type of activity that affects, at best, the life of individual citizens and groups in a difficult life situation1. In this particular case, its main goal is to help a person who finds himself in a difficult life situation! and completely or partially alienated from the life of society, in the acquisition and / or restoration of social functions that ensure its normal life and full social functioning.

At present, not only the results of scientific research, but also the objective reality itself require that the understanding of social work should be dominated by a socio-philosophical approach, and it should be considered as an activity of society aimed at promoting the socialization and / or re-socialization of a person in general, including possible special cases. . Recognition of it as a specific method of social construction will not only increase the prestige and status of social work in society, but also fully realize its creative potential.

Today, social work is already a recognized fact of science, but this rather indicates that there is an institutionally defined and formalized practice of activity that is being studied. theoretical disciplines rather than the fact that its theoretical base has developed on a scientific basis. T.I. Oizerman, as one of the most important trends in the development of modern science, calls the ever-increasing distance from the ordinary experience of the sciences that were based on it, due to their progress386. Such a "distance" is also necessary in the sciences of social work, since the development of its theory is possible only on the basis of theoretical methods of cognition.

Social work reflects the objective quality* of the economic, social "spiritual maturity and vitality of society. Its main function is social construction.4 It actively participates in * the development of ideals and development goals, projects and programs aimed at their implementation; in> the implementation of these projects and programs The result of the implementation * of this function are new) conditions of being * of a person and society, a new person and society.

The essence and meaning of social work, in contrast to the content, remain unchanged throughout the history of mankind. depending on the conditions of human life in different eras and in different societies, its main content, forms, methods, specific goals and objectives of “subjects of activity” may vary. But, despite the variability of secondary and external signs, the main goal of social work - the formation of a person as a socially positive personality and maintaining him in this state, the positive transformation of society, the achievement of its optimal homogeneity - remains unchanged. The main result of social work is always satlo society and a person as a socialized individual, a member of society - the principles of social work as a type of activity of society - reflect its essence and are a natural consequence of the official declaration of a person as the highest value and recognition of the importance

386 Oizerman T.I. Philosophy as a history of philosophy - St. Petersburg: Aleteyya, 1999. - P. 29. Social activities of the state for the systematic, integrated and holistic implementation of this value.

In the modern world, total social work includes a professional type of activity, but the absence of social work as a profession in earlier societies does not mean that it did not exist. From the fact that in certain periods of human development it is not recognized as such and functions under other names, it does not cease to exist and perform own - social functions. A modern approach to the study of social work on the basis of a socio-philosophical approach "can make adjustments* to the understanding of the role of social" work in historical development and its own history. It can be assumed that in the future, studies in the field of the history of social work will offer a rationale for its historical significance.

I. Ilyin wrote that scientific truth, if it is truth, is the same for everyone, for all times, peoples and classes; . it is proper for a scientist to desire and to achieve the knowledge of precisely this supra-national and obligatory truth. The idea of ​​"class" or "national" truth is absurd and unnatural. It is unnatural and absurd to impose on a scientist, in the form of a task, and to aim anything other than truth, one and universally obligatory. Therefore, a scientific theory of social* work cannot be a reflection of the dominant ideology or national traditions; it must be “single and obligatory”, i.e. supranational. Such a theory can be put forward and substantiated on the basis of the implementation of the socio-philosophical approach.

In modern conditions, the level of development of the social and human sciences gives reason to believe that social work can become one of the generally recognized types of social construction based on the justification of its place and role of the individual in society and the life of the individual. Being a sense-forming and system-forming basis

387 Ilyin I. The idea of ​​national science. // Soviet literature. - 1991. - No. 1. - P. 118. social sphere, social work, being recognized in this capacity, can have a significant impact on the level and quality of meeting a person's social needs, the level of development of social relations.

Social work includes types* of activities in the social sphere that are not yet correlated with the concept of "social work", but, nevertheless, are its structural elements, since in the process of professional activity of a doctor, lawyer, psychologist and other specialists, a decision is made problems - human, resolution of a difficult life situation, familiarization and / or return of a person to a socially approved way of life. By systematizing their activities, social work can have a positive impact on their effectiveness.

Social work is a significant and significant object of scientific research, and not only one "fundamental or applied science, but a number of them, since social work as a practice of social activity has an integrative-complex character and includes technologies and methods borrowed from other types of practical activities. However, the leading role in the knowledge of social work should belong to her. own theory, since only theory can give a holistic view of the practice of social work. The methodological basis of the theory of social work, as the study showed, can be social philosophy.

Theoretical and practical aspects of social work are currently being actively researched and often developed by representatives of various fields of science and practice, mainly from the standpoint of psychology, pedagogy, and sociology. The innovative nature of professional social work makes it a topical field of study for representatives of various fields of science. Despite the large number of scientific studies in the field of social work and the undoubted value of their results, most of them are of a private scientific nature. The fact that the object of observation so far is only the most visible, although not the main, part of social work has led to the formation of several theories of social work as theories of helping a person in a crisis situation. It is in this vein that domestic practice is currently developing. A holistic theory of social work is currently lacking.

The integrative-complex nature of social work requires adequate ways and methods of cognition, which can only be done on the basis of a socio-philosophical approach that can integrate all possible particular scientific approaches that allow a deeper understanding of the individual components of social work. The holistic nature of cognition in social work, carried out by various subjects of activity at various levels of social work, determines the growing need for ranking levels of cognition and, accordingly, the interpretation of its results in the theory of social work.

As O.S. Anisimov, an order for theory is a condition for the transition to

388 scientific knowledge.

The integrative-complex nature of cognition in social work necessitates not only the correlation between different levels of cognition, but also the multilevel nature of the theoretical constructs of social work. The theory of social work can and should be developed not as a polyparadigm (eclectic), but multi-level, but integral. This multilevelness can become a kind of response to conflicting requirements for the level and quality of training specialists for practical activities in the system of social work. At the same time, it will ensure, being the backbone of the social sphere, the qualitative interaction of its elements (subjects) to achieve the benefit of man and society. Reliance on

388 Anisimov O.S. Methodology: function, essence, formation (dynamics and connection of times). - M.: LMA, 1998.-S. 53. A multi-level, holistic theory of social work can make it possible to plan activities in the social sphere in accordance with the needs of the individual and society.

The study proved that social work in modern society has a three-level structure and includes both everyday and professional (formal and informal, specialized and non-core) activities of members of society. Thus, each of the members of the society takes part in social work, regardless of the level of comprehension of this fact: The three-level nature of the practice of social work determines the three-level nature of its theoretical construct.

The proposed construct of the theory of social work, as well as its practice, can be used regardless of the specifics of national models of social work. Social work is carried out at three levels - societal, sociospheric and socionomic. These levels include both non-professional (ordinary) activities of members of society, and the activities of specialists - representatives of "helping" professions. This structure reflects the participation in social work of volunteers engaged in social work both systematically and occasionally. And a special place in the structure is occupied by the activities of professionals - specialists in the field of social work. This structure of practical social work is fully consistent with the proposed construct of the theory of social work. Both the construct of theory and the structure of practice do not have national characteristics, which allows us to consider them as supranational.

The development of a holistic multi-level theory of social work is currently not only relevant, but also possible. As I. Kant wrote, under the control of reason, our knowledge in general should not be fragments, but a system, since only in a system can they support significant

5 od goals of the mind and promote them. Such a system of knowledge can be

389. See: Kant I. Critique of Pure Reason. / I. Kant. Op. in 6 vols. T.6. - M.: Thought, 1964. - S. 680. A holistic theory of social work. A multi-level holistic theory of social work fully meets the needs of the practice of not only the activities of the system of social services and social protection, but also social practice in general.

E.V. Ilyenkov pointed out that the "concreteness" of a theory, of science, coincides with the disclosure of the totality of the internal connections of the subject of study. “Concreteness” from this side acts as a synonym for the internal interdependence of all necessary sides, lines, facets of an object, coincides with the concept of a system of interaction of all sides of an object, understood as a single developing whole390. The development on the basis of a socio-philosophical approach of a holistic multi-level theory of social work will allow both designing measures at the level of the whole society, addressed to a person in general, and developing individual measures, taking into account the characteristics of the personality of each person; to whom they are addressed.

In science, as B.C. Stepin, along with empirical rules, a special kind of knowledge is formed - a theory that allows one to obtain

391 empirical dependencies as a consequence of theoretical postulates. The development of a holistic theory of social work may mean a paradigm shift that is currently accepted. The state of scientific knowledge and practice of social work c. are currently such that a paradigm shift is objectively necessary, although this does not mean that this process will be quick and easy.

The theoretical construct of social work, developed on the basis of the implementation of an integrative-complex socio-philosophical approach to understanding its essence, will ensure not only awareness by specialists of different levels and profiles of the essence of social work and its place and role in society. It will help form public opinion

390 Ilyenkov E.V. Dialectics of abstract and concrete in scientific and theoretical knowledge. - M.: ROSSPEN, 1997.-S. 167.

391 Stepin B.C. theoretical knowledge. - M .: Progress-Tradition, 2003. - P. 58. about social work as an activity that is vital and important both for society as a whole and for each individual. It will make it possible to explore and perceive social work as a holistic phenomenon, an immanent sphere of activity of a person and society, and not just specialized institutions. This allows us to consider such a theory as a kind of methodological guarantee of the progressive development of both knowledge and the practice of social work.

Social work as a regulated activity of the whole society has not yet acquired a pronounced systemic character, although certain steps in this direction are already being taken. This causes its insufficient effectiveness in modern conditions, especially in Russia. At the same time, an analysis of trends in the development of social work in the world and changes in its status in the public mind allows us to make an assumption about the inevitability of similar changes in Russia. Lagging behind in the organization and content of practical activities, Russian social work, nevertheless, has a significant advantage in the development of theory, since there are practically no studies of the theoretical foundations of social work abroad. Specialists in the field of social work abroad are content with generally accepted theorized descriptions and justifications for individual technological processes without attempting to put forward and substantiate a holistic theory. In this situation, domestic science cannot be guided by Western models, since Russia belongs to a different civilization, it does not need

392 American and European models.

At the same time, the orientation of social work mainly towards activities in relation to the existing social pathology and deviations has not been overcome so far in our country, i.e. its traditional pathoorientation. However, available in the development of social work See Bessonov B.N. Values ​​at the turn of II and III millennia. - M. Norma, 2006 - S. 309. Tendencies towards the humanization of its content and directions convince us that pathological orientation will give way to norm orientation.

The words of A. Schweitzer, written by him more than half a century ago, are still relevant today: the humanity of the worldview today has a world-historical

393 value. The positive trends that are already manifesting themselves in the development of the theory and practice of social work demonstrate its high creative humanistic potential. Being realized, it will help social work to reasonably occupy in society and public consciousness the place that should belong to it in accordance with the functions it performs.

Social work as a type of practice actually has the status of not only the most important sphere of activity of the state in helping people who find themselves in difficult life situations, in the interests of the whole society, but also an activity that is much * wider and more systemic than this particular case of it. It is part of the total activity of the whole society; aimed at achieving social well-being by the whole society and a person by specific means and methods. The fact that at present social work is perceived by the mass consciousness as a rather narrow sphere of activity is, to a certain extent, an obstacle to its development, and hence to the development of man and society.

But this obstacle can be overcome through the development of the science of social work. As I. Ilyin wrote, science is the greatest national educational force, which, precisely for this, radiated from the people's soul and concentrated in a special hearth - the hearth of thought and knowledge - in order to return to the people its concentrated * and purified, and therefore educating and ennobling power. The basis of scientific knowledge in the field of social work can only be social philosophy. AT

393 See: A. Schweitzer. Humanity. / Schweitzer A. Reverence for life. - M.: Progress, 1992. - S. 509.

394 Ilyin I. The idea of ​​national science. // Soviet literature. - 1991. - No. 1. - P. 117. Currently, the most important problem of knowledge in social work is its self-knowledge as a type of social construction. Further study of it can contribute not only to the systematization and deepening of knowledge about it, but also contribute to the transformation of the practice of activity, significantly increasing its effectiveness. Thus, assistance will be provided for the realization of the positive potential of social work in improving the social sphere, developing social relations, man and society.

B.C. Barulin wrote that Russian people, Russian society are now in a state of unstable equilibrium, and the most important factor that will determine which path Russia will take is related to the measure of the Russian person’s own transformation. Further, he pointed out that the most likely changes in the relationship between man and society in favor of greater self-realization of man395. Social work, being an existential factor in the life and development of society, in modern conditions contributes to the most complete realization by a person and society of their potentials.

The fate of the people, as noted by C.JI. Frank, in the last analysis, in a sense, is predetermined by the basic character and vocation of the people, the main trend of its spontaneous internal development. Humanism, science and morality must become the core of modern philosophy397. Humanism, science and morality should become the core of contemporary Russian social work as well. At present, social work is one of the most universal mechanisms that contribute to the development of a person as a social and spiritual being.

395 Barulin B.C. Russian people in the XX century. Losing and finding yourself. - St. Petersburg: Aleteyya, 2000. - S. 292, 294.

396 See: Frank S.L. The essence and leading motives of the Russian worldview. // Russian outlook. - St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1996. - S. 120.

397 Bessonov B.N. Social and spiritual values ​​at the turn of II and III millennia. - M.: Norma, 2006. - S. 317.

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